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  • 2022-06-17 15:20:03 发布

全面的英语语法精讲精练

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一名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos 8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants III.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法:1表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed注:不同国籍人的单复数 国籍总称(谓语用复数)单数复数中国人the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese      瑞士人the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians,an Australian,two Australians俄国人the Russians,a Russian,two Russians意大利人the Italians,an Italian,two Italians      希腊人the Greek,a Greek,two Greeks法国人the French,a Frenchman,two Frenchmen  日本人the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese美国人the Americans,an American,two Americans印度人the Indians,an Indian,two Indians加拿大人the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadians德国人the Germans,a German,two Germans英国人the English,an Englishman,two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish,a Swede,two Swedes  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1.Theygotmuch_____fromthosenewbooks.   A.ideas  B.photos  C.news  D.stories   解析:much是用来修饰不可数名词的,ABD三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式,C项为不可数名词,因此选C.  2.Ihavetwo_______andthreebottlesof_________here.   A.orange,orange         B.oranges,oranges   C.oranges,orange        D.orange,oranges  解析:orange有两种含义,一种可数名词橘子,另一种是不可数名词橘汁,此题第一空应填可数名词,第二空填不可数名词,因此选C。   3.EveryeveningMr.Kingtakesa_________to hishome.   A.25minutes"walk           B.25minute"swalk   C.25minutewalk             D.25minuteswalk  解析:句中的minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+",而不能+s,因此选A。  4.Anold_______wantstoseeyou.   A.people     B.person    C.thepeople   D.theperson  解析:person与people都有"人"的意思,但用法不同."一个人"用"aperson",  "两个人"用"twopersons";people泛指"人们"是集合名词,表示复数,thepeople指"人民",apeople指"一个民族".应选B。  5.Helpyourselfto__________.   A.chickensandapples                B.chickensandapple   C.chickenandapple                  D.chickenandapples  解析:chicken可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词,故应+s,因此选D。  6.Oh,dear.Iforgotthetwo_________.   A.room"snumber     B.rooms"number    C.roomnumbers     D.rooms"numbers  解析:roomnumber房间号码.room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词.类似的还有myphsicsteacher, twobusdrivers等. 应选C。  7.ShehasbeeninTianjinfortenyears.Tianjinhasbecomehersecond_________.    A.family      B.house     C.home      D.room  解析:family指的是家庭或是家庭成员;house指的是房子(住所);room指的是房间;而home指的是家,因此选C.  8.________motherscouldn"tgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoShanghai.   A.MaryandPeter"s             B.MaryandPeter   C.Mary"sandPeter             D.Mary"sandPeter"s  解析:此句中"mothers"是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。  9.LiLeihasbeento__________manytimesthismonth.   A.heruncle   B.heruncle"s    C.heruncles         D.aunt"s  解析:此句意为"李雷这个去她舅舅家多次".表示具体场所时,可省去所有格后面的名词.  因此选B。  10.Heisasuccessasaleaderbuthehasn"t________inteaching.    A.manyexperiences         B.muchexperience    C.anexperience             D.alotexperience  解析:experience 作"经验"讲时是不可数名词,作"经历"讲时是可数名词.本句中应理解为"经验",因此是不可数名词,排除AC.又因alotof,lotsof,plentyof只用于肯定句,不用于否定句,因此选B。  11.Aclassmateof_________washeretenminutesago.     A.you       B.your        C.yoursister        D.yoursister"s  解析:此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。  12.Agroupof_________aretalkingwithtwo___________.    A.Frenchmen,Germans       B.Germans,Frenchmans     C.Frenchmans,Germen       D.Germen,Frenchmen  解析: Frenchman是复合词,其复数形式为Frenchmen;German的复数为直接在单词末尾+S,应选A.  13.Theteam________ havingameeting.    A.is       B.are        C.am         D.be  解析:team是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组),也可指小组中的成员(表示复数),此题意为后者,因此选B。  14."Wouldyoulike_________?"   "________,please."  A.drink,Threecoffees         B.acupofdrink,Coffees  C.adrink,Acoffee            D.adrink,Threecupsofcoffees  解析:drink和coffee是不可数名词,可以用…of来表示数量,eg,threecupsofcoffee,  当前面加a时,则表示 "一杯".因此选C。  15.TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyby_______,butalsothefleshandbloodof________men.     A.earthandstone,millionsof         B.earthsandstones,millions    C.theearthandstone,millionof       D.theearthsandstones,millions  解析:earth是不可数名词,因此删除BD,数以百万的应为millionsof.  因此选A。  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  选择最佳答案:  1.Lastnight,therewasafoodaccident.The_______wereill,butno_______werelost.  A.child,lives    B.children,life    C.children,lives   D.child,life  2.---Thisisaphotoof_________whentheywereyoung.   ---OK,howhappytheybothlooked!   A.myfatherandmother            B.mymotherandfather"s   C.mymother"sandfather"s          D.myfather"sandmymother  3.Thenewstudentisin__________,GradeTwo.    A.ClassThird    B.ThirdClass    C.ClassThree     D.Threeclass  4.TodayisSeptember10th.It"s__________Day.Let"sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.    A.Teachers      B.Teachers"      C.theTeachers"      D.Teacher"s  5.Themarketisn"tfarfromhere.It"sonly_________bicycleride.   A.halfanhours"   B.halfanhour"s    C.halfanhour     D.anhourandahalf  6.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?   ---_________,please.   A.Twocupofcoffee      B.Twocupsofcoffe   C.Twocupsofcoffee     D.Twocupsofcoffees  7.DuringChristmas,peoplegettogetherandsingChristmassongsfor_________.   A.fun        B.wishes      C.interest      D.thanks  8.Some_________areflyingkitesneartheriver.   A.child       B.boy      C.boys       D.childs  9.Aftertheexam,we"llhave________holiday.   A.twoweeks   B.two-weeks   C.twoweeks"    D.twoweek"s  10.Theyarethose_________bags.Pleaseputthemonthebus.   A.visitor     B.visitors       C.visitor"s         D.visitors"  11.---Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?    ---Therearetwo___________.    A.hundreds     B.hundred      C.hundredof     D.hundredsof  12.---Whatdoyouthinkofthe_______theMoonlightSonatabyBeethoven?    ---Itsoundsreallywonderful.   A.subject     B.music     C.book      D.animal  13.Thereisnotenough_________inthecornerforthefridge.   A.place       B.room     C.field       D.ground  14._________comesfromsheepandsomepeoplelikeeatingit  A.Wool      B.Pork      C.Mutton       D.Milk  15.Ifyoudon"ttakemore________,you"llgetfat.  A.medicine   B.lessons    C.photos     D.exercise  16.Myschoolisabouttwenty________walkfromhere.    A.minute     B.minutes"   C.minutes"s    D.minutes  17.Mum,Ihave_______totellyou!   A.agoodnews   B.somegoodnews   C.somegoodnewes  D.muchgoodnews  18.Whichisthe________tothepostoffice?   A.street        B.way       C.road      D.address   19.Istayedat________lastSunday.   A.myuncles     B.myuncles"    C.myuncle"s    D.myuncle"sfamily  20.Maths________noteasytolearn.   A.are         B.is          C.am        D.were  1-5 CBCBB    6-10CACCD    11-15ABBCD   16-20BBBCB冠    词  冠词分为不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词(the)  知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!  一、不定冠词的用法  1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类:例如:    Sheisagirl.    Passmeanapple,please.  2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如:    Aboyiswaitingforyou    Weworksixdaysaweek.  3).表示"一"这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈.例如:   WearegoingtohaveanEnglishlessontomorrow.   Ihaveamouth,anose,twoeyesandtwoears.  4).用于某些固定的词组中.例如:   afew,alittle,alotof  注:用a还是an,要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.  二、定冠词的用法  1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如:thephotooftheboy  2)指双方都知道的人或物.例如:    -Wherearethenewbooks,Jim?   -Theyareonthesmalltable.  3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如:   Todayheismakingamachine.   Hewantstoridethemachinelikeabikeandflyitlikeaplane.  4).用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:   Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon.  5).用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如:   Thefirsttruckiscarryingafewbaskets.  Thethirdoneiscarryingthefewestofall.  6).用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:    theGreatWall     theNorthStreetHospital  7).用在一些习惯用语中.例如:   inthemorning(afternoon,evening),   ontheleft(right)   attheendof  三、不用冠词的情况  1)在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如:  China,GradeTwo,BillSmith,milk  2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。例如:     Theletterisinherpocket.  Ithinktheshopisclosedatthistimeofday.  3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如:     Myfatherandmotherareteachers.  Ilikecakes.  4)在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如:     ItisSunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc.)     TodayisMid-AutumnDay.  Itiscoldinwinter.  5)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:      UncleWanglikesmakingthings.  WhatcolourareMrsGreen"sshoes?  6)在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。例如:     Hewenttoschoolafterbreakfast.    Canyouplaybasketball?  注:在某些固定词组中,如:athome,bybus,gotoschool等的名词前不用冠词。  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1._______milkisfood.________milkinthiscuphasgonebad.  2.---Doyoulikeplaying_________football?   ---Yes.ButIhaveonly_________basketball.  3.Doyouknow_______girlon________anothersideof________lake?  4.There"s________"u"and________"s"in________work"use".  5.Shesays________animalscant"slivewithout__________air,either.  6.Hisfather,whois________honestman,isteachingin________university.  7.Whichisheavier,________elephantor________horse?  8.________coldwindwasblowingfromthenorth.  9.Heisalwaysreadytohelp_________oldand________young.  10.________Greensaretravelingin_________SouthChina.   11.Although________mostofusliketodrinkbeer,thosewhodrink________mostare_______   leasthealthy.  12.Xiaomeisaw_________interestingfilmlastnight.________filmwasabout_________kinddoctor.  13.Youcanhave_________secondtryifyoufail_______firsttime.  14.Tomwentto_________schoolasusual,buthedidn"tknowhisfatherwentto________schoolforaparentmeeting.  15.________knowledgebeginswith_________practice.  解析:1./,the (milk是物质名词,一般不用冠词, 但后面加上一个定语inthecup后,使其成为特指,所以需要用定冠词the.)  2./,the (球类运动前不用the;指一个物体要用不定冠词a)  3.the,/,the(特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语another;)  4.a,an,the("u"发音以辅音开头所以用a;"s"发音以元音开头所以用an;特指这个单词用the)  5./,/(泛指动物所以不用任何冠词;air不可数名词,其前一般不用冠词)  6.an,the(honest发音以元音开头,故用an,在大学里为intheuniversity)  7.an,a或the,the(不定冠词a,an和定冠词the与名词单数连用表示种类)  8.a(物质名词coffee,food,tea,fog,rain,snow,wind等,在表示 "一种"或 "一场"的意义时,前面要加不定冠词。  9.the,the(形容词前加定冠词,表示一类人)  10.The,/(姓氏的复数前加定冠词the表示一家人;在华南是inSouthChina)   11./,the,the(most当大多数讲时前面不用the;后两空均为形容词的最高级,前面要加the)  12.a,the,a(第一空和第三空都指一个事物,第二空是特指前面提到的电影)  13.a,the(asecondtry指的是第二次)  14./,the(gotoschool去上学, gototheschool去那所学校)  15./,/(具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前,一般不用冠词)  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  一、在空白处填入a/an或the。  1.---Mum,whatshallwehavefor_______dinner?    ---Dumplings.    ---Oh,what_______wonderfuldinner!Ienjoyitverymuch.  2._________PLAwasfoundedon__________August1st,1927  3._______Kingscametousat_________noon.  4.Thescientistsfrom________UnitedStateslivein__________NinthStreet.  5.Thedoctortohim,"Take________medicinetwice________day.Stayin_________bedandyou"llbebettersoon."  6.September10this____________Teachers"Day.  7.MrBlackarrivedhereon__________Tuesdaymorning.  8.Therearefourseasonsin_______year.________firstseasonisspring.Itis__________bestoneof__________four.   9.Somepeoplehavebeento_________moon,in_______spaceship.  10._______Chinais_________oldcountrywith_________longhistory  答案  1./,a 2.the,/3.the,/ 4.the,the 5.the,a,/ 6./  7./  8.a,the,the,the 9.the,/ 10../,an,/a  二、选择填空: A./ B.a  C.an  D.the  1. Theyareliving______happylifenow.  2. ______bagon______deskismine.  3. Thereis______emptyboxonthetable.  4. Doyoulike______musicofthefilm"Titanic"?  5. On______Saturday,Istayin______bedtill12:00.  6. ______BrownshavebeentoChinatwice.  7. Don"tmakeanynoisein______class.  8. Thisissuch______interestingstorythatyoumustlistentoit.  9. NextweektheywillgotoAustraliaby______air.  10. Whichisbigger,______sunor______moon?  Key:1----5BDCDA   6----10DACAD  三、在空白处填入a/an或the。   1.ThismorningIbought_____newspaperand_____magazine._______newspaperisinmybagbutIdon"tknowwhereIput______magazine.  2.Isaw______accidentthismorning.______carcrashedinto______tree.______driverof______carwasn"thurtbut______carwasbadlydamaged.  3.Therearetwocarsparkedoutside:______blueoneand_______greyone._______blueoneismyneighbour"s;Idon"tknowwho______ownerof_______greyoneis.  4.Myfriendslivein_______oldhousein_______smallvillage.Thereis_______beautifulgardenbehind_______house.Iwouldliketohave______gardenlikethat.  1.a,a,Thethe     2.an,a,a,The,the,the     3.A,a,thethe,the  4.an,a,a,the,a(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:SheismyEnglishteacher.  (2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如:Theydon"twantmetogotherealone.                                 Don"tworry.Icanlookafterher.  (3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如:---Who"sthat?   ---It"sme.  注意:①人称代词we,you,they可以用来表示一般人。例如:         Youcannotgointothehallwithslippers.不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。       ②人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中,表示强调。例如:         Itwashewhotookawaythenecklace.是他拿走了那条项链。       ③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。例如:          Theshipisleaving.She"sonherfirsttriptoBoston.轮船要起航了。这时她第一次去波士顿。       Weloveourcountry,wehopeshe"llbestrongerandstronger.我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。       ④It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如:         Itisabout10kilometresfromhere.离这儿大约有10公里。       ⑤It还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语,以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:       ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.       Itisgoodforyoutakingawalkaftersupper.       Ifounditdifficulttosleep.       ⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同,I在最后,you在最前;但是,当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I在最前,you在最后。例如:       You,heandIareallthewinners.       I,Lileiandyouarewrong.Weshoulddomorefortheproject.  2.物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。1) 形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语,后面跟名词。例如:  Tooursurprise,hehaspassedtheexam.  (2)名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征,在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:       MayIuseyourbike?Mineisatschool. (作主语)      Whoseglassesarethese? Theyarehers. (作表语)      Mydictionaryislost.CanIuseyours?   (作宾语)  (3)名词性物主代词可以与of连用,作定语。例如:Afriendofoursarewaitingforus.  3.反身带词:用来表示"某人自己"的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:        Hersisteristooyoungtodressherself.(作宾语)        Hehimselfisalwaysmakingsuchmistakes.(主语同位语)        You"dbetteraskyourwifeherself.(宾语同位语)  (2) 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:  makeoneselfathome,teachoneself,learnbyoneself,helponeselfto…,etc  4.指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表this that these those      指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:      Thosearemyparents.(作主语)      Throwitlikethat.  (作表语)      ThetoyslittleTomlikesarethoseinthebasket.(作表语)       Thesepicturesaredrawnbyanoldblindman.(作定语)   注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西,常用that,those表示。例如:           I"msorrytohearthat.  (2)下文将要提到的事情,可用these,this 表示,起启下的作用。例如:  Tellthechildrentodolikethis:knockthestickintotheearthfirst,thentiethetreetoit.  5.疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who,what,which,whose,whom,在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。  作主语:Whatmakeyousohappy?  作宾语:Who/Whomisyourmanagertalkingwith?  在口语中,作宾语时who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:  Aboutwhomtheyaretalkingjustnow?  作定语:Whichsubjectdoyoulikebest?  作表语:What"syourmother.  6.相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。常用的有:eachother,oneanother.相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:              Weshouldhelpeachother.              Thevillagershavelookedafteroneanothertheseyear.              相互代词后可以加"s,表示所有关系。例如:              Weputthepresentsineachother"sstocking.   7.连接代词:用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有:what,which, who,whomwhose,that例如:    Iknowwhathesaidatthemeeting.   Theproblemiswhowillmendit.    Couldyoutellmewhichisthewaytothepostoffice?  8.不定代词:不定代词没有确定的对象,常用的有:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,someany,no以及由some,no,any,every构成的复合词。    不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语,而none及含有some,anevery的合成代词不能做定语,no和every只能做定语。  代词  many,few,afew修饰可数名词,much,little,alittle修饰不可数名词。both,either,neither,each用于指两者,all,any,none,every,another用于指三者或三者以上。 例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1. Thisisn"t______pencilcase.Ileft______athome.  A.my,mine     B.me,my     C.I,my     D.my,myself  解析:此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况。要做好这类题,就必须熟练掌握这三类词的用法。应选A。  2. TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Thereare______newwordsinit.  A.alittle       B.little        C.afew     D.few   解析:历年来中考始终将little,alittle,few,afew作为一个重要考点,要做好这类题,必须明确几点:(1)little,alittle修饰或代替不可数名词;few,afew修饰或代替可数名词复数。(2)few,little一般表示否定意义;afew,alittle表示肯定意义。应选D。  3. ------CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning?  ------______OK.I"mfreetodayandtomorrow.    A.Either       B.Neither     C.Both      D.None  解析:此类题主要是针对each,every,both,all,either,neither,none等不定代词的考查。Both指两个人或物;all表示三者或三者以上"都",它们都表示肯定意义,均与of连用,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,作定语修饰复数名词。all也可代替不可数名词或一个整体,这时谓语动词用单数形式,either指两者只任何一个,表肯定,表示三者或三者以上中的任何一个用any,neither是either的否定形式,表示两者都不是。应选A。  4. ThepopulationofChinaismuchlargethan______  A. this B.those  C.it   D.that  解析:在比较级的句型中,经常用that指代前面提到过的不可数名词,用those指代可数名词的复数。选D。  5.------Whenshallwemeetagain?    ------Makeit______dayyoulike.It"sallthesametome.  A.one  B.any   C.another  D.all  解析:any表示任何一个。选B。  Hesaid______atthemeetingandjustsattheresilently.  A.something B.anything  C.nothing   D.everything   解析:此句的意思是"他在会上一言不发,只是静静地坐在那里。"根据句意,应选C。  ------Doyouknowthelady______isinterviewingourheadmaster?  ------Yes,sheisajournalistfromCCTV.  A.which        B.who         C.whom        D.whose  解析:先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,所以应选B。  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  一、用适当的代词填空  Help______tosomeicecream,girls.  Hecameupwithanideaatlast,theideaof______wasverygood.  Hurry,up,there"s______timeleft.  Thereishardly______inthebasket,it"sempty.  LiliandCocodon"tknow______address.LilihasneverbeentoCoco"shomeandCocohasneverbeentoLily"shome,either.  Heis______akindfriendthat______ofuslikehim.  HehavetwoEnglishnovels,buthehasread______ofthem.  Idon"tlikethecolorofthisjacket.Couldyoushowme______one?  Youmaytake______ofthem,they"rebothgood.  Don"tworry.______goeswellhere.   二、选择最佳答案填空:  1.Thesetwobooksareveryinteresting.Youcanchoose_________ofthem.  A.both         B.each        C.either        D.any  2.Hehad________milkbut_________breadforbreakfast.  A.many;few         B.much;little       C.few;much        D.little;many  3.Isthere________youwanttosay?  A.somethingelse        B.anythingelse        C.elseanything       D.elsesomething  4.A:_________areyougoingtovisit?  B:IamgoingtovisitthePalaceMuseum.  A.Where      B.What     C.Why   D.When  5.Oneshouldkeep________promise.  A.one"sown   B.every  C.himself  D.herself  三、完成句子  1. There"stwoappleshere,youcantake______(任意一个).  2. Lisahastwodaughters.______(没有一个喜欢)traveling.  3. ______(所有的)girlslikesinging.  4. Tosayis______(一回事),todois______(另一回事).   5. Theykeeponeblackcatand______(两只黑的).  6. Hehas______(许多)money,buthehas______(没有)friends.  7. CanshespeakFrench?   ______(只会一点).  8. ______(他们中很少有人)cantalkinChinese.  9. ______(没人)hasbeenreachedfartherthanthemoon.  10. Welookedat______(相互)ingreatsurprise.  Key:一、1.yourselves2.his3.no4.anything5.eachother"s6.such,all7.neither8.another9.either10.everything      二、CBBAA      三、1.either2.neither3.all4.onething,anotherthing5.twoblackones6.alotof/much,no         7.Alittle8.Fewofthem9.Noone/Nobody10.eachother数     词    英语数词表示数目或者顺序,可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。  知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!    一、基数词的构成    1.1-12的基数词是独立的单词,即:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。     2.13-19的基数词以-teen结尾。如:fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18较特殊,13-thirteen15-fifteen18-eighteen。      3.20-90的整十位均以-ty结尾。如:sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80较特殊,20-twenty30-thirty40-forty50-fifty80-eighty。     4.十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号"-",如:28-twenty-eight,96-ninety-six。    5.百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and,如:148-onehundredandforty-eight406-fourhundredandsix。    6.hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)等前面即使有具体的数词,也不能在它们的后面加s。如:600-sixhundred,8百万-eightmillion。    7.1000以上的数字,从后往前数每三位加一个逗号","第一个逗号前为千(thousand),第二个逗号前为百万(million),第三个逗号前为billion(十亿)。英语中无"万"这个词,我们可以用"几十个千(thousand)"表示几万,"几百个千(thousand)"表示"几十万"。如:2,510=twothousandfivehundredandten;84,296=eight-fourthousandtwohundredandninety-six;274,350=twohundredandseventy-fourthousandthreehundredandfifty。  二、序数词的构成  序数词一般是以与之相应的基数词尾加-th构成,例如fourth,tenth,但以下的这些基数词变为序数词时,有特别之处。  1.one---first, two---second, three---third,five---fifth, nice---ninth, twelve---twelfth  2.以ty结尾的单词,要先变y为I,在加-eth.例如:thirty---thirtieth,fifty---fiftieth  3.以one,two,three等结尾的多位数词,要将各位数变成序数词。例如: twenty-one---twenty-first, onehundredandone---onehundredandfirst   注意:序数词前常用定冠词,有时还可以用不定冠词a/an则表示"又一"的意思。          例如:MrBrownhasasecondcar. 布朗先生另外还有一辆车。  Hehastriedasecondtime. 他又尝试了一次。  三、数词的应用   1.时刻的表示:小时、点钟、分钟、秒钟要用基数词。    ①"几点钟"用基数词加o"clock。o"clock可省略。如:5点钟-five(o"clock).    ②"几点过几分 ",≤30分钟"用介词past。如:7:05-fivepastseven;7:15-fifteen(aquarter)pastseven;7:30-halfpastseven。    ③"差几分几点"用介词"to"。如:7:40-twentytoeight;7:45-fifteen(aquartertoeight。    ④日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序读。如:7:05-sevenofive;7:15-sevenfifteen。  2.年月日的表示:  ① 年份用基数词,如:1999年-nineteenninety-nine;1900年-nineteenhundred;2000-twothousand;1905-nineteenofive;  ② 年用基数词,日用序数词。如:1998年6月8日 写作:June8,1998;读作:Junetheeighth,nineteenninety-eight或theeighthofJune,nineteenninety-eight。  3.世纪、年代表示法:   (在)90年代  (in)thenineties    (在)19世纪  (in)thenineteenthcentury   (在)18世纪30年代 (in)1730s或1730"s  4.编号的表示:  ① LessonOne=thefirstlesson第一课;  ② BusNo.3=theNo.3bus3路公共汽车;  ③ 表示住所时不用"No."如:302房间-Room302(读作:roomthreeotwo);  ④ 如果编号的数词比较长,一般用基数词。如:Page457第457页;  ⑤ 电话号码,用基数词,如:3855633-threeeightfivefive(doublefive)sixthreethree(doublethree)。   5.分数的表达:  分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于"1",分母则加"s"。如:1/3onethird,2/3twothirds;    另外:1/2a(one)half;1/4onefourth或a(one)quarter;3/4threefourths或threequarters。    halfasecond;aquarterofasecond四分之一秒  6.表示有小数的词用基数词。                         5.5fivepointfive                      12.135twelvepointonethreefive  7.表示百分数  5℅:fivepercent(percent),0.8℅zeropointeightpercent(percent).   8.表示有小数的词用基数词。                         5.5fivepointfive                        12.135twelvepointonethreefive                    9.其他用法:  1)基数词+单数名词+形容词构成合成形容词。如:一个五岁的男孩afive-year-oldboy;      一座800米长的桥an800-metre-longbridge;女子400米接力girls"400-metrerelayrace。  2)具体数词+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long/high/tall/deep/away等。如:长江长6300公里。TheChangjiangRiveris6,300kilometreslong.  3)表示"几十岁"用序数词,eg.在他三十几岁时 inhisthirties  4)倍数的表达:(一倍用once,两倍用twice,两倍以上用基数词+times。如:5倍fivetimes)。   例如:HeisastallaboyasI.  HeisaheadtallerthanI.  HeistwoyearsolderthanI  ChinaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.  Iamtwiceasoldasyou.(=Iamtwiceolderthanyou./Iamtwicetheageofyou.)  Mybooksaretwiceasmanyasyours.  ChinaisfourtimeslargerthanEurope.(=ChinaisfourtimesthesizeofEurope.)   Ipaytwiceasmuchasitwasworth.  Ipaytwiceasmuchforthehouse.  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1._______ChinesearelookingforwaystolearnEnglishwellbeforeBeijing 2008Olympic.              A.Thousand      B.Thousands      C.Thousandof    D.Thousandsof  2.Bothoftherulesarebroken.Iwanttobuya______one.       A.three          B.third          C.forth       D./  3).---Whichisthesmallestnumberofthefour?          ---_________.      A.Two-thirds    B.Ahalf      C.Aquarter    D.Three-fourths  4).Pleasewritedownthenewwordsinthetextof_______.     A.LessonEleven  B.theLessonEleven  C.LessonEleventh  解析:1.基数词hundred,thousand,million,billion等前有具体数字时,它们后面不能加s,若这些词后面有介词of(几百,成百上千),thousandsof(几千,数千个),millionsof,billionsof前不可用数词修饰。但可用many,some,several等修饰。故选答案D.      2.答案:B。此题主要考查序数词的运用。       3.答案:C。此题主要考查英语中的分数表示法。英语中表示分数时,分母用序数词,分子用基数词,当分子大于1时,表示分母的序数词后要加s.      4.答案:A。此题主要考查基数词的编号。在通常情况下,名词编号有这几种表示法:1。事物名词+基数词,且每个单词的首字母都要大写。如:LessonEleven;2。定冠词+基数词+事物名词。如:No.6MiddleSchool  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  选择填空:  1. _______ ofpeopleintheworldaresendinginformationbyE-maileverday.   A.Manymillion  B.Severalmillion  C.Severalmillions D.Manymillions  2. About_______ofthesurfaceoftheearth_______coveredwithwater.   A.threequarter,is    B.threequarters,has   C.threequarters,is   D.threequarter,are  3. Itwilltake_______timetofinishthework.   A.oneandahalfyears"   B.ayearandhalf    C.oneandahalfyear"s D.ayearandhalf"s  4.---Howlongwillyourstayhere?、    ---For________.    A.oneandtwoday"s  B.oneandtwoday C.adayortwo  D.oneortwoday  5.WhenhemovedtoGermanyin______,hewasalreadyin_______.     A.thefifties;hissixties  B.fifties;hissixties    C.thefifties;hissixty    D.fifty;sixty  6.Mybrotherlivesin______on______floor.   A.sixRoom;second      B.Roomsix;thesecond    C.Roomsix;twofloor    D.theroomsix;thesecond  7.Decemberis_______monthoftheyear.   A.twelve  B.twelfth C.thetwelfth   D.thetwelve  8.Thistookplaceinthe______.   A.1940  B.1940s C.1940es D.1940th  9.Itisonly_____frommyhometothetrainstation.   A.tenminuteswalk  B.ten-minuteswalk C.tenminutes"swalk D.tenminutes"walk  10.Thereare______inthisbuilding,Iliveon______.  A.ninefloors,theninthfloor   B.ninefloor,theninthfloor  C.ninefloor,ninefloors     D.ninthfloor,theninthfloor  11.ThewaterbehindtheThreeGorgesDams(三峡大坝)shouldbe______higherthandownstream(下游)。    A.sixty-fivemeter    B.sixty-fifthmeter      C.sixty-fivemeters  D.sixty-fifthmeters   12.Thereare_______daysinayear.    A.threehundredsixty-five             B.threehundredandsixty-five    C.threehundredandsixty-five         D.twohundredsandsixty-five  13.---Howmanyteachersarethereinyourschool?   ---__________.,butI"mnotsure.    A.Hundreds      B.Hundred     C.Hundredsof       D.Onehundred  14.Thereare_________doctorsandnursesworkinghardinthathospital.   A.thousand       B.twothousand       C.twothousands      D.twothousandsof  15.---What"sonefourthandahalf,doyouknow?    ---Yes,it"s_________.    A.twosixths       B.threefourths      C.onethree       D.threesixth  16.Nowchildren,turntopage________andlookatthe_______pictureinLessonTwo.   A.twentieth,one    B.twenty,one   C.twentieth,first    D.twenty,first  17.Bothofthetworulersarebroken.Iwanttobuya_______one.     A.three       B.third         C.forth        D./  18.Decemberisthe__________monthinyear.   A.twenty      B.twelve        C.twentieth        D.twelfth  19.---Whatisthedatetoday?    ---It"s_________.   A.Thursday      B.Junethesixteenth   C.thebestday    D.Junefifteen  20.SheknowsalotaboutChinaasshehasbeentoChina________.    A.fortheforthtime      B.fourtimes     C.afourthtime    D.forfourtimes  1-5 CCACA  6-10BCBD  11-15CCCDA   16-20 DBDBB动    词  动词是表示动作(study,find,swim等)或状态(be,like,feel等)的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。  知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!  动词分类:动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。  一)助动词   助动词没有任何含义,不能单独做谓语,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be,do,does,did,have,will,shall等。具体用法如下:  1、助动词be的用法如下:  1)构成各种进行时态。如:  Itwasrainingalldayyesterday.  昨天整天下雨。  2)构成被动语态。如:  Themeetingwasheldyesterdayafternoon.  会议是昨天下午举行的。  3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如:  TheyaretoseeanEnglishfilmthisevening.  他们今天晚上看英语电影。  2、助动词do的用法如下:  1)构成疑问式或否定式。如:  Doeshethinkso?  Ididn"tsayanythingabouttheresult.  2)在动词前加上do,does,did表示强调,意为"的确,确实"。如:  Theydostudyhard.   Shedoeslovehim.  Hedidwanttohelptheoldman.  3、have: 助动词have的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:  Hehaslivedhereforthreeyears.  Assoonasthesunhadsettheyreturned.  4、shall,should:助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。如:Ishallsendtenletterstomygoodfriend.  ShewantedtoknowifIshouldgotothepalace.  二)情态动词  情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can,may,must,need,should等。  表示能力  表示能力一般用can,could。如:Rosecanspeaknow,butshecouldn"taweekago.  beableto也表示能力,它和can的区别如下:  1)表示做事的能力,两者可通用。但can只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。beableto可用于任何时态。如:  Shecould/wasabletoeatfourpiecesofbreadwhenshewasyoung.  Theywillbeabletofinishthedrawingsoon.   2)表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/wereableto,但在否定句中可互换。如:  Shewasweak,butwasabletofinishthetasklastnight.  can(could)在疑问句中与第二人称连用时,表示征求对方意见或提出请求,表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式,但是could只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气,没有时间上的差别。如:  -Couldyoulendmeyourpen?  -Yes,Ican.  表示许可  表示许可一般用may/might,can/could,而且常可互换。Might,could语气比较委婉。要特别注意:回答以might,could开头的疑问句只能用may,can给予直截了当的回答。  -Might/CouldIborrowyourbook?  -Yes,youmay/can.  表示必需、必要  must和haveto都有"必须",一般情况下可互换。如:Youmust/havetofinishthework..  但他们有如下区别:  1)must表示说话人的主观看法;haveto表示客观需要。如:  Imusthaveatalkwithhim.  Hehastogiveupsmokingbecauseofbadlycough.   2)否定式mustn"t表示禁止,意为"不准,不可以做";don"thaveto意为"不必"。如:  Youmustn"thither.  Youdon"thavetoexplainittomeifyoudislikethejob.  注:表示推测的情态动词有表示"一定"的must,表示"很有可能"的should,oughtto和表示"可能"的can,could,may,might。具体用法如下:  must表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下:  1)对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如:  Youmustloseinthemountain.  2)对目前状态的推测,用must+be+表语。如:Youspeakfor4hours,youmustbethirsty.  在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may(might)+动词原形,might比may 的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may(might)have+过去分词。如:  Thepackagemightcometomorrow.  Theymayhavekilledtheenemies.  3、在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can(could)…+动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can(could)…have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用can"t+动词原形,对过去表示推测用can"t(couldn"t)have+过去分词。如:  Itcan"tbeJohn.HehasgonetoUK.  4、need的双重身份  need既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。   三)系动词  连词动词的种类  联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。  1、按意义联系动词有:be,appear,seem,keep,remain,continue,stay,prove等,如:Jimappearsveryold.  2、表示感觉的联系动词有look,feel,smell,sound,taste等。如:Itsmellsbad.  3、表示转变的联系动词有become,fall,get,go,grow,turn等。如:    Shebecomesmorebeautifulthanthreeyearsago.  四)行为动词     行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。  1、及物动词  及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:  Mymothertoldmeshewantedtobuysomebooksforme.  2、不及物动词    不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:  Heonlyworriedabouthisdaughter.  二、动词的时态      动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。  1.一般现在时  1)一般现在时态的构成:主语是I,we,you,they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he,she,it和名词单数时,作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:一般情况+s以s,x,ch,sh 或 o结尾+es以辅音+y结尾去y变i+es2)一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):主语肯定式否定式疑问式  第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数Iamastudent.We/You/Theyarestudents.He/Sheisastudent. I/We/You/They/likemusic.Manypeoplelikemusic.Iamnotastudent.We/You/Theyarenotstudents.He/Sheisnotastudent.I/We/You/They/don’tlikemusic.Manypeopledon’tlikemusic.Areyouastudent.Areyou/theystudents?Ishe/sheastudent? Doyou/theylikemusic?Domanypeoplelikemusic?  3)一般现在时态的用法:  现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作。例如:     Igetupatsixeverymorning.       Heplaystennisonceaweek.   现在的状态        例如:  Mymotherisateacher.SheteachesEnglishinaschool.  客观真理          例如:  Theearthgoesaroundthesun.  4)常用于一般现在时态的时间状语:    often usually sometimes always everyday never inthemorning等。  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1. ---MayIhelpyou,sir?  ---Yes,IboughttheTVthedaybeforeyesterday,butit______.  A.didn"twork  B.doesn"twork C.won"twork  D.can"twork  解析:电视虽然是前天买的,但坏了是现在的状态,应该用一般现在时态。选B.  2.______thebusuntilit______..    A.Getoff,stops   B.Getoff,willstop C.Don"tgetoff,stops D.Don"tgetoff,willstop  解析:这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句,主句是祈使句,因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not…until(直到……才)句型。应选C。  3.The70-year-oldman______exercisesinthemorning.    A.takes         B.aretaking     C.took            D.willtake   解析:"这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。"这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此,应选A.现在进行时  1)现在进行时的构成:Am/is/are+v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式    v-ing现在分词的构成:一般情况+ing以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing+ing以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去e+ing以重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母时.双写词尾字母+ing  2)现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:主语肯定式否定式疑问式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 Iamdriving.He/She/Itisworking.We/You/Theyaredoingsomething.  Iamnotdriving.He/She/Itisnotworking.We/You/Theyarenotdoinganything.  Areyoudriving?Ishe/she/itworking?Areyou/theydoingsomething?   3)现在进行时的用法:  1.说话时正在进行或发生的动作(动作是在说话时正在进行)。例如:    Sheishavingabathnow.  2.现阶段正在进行或发生的动作(但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行)。例如:    Youareworkinghardtoday.   KatewantstoworkinItaly,sosheislearningItalian.   Thepopulationoftheworldisgrowingveryfast.  频度副词always,forever等词连用时,表示某种强烈的感情。如:  Heisalwaystryingoutnewideas.(表示欣赏,表扬)  表示按计划即将发生的动作(仅限于go,come,arrive,leave,start,fly,begin,stay等动词)。如:   Thepartyisbeginningat8:00o"clock.  6)常用于现在进行时态的时间状语:now等。    often usually sometimes always everyday never inthemorning等。  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1.Idon"tthinkthatit"strue.She"salways______lies.     A.tell     B.tells      C.telling     D.told  解析:always在这里应现在进行时连用,带有感情色彩,表示讨厌。选C.  2. How______you______withthenewjob?  A.do,do    B.do,getalong   C.are,doing    D.are,gettingon  解析:表示现阶段正在发生的动作,用现在进行时。选D.  3.---Arethesesocksyours?     ---No.Mine______outsideontheclothesline.   A.arehanging  B.havehung   C.hang     D.hung  解析:hang意为悬挂,hung意为上吊、绞死,先排除答案B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态,应用现在进行时。应选A. 一般将来时  1)一般将来时的构成:    1.助动词will(shall)+动词原形    2.am/is/are   +going to+动词原形   2)一般将来时的用法:    1.将要发生的动作。例如:       IwillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.    2.将要存在的状态。例如:       ThistimenextyearIwillbeinJapan.Wherewillyoube?    3.打算要做的事。例如:       Areyougoingtowatchthefilmontelevisiontonight?  3)常用于一般将来时的时间状语:  tomorrow   nextweek   in2008  等。    例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1.I______forHongKongonSaturday.Willyougotoseemeoffattheairport?   A.amleaving B.amleft   C.amgoingtoleaving D.left  解析:趋向动词leave可用现在进行时表将来。选A。  2.I______toseegrandmaandhelpherwithsomehouseworkeveryweek.  A.came    B.amgoingcome C.come  D.willcome  解析:此题虽然有everyweek,但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选D。  3. WeChinese______theOlympicGamesin2008.  A.held      B.shallholding  C.areholding  D.aregoingtohold  解析:本题的时间状语是将来的时间,所以选用一般将来时,A、D都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型,  故应选D.4.一般过去时  1)一般过去时的构成:    用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:一般情况+ed以e字母结尾的辅音+d以辅音字母+y结尾去y变i+ed重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母双写词尾字母+ed  2)一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):主语肯定式否定式疑问式   第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数Iwasastudent.We/You/Theywerestudents.He/Shewasastudent. I/We/You/They/likedmusic.Manypeoplelikedmusic.Iwasnotastudent.We/You/Theywerenotstudents.He/Shewasnotastudent.I/We/You/They/didn’tlikemusic.Manypeopledidn’tlikemusic.Wereyouastudent.Wereyou/theystudents?Washe/sheastudent? Didyou/theylikemusic?Didmanypeoplelikemusic?  3)一般过去时的用法:  1. 过去发生的动作。例如:     Thepolicestoppedmeonmywayhomelastnight.  2. 过去存在的状态。例如:  Theyweren"tabletocomebecausetheyweresobusy.  3.常用于一般过去时的时间状语:    yesterday,threemonthsago,lastyear,in1979,often,always等。  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1. r.Mottisout.Buthe______hereafewminutesago.  A.was      B.is      C.willbe     D.wouldbe  解析:时分钟前发生的动作,应该用一般过去时。应选A,  2.---Hi,Tom.    ---Hello,Fancy.I______youwerehere.       A.don"tknow  B.won"tthink  C.think       D.didn"tknow  解析:虽然句中没有明确的时间状语,但是可以通过上下文语境判断出,这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道,你前一阵子在这儿。所以应选A。  3.HepromisedtotellmebyhimselfwhenI______.  A.come     B.wouldcome  C.come  D.hadcome  解析:在时间状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选C。现在完成时  1) 现在完成时的构成:have/has+v-ing  2)现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和see为例):主语肯定式否定式疑问式  第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数I/We/You/Theyhavebeenherebefore.He/Shehasbeenherebefore..I/We/You/They/Manypeoplehaveseenthefilm. I/We/You/Theyhaven’tbeenherebefore.He/Shehasn’tbeenherebefore..I/We/You/They/Manypeoplehaven’tseenthefilm.Haveyou/theybeenherebefore?Hashe/shebeenherebefore?Haveyou/they/manypeopleseenthefilm?     现在完成时    1) 现在完成时的构成:have/has+v-ing    2)现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和see为例):   在完成时的用法:  1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already,just,ever,never,before等词连用.如:  Shehasneverreadthisnovel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)  2、表示"过去的动作"一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去.常与for(后跟段时间)或since(后跟点时间)等连用.如:  IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.         IhavebeenamemberofthePartysince10yearsago.  注:在有for和since引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词,应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如:     Hehasdiedfor3years.(F)  Hehasbeendeadfor3years.(T)  注意:①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如:in1998,lastmorning等       ②have/hasbeento表示"去过"(去了又回来了)         have/hasgoneto表示"去过"(去了没回来了)       如:Wherehasshegone?(句中所指的人不在)          Wherehasshebeen?(句中作指的人在)  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  --Howlong______he______afever?  ---Eversincelastnight.   A.have,got    B.have,had   C.have,caught  D.did,have  解析:此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态,应用现在完成时,去掉答案D。因为是段时间,所以不能用短暂行动词,get和catch都是短暂行动词。因此选B.  Mybowlisempty.Who______allmysoup?  A.drinks     B.haddrunk  C.hasdrunk    D.drank  解析:碗是空的了,这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。"谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C.  3. I______youforalongtime.Where______you______?    A.Didn"tseen;did,go  B.didn"tsee;have,gone  C.haven"tseen;have,been   D.haven"tseen;havegone  解析:for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。"你去哪儿了?"(在这段时间你不在)应选C。 过去进行时  1)过去进行时的构成: was/were+v-ing  2)过去进行时的用法:   过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。例如:   ThistimelastyearIwaslivinginBrazil.   Whatwereyoudoingat10o"clocklastnight?  3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语:    atfouryesterdayafternoon,then,atthattime/moment等。  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  Daddypromisedmehe______meacomputer  A.wasbought  B.hadbought  Cbought   D.wouldbuy      解析:"爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑"。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作,应用过去将来时。  选D。  Theysaidthey______dosomesportsifitwasfine.  A.weregoingto  B.went   C.wouldgoing D.weregoing  解析:"他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。"去做运动发生在说话之后,所以应选用过去将来时,答案B不合适,"打算作某事"为"begoingtodo".would后面应跟动词原形,应选A.初中英语语法梳理和提高14过去完成时态讲解试题  过去完成时态  1)过去完成时态的构成:                     肯定式:had+动词的过去分词                          否定式:hadn"t+动词的过去分词                    疑问式:Had…+动词的过去分词                    简略回答:Yes,主+have/hashad.     No,主+had现在完成时的用法   过去完成时的用法:  1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。他表示的时间是"过去的过去"常与bylastyear,bythetimeofyesterday,等连用。如:  Shesaidshehadseenthefilm4times.  WhenMrLigottotheclassroom,allthestudentshadbegunreading.  Bythetimetheyarrived,thebushadleft.  2、表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for(后跟段时间)或since(后跟点时间)等连用.如:  Shehadworkedinthisschoolsinceitopened25yearsago.  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1.He______inShanghaiUniversityforfouryearsbeforehe______Beijing.  A.studied,hadgone    B.hadstudied,went  C.hasstudied,goes     D.hadstudied,hadgone  解析:"他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年"。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前,因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。  2.Marysaiditwasatleastfiveyearssincehe______agooddrink.  A.enjoyed    B.wasenjoying  C.hadenjoyed  D.wouldenjoy  解析:Itwas+时间段+since引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。  3.XiaoPeisaidshe______Hainanfor3months.  A.hasbeenin   B.hadbeenin  C.hadbeento  D.hadgoneto   解析:"小培说她去了海南三个月 "。havebeento和havegoneto都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的havebeenin.应选B.  时态综合例题解析:  1--WhatareMrandMrsBlackdoing?  ---They_____teainthegarden.                  A.aredrinking   B.drank   C.havedrunk    D.drink  2.Mymotheroftenasksme_____early.              A.getup  B.gotup   C.gettingup    D.togetup  3.SoonWuDong____upwithLiLei,thentheywereneckandneck.     A.taught   B.caught   C.bought   D.brought  4.Thecar____andstoppedattheredtrafficlight.        A.goton   B.gotoff  C.sloweddown  D.pickedup  5.Tom____theCDplayerfortwoweeks.                A.haslent   B.hasborrowed   C.hasbought    D.hashad  6.---Doyouknow______?   ---Sorry,butifhe_____back,I____youknowassoonaspossible.     A.whenwillhebeback,comes,willlet      B.whenhewillbeback,willcome,willlet    C.whattimewillhebeback,willcome,let   D.whattimehewillbeback,comes,willlet   7.We____totheparkifitisfinetomorrow.          A.willgo  B.havegone   C.go  8.Anewshoefactorywill______inthispartofthecity.     A.bebuilding   B.bebuilt   C.build   9.---______allyourthings,Tom!Ihatethemhereandthere.    ---Ok,Mom.   A.Putup    B.Puton  C.Putdown  D.Putaway  10.---Howaboutgoinghikingthisweekend?         ---Sorry,Iprefer____ratherthan_____.    A.tostayathome,goout     B.togoout,stayathome    C.stayingathome,goout    D.goingout,stayathome  解析:  1.根据问句的时态现在进行时,答句时态要一致,故选答案:A   2.根据句中的谓语动词ask的固定搭配asksbtodosth.故答案:D   3.根据第一句的固定动词词组catchupwithsb及第二句的过去时态,故选答案:B   4.此题主要考查四个动词词组的掌握.根据后半句在红灯时停下来,故选答案:C   5.此题主要考查现在完成时的延续和非延续动词,根据fortwoweeks时间短语。故选答案:C    6.此题主要考查宾语丛句和状语丛句的习惯用法。第一句是特殊疑问句的宾语丛句,要用陈述句语序。第二句是if条件句。丛句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时。故选答案:B   7.此题考查if条件句的主句时态,要用一般将来时,故选答案;A   8.此题考查语态。根据全句的意思,使用被动语态。故选答案:B   9.此题考查四个动词词组putup,张贴,举起;puton穿上,上演;putaway把---收拾好。根据后半句"我讨厌到处乱放",故选答案:D  10.此题主要考查一个固定词组:prefertodosthratherthandosth.故选答案:C.  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配):  1.Apolicemansawtwothieves______agirl"smobilephoneonthebusandhecaughtthematonce.  A.tosteal  B.stealing  C.stole   D.stolen  2.TheChinesepingpongplayerswilljoininthematch.Let"s______themsuccess.  A. wish   B.towish  C.hope   D.tohope  3.Heissocarelessthathealways______hisschoolthingsathome.  A. forgets  B.forgot  C.leaves  D.left  4.