初中英语语法知识点 11页

初中英语语法知识点１．　名词(1)　不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆：man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth(2)　单数、复数同形的名词：fish,sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese(3)常用复数形的名词：trousers,shoes,glasses(4)只有复数形的名词：thanks,clothes(5)单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词：people,police(6)有生命的名词所有格形式：单数名词加’s，复数名词加s’，不是以s结尾的复数名词加’s，如：children’sroom(7)无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达：如：thecapitalofChina(8)表示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加’s：如：Tom’sandMary’sbikes(两人各自的自行车)(9)表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加’s：　如：TomandMary’smother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)(10)关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格：如：tenminutes’walk,tenmiles’journey，aboat’slength，twopounds’weight,tendollars’worth(11)双重所有格：afriendofmyfather’s２．形容词与副词(1)原级，比较级，最高级词形变化：①［单元音＋单辅音］的单音节词fat—fatter—fattestthin—thinner—thinnesthot—hotter—hottestbig—bigger—biggest②以ｙ结尾的双音节词easy—easier—easiestheavy—heavier—heaviestpretty—prettier—prettiest③劣级比较ｌｅｓｓ＋形容词／副词原级＋ｔｈａｎ例：SheislessbeautifulthanMary.④两者之间用比较级，在比较级前加定冠词，三者以上用最高级例：Heisthetallerofthetwo.Sheisthebestplayerofthethree.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand ⑤越……越……的表达法例：Thedaysaregettinghotterandhotter.Themoreyoustudy,themoreyoulearn.⑥修饰比较级的词有：much,byfar,even,alittle,agreatdeal…例：Sheismuchbetternow.　切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。３．　连词(1)　动词与*近的主语一致：这样的连词有：or,either…or,neither…nor，notonly…butalso。(2)ｏｒ的用法：①作或者讲例：Youoryourfriendhastogototheteachers’office.②作否则讲例：Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool.(3)ａｎｄ与ｂｕｔ：例：Hehasnomoneyandheispoor.　　　Heispoorbutheishonest.４．　介词(1)　表示时间：at:表示某一时间点如：atnoonon:表示特定的日子如：onChristmasin:表示一段不具体的时间如：inthemorning，intheSecondworldwar如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如：onacoldmorning,onahotafternoon,onSundaymorningduring:表示期间内的某个时期如:duringthenight,duringtheSecondWorldWarfor:其后接表示一段时间长度的词如：forthreedaysthrough:表示在整个期间没有间歇例：Itsnowedthroughthenight.till/until:表示动作持续的终点例：Istudiedhardtilltwelveo’clocklastnight.by:表示动作完成期限例：I’llbebackbyfiveo’clock.since:表示某动作的起始点例：IhavestudiedEnglishsince１９９０．(2)表示地点：at:表示较小的地点如：arrivedattheschoolgatein:表示较大的地点如：arrivedinShanghaiotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand for:表示目的地例：I’llleaveforShanghai.above:表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover:表示垂直上方，其反意词是under例：Thedogjumpedoverthetable.through:表示穿过如：throughtheforestacross:表示平原上的跨越例：Iwanttowalkacrosstheroad.初中英语语法５．　动词(1)动词的时态：①一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点：其一表示一经常发生的动作，如：Ialwaysgotoschoolatseven.其二表示某一真理，事实，如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.②现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点：其一表示某一动作发生于过去，并持续下来，到现在完成。如：IhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears.其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束，但其影响到现在。如：Ihaven’thadmylunch.I’mhungrynow.与现在完成时连用的词语有：yet,already,before,since,ever,never等。