考研英语语法之三大从句 14页

三大从句一、定语从句定语从句，简言之，就是用来做定语的句子，即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面，所以我们称之为先行词。而引导定语从句的连词，叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.（一）定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。只有正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子。1.一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词）Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.2.一个短语Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.3.一个从句TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.4.一个完整的句子Ascanbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofthiscondition.Theyareinvitedtothestatebanquet,whichwasagreathonortothem.（二）引导定语从句的关系词1.关系代词关系代词先行词关系代词在从句中所作的成分that人或物做主语、宾语或表语which物做主语、动词或介词的宾语who人做主语whom人做宾语whose人或物做定语，相当于先行词所有格as人或物或整句话做主语ItisaboutYOU,andhowyouperformedandwhatyouaccomplishedinthosepastjobs–especiallythoseaccomplishmentsthataremostrelevanttotheworkyouwanttodonext. Shehadrecentlyleftajobandhadhelpedherselftocopiesofthecompany’sclientdata,whichsheintendedtodrawuponinstartingherownbusiness.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute–agroupofjudges,lawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight–issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.2.关系副词关系副词先行词关系副词在从句中所作成分when表时间的名词when在从句中做时间状语，相当于“介词+which”where含地点意义的名词，除地点外，还有case,situation,point等where在从句中做地点状语，相当于“介词+which”why表理由的名词why在从句中做原因状语，相当于“forwhich”Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indream,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.（三）定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。这时，靠近关系词的名词就不是先行词了，也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先行词被分隔，这种分隔有以下三种情况。1.作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长，而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时，可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持平衡。这种被分隔的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词，否则很容易出现理解错误。Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificanswers.ThetimeisnotfarawaywhenmoderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina’svastcountryside.2.先行词+其他定语+定语从句 先行词同时带有多个定语，而其中定语从句比其他定语长，结构也较复杂，此时按照英语尾重原则，把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectjuvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.3.先行词+状语+定语从句Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive–thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycompleteideas.（四）带有插入语的定语从句有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”，如Iknow,Ibelieve,heclaimed,theyassume等。这些主谓结构为插入语，不影响定语从句本身的结构，因而也不构成定语从句的主谓语。除表示个人观点的主谓结构之外，定语从句的插入语偶尔还有其他结构。Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHanburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性非限制性与先行词关系密切，删掉则影响句子的表达与先行词关系不密切，删掉不影响句子意思不用逗号分开一般用逗号分开可用关系词代词that不可用关系代词that当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略关系代词不可被省略关系代词可代替（whom做宾语时可用who代替）关系代词不可代替Thegirlwho(whom)youtalkedtoismygirlfriend.Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.只可修饰先行词，不可修饰主句或主句的一部分既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时一定用逗号分开，只能由which或as引导InourschoolthereareeightforeignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.Inourschoolthereareeightforeignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.（六）关系代词that与which的区别1.只能用that的情况分类例示先行词是不定代词all,any,such,one,none,few,afew,little,aMuchthatIhavereadhasbeennonsense. little等，或是由其构成的复合词如something,everything,anything,nothing等先行词被all,any,every,some,(a)few,(a)little,much,no等修饰Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneed.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或theonly/next/same/very等词语修饰ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.先行词中既包括人又包括物Peopleandcattleinthevillagethatgotsickshouldbetreated.2.只能用which的情况分类例示位于介词后的关系代词只能用which，即：介词+whichThetotalcultivatedareais13,000acres,ofwhich10,000acresareirrigatedfields.先行词为those+复数名词（指物）之后通常用whichLivinginthewesternpartofthecountry,thoseproblemswhichwehadtofacenohuge.引导非限制性定语从句用whichHelenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestchildthatshewastotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersjealous.（七）关系代词asAs引导的限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有着根本的不同。As引导的限制性定语从句知识用在一些固定结构如such…as…，thesame…as中，而as引导的非限制性定语从句则没有这种结构上的要求。考研英语主要涉及as引导的非限制性定语从句。1.as引导非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末，一般以逗号与主句分开，用来替代整个主句。Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,asisoftenthecaseinothercountries.2.as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别区别例示非限制性定语从句在句首时，只能用as不能用whichAsisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.非限制性定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所表述的内容，不带有“如…”Theyareinvitedtothestatebanquet,whichwasagreathonortothem. 的意思时，用which不用as非限制性定语从句的关系代词值得是先行词本身时，只能用which不能用thatTheWestLake,whichisoneoftheworldfamousscenicspots,isinHangzhou.3.as引导限制性定语从句Meltedironispouredintothemixermuchinthesamewayasteaispouredintoacupfromateapot.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinnerasshehadpromisedus.Wehadhopedtogiveyouachancesuchasnobodyelseeverhad.（八）关系副词whereby相当于bywhich或throughwhich，即表示“介词，凭这个”。Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.Heseesthefirm’soutsidestatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forth,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.（九）关系副词but当主句有否定意义时，限制性定语从句可以由关系代词but引导，意思相当于who…not,that…not,which…not，起到双重否定的作用。but只用于限制性定语从句。Therewasnotonehousebutwasburntdown.Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.（十）介词+关系代词1.介词与定语从句中的实词构成搭配Withregardtofuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe–evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight–itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Dolphinsmightbetrainedtocooperatewithfishmenandhelpthembyfinding,tracking,herding,orevencatchingfish–inallofwhichactivitiesdolphinsareexpert.Divorcesetsinmotioneventsoverwhichanindividualhaslittlecontrol,suchasreactionofspousesandchildren,aswellastheuncertaintyofnewrelationship.2.介词与先行词构成搭配Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.3.表所属关系或部分与整体关系时用介词of Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Theyaregroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhichispharmaceuticalcosts.（十一）定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句对所修饰的名词加以修饰规定，说明其为此人（物）而非彼人（物）。同位语从句则大多由连接词that引导，常跟在表示事实的抽象名词，如fact,news,information,order,belief,reply,answer,saying等后面，用来解释说明这些词的具体含义与内容。区别例示That在定语从句中必须担当成分，而在同位语从句中不但当成分Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehere,isnottrue.Thenewsthatyoutoldmelastweekisnottrue.同位语从句在关系词前加is后，句子成立，定语从句则不成立Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehereisnottrue.----Thenewsisthattheleaderwillcometrue.√Thenewsthatyoutoldmelastweekisnottrue.----Thenewsisthatyoutoldmelastweek.×练习：Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglishspeakers.Theyspendalltheirworkinglivesinconditionswhichwouldberegardedasintolerablebythosewhotakethedecisionswhichletsuchconditionscontinue.二、名词性从句所谓名词性从句就是把这个句子当做名词使用，并在主句中充当一定的成分。名词性从句在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。于是我们就有了常说的的四种名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句一律用陈述语气。从句引导词连词连接代词连接副词主语从句that,whether,if(不能放句首)what,whatever,who,whoever,whose,whosever,which,whicheverwhen,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why表语从句that,whether,because,as,asif,asthoughwhen,where,how,why宾语从句that,whether,ifwhen,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why同位语从句that,whether （一）主语从句1.由that引导的主语从句that引导的主语从句是最常见的主语从句，但把that从句放在句首是非常少见的，只有为了强调或谓语较长时，that从句才放句首。一般而言，that从句都借助形式主语it而放在句子后半部分去。主语从句无论出现在哪里，that都不能省略。Itbe+名词+that从句Itisapity/afact/goodnews/nowonder/commonknowledgethat…Itbe+形容词+that从句Itispossible/certain/necessary/likely/fortunatethat…Itbe+过去分词+that从句Itisbelieved/said/reported/generallythought/hasbeenfoundout/shouldbenotedthatIt+不及物分词+that从句Itseems/happens/follows/turnsoutthat…其他结构Itoccurstosb./drawsuponsb./makesnodifference/doesn’tneedtobebothered/isoflittleconsequencethat…Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrybecausetheyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Itisnomysterytomewhymanyteenagersappearapatheticandburnedout,witha“beenthere,donethat”airofdifferencetowardmuchofit.2.由连接代词what或whatever引导的主语从句Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.（二）宾语从句1.宾语从句的时态宾语从句和其他名词性从古不同，它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.当主句是过去的时态时（一般过去时、过去进行时），从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.但某些特殊的动词如suggest,insist,order,urge,recommend等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。详见虚拟语气。2.介词引导的宾语从句“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetjournalcolumn,“liesnotin howwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.”介词后一般不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides,but,except,in。其中前三个与that连用，引导条件状语从句，inthat引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的that已被当成固定搭配做复合连接词使用。IcouldsaynothingbutthatIwassorry.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthathewasanengineer.Hedifferedfromthepeopleinthathealwayslookedfartheraheadinhiswork.3.doubt、sure后面的宾语从句我怀疑…是否…：Idoubtwhether/ifheistellingthetruth.我毫不怀疑的是…：Idon’tdoubtthatheistellingthetruth.我不确定…是否…:Iamnotsurewhether/ifthenewswastrue.我确信…：Iamsurethathecandoitwell.4.某些形容词后面的宾语从句在表示直觉、感情等的形容词如sure,afraid,glad,certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则升去介词，若跟名词作宾语时，则不能省略介词。IamafraidthatIwillbelate.=Iamafraidofbeinglate.Iamgladthatmyclassmateswillattendmybirthdayparty.=Iamgladthatmyclassmates/attendingmybirthdayparty.（三）表语从句作表语的从句即为表语从句。一般置于系动词之后。Perhapsthemostcommonlyvoicedobjectiontovolunteerparticipationduringtheundergraduateyearsisthatitconsumestimeandenergythatthestudentsmightotherwisedevoteto“academicpursuits”.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalization,arguesMr.Menand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable”.一些从属连词和词组如because,as,asif,asthough也可以引导表语从句。That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequiresimmenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.当句子主语是reason时，表语从句应当由that而不是because来引导，且that可省略。Thereasonisthatmodernmanseemsunabletoredesignhisinstitutionsfastenoughtoaccommodatethenewdemands,thenewintelligence,thenewabilitiesofsegmentsofsocietywhich,heretofore,havenotbeentakenseriously. （四）同位语从句同位语从句的作用是解释说明被修饰的名词，特点是，抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后面。Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.能被同位语从句修饰的名词多表示概括性意义，如agreement,awareness,assumption,belief,conclusion,conviction,concept,doubt,decision,determination,evidence,explanation,fact,guarantee,ground,guess,hope,idea,massage,mind,news,notion,opinion,order,observation,objection,promise,prediction,proof,problem,proposal,question,sign,suggestion,thought等。Anawarenessthattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobeenoughtoalterworker’sbehaviorbyitself.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnotpreviouslythoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.Contrarytothedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematicevidencewasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.it结构的主语从句与强调句的区别it做形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子中某一成分的强调，其结构是“itis/was…that…”。除强调人时可换用who,whom，其他无论强调的是什么成分，都只能用that。ItwasinPariswheretheymetforthefirsttime.ItwasinParisthattheymetforthefirsttime.ItisMr.Smiththat/whoinvitedProfessorLitoHarvardUniversity.Itisamysteryhowtheprisonerescaped.It’swellknownthattheChinesepeopleshowgreathospitality.ItwasfromStephanthatshefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.宾语从句后置Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.名词性从句的嵌套Nooneisintheleastinterestinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire“generalintelligence”.三、状语从句（一）时间状语从句Wehaven’tmeteachotherfor20years,butIrecognizedherthemomentIsawher. Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpathsandevenentirelynewbraincellsthatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Ittookafewmonthsofinvestigationbeforeitbecameclear.时间状语从句中before的译法1.直译作“在…之前”Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.2.如果before从句之前有一段时间，一般可以翻译成“在多长时间之后才”Ittookafewmonthsofinvestigationbeforeitbecameclear.3.根据前后文意适当选择意思BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.时间状语从句中until的用法Until前的主句谓语动词必须是延续性的，而until后的从句谓语动词是短暂动词或接时间点。若主句谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式，表示状态。In1997helost$12,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9p.m.Notuntilshehadarrivedhome,didsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.（二）地点状语从句Whereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtowork.Earthwormsexistwhereveradequatemoistureandfoodandthenecessarysoilconditionsarefound.（三）原因状语从句Nowthatthesemesterisfinished,I’mgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeatrip.However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargefoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesof wholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.Sincelargesegmentsofthepopulationsofmanydevelopingcountriesareclosetothesubsistencemarginandessentiallypowerless,theytendtobethelosersinthissystemunlesstheyareaidedbyagovernmentpolicythattakesintoaccounttheneedsofallsectorsoftheeconomy.（四）条件状语从句I’llleaveyoumyphonenumberincaseyouwanttocontactme.We’llvisitEuropenextyearprovidedwehaveenoughmoney.Onlyifwepersistincarryingouttheopen-doorpolicywellweachievegreatersuccessineveryfield.Givensheisinterestedinchildren,I’msureteachingistherightcareerforher.if引导的条件状语从句的省略结构if从句可省去其与主句相同的部分I’mhappyifyouare(happy).Iwillgoifyouwill(go).if从句可省去主语和连系动词Sendthegoodsnowif(theyare)ready.Hewillcomeif(heis)asked.在ifnecessary,ifpossible等结构中省略itbeIf(itis)necessary,ringmeathome.If(itis)true,thiswillcauseusalotoftrouble.If常和某些不定代词构成省略结构Ifanyone(knows),heknows.Heseemstohavelittle,if(hehas)anything,todowiththis.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsitinefficienttokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcancreatenewreceptorsifnecessary.（五）目的状语从句Takethismedicinesothatyoucanrecoversoon.Theydidvariousjobsinthehopethattheymaybuyahouse.Sheraisedhervoiceinorderthatshemightbeheard.Shespokeveryslowlyforthepurposethatwecouldfollowher.（六）结果状语从句so+形容词/副词+thatThewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.so+形容词+a/an+名词+thatItwassohotadaythateventhecropswithered.such+a/an+形容词+Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygot 名词+thatexcited.sothatHedidn’tabidebythecontract,sothathewasfined.tothedegree/extentthatHewasangrytothedegreethathefoamedatthemouth.sothat引导结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别：两者的区别是：引导目的状语从句时，sothat前一般不加逗号，sothat后通常有情态动词may(might),should,can等；引导结果状语从句时，sothat前常有逗号，sothat后通常不跟情态动词。但上述区别并不绝对，还是要看上下文意思。结果状语从句目的状语从句Itooknonoticeofhim,sothatheflewintoarage.Youmustspeakloudersothatyoucanbeheard.Sheleftearly,sothatshecaughtthetrain.Sheleftearlysothatshecouldcatchthetrain.（七）让步状语从句IhadaverygoodtimethoughIdidn’tknowanybodyattheparty.Childashewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.ShewenttoAmericadespitethefactthatthedoctortoldhertorest.Notwithstandingthatheworkedhardathislessons,hefailedtheexaminEnglish.Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacewithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”表示让步的几种特殊句型1.as引导的倒装句表让步形容词+as+主语+谓语Oldestinourworkshopasheis,heworkshardest.副词MuchasIadmireher,Icannotexcuseherfaults.分词Praisedashewas,heremainedmodest.短语Changeyourmindasyouwill,youwillgainnoadditionalsupport.名词Childashis,heisknowledgeable.Lazyaboyasheis,heiskindtohelpothers.动词+as+主语+谓语Failashedid,hewouldneverstoptrying.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae.Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.2.as/so+形容词+as+主谓结构，放在句首表示让步Asimportantasqualificationsare,andyouwon’tgettoaninterviewwithoutthequalifications,themostimportantthinginfactisthecharacterandhowapersonpresentshimselfatinterview. Asamusingandperceptiveasgraffitimaysometimesbe,ithasbynomeanswonuniversalapproval.3.be的倒装句表示让步Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.（八）比较状语从句Lighttravelsfasterthansound.Mystandonthecaseisjustthesameasitwas4yearsago.Sheisnolessactivethansheusedtobe.Thehigheryougo,thelessdensetheairbecomes.Thegreatthinginthisworldisnotsomuchwherewestandasinwhatdirectionwearemