初中英语语法 情态动词和被动语态 11页

课题：情态动词、被动语态、感叹句教学目标：通过对情态动词、被动语态、感叹句的讲解和练习，掌握这三块知识。教学重点：情态动词can,may,must;一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态；感叹句教学难点：现在完成时，感叹句一、情态动词考点突破：1.情态动词的类型①只作情态动词的有:must；can(could)；may(might)；②可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need；③可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will(would)；shall(should)；④具有情态动词的某些特征的有:haveto；oughtto。2.情态动词的特征①有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和行为动词或系动词连用，构成谓语。②无人称和数的变化(haveto例外:用于第三人称单数时用hasto)。如:Wemuststayhere.我们必须呆在这儿。Wehavetowalkhome.我们不得不步行回家。Hehastowalkhome.他不得不步行回家。③后接动词原形，即不带to的不定式。如:Shemayloseherway.她可能迷路了。④具有助动词的作用，可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。如:—CanyousinganEnglishsong?你会唱英语歌吗?—Yes,Ican.是的，我会。3.几个重要情态动词的用法（1）can和could的用法及区别情态动词can和could的三个基本用法:A.都可表示能力，意思是“能，会”，can的否定形式是can’t(cannot)，意思是“不能，不会”。在过去时态中则对应用could和couldn’t。如:Mybrothercan’tflyakite.我弟弟不会放风筝。Couldyouswimattheageofsix?你6岁时会游泳吗？B.都可表示推测，意思是“可能”，一般用于否定句和疑问句中，can的否定式can’t意思是“不可能”。这种用法中could本身可以作为一个情态动词使用，而不是can的过去式；could用于表示过去的推测时则是can用于过去时中。如:Whatcanyoursisterbedoingnow?你妹妹现在可能在干什么呢？Youcouldberight，butIdon’tthinkso.C.can和could都可以用来表示请求许可，意思是“能，可以”。此时can一般用于平辈、熟人之间；could语气较为委婉客气，一般用于向老师、父母和长辈请求许可。注意:这种用法中，答句都用can的适当形式。如:—CouldIwatchTVnow，dad?爸爸，我现在可以看电视吗？—No，youcan’t.Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.不，不可以。你必须先完成你的作业。（2）can与beableto的用法及区别 两者都表示能够；可能。beableto可以用于各种时态，can没有将来时和完成时。如:Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.can和它的过去式could还可表示请求和猜测。如:—CouldIhavethetelevisionon?我可以打开电视吗？(表示请求)—Yes,youcan.／No,youcan’t./No,you’dbetternot.Hecouldn’tbeabadman.他大可能是坏人。(表示推测或怀疑)（3）may与might的用法及区别二者都可以表示“请求，许可”，might的语气较为委婉。如:Youmaygohomeifyoufinishyourhomework.…就可以回家了。MayIuseyourpen?对may开头的问句进行回答时，肯定回答用Yes，please.或Certainly/OK/Sure等；否定回答用Pleasedon’t.或No,youmustn’t./No,youcan’t.（4）may和can的用法区别may和can都可以表示推测，can用于否定句和疑问句，may用于肯定句和否定句。两者都可用于否定句，但含义不同:can’t是“不可能”，maynot意思是“可能不”。如:Itcan’tbetrue.这不可能是真的。Itmaynotbetrue.这可能不是真的。（5）haveto与must的用法及区别二者都是“必须”的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。如:Mybrotherwasveryill，soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.(主观上要做这件事)注意:以must开头的疑问句，否定回答用needn’t或don’thaveto—MustIgotherewithyou？—No,youneedn’t./don’thaveto.不，你不必。/不一定。在否定结构中:nothaveto表示“不必”，mustn’t表示“禁止”。如:Youdon’thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告诉他。 Youmustn’ttellhimaboutit.你不可以把这件事告诉他。（6）should表示“应该”；shall与第一人称连用表示征求别人意见，或提出建议。（7）need既是情态动词又是实义动词。作为情态动词，主要用于否定句和疑问句中表示“必须，必要”（后接动词原形）。如:—Sheneedn’tgothererightnow.她不需要现在去那儿。—NeedIcome?那需要我过去吗？—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.作实义动词:表示需要，要求，常用结构:need+n./todosth.Sheneedssomefoodanddrink.Weneedtorepairtheroadintwoweeks.母题训练和中考预测：()1.(2014广东)—youcomewithmetoLangLang’spianoconcertthisevening?—I’dloveto,butIhavetostudyformymathtest.A.ShouldB.MayC.MustD.Can()5.—MayIplaycomputergamesnow,Mom?—No.Youfinishyourhomeworkfirst.A.mustB.canC.couldD.may()2.(2013广东)—Someoneisknockingatthedoor.IsitAnn?—Itbeher.Sheisgivingaperformanceatthetheaternow.A.mayB.mustC.can’tD.mustn’t()6.MyunclecomebackfromHongKongtoseemethisweekend,buthehasn’tdecidedyet.A.mayB.canC.wouldD.must()3.(2012广东)—Iswimhere?—I’msorry.Childrenswimalonehere.A.Must；can’tB.May；mustC.Can；mustn’tD.Can’t；can()7.—Ifinishmyhomeworknow?—No,you.Yourworkisovertoday.A.Can’t;mustB.Must;don’thavetoC.May;couldn’tD.Couldn’t;could()4.(2010广东)—IsawKevininthesupermarketthismorning. —No,ithim.HemovedtoCanadalastweek.A.canbeB.mustbeC.can’tbeD.mustn’tbe()8.—Lookattheboyplayingbasketballontheground.IsitGeorge?—Itbehim.Hetoldmehewouldplaybasketballafterclass,buthe’snotsure.A.mustn’tB.mustC.can’tD.may课堂小测：()5.(2014北京)—MustIhandinmyhomeworknow,Mr.Smith?—No,you.A.can’tB.shouldn’tC.wouldn’tD.needn’t()6.(2014扬州)—Excuseme,mayIkeepthebookalittlelonger?—Sorry.Youreturnittoday.A.mustB.mustn’tC.canD.can’t()7.(2014黔西南州)—IsthemanoverthereMr.Brown?—Ithim.HehasgonetoBraziltowatchthe2014FIFAWorldCup.A.maynotB.can’tbeC.shouldn’tD.mustn’t()8.(2014东营)Afteryoureadthearticle“Whyfastfoodisslowlykillingyou”,youstopeatingfastfood.A.canB.mayC.havetoD.should()9.(2014铜仁)—MustIwatertheflowersnow,mum?—No,you.Youdoitlater.A.mustn’t;mustB.mustn’t;mayC.needn’t;mayD.needn’t;must()10.(2014连云港)—Iknowbywhattimeyouwanttheprojecttobedone?—Bythedayaftertomorrow.youfinishitontime?A.May;CanB.Must;NeedC.Could;MustD.Need;Would中考模拟演练：()5.Peoplewaituntilthetrafficlightsbecomegreen.That’sthetrafficrule.A.MustB.canC.needD.may()6.—Isthelong-hairedmanBruce?—No,itbehim.He’sinNewYorknow.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.maynot()7.—Look,someoneleftabook.—Oh,yeah!ThisbookbeKitty’s.Onlyshelikestoreadthiskindofbooks.A.CanB.mustC.mayD.might()8.—Mustwetakeouttherubbishnow?—.Youcandoitafterclass. A.Yes,youmustB.No,youcan’tC.Yes,youmayD.No,youneedn’t()14.—Amy,Ihearyou’vegotmanyforeigncoins.Ihavealook?—Ofcourse,I’llfetchthemforyou.A.MayB.MustC.ShouldD.Need()15.—Mr.Wang,canIfinishmyhomeworktomorrow?—Sorry,you.A.can’tB.don’tC.needn’tD.won’t二、被动语态考点突破：考点1：有关被动语态的基本知识1．被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。如： Heopenedthedoor.(主动语态)Thedoorwasopened.(被动语态)2．被动语态的构成被动语态由“(助动词)be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。3.被动语态的用法在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况：(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。如：ThiswatchismadeinChina.(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如：Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.(3)强调或突出动作的承受者时。如：Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.(强调汉语的使用广泛)(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。如：Manyhouseswerepulleddownbytheearthquake.拓展知识点：1.不及物动词及连系动词不能用于被动语态。常见词有：happen，takeplace，look，sound，feel，smell，taste，become等如:Thestoryhappenedonacoldnight.Thefoodtasteddelicious.2.在主动语态中省“to”的动词不定式，在被动语态中要加“to”。常见的有感官动词feel,listento，hear，watch，see，notice,lookat,observe等，及使役动词let，make，have。如：Hemadethegirlstayathome.(变为被动语态)→Thegirlwasmadetostayathome. 考点2：一般现在时的被动语（am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词）Russianisalsotaughtintheirschool.(肯定句)Thewindowsofourhousearecleanedonceaweek．(肯定句)→Thewindowsofourhousearen’tcleanedonceaweek．(否定句，在is,am,are后加not)→Arethewindowsofourhousecleanedonceaweek?(一般疑问句，把is,am,are提句首)母题训练和中考预测：()1.(2012广东)Hotwaterinthestudents’flatsfrom5p.m.to7p.m.now.A.suppliesB.issuppliedC.suppliedD.wassupplied()2.—Claudia,areyougoingtoJeff’sbirthdaypartyonSaturday?—UnlessI.A.willbeinvitedB.aminvitedC.wasinvitingD.invited考点3：一般过去时的被动语态（was/were+及物动词的过去分词）BeijingwasliberatedinJanuary，1949.(肯定句)ThesephotosweretakenontheGreatWall.(肯定句)→Thesephotosweren’ttakenontheGreatWall.(否定句，在was,were后加not)→WerethesephotostakenontheGreatWall?(一般疑问句，把was,were提句首)母题训练和中考预测：()1.(2013广东)Itlastweekthatthehaze(雾霾)inBeijingcausedmanyproblems.A.reportsB.reportedC.isreportedD.wasreported()3.Ilittletimetogetreadyforthetest,soIwasn’tconfidentatthattime.A.gaveB.didn’tgiveC.wasgivenD.wasn’tgiven()2.(2009广东)Thenewlibrarybuildinglastweek.A.wascompletedB.iscompletedC.completedD.hascompleted()4.—Hey,Molly.Youonthephonejustnow.Butyouweren’thereandthemanleftaphonenumber.—Oh!Iwasinthelibrary.A.wantedB.arewantedC.werewantedD.havewanted考点4:一般将来时的被动语态（will/shall/begoingto+be+及物动词的过去分词）Anewschoollibrarywillbebuiltnextyear.(肯定句)→Anewschoollibrarywon’tbebuiltnextyear.(否定句，在will后加not)→Willanewschoollibrarybebuiltnextyear?(一般疑问句，把will提句首)Anewschoollibraryisgoingtobebuiltnextyear.→Anewschoollibraryisn’tgoingtobebuiltnextyear.(否定句，在is／am／are后加not)→Isanewschoollibrarygoingtobebuiltnextyear?(一般疑问句，把is／am／are提句首)母题训练()1.(2014广东)AlthoughFlightMH370hasbeenmissingformonths,Idobelieveitsomedayinthefuture.A.willfindB.won’tfindC.willbefoundD.won’tbefound（）3.(2008广东)Morethantwoschoolsinthecitynextyear.A.arebuiltB.werebuiltC.havebuiltD.willbebuilt中考预测()5.Don’tworryabouttheclothes.Theybyyoursistersoon. A.willwashB.washedC.werewashedD.willbewashed()6.EachtimetouriststraveltoBeijing,theytheForbiddenCity.A.willbeshownupB.willbeshownaroundC.willshowaroundD.willshowto考点5：一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态（情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词）(1)肯定句式（主语+情态动词+be原形+过去分词）Thecomputermustberepairednow.电脑必须立刻修。Manytreesshouldbeplantedonthemountains.应该在山上种许多树。(2)否定句式（主语+情态动词+not+be原形+过去分词）ItcannotbedonebyPeter.这件事不可能是彼得干的。Wastepapershouldnotbethrownontheroad.废纸不应该扔在路上。(3)一般疑问句式（情态动词+主语+be原形+过去分词）Mustthetreesbewaterednow?这些树必须现在浇水吗？(4)特殊疑问句式①特殊疑问词(不作主语)+情态动词+主语+be原形+过去分词Whencanmycomputerberepaired?我的电脑什么时候能修好？②特殊疑问词(作主语)+情态动词+be原形+过去分词Whatmustbedonenext?下一步该做什么？()1.(2011广东)PeoplewhodrinkwinetodriveafterMayDay.A.don’tallowB.isn’tallowedC.mustn’tallowD.mustn’tbeallowed课堂小测：()1.(2014河北)Thepetdogiswarmandloving,Itasadaughterofmyfamily.A.treatsB.treatedC.istreatedD.wastreated()2.(2014陕西)Everyday,toomuchwaterinourschool.Weshouldsaveit.A.iswastedB.wastesC.waswastedD.wasted()3.(2014重庆市)Keepquiet,please!Talkingduringthemeeting.A.isnotallowedB.isallowedC.doesn’tallowD.allows()4.(2014南昌)Manystudentschancestoshowthemselvesinclassbecausetheclasssizeistoobig.A.don’tgiveB.aren’tgivenC.haven’tgivenD.won’tgive()5.(2014广州)Heisverysurprisedthatallthehousesinthevillagewhite.A.paintB.paintedC.arepaintingD.arepainted()6.(2014泰安)Hurryup!Oncetheconcertstarts，nobodytoentertheconcerthall.AallowsB.allowedC.isallowedD.isallowing()7.(2014河南)WhenTimwhyhewaslateforschool,hejustkeptsilent.A.wasaskedB.askedC.wasaskingD.isasking()8.(2014鄂州)—ThemeetingbecauseofthesmoginNorthernChinalastweek.—Oh,it’stoobad!Weshouldtakeactiontoimprovetheairquality.A.putoutB.wasputoutC.putoffD.wasputoff ()9.(2014杭州)Tomygreatsurprise,thefamousathlete’sstorydifferentlyinthenewspapers.A.wasreportedB.reportedC.wasreportingD.reports()10.(2014宜宾)Theterrorists(恐怖分子)inXinjianglastmonth.A.arecaughtB.wascaughtC.werecaughtD.iscaught()11.(2014宁波)IheardthatLineIofNingboSubwaylastmonth.A.wastestedB.istestedC.testsD.tested()12.(2014湖北咸宁)—Foodsafetyisveryimportant.—Sosomerulestostoppeoplefrompollutingfood.A.mustmakeB.mustbemadeC.mustmadeD.bemade()13.(2014珠海紫荆一模)Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbishintotheriver.A.needn’tbethrownB.can’tthrownC.mustn’tbethrownD.maynotthrown()14.(2014广东二模)It’saruleinmyclassthatourclassroombefore6:00p.m.everyday.A.beabletocleanB.shouldbecleaningC.mustcleanD.mustbecleaned()15.(2014珠海紫荆二模)—Mustwecleantheclassroomnow?—No,you.Itafterschool.A.needn’t;mustbecleanedB.mustn’t;needn’tbecleanedC.needn’t;canbecleanedD.don’thaveto;mayclean()16.Manyinterestingexperimentsbythestudentsinthenewlab.A.willbecarriedB.willbecarriedoutC.carryoutD.willcarryout()17.(2014南京)We’resurethattheenvironmentinourcitygreatlythroughourworkinthenearfuture.A.improvedB.wasimprovedC.hasimprovedD.willbeimproved()18.(2014北京)Anewhospitalinmytownnextyear.A.buildsB.builtC.isbuiltD.willbebuilt()19.(2014广东一模)Moretreesinandaroundourvillage.A.willbeplantedB.willplantC.isplantedD.wasplanted()20.(2012河源)—Yourjobopenforyourreturn.—Thanks.A.willbekeptB.willkeepC.hadkeptD.hadbeenkept中考模拟：()1.—Look,whathavetheydone?—Sorry.IthinkifIanotherchance,I’lldoitbetter.A.GiveB.willbegivenC.willgiveD.amgiven()2.—Drunkendriveisdangerous,isn’tit?—Yeah.Thatwhydrunkendriverstoprisonevenwithoutcausingaccidents.A.sentB.aresentC.sendD.aresending()3.Itwillbetwodaysbeforethedecision.A.hasmadeB.willbemadeC.wasmadeD.ismade()4.—DidyougotoJim’sbirthdayparty？—No,I.A.haven’tinvitedB.didn’tinvite C.amnotinvitedD.wasn’tinvited()5.Lastyear,Shenzhou-10intothespace.Itmadeusproud.A.issentB.wassentC.sendsD.sent()6.—Ourclassroomeveryday.—Soitis.It’sourdutytokeepitcleanandtidy.A.cleansB.iscleaningC.iscleanedD.willbecleaned()7.Inordertomakeourhometownmorebeautiful,treesaroundthecityeveryyear.A.plantB.areplantedC.willplantD.willbeplanted()8.It’sreportedthatthebadmanthedayaftertomorrow.A.iskilledB.willkillC.isgoingtobekilledD.isgoingtokill()9.thetreesintheparknextSaturday?A.Will,beplantedB.Willbe,plantedC.Are,plantedD.Will,plant()10.It’sdifficultforthevillagechildrentocrosstherivertogettoschool．Wethinkabridgeovertheriver．A．wasbuiltB．shouldbebuiltC．hasbeenbuiltD．isbeingbuilt三、感叹句考点1：感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。感叹句一般是由what或how开头。what用来强调名词，how则强调形容词、副词或动词。1.感叹句的基本句型(1)What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！Whatacleverboyheis!他是个多聪明的男孩！Whatcoldweatheritis!多冷的天气啊！Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!(它们是)多么漂亮的花啊！Whatgoodnewsitis!多么好的消息啊！在感叹句中，whata/an常用来修饰单数可数名词，若该名词前面的形容词为元音音素开头，则用whatan。what是用来修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。但有些不可数名词（rain,surprise,breakfast,lunch等）前面有形容词修饰，从而使抽象名词具体化时，则要用whata/an。(2)How+形容词／副词+主语+谓语！Howkindyouare!你心肠真好！Howbluetheskyis!天空是多么蓝啊！Howfasttheyareworking!他们干得真快啊！Howheloveshispet!他是多么喜欢他的宠物！how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。如：Howwellshedances!她跳的多好呀！（how修饰动词）2.选用What和How的高效方法判断感叹句的引导词是What还是How。先把主谓+其他部分去掉，看最后一个词是名词用what，是形容词或副词用how。若没有主谓则看句末一词而定。句末一词是名词用what，是形容词或副词用how。Whatasmartmanheis!(主谓是heis，把它们去掉，最后一词是man ，名词，故用What)Howexcellentheis!(主谓是heis，把它们去掉，最后一词是excellent，形容词，故用How)Whatexcitingnews!(本句没有主谓，最后一词是news，名词，故用What)()1.(2014广东)—DoyouknowWangFeng?Hecanremember100groupsofnumbersinfiveminutes.—Yes.manheis!A.WhatasmartB.HowsmartC.WhatastupidD.Howstupid()2.(2013广东)MoYanwontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturelastyear.excellentheis!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan()3.(2009广东)terribleweatherwehadlastSunday!A.WhatB.WhataC.SuchD.How考点:2：how引出的特殊疑问词组辨析：how引出的疑问词组(1)howoften意为“多久一次”，提问频率。表示频率的副词有always(总是),usually(通常),often(常常),sometimes/attimes(有时),seldom(很少、不常),hardly(几乎不),never(决不、从来不)等；短语有onceaday/week/month/year…(每天、周、月或年……一次)；twiceaday/week/month/year…(每天、周、月或年……两次)；threetimesaday(每天三次)；与every开头的短语也表示频率，例如everyday/week/month/year…(每天、周、月或年……)；everyfiveminutes(每五分钟)，everytwohours(每两小时)等。(2)howfar意为“多远”，提问两地之间的距离。表示两地间距离的短语常见的有fivekilometers(五千米),afewmiles(数英里),tenminutes’walk(十分钟的步行路程),threehours’ride(三小时的车程)等(3)howlong有两种用法①howlong意为“多长时间、多久”，提问一段时间，这是其主要用法。表示一段时间的短语有：“for+一段时间”意为“长达……”，如forfourdays(长达四天)；“since+时间点或时间状语从句”意为“自从……以来”，如since1968/yesterday/twodaysago(自从1968年/昨天/两天前以来)等。②howlong意为“多长”，提问事物的长度。使用时要注意与howfar的区别。howfar强调某两个地点之间的距离，在疑问句中一般会出现两个地点。howlong提问单个事物本身的长短，与距离无关。如：—HowlongistheGreatWall?长城有多远？—Around6,700kilometerslong.约6,700千米长。—Howlongisthesofa?沙发有多长？—It’stwometerslong.两米长。(4)howsoon意为“多久以后”，对“in+一段时间”提问，意为“……之后(内)” ，表示从现在到将来动作发生时为止的一段时间，常与一般将来时态连用。如insomeweeks(数周后)。(5)howmuch有两种用法①“多少钱”，对价格或价钱提问，相当于“What’sthepriceofsth.？”意为“某物多少钱？”。—Howmuchisthebike?=What’sthepriceofthebike?自行车的价格是多少？—50.五十美元。②“多少”，对不可数名词的数量提问，有时howmuch接的不可数名词可省略。—Howmuchbreadwouldyoulike?你要多少面包？—Fivekilosofbread.五公斤。(6)howmany“多少”，对复数名词的数量提问，有时howmany接的复数名词可省略。—Howmanywatchesdoyouwant?你要几块手表？—Twowatches.两块。()1.(2013广东)—isitfromthevillagetoyourfarm?—About10minutes’walk.A.HowoftenB.HowsoonC.HowlongD.Howfar()2.(2010广东)—willyoucomeback?—Inanhour.A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.HowfarD.Howlong