其考查要点：其一：Havebeen表示曾经去过，如：IhavebeentoAmericatwice.说此话的人应已经回到国内。而HehasgonetoJapan.则此人目前已到日本去了。其二：截止性动词可以有现在完成时，但不可与表示一段长度的词连用，如：Theclasshasbegun.Theclasshasbeenonforfiveminutes.③一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如：Whobrokethewindow?Inthosedays,Istudiedhardatnighteveryday.与过去时连用的时间状语有：atthattime,ago,in１９４９，　justnow(刚才)，lastnight,yesterday④一般将来时纯将来时的表示法：shall/will＋动词原形例：I’llleaveforShanghaithisevening.表示按计划要做或可能做的事：begoingto＋动词原形例：I’mgoingtohelpyoutonight.将来时的特殊表示法ａ.be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving例：Don’tworry.I’mcoming.ｂ.beaboutto＋动词原形例：Heisabouttoleave,whenthetelephonerings.ｃ.状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例：IfitrainstomorrowIwon’tgototheparty.(2)情态动词：ｃａｎ：能，会例：Hecandoitverywell.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand ｍａｙ：　许可，可能性例：MayIuseyourpen?ｍｕｓｔ：　必要，禁止(多表示主观看法)例：Youmustn’tplaywithfire.ｈａｖｅ　ｔｏ：　不得不(多表示客观之事)例：Ihavetogo,becauseIhaveameeting.ｃｏｕｌｄ与ｗｏｕｌｄ：二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉例：Couldyouhelpme?６．句型(1)宾语从句：由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例：Couldyoutellmewherethepostofficeis?Couldyoutellmewhathesaid?(what作said的宾语)由that引出的宾语从句例：Theysaidthattheywouldgivemesomehelp.(that仅作引导词)　宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。例：Heaskedwhenwewouldleavehome.(2)状语从句：状语从句可包括：时间／地点／原因／结果／目的等状语从句。例：IwillcomewhenIamfree.　　I’mlatebecausemybikeisbroken.　　Hewentsoearlythathegotagoodseat.　　Shestudiedhardsothatshewouldpasstheexam.　状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。例：IfitrainstomorrowIshallnotgotothecinema.　表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态，而突发性动作要用一般时态。例：WhenI’mreadingabook，thetelephonerings.(3)反意疑问句例：Shecanswimacrosstheriver,can’tshe?It’safineday，isn’tit?Marryneedstohavearest,doesn’tshe?Youhavenothingtodo,doyou?Heseldomdoeshomework，doeshe?Don’topenthedoor，willyou?Openthedoorplease，willyou?Letushavearest，willyou?Let’sgo,shallwe?(4)感叹句：例．　Whatahotdayitis！Howhottheweatheris！７．　不定式(1)不定式在句中作宾语，状语：例：Ithasbeguntorain.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand Iwanttogotothecinema.(2)不定式与疑问词连用：例：Iwanttoknowhowtowork.Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(3)不定式的否定句：例：Hetoldmenottodoit.④　省略to的不定式：例：Isawhimcomethismorning.　这样的动词有see,hear,watch等感官动词，及have(作让、使讲)make,let.英语时态1.一般现在时与现在完成时1)IcomefromShanghai(上海人）IhavecomefromShanghai（从上海来）2)Youreadverywell.(强调能力）You"vereadverywell.（强调一次刚完成的动作）3)Iforget.(一时想不起来了）Ihaveforgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）4)ThebookiswritteninsimpleEnglish.(表状态）ThebookhasbeenwritteninsimpleEnglish.（表动态，已用英语写成）5)EverytimeIseehim,he"sbeenreading.（两个动作不可能同时进行）EverytimeIhaveseenhim,he"sbeenreading.(强调两个动作同时进行）6)Heisgone.(强调状态）Hehasgone（强调动作和时间）7)Hewon"tcometilltheplaybegins.(演出开始时）Hewon"tcometilltheplayhasbegun.（戏已开始）8)AfterIleaveschool,I"llgotocollege.（两个动作紧密相接）AfterIhaveleftschool,I"llgotocollege.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）9)ItisalongtimesinceIsawyoulast.It"sbeenalongtimesinceIsawyoulast.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）10)Whereareyou?