----Who______thecomputer?Iwanttouseit.    ----Timmy.He______itforaweek.  A. borrowed,hasborrowed  B.hasborrowed,bought   C.hasborrowed,haskept  D.bought,hasborrowed  5.Look!Oneofthegirls______thedoor.  A. cleans  B.iscleaning C.clean  D.arecleaning  6.Ifyoudon"tfeelwell,youmayjust______.  stoppedreading  B.stopreading  C.stoppedtoread D.stoptoread  7.----Wherecanwegetabaseball?    ----Let"s______.  A.lendJimone    B.lendonetoJim  C.borrowonefromJim   D.borrowoneofJim  8.----Mymodelshipdoesn"twork.    ----Don"tworry.I"llhaveit______thisafternoon.  A.repairing  B.made  C.repaired  D.mend  9.You______washyourhandsbeforemeals.  A.need   B.must   C.can   D.may  10.Willyou______thelight?It"sdarkintheroom.  A. geton   B.getoff  C.trunon  D.turnoff  11.MynameisZhangMingjian.Youmay______meZhangMingjianorMrZhang.  A.ask    B.say   C.tell   D.call  12.Thereisgoingto______agameinourschoolthisafternoon.   A. has    B.have   C.be   D.are  13.You"dbetter______smoking.It"sbadforyourhealth.  A. eatup   B.giveup  C.comeup  D.getup  14.----Howdoyoulikethisbook?    ----Ithinkithasnothingto______withourstudy.  A.make   B.do   C.take   D.hold  15.----WhereisMrBrown?Ihavesomequestionstoaskhim.    ----He______theoffice.  A.hasbeento  B.hasbeenin C.hasgoneto D.hasgonein  16.Thebuskeptthepeople______fortwentyminutes.  A.wait   B.towait  C.waiting  D.waits  17.Ibelievethescientistswill______abetterwaytohealthedisease.  A.getonwith  B.comeupwith  C.goonwith D.catchupwith  18.----Whydoyouoften______thispinkblouse?    ----Becauseitfitsmewell.  A.puton   B.wear   C.buy   D.tryon  19.JackalwaysrunsfasterthanPeter,butthistimehe______him.  A.wentover  B.fellbehind C.putoff  D.droppedoff  20.TheInternet______iteasytogetmuchnewinformationinashorttime.   A.finds   B.makes  C.feels   D.takes  参考答案:1--5BACCB 6-10BCCBC  11--15DCBBC   16-20CBBBB  二、选择最佳答案填空(动词时态):  1. We__________outbythattimethathe_________athiefforalongtime.  A.hadfound,hadbeen       B.hadfound,was  C.found,hadbeen          D.found,was  2. Itsohappenedthatthey________thenovelbefore.      A.hadread    B.wouldread      C.werereading    D.read  3. She________fornearlytwohours.      A.kepttalking    B.kepttotalk    C.haskepttalking  D.kepttotalking  4. Spring_______afterwinter.  A.comes      B.came     C.hascome      D.hadcome  5.-Ihearsomenoiseinthenextroom.  -Oh,yes.Yoursister_______there.  A.cries      B.iscrying     C.cried     D.wascrying  6. Allthestudents__________toplanttreesandthere"snobodyintheclassroom.  A.go     B.willgo    C.havegone      D.woundgo   7.Stop!Alittleboy_________thestreet.  A.iscrossing    B.crosses       C.crossed       D.hascrossed  8.Thegirl________tomilksincelastwinter.  A.learns    B.learned     C.haslearned     D.wouldlearn  9.What__________toyouthismorning?  A.happens     B.ishappened    C.happened   D.washappened  10.-Theoldmanlookshealthy.  -Yes.He________somerunningafterhegetsup.   A.does     B.did     C.hasdone     D.willdo  11.Shedidn"tpasstheexamsbecauseshe________herlessonswell.  A.wasn"tprepared     B.wasn"tbeenprepared  C.hadn"tprepared      D.waspreparing  12.Thisstory_______inafarawayvillageinEuropemanyyearsago.  A.ishappened      B.washappened    C.happened   D.hasbeenhappened  13.-MrKingcamebacktoourvillage.  -Really?Forwhat?    -Theoldman________thenoiseinthecity.   A.ishating   B.hates    C.washating    D.hashated  14.Hisfather________foraweek.  A.died   B.willdie   C.hasbeendied D.hasbeendead  15.Mymotherisill.I_______stayathomeandlookafterher.  A.hasto  B.must  C.would    D.haveto  16.---DoyouknowtheFrenchman?   ---Yes.I______himfortwoyears.  A.know  B.haveknown C.knew D.havebeenknown  17.They______alltheirmoney,sotheyhavetowalkhome.  A. spend B.hadspent C.havespent   D.willspend  18.Greatchanges_______inthecity,andalotoffactories_______.     A.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetup     B.havetakenplace,havebeensetup     C.havetakenplace,havesetup     D.weretakenplace,weresetup  19.---WhendidKate"sgrandmadie?    ---Whilethedoctors______onher.    A.areoperating  B.wereoperating  C.operate  D.operated  20.---Whoareyoulookingfor?     ---MrWhite.    ---Waithereforawhile.Theclassmeeting_______ overinhalfanhour.   A.is  B.willbe  C.was  D.hasbeen  21.Ifshe"snotathome,you______trytelephoningherattheoffice.   A.will   B.could   C.would   D.need  22.Allthenewwords______upinthedictionaryyet.   A.havelooked  B.haven"tlooked   C.havebeenlooked   D.haven"tbeenlooked  23.Idon"twanttospeaktoher,butI______.   A.do   B.haveto  C.havetospeak   D.mustto  24.Hurryup,oryou_____thetrain.   A.miss   B.lose   C.willmiss  D.willlose  25.Thenewlibrary____nextweek.    A..willbuild  B.willbebuilt   C.wouldbuild   D.wouldbebuilt  26.---Where"sMabel?   ---She_____pingpongbehindtheteachingbuilding.     A.isplaying   B.wasplaying  C.played   D.hadplayed  27.Quiteafewtallbuildings_______thelasttwoyears.      A.havebeenputup  B.wereputup   C.hadputup  D.putup  28.Man-made-satellites______intospacebymanycountries.    A.wassentup  B.issentup  C.havebeensentup  D.hasbeensentup  29.I_______allthewordsontheblackboard.MayIgohomenow?  B. copy   B.willcoup   C.copied  D.havecopied  30.Nobodyknew_______alivinginthatcountry.    A.todo    B.tomake   C.howtodo   D.howtomake  31.Theoldmanneedsatmostfivehour"ssleepanight,buthe__________foroversevenhourstonight.  A.hasfallenasleep        Bhasslept   Chasgonetobed  D.hasgonetosleep  32.I"mreallygettingtoofat. Fromnowon,I________moreexerciseandeatlessfood.  Ahavedone      Bdo    Camdoing     Dwilldo  33.Youdon"tneed__________her.I_________herforseveraltimes.  Adescribe,hadmet  Bdescribe,meet   Ctodescribe,havemet  Ddescribe,met  34.HisspeechinEnglishwasdifficult__________.   Ainfollowing    Bforbeingfollowed  Ctofollow   Dtobefollowedby  35.Whenhewasachild,hetriedtofindways_______people________lifemore.  A.tohelp,enjoy   B.help,toenjoy   C.help,enjoying  D.tobehelped,toenjoy  36.Whatdidyourclassteacher________youto_______atthe meeting?  A.tell,say     B.ask,speak  C.tell,speak   D.ask,talk  37.______thebusuntilit_______.  A.Getoff,stops       B.getoff,willstop  C.Don"tgetoff,stops  D.Don"tgetoff,willstop  38ThelivingstandardofthepeopleinShanghai_______inthelasttenyears.  A.hasraised      B.hasrisen   C.hasbeenraised  D.hasbeenrisen  39-WhatdidMrJonesdobeforehemovedhere?   -He_______acitybusforovertwenty-fiveyears.  A.hasdriven  B.drove  C.drives   D.isdriving  40.Hurryup!Theplay_______fortenminutes.   A.hadbegun  B.began   C.hasbeenon  D.hasbegun  1-5CAAAB    6-10CACCC   11-15CCBCD    16-20 BCBBB  21-25ADBCB  26-30AACDD  31-35  BDCCA   36-40ACBBC 形容词和副词  知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!  一、形容词  用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,叫形容词。  形容词的作用,见下表:作用例句定语Youcanseealotofbeautifulflowersinthegarden.表语Yourcoatistoosmall.宾语补足语Theoldwomankeepseverythingcleanandtidy.  注意:有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone,afraid,asleep等。例如:  Don"twakethesleepingbabyup.Heisasleep.  Theoldmanisalone.  形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。例如:  You"dbettertellussomethinginteresting.  Thepolicefoundnothingstrangeintheroom.  多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是:1)冠词或人称代词 2)数词 3)性质4)大小 5)形状  6)表示老少,新旧 7)颜色 8)事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。例如:  Hisgrandpastilllivesinthissmallshorthouse.   他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。  ThewomanboughttwobeautifulChineseplates.  那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。  形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich/poor;  good/bad;young/old;healthy/ill;living/dead;black/white(表示人种等)。例如:  Theyoungshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.  年轻人应该好好照顾老人。  Therichneverhelpthepoorinthiscountry.  在这个国家,富人从来不帮助穷人。  表示数量的词组。如:  Oneday,ayoungman,twenty-fiveyearsold,cametovisittheprofessor.  有一天,一位25岁的年轻人来拜访这位教授。  Iliveinabuildingaboutfiftymetershigh.  我住在一做大约50米高的大楼里。  形容词短语做定语时要后置。如:  Theyarethestudentseasytoteach.  他们是很容易较的学生。   Weliveinahousemuchlargerthanyours.  我们住的房子比你们的大得多。  else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。如:  Didyouseeanybodyelse?  你看到别的人了吗?  二、副词  英语中副词的位置和汉语不尽相同,它的位置比较灵活。通常用作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等。下面来介绍一下副词的分类方法:  多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如:  Wearelivinghappily.  我们幸福的生活着。  Herunsslowly.  他跑的很慢。  时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如:  Theywenttotheparkyesterdaymorning.  昨天上午他们去公园了。  IheardhimsingEnglishsongsoverthere.  我听见他在那边唱英语歌曲。  Hedrovethejeepcarefully.   他小心地开着吉普。  注意:有时表示时间的副词也可放在句首,起强调作用。如:  YesterdayIgotuplate.  昨天我起床很晚。  频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后,实义动词之前  如:Heisseldomill.     他很少生病。    Youmustalwaysrememberthis.    你一定要记住这一点。    Ioftenwritetomyparents.    我经常写信给父母。    Doyouusuallygotoschoolonfoot.   你经常走路去上学?   HehasneverbeentoBeijing.   他从来没有去过北京。  注意:有时为了加强语气,频度副词也可放在句首。如:  Sometimesshegoestoschoolbybusandsometimesshegoestoschoolbybike.  有时她乘公共汽车上学,有时骑自行车去。  程度副词修饰动词时,与频度副词相同,修饰形容词和副词时,放在它所修   饰的词前面。如:  That"squiteearly.  那很早。  Inearlymissedthebus.  我几乎错过了公交车。  Shedidratherbadly.  她干得相当糟。  否定副词一般放在动词之前、系动词be或助动词之后。如:  Sheseldomgoesoutatnight.  她晚上很少出门。  Iamneverlateforschool.  我上学从不迟到。  Wehadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.  火车离开时,我们差不多/几乎到了车站。  疑问副词放在特殊疑问句的句首。如:  Whencanyoucome?  你什么时候来?  Howmanydaysarethereinamonth?  一个月有多少天?   Whatareyougoingtodowhenyougrowup?  张大以后,你打算干什么?  Wherewereyouborn?  你是在那里出生的?  Whydidn"thecome?  他为什么没有来?  关系副词when,where,why引导定语从句时,位于从句之前、所修饰的词之后。如:  Tellmethereasonwhyyoudidit.  把你这样做的理由告诉我。  It"sthesortofdaywhenyou"dliketostayinbed.  这是个令人恋床不起的日子。  Idon"tknowtheplacewherewewillgo.  我不知道我们将要去的地方。  同时存在时间状语和地点状语时,时间状语一般放在后面。如:  Themeetingwillbeheldintheclassroomtomorrow.  明天会议将在教室里举行。  HewatchedTVinhisroomlastnight.  他作晚在房间里看电视。  TheyarrivedinBeijingat8o"clocklastevening.   他们昨天晚上8:00到达北京。  注:有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如:  late,wide,well,fast,easy,early等  Theroadissowidethat8busescangothrowitatatime.  Openyourmouthwide.  三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级  形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下:  1)符合规则的:情况加法例词一般情况直接加-er;-esttall-taller-tallest以e结尾的词加–r;-stnice-nicer-nicest以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er;-estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写,再加-er;-estthin-thinner-thinnest多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加more;mostmoredeliciousmostdelicious2)几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表:原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterbestbad,illworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest 形容词和副词比较级的用法级别比较程度表达方式和意义例句备注原  级同等程度肯定形式As+原级+as(像……一样)Artisasinterestingasmusic.Playaswellasyoucan. 否定形式not+so(as)+原级+as(不如……那样)Englishisnotsodifficultasscience.ShedoesnotstudysowellasIdo. 比较级不同程度(用于两者比较)比较级+than(比……)JimisolderthanLuky.Ilikeporkbetterthanbeef.比较级前面可以加much,far,even,still,alot,alittle,abit等程度加深比较级+and+比较级(越来越……)The+比较级,the+比较级(越……,越……)Heisgrowingtallerandtaller.Hestudiesbetterandbetter.Themorebooksshereads,thebettersheunderstand. 最高级最高程度(用于三者或三者以上)The+最高级+of(in)(最……)Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.LinTaojumped(the)farthestofall.副词最高级前面的the往往省略     注意:有些形容词,如dead,empty,round,sure,woolen等受本身含义的限制,没有比较级。  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  Heis________friendsthanI.  A.muchmore  B.manymore  C.verymore  D.toomore  解析:后面有可数名词复数时,many的比较级形式为manymore修饰。应选B.  2.Whichisthe_________country,JapanorAustralia?    A.moredeveloped  B.moredeveloping  C.mostdeveloped  D.mostdeveloping    解析:两者比较用比较级,表示"发达"用developed,而developing是"发展中的" 意思  3. Therewere_______shopsinthecityin1982thanin1990.  A.little       B.few       C.fewer        D.less  解析:little不能修饰可数名词,两者比较需用比较级,所以应选C.  4.Ifyouarenotfreetoday,comeanotherday__________.    A.too    B.so    C.instead   D.yet   解析:instead作副词用时意为"代替,顶替",表示前面的事情没做,而是做了后面的事。Instead一般位于句首。应选C.  5.Hecan"ttellus________,Ithink.    A.importantanything           B.anythingimportant    C.importantsomething         D.somethingimportant.   解析:不定代词与形容词联用需后置,否定句中应该用anything而不是something.因此应选B  6.TheHuangRiveristhesecond__________riverinourcountry.   A.long   B.longer  C.longest   D.thelongest   解析:"定冠词the+序数词+形容词最高级"表示"第几大……"应选C.  7.Thelightintheofficewasn"t________forhimtoread.   A.enoughbright    B.brightenough   C.brightly    D.enoughbrightly   解析:enough修饰名词时可前可后,修饰形容词或副词时,要后置。应选B.  8.Therewasanaccidentatthecorner.________,thegirlwasn"t_________hurt.   A.luckily,badly  B.luck,hardly  C.Lucky,heavily D.Lucky,strongly   解析:第一空修饰全句需用副词,第二空修饰形容词hurt也要用副词,因此选A.  9.Youmustkeepyoureyes_________whenyoudoeyeexercises.    A.close    B.open      C.closed     D.,opened   解析:此处需用形容词做宾语补足语。应选C.  10.Fivedayshaspassed,butIhaven"tfinishedhalfofthework.________,    A.already    B.still    C.too      D.yet     解析:already与yet都可用于现在完成时态。Already常用于肯定句,而yet常用与否定句。应选D.  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  选择最佳答案填空:  Don"tworry,sir.I"msureIcanrun_________tocatchupwiththem.  A.slowlyenough B.enoughslowly C.fastenough D.enoughfast  2.Thetextisveryeasyforyou.Thereare________newwordsinit.    A.afew B.alittle C.few D.little  3.It"ssuchan________filmthatallthestudentsare______init.    A.interesting;interested B.interested;interesting C.interesting;interesting D.interested;interested;interested  4.Mingminggotupvery_______,sohecametoschoolhalfanhour______.    A.late;lately B.lately;late C.lately;lately D.late;late  5.Iam________worriedaboutyparents"healthyconditions.    A.sometimes B.sometime C.sometimes D.sometimes  6.Wedon"thave________everyday.    A.alotofschoolworks B.manyschoolwork C.anyschoolworks D.muchschoolwork  7.-Look!Howfastthetwohorsesarerunning!   --Oh,yes!Theyarenearly_______.     A.upanddown B.slowerandslower C.moreorless D.neckandneck  8.______childrenthereareinfamily,_______theirlifewillbe.    A.Theless;thebetter B.Thefewer;thebetter C.Fewer;richer D.More;poorer  9.MostofthepeopleinGuangdongaregetting________.    A.moreandmorerich B.morerichandmorerich C.richerandricher D.richerandrichest  10.Whichlessonis_______,thisoneorthatone?    A.difficult B.muchdifficult C.moredifficult D.themostdifficult  11."A______accidenthappenedat7:30a.m."saidthepoliceman_______.    A.serious,serious B.seriously,seriously C.seriously,serious D.serious,seriously  12.________isitfromourschooltoLupuBridge?    A.Howlong B.Howoften C.Howfar D.Howmuch  13.Inourcity,itis______inJuly,butitiseven_______inAugust.    A.hotter;hottest B.hot;hot C.hotter;hot D.hot;hotter  14.Thispencilis______thatone.    A.solongas B.aslongeras C.longerthan D.notaslongestas  15.Thestationistwokilometers_______thehospital.    A.awayto B.faraway C.farfrom D.awayfrom   16.Beijinghas______manybusesthatthereisoftenatrafficjaminrushhours.    A.so B.very C.too D.much  17.Thisboxis______heavy________Ican"tcarryit.    A.too,to B.so,that C.very,that D.too,that  18.Indiahasthesecond_______populationintheworld.    A.larger B.most C.smallest D.largest  19.Maryreceived________manypostcardsatChristmas.    A.so B.such C.too D.even  20.Thecakesmells______.Pleasethrowitaway.    A.good B.badly C.bad D.well  21.---Whatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?    ---Itwasterrible.Itrainedso________thatpeoplecould_______goout.    A.hardly…hard   B.hardly…hardly    C.hard…hardly  D.hard…hard  22.Themeetingwillbeheldinhalfanhour,buttheyhaven"tgoteverythingready_____.    A.ever      B.already     C.yet      D.still  23.---WhatabouttheEnglishnovel?    ---It"snotverydifficult.Thereareonly________newwordsinit.     A.few     B.afew    C.many    D.alittle  24.Howbeautifulshesings!I"veneverheard________.    A.thebettervoice    B.agoodvoice   C.thebestvoice    D.abettervoice  25. MrSmithalwayshas ________totellus.  A.somegoodpiecesofnews             B.some piecesofgoodnews  C.somegoodpieceofnews              D.somepieceofgoodnew  26.I"mafraidtheheadmasteris_________busytomeetthevisitors.   A.toomuch   B.muchtoo  C.somuch   D.verymuch  27.-Dad,whenwillyoubefree? Youagreedtogototheseasidewithmefourdaysago.    --Iamsorry,Jean.ButIthinkIwillhavea______holidaysoon.   A.four-days     B.four-day   C.fourdays    D.fourday  28.ThesceneryinSanyalooks________,especially"TianYaHaiJiao"is________.    A,well,best    B.fine,themostfamous    C.nice,better  D.beautifully,thebest  29.Whata_______dayitis!Let"sgooutforawalk.  A.windy   B.lovely     C.rainy    D.cloudy   30.Ofthetwo..Australianstudents,Mashais________one.Ithinkyoucanfindhereasily.    A,tallest    B,thetaller    C.taller      D.thetallest  1-5CCADC 6-10 DDBCC  11-15DCDCD 16-20ABDAC    21-25CCADB  26-30  BBBBB 介   词  介词是一种虚词,用来表示它后面的名词或代词同句中其他某个成分之间的关系。介词在句中不能单独使用,必须连用它的宾语即后面的名词或代词构成介词词组后才能作句子成分。  知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!  常用介词的主要用法意义介词地点、方位时间动作方向其他aboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamongaround at 在。。。之上 在。。。之后  在。。。之中   在。。。之后     在。。。点钟  横过  沿着    关于、大约   反对,对着      beforebehindbelowbesidebetweenbyduringforfromininsideintolikenearofonlikeoutsideover  pastsincetilltotowardsunderuntilwith在。。。周围、附近在在。。。前面在。。。后面在。。。以下在。。。旁边在。。。之间在。。。旁边   在。。。里面在。。。里面  靠近 在。。。上面 在。。以前   在。。。之间到。。。为止在。。。期间长达从。。。起在。。。(内、后)   接近 在。。。日     过了。。。自从。。。直到。。。之时到  直到。。。为止        从。。。来  进入            到。。。对,向,朝       为了    像。。。一样 .。。。的 像 超过,在。。。以上(表示数目、程度)       用;有 without在。。。之外越过       在。。。下面 没有  例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!  1.---Whattimedidyougettherethismorning?          ---_________eight.    A.In       B.On       C.At      D.From  2.Hehasgotachairtosit_______,butnobodytotalk________.   A.on,to    B./, with      C.on,/     D./,to  Where"sLily?Weareallhere________her.    A.beside    B.about     C.except      D.with  Shanghai lies________theeastofChina.      A.to     B.in       C.on      D.at   精析:1.答案:C.此题考查学生是否掌握了atinon表示时间的用法。表示几点用at.         2.答案: A.此题考查位置介词on和词组talkto.         3.答案:C.此题考查四个介词的意思。能根据上、下文正确使用。         4.答案:B.此题考查学生是否掌握了表达位置的用法。在表达东、西、南、北的方位时。在范围之内用in,在范围之外用to,相邻用on。  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!  用适当的介词填空:  LastSaturdayIwasbusy______myhomework.  Myteacherwasveryangry______mebecauseIwaslate______schoolagain.  Kathyprefersahulahoop______abook.  Iwillinvitesomefriends______myeighteenthbirthdayparty.  Howlonghasheworked______aninventor.  Myunclearrived______theairport______themorningofMay3.  Iwillalwayshelpmyfriendswhentheyare______trouble.  Thereisnothing______air______space.  Iwon"tbeback______June.  ______theage______twenty,hehadwrittentwobooks.  Maryfell______herbikeandhurtherrightleg.   Hehasbeenaway______China______threeyearsago.  WhenIwas______school,Iwas______theschoolfootballteam.  Ithinkhewillbe______twoo"clock.  Theteacherwasgivensomeflowers______hisstudents.  Look,thebirdsaresinging______thetree.  Helefttheclassroom______allthewindowsopen.  Mysisterisilltoday.Shedoesn"tfeel______eatinganything.  It"stoodangerous.Youmustkeepthechildrenaway______thefire.  Myparentsarrived______acoldnight.  Youshouldapologize______her______steppingonherfoot.  Thestudentsaresitting______thetable,readingthenewspaper.  Thecityisfamous______itsfootball,andpeoplethereareveryproud______theircityfootballteam.  Wearedoingbetter______English______ourteacher"shelp.  Don"tworry______me.Everythingisgoingwell______me.  Hewaslate______schooltoday,andshecamelate______  school,too.  ------Doyouknowwhathappened______Peteryesterday?  ------Hewashit______acar.   Ilikeclothesmade______cotton.  HewillgotoHangzhou______hiscartomorrow.  ______mysurprise,theEnglishmangaveuphalfway______  theend.  Isawthegreatchanges______myowneyes.  Youlooktired.Instead______workingindoorsyoushouldbe  out______awalk.  Wushuisbecomingmoreandmorepopular______foreigners.  Ifyouareabletogettheticketstomorrow,pleasetellme______  phone.  Thereisgoingtobeareport______Chinesehistory______our   schoolthisevening.  Before1990therewasnoairline______thetwocities.  Sheisdressed______awhiteskirt______redflowers.  It"sbad______youtogotowork______breakfast.  It"sverynice______youtogetmetwotickets______theWorld     Cup.  ------Wherehaveyoubeenthesedays?  ------IhavebeentoBeiDaihe______afriend______Canada.   ------Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?  ------Yes,andpleasegetmesomemilk,too.Iprefercoffee______milk.  ------WhendidMrSmithcomehere?  ------______nineo"clockyesterdaymorning.  Youmuststand______linewhenyouarewaiting______abus.  ------Jack,willyoubehome______timetoseethechildrenbeforetheygotobed?  ------Noproblem.  Chinalies______theeastofAsiaand______theNorthofAustralia.  46.Ifyoucan"tpasstheexam,you"llfall______others.  47.Ihaveaswimeveryday______yesterday.  48.Weallknowthattheearthmoves______thesun.  49.Thesunlightiscomingin______thewindow.  50.Thisroomisfull______studentsandthatoneisfilled______teachers.  Key:1.with  2.with,for 3.to   4.to  5.as  6.at,in     7.in,  8.but,in  9.until 10.At,of 11.off 12.from,since  13.in,on/in 14.in  15.by 16.in    17.with 18.like19.from 20.on  21.to,for    22.at   23.for,of 24.in,with   25.about,with 26.for,to 27.to,by   28.from 29.in 30.To,in     31.with    32.of,for    33.among   34.by    35.on,in 36.between  37.in,with 38.without 39.of,for  40.with,from 41.to  42.At 43.in,for44.in 45.in,to  46.behind 47.except 48.around   49.through 50.of,with动词的语态  知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!  英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(TheActiveVoice)和被动语态(ThePassiveVoice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,例如:  ManypeoplespeakEnglish. (主动语态)  Englishisspokenbymanypeople.(被动语态)  1、被动语态的构成  被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下:  肯 定 句:主语+be+过去分词+(by…)        eg.Heisoftenaskedtodothiswork(byhisboss).  否 定 句:主语+benot+过去分词+(by…)       eg.Iamnotinvitedtotheparty(byhim).  一般疑问句:Be+主语+过去分词+(by…)?       eg.Areyourclotheswashedbyyourself?   特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by…)?eg.Whatisthissweatermadeof?  现以动词give为例,其被动语态的各种时态如下:式时 一般 进行 完成现在Am/is/are+givenAm/is/are+being+givenHave/has+been+given过去Was/were+givenWas/were+being+givenHad+been+given将来Shall/will+givenShall/will+be+givenShould/would+be+given含情态词的Can/may/must+be+given  3、被动语态的用法:   1)当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或者只需强调动作的承受者时,要用被动语态。例如:   Thisjacketismadeofcotton.   Englishisspokeninmanycountriesintheworld.  2) 强调动作的承受者时。如:Theboywassavedatlast.这个男孩最后得救了。  3) 主动语态变被动语态的步骤:  主动句: Theboy    broke    thewindow yesterday.                被动句:Thewindow wasbroken bytheboy yesterday.   步骤一:原句中的宾语thewindow变成主语。  步骤二:谓语动词broke改为被动形式:wasbroken  步骤三:原句中的主语Theboy放在介词by的后面。  步骤四:其他成分如:yesterday不变。  5)有两个宾语的句子的被动语态:  A.可有两种被动语态的常用动词有:buy,give,leave,lend,offer,pay,teach,tell,show,等。  1.Hegavemethebookjustnow.   Thebookwasgiventome(byhim)justnow.=Iwasgiventhebook(byhim)justnow.  2.Theyshowtheguardtheirpassportsattheentrancetothebuilding.   Thepassportswereshowntotheguardbythemattheentrancetothebuilding.  =Theguardwasshownthepassportsbythemattheentrancetothebuilding.  B.通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词有:bring,do,make,pass,sell,send,sing,write,等。  1.Hewroteheraletter.   Aletterwaswrittentoher.  Mymothermademeaskirt.  Askirtwasmade(forme)bymymother.  练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!   一、选择填空  1.Thequestion______byussoon.   A.isgoingtodiscuss   B.willdiscuss  C.isgoingtobediscussed      D.hasbeendiscussed  2.Theoldmanwasquiteweakaftertheaccident,sohe______.  A.mustlookafter    B.mustbetakencare  C.mustbelookedafter   D.musttakecareof  3.Allthenewwords______upinthedictionaryyet.  A.havelooked     B.haven"tlooked   C.havebeenlooked   D.haven"tbeenlooked  4.Therewasnoroomforyou.Alltheseats______.  A. aretaken B.wastaken C.hadtaken D.hadbeentaken   5.Amodelship______hissonbyMrMore.  A.wasmadefor  B.wasmadeto  C.madefor  D.makesfor  6.----Dad,pleaseopenthedoor,it______.  ----OK,dear.Iamcoming.  A.waslocked   B.locks     C.islocked  D.locked  7.Thiskindofsweater______verysoft.  A.isfelt    B.feels     C.feel    D.isfeeling   8.----Haveallthestudentsknownthatourclasswillvisitthefactorythisafternoon?  ----Yes.Everystudent______aboutit.  A.told     B.hastold   C.wastold   D.tells  9.Thecake______delicious.  A.smell     B.issmelled    C.issmelling D.smells  10.Myfatherhasgivenupsmokingsincehe______on.  A.willoperate  B.willbeoperated C.operated  D.wasoperated    11.Anewschool______thesedays.  A.isbuilding   B.isbuilt  C.wellbuild   D.isbeingbuilt  12.Thecake______delicious.  A.smell       B.issmelled  C.issmelling   D.smells  13.I________therewould be afootball matchonChannel8tomato  A.willtell  B.havetold C.wastold D.willbetold  14.Thelibrariantoldmethatthebook______fortwoweeks.  A.canbeborrowed  B.canbekept  C.couldbeborrowed  D.couldbekept   15.When______thiskindofcomputer_______?  is;used B.was;used C.did;use D.are;used  16.Thenewcomputers_______tothevillageschoolaspresentlastmonth.  aregiven B.given C.weregiven D.gave  17.Ireallydon"tknow_______aboutit.  A.whattodo  B.howtodo C.todowhat D.howcanIdo  18.Yourshoes_______.You"dbettercometogettheminhalfanhour.  aremending B.havemended C.arebeing mended D.havebeenmended  19.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister______,todayhewasmade____byher.  A.cry;tocry  B.crying;crying C.cry;cry D.tocry;cry  20.When_____theaccident________?  A.was;happened  B.has;happened  C.washappebeing   D.did;happen  Key:1----5CCDDA  6----10CBCDD  11-15BDCDB  16-20CACAD  二、用所给动词的正确形式填空。  Someideas______(give)tocollegestudentsbyhimyesterday.  ----Doyoulikethemusic"Moonlight"?  ----Yes,it______reallybeautiful!(sound)  Hewon"tcometothepartyunlessSue______.(invite)  Thechairneeds______.(repair)   "Quick"isanotherwayof______"fast".(say)  Thiskindofbike______inthatfactory,butyoucan"tbuyitnow.(make)  Cotton______inthecountry.(plant)  Man-madesatellites______byChinesepeople.(send)  Thiskindsofshoes______outbynow.(sell)  Theroommust______ cleaneveryday.(keep)  Key:1.weregiven  2.sounds   3.isinvited  4.repairing/ toberepaired  5.saying6.ismade  7.isplanted 8.havebeensent   9.havebeensold      10.bekept