初中英语语法名词ppt培训课件 55页

Nouns名词 名词表示人、事物、地点的名称或者抽象概念的词分为专有名词和普通名词 名词分类专有名词:John,China,Beijing普通名词个体名词:teacher集体名词:family物质名词:tea抽象名词:life可数不可数名词的分类 专有名词表示个别的人、地方、机构、组织等专有的名称。专有名词第一个字母要大写具体说来，它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Jim吉姆China中国Mr.Smith史密斯先生July七月Friday星期五theYellow River黄河Christmas圣诞节English英语ATaleofTwoCities《双城记》 普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词★可数名词可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如：desk-desks,apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式。如:somebread，alittlemilk等 辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词：computer，takecoffee，water，run.notebook.bring,table,sportinteresting,Mondayagenewactorsell 名词的单数形式一般可用a来修饰*acar*abook在元音发音开头的单词前用an*anelephant*anapple请区别：ausefulmachine 名词的复数形式1.复数形式的构成方法(1)一般在单数名词后加“s”读/s/or/z/1.清辅音后读/s/map-mapsbook-books2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bagscar-cars(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”读/iz/*box–boxes*watch–watches Therearemany(bus)and—(car)onthestreet..Ihavetwo(watch),soIgivea(watch)tomysister.YesterdayIwenttothesupermarketandboughtsome（dish）Practice: (3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es”/iz/*country–countries*factory–factories请区别：如果是元音字母+y结尾的名词则只须加“s”*boy–boys*monkey–monkeys (4)以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,词尾加es；读/z/如:tomato-tomatoes；potato-potatoeshero(英雄)-heroes黑人英雄（heroes）爱吃土豆（potatoes）和西红柿（tomatoes）真有意思（es）以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词和以o结尾的一些外来词，词尾加s；如radio—radiospiano-pianosphoto-photos (5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加“es”/vz/*half–halves*shelf–shelves*knife–knives*leaf–leaves注：一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。这些词词尾加s 一.填空：1.Weneedmore(potato),canyougoandtakesome,please?2.(Knife)areusedforcuttingthings.3.Whenwesawhisface,weknewthe(news)wasbad.4.Pleaseremembergivethehorsesometree(leaf). 二.写出下列单词的复数形式。friendcattreessquestionsskeystoysphotostomatoespotatoesleaf/leaveszoosradiosholidaysbaby/babiescity/citiesroofsbusesboxes 2.特殊变化的单词(1)单复数同形deer-deermeans-means（手段，方法）series-series（系列）species-species（种类）works-works（工厂）(2)变元音字母oo为eetooth–teethfoot–feetgoose-geese 3.变man为menman–menwoman–womenpoliceman–policemenEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman–Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)–Germans4.其它形式child–childrenmouse–miceox-oxen 小结：可数名词复数的构成方法：一般在名词后加-s：dog----dogs2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-eswatch----watches3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词加-escountry----countries4.以o结尾的名词，一般直接加-s,少数词加-espotato----potatoestomato----tomatoes5.以f,fe结尾的名词，一般变f,fe为v再加-es6.特殊变化的单词要熟记child----childrenman----mentooth----teethknife----knives 5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况(1)复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数：girlfriend–girlfriendspasser-by/passers-by过路人looker-on/lookers-on旁观者若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词尾加s：grown-up/grown-ups(2)man,woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数amandoctor–mendoctorsawomanteacher–womenteachers policepublicfamily（家人）people（人们）the+姓s例：theSmiths（3）表示复数的名词（集体名词）史密斯一家人Myfamily(be)abigone.Allmyfamily(be)inChinanow.isare newspoliticsmathsphysicsthermos（4）看似复数实际是单数的名词：消息政治数学物理热水壶1.Nonewsgoodnews.(be)2.Ithinkmathsveryimportant.isis 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers（5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses,trousers,shorts 6.常以复数形式出现的名词peopleclothespolicetrousersglasses这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数*Myclothesarenewerthanyours.*Thepoliceoftencomehere. 7.可用howmany，many，afew，few，any，lotsof,some，alotof等修饰可数名词复数*Thereareafewpeopleinthepark.*Howmanyknivesarethereinyourpencil-box? 补充：“某国人”的复数有三种类型：Chinese、Japanese的单复数同型，不需要加“s”;Englishmen、Frenchman，复数要把“man”变为“men”；其他各国人以an、ian结尾的均直接加“s”:如Americans、Australians、Indians注意：German是Germans!!! 1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称　　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes 一.写出下列名词复数leaf______box_______knife_______fox______bus______dish_____ruler______glass_____pencil________boy______zoo______man______sheep_______key______story______bamboo______family______day_____fish_____goose____Chinese_______deer_______foot______child_______tooth_______hero_______boss_____monkey______ 二.用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空：1>Ihavetwo______(pencil-box).2>Therearethree___(chair)intheclassroom.3>These____(tomato)arered.4>____(hero)aregreat.5>Mybrotherlooksaftertwo______(baby).6>Therearesome____(deer)eatingthegrass.7>Myfatherlikestoeat_____(potato).8>Chinese______(people)liketoeatnoodles.9>Ihavealotof______(toy)inmybedroom.10>Ihelpmymotherwash_____(dish)inthekitchen. 三.选出正确形式1．Icanseethree________inthezoo.Amonkeys BmonkeysCmonkey2.Thepighasfour______.footB.feetC.foots3.Mytwobrothersareboth______.policemanB.policemansC.policemen4.Therearefour___________intheclass.JapaneseB.JapanesesC.Japan5.Icanseeten_____inthepicture.A.sheepB.dogC.pig 6.The_____hasthree______.boys,watchesB.boy,watchC.boy,watches7.Canyousee_______ontheplate?A.bread B.breads C.breades8.Thegirloftenbrushesher_____beforeshegoestobed.toothB.toothsC.teeth9.MrBlackoftendrinksome_________.A.milk B.milksC.milkes10.Therearesome_____onthefloor.A.childB.waterC.books 不可数名词1.物质名词通常不可数液体：beer/blood/coffee/cream/water/milk固体：bread/butter/cheese/chicken/fish/meat/beef气体：air/fog/oxygen/smoke2.抽象名词通常不可数advice/anger/beauty/confidence/fun/happiness/health/love/peace 不可数名词3.总称的名词通常不可数furniturefruitluggage特别记住：workchalktimespacemusicmoneyweathercottonhomeworkwoodinformationnewsmedicine 1.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数，做主语时谓语动词用单数。*Somebreadisoverthere.*Nonewsisgoodnews.2.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词*Theyhadmuchmoney.*Hedoeslittlehouseworkathome. 3.常用apieceof,acupof,aglassof,abottleof等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of前面的名词上，而of后始终是单数*Thereisapieceofpaperinthebook.*Threeglassesoforangeareonthedesk. 注意：可数名词也可用量来表示，of后用复数*Therearetwobagsofclothesoverthere.*Wehavefiveboxesofapples. 4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同glass(玻璃)–aglass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)–apaper(报纸，论文)work(工作)–awork(著作)room(空间)–aroom(房间) fruit(水果)–fruits(各种水果)fish(鱼)–fishes(各种鱼)hair(所有头发)–hairs(几根头发)time(时间)–times(时代，次，倍)chicken（鸡肉）—chicken（小鸡）wood（木头）—wood（树林）exercise（运动，锻炼）—exercise（练习）light（光）—light（灯） 总结可数名词的数量a）数词或冠词+可数名词b）some,any,many,few,afew,alotof,lotsof,several,a(large/great)numberof,plentyof,enough不可数名词的数量a）数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词b）some,any,much,little,alittle,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,abitof,enough,agood/greatdealof 名词的修饰语 名词的一般用法★名词做定语1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数*Hehastwopencil-boxes.*Therearethreebananatreesoverthere.2.manwoman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致*Weneedamanteacher.*Theyareallwomenworkers. 3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式*asportsfield*aclothesshop4.当数词与单位名词一起做定语时，单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用“-”连接。*Heisafourteen-year-oldboy.*Thisisatwo-hourplan. ★名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。*Herfamilyisalargeoneandherfamilyareallteachers.她家是一个大家庭,她的家人都是老师。*Thereisapairofglassesonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜 名词所有格表示名词间的所有关系“…的”一.名词所有格的构成方法1.单数名词后加“’s”*Tom’sbook*myfriend’suncle2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“’”即可*Teachers’Day*twoweeks’holiday 3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“’s”*Children’sDay*men’sshoes4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系*thecolorofthewall*apictureoftheclassroom 二.名词所有格的几个注意点1.可用名词所有格表示地点,地点名词习惯上省略*myaunt’s(home）(我姑姑家）*gototheteachers’(office）(去老师办公室）2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式*thecat’sname/thenameofthecat*China’scapital/thecapitalofChina 3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“’s”*LucyandLily’sroom露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）请区别:Lucy’sandLily’srooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间（两人各有一间房间） ★inhospital(生病)住院inthehospital在医院里*He’sillinhospital.他生病住院。*Myparentsworkinthehospital.我的父母在医院工作。 Exercises 用名词的正确形式填空1Hecuttheappleinto________(half).2The________(potato)aremine.3Howmany________(family)arethereinthistown?4Thereareten________(deer)onthefarm.5These________(German)are__________(businessman).6Lastweekwewenttothe__________(child)Park.halvespotatoesfamiliesdeerGermansbusinessmenChildren’s 改错1.It’sahardwork.2.Wedon’thaveanyclassonSundays.3.Theroom’swindowsareverybig..It’shardwork.Wedon’thaveanyclassesonSundays.Thewindowsoftheroomareverybig. 4Howmanymilkisthereinthebag?5.CouldIhavethreepapers,please？6.Thesetwopiecesofbreadisoverthere.Howmuchmilkisthereinthebag?CouldIhavethreepiecesofpaper,please？Thesetwopiecesofbreadareoverthere. ()1Ifound____goodnewsin____newspaper.A.a,aB.apieceof,apieceofC.a,apieceofD.apieceof,a()2What____itistoday!A.afineweatherB.fineweatherC.fineaweatherD.thefineweather()3Totheir_____,theyhaveallpassedtheexam.A.surpriseB.surprisingC.surprisesD.surprisedDBA ()4Lucyis____sister.A.MaryandJackB.Mary’sandJack’sC.MaryandJacksD.MaryandJack’s()5Pleasemake____forhim.Heisverytired.A.anyroomB.anyroomC.someroomsD.someroom()6Themodelplanewasmadebya____boy.A.ten-years-oldB.ten-year-olderC.ten-year-oldD.ten-yearoldDDC ()7Hewenttothe____tobuyapairofshoes.AshoesstoreBshoestoreCshoe’sstoreDshoes’store()8Iwillgiveyou____tofinishit.Atwoweek’stimeBtwoweeks’timeCtwoweektimeDtwoweekstime()9Thetwobedroomarethe____.AtwinsBtwin’sCtwins’DtwinsBBC ()10ThisisanoldphotoofminewhenI____.AhaveshorthairsBhadshorthairsChaveshorthairDhadshorthair()11Ithinkthecountryismuchmorebeautifulthananyother____intheworld.AcountryBcountriesCthecountryDthecountries()12John’sunclehasmanyfriends.Mr.Shuteisafriendof____.AJohn’suncleBJohnuncle’sCJohn’suncle’sDJohnuncleDAC