(在哪）Wherehaveyoubeen?(去了哪）2.一般现在时与现在进行时1)Heworkshard.（强调始终如一）Heisworkinghard.（强调现在）2)Whatdoyoudo?(干什么工作的）Whatareyoudoing?（在干什么）3)Herecomesthebus!(表高兴和欣慰）Thebusiscoming.（汽车到来的情景）4)Iforgethimname.I"mforgettinghisname.(差点把他的名字忘了）5)Youdon"teatmuch.(强调胃口不大）You"renoteatingmuch.（你怎么不吃呀）6)Thematchstartsat7o"clock.(比较固定，不宜改变）Thematchisstartingat7o"clock.（可以改变）7)Tomalwayscomeslate.Tomisalwayscominglate.(表示不满，责备）8)Tomgoestocollegenow.Tomisgoingtocollegenow.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）9）Itellyou.（我可以告诉你）otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand I"mtellingyou.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）10)Healwayssleepsintheafternoon.Heisalwayssleepingintheafternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）11)Iexpectyoutophoneme.(几乎等于命令）I"mexpectingyoutophoneme.（婉转）12)Whatdoyousay?Whatareyousaying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）12)Ifindthatthebookistoodifficultforme.(强调结果）I"mfindingthatthebookistoodifficultforme.(强调过程，逐渐感到）13)Applescostmorethesedays.(强调事实)Applesarecostingmorethesedays.(越来越贵)14)Healwaysthinksofothers.He"salwaysthinkingofothers.(表示赞扬)15)WheneverIseehim,heargueswithsomebody.(强调两个动作有先后)WheneverIseehim,heisarguingwithsomebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)16)Ihopeyou"llgiveussomeadvice.I"mhopingyou"llgiveussomeadvice.(表示语气婉转)17)Imustgo.(我应该去)Imustbegoing.(我该走了)18)Wecandiscussthiswhileweeat.(说话是没用餐)Wecandiscussthiswhileweareeating.(进餐已开始)3.现在完成时与一般过去时1)I"veseenhimthismorning.(还在上午的时间里)Isawhimthismorning.(时间已不在上午了)2)Who"sopenedthewindow?(窗户还在开着)Whoopenedthewindow?(与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)3)Haveyoueverheardhimsing?(他可能不是爱唱歌)Didyoueverhearhimsing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)4)Haveyoueverheardofsuchathing?(你听过这种事吗)Didyoueverhearofsuchathing?(这种事,你听说过吗?是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)5)WhathaveIdonetomakeyousoangry?(对方仍生气）WhatdidIdotomakeyousoangry?（暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）6)Howhashedoneit?(他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）Howdidhedoit?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）7)HehaslivedinNewYorkforeightyears.(他仍在纽约）HelivedinNewYorkforeightyears.（他可能不在人世了）8)Hehasbeencalledathinker.Hewascalledathinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）9)You"veheardwhatIsaid.(你听见我的话了）YouheardwhatIsaid.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）10)I"velostmypen.(笔还没找到）Ilostmypen.（笔可能找到了）11)Hehasalreadybeenthere.(曾去过哪）Hewasalreadythere.（当时在哪）12)SinceIhavebeenill,myfriendhasvisitedmeeveryday.（生病还在延续）SinceIwasill,myfriendhasvisitedmeeveryday.(病已好了）otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 13)Haveyousleptwell?(暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）Didyousleepwell?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）4.过去完成时与一般过去时1)IcamehereafterIfinishedmiddleschool.(两个动作每间隔)IcamehereafterIhadfinishedmiddleschool.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)2)IwaitedtillIsawhim.IwaitedtillIhadseenhim.(这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)3)Wehopedhewouldcome.(我们希望他来)Wehadhopedhewouldcome.(我们本希望他来的)4)Idon"tthinkhesangaswellasheoncedid.(指具体一次)Idon"tthinkhesangaswellashehadoncedone.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)5)BeforeIcamehere,Iwasasoldier.(我来此以前在当兵)BeforeIcamehere,Ihadbeenasoldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)6)Jimsaidhedidn"tknowhewassostrong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实)Jimsaidhedidn"tknowhehadbeensostrong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)7)Theywerefriendsfrommanyyears.(表示现在还是朋友)Theyhadbeenfriendsformanyyears.(意味这友谊结束了)8)Hedidtheworkat6.(强调时间)Hehaddonetheworkat6.(6点工作已做完)9)IlearnedFrenchduringmyholiday.(强调学了)IhadlearnedFrenchduringmyholiday.(强调学会了)10)Whenshesangshesatdown.(表示唱着坐下)Whenshehadsungshesatdown.(表示唱完坐下)11)IwenttobedwhenIdidmyhomework.(不明确)IwenttobedwhenIhaddonemyhomework.(作业做完)12)IhavelivedheresinceIwasachild.(从我长大成人)IhavelivedheresinceIhadachild.(从我孩提时)5.过去进行时与一般过去时1)Ireadabookyesterday.(书已看完)Iwasreadingabookyesterday.(书尚未看完)2)Theguestsarrived.(客人已到)Theguestswerearriving.(客人陆续到达)3)Hewokefromadream.(表示全醒)Hewaswakingfromadream.(表示初醒)4)Theoldmandied.(已死)Theoldmanwasdying.(要死)5)Johntoldmeaboutit.(告诉我了,我都知道了)Johnwastellingmeaboutit.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)6)Theypersuadedmetogoalongwiththem.(已经说服)Theywerepersuadingmetogoalongwiththem.(还在劝说)7)Thewindblewhardallnight.(强调事实)Thewindwasblowinghardallnight.(强调风刮个不停)8)Iexpectedyou.Iwasexpectingyou.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 9)Heknockedatthedoor.(强调一次性)Hewasknockingatthedoor.(强调多次性)6.一般将来时与现在进行时1)Willhecome?Ishecoming?(时间发生的比较近)2)Howlongwillyoustayhear?(表示意愿)Howlongwillyoustayhere?(表示打算)3)She"llhaveababy.(表示肯定)She"sgoingtohaveababy.(表示推测,计划)4)I"llseehimthisevening.(表示意愿)I"mseeinghimthisevening.(表示打算,已有安排).一般现在时与一般过去式1)Doyouwishtoseeme?Didyouwishtoseeme?(表示婉转客气)2)That"sallIhavetosay.(我的话就这些)That"sallIhadtosay.(我要说的就这些)3)Howdoyoulikethefilm?(看电影过程中)Howdidyoulikethefilm?(看完电影后)4)Itisnicetoseeyou.(见面时说)Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时说)5)Ineverlikehim.(没时间性)Ineverlikedhim.(从来没喜欢过)6)IthinkIknowthatvoice.(没见客人时)IthoughtIknowthatvoice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)7)Whoisthat?(哪人还在)Whowasthat?(人已不在场了)8)Thiscakeismadeathome.(家里常做这种蛋糕)Thiscakewasmadeathome.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时1)Someonehasphonedyou.(打了电话)Someonehasbeenphoningyou.(一直在打电话)2)I"vereadthenovel.(已读完)I"vebeenreadingthenovel.(还没读完)3)Hehaslivedhereforsixweeks.ehasbeenlivinghereforsixweeks.(区别不大,后者更口语化)4)Haveyoumetherlately?Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)5)Who"seatenmyapples?(苹果没有了)Who"sbeeneatingmyapples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)9.一般现在时与过去完成时1)Ihopethathe"llcome.Ihadhopedhewouldcome.(与事实相反)otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand (经常这样用的词有:expect,think,intend,mean,suppose)Summary现在完成时现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有：already,yet,never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.Haveyoudecidedyet?3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：just,lately,recently,inthepastfewdays/weeks注意：just和justnow用不同的时态，justnow(刚才)一般用过去时。Ihavejustphonedhim?Ihavevisitedmyparentsrecently.4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：since,（可用作介词和连词）for注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。Ihavelivedherefor20years.IhavelivedheresinceIcametothiscityIhavelearnedEnglishsince10yearsago.Hehasn"tcometovisitusforafewmonths.5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：uptillnow,sofar,inthismorning,inthisweek,inthisyear,inmylife注意：这两句话的区别Ihaveseenhimthismorning.(时间还在上午)Isawhimthismorning.(时间不是在上午了)Wehavelearnedsomanythingsfromyousofar.Ihaveseenanybirdlikethisinmylife.6．对过去的体验和经历。常用的时间状语有：before,ever,once,twice,manytimes注意：这两句话的区别IhavebeentoBeijing（去过北京）IhavegonetoBeijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕Haveyouseentigerbefore?IhavebeentoShanghaimanytimes.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 规则动词的词形变化（1）陈述语气第三人称单数一般现在时形：　　（a）原形动词词尾+“-s”：　　help（帮助）→helps　come（来）→comes　　（b）原形动词词尾“ch，sh，o，s，x”+“-es”：　　teach（教）→teacheswash（洗）→washes　　go（去）→goeskiss（吻）→kissesfix（安装）→fixes（c）原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”后加“-ies”，若是“元音字母+y”，只加“-s”：　　study（学习）→studies　　play（游戏）→plays　　解说：本项规则的“第三人称单数”是指句子的主语。例如：　　Igotoschoolonabicycleeveryday.　　Yougotoschoolonabicycleeveryday.　　Shegoestoschoolonabicycleeveryday.　　（2）现在分词（也称“-ing”形）：　　（a）原形动词词尾+“-ing”。　　speak→speaking（说）study→studying（学习）go→going（去）　　（b）原形动词词尾为“-e”时，去“-e”后+“-ing”。　　live→living（住）make→making（制造）　　　（c）原形动词词尾为“-ie”时，先把“-ie”改为“-y”后+“-ing”。　　lie→lying（卧，躺）die→dying（死）（d）原形动词词尾为“短元音+辅音字母”时，先双写词尾辅音字母后再+“-ing”。　　plan→planning（计划）　kid→kidding（开玩笑）　　get→getting（得到）stop→stopping（停止）　　put→putting（放置）　shut→shutting（关闭）　　注：双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形，但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ing”，若是重音落在第二音节者则依本项规则加“-ing”。　　visit→visiting（访问）　　begin→beginning（开始）（e）原形动词词尾为“元音+l，r”并为重读音节时，常重复词尾后再加“-ing”。　　compel→compelling（强迫）prefer→preferring（宁要）　（3）过去式和过去分词（a）原形动词词尾+“ed”。rain→rained（下雨）walk→walked（走）need→needed　（b）原形动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d”。　　live→lived（住）like→liked（喜欢）　　　（c）原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“-y”后加“-ied”，若是词尾为“otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 元音字母+y”，只加“-ed”。　　study→studied（学习）play→played（游戏）规则动词|词形变化　　（d）原形动词词尾为“短元音+辅音字母”时，先双写该辅音字母后再+”-ed“。　　chat→chatted（闲谈）　　kid→kidded（开玩笑）　　beg→begged（恳求）　　stop→stopped（停止）　　bud→budded（萌芽）　　注：双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形，但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ed”，若是重音落在第二音节者，则依本项规则加“-ed”。　　visit→visited（访问）　　omit→omitted（省略）　　（e）原形动词词尾为“元音+l，r”并为重读音节时，常双写词尾后再加“-ed”。　　compel→compelled　　prefer→preferred　　英语字母“c”后面接“e，i”时通常都发[s]音，例如：face，city。因此，如picnic作动词使用时，其词形变化为了要保住其词尾的[k]音，通常都先加“-k”之后再加“-ing”或“-ed”。例如：　　WewentpicnickinglastSunday.　　（上星期天我们野餐去了）。　　Wepicnickedinaparkbyalake.　　（我们在湖边的一处公园野餐了。）　　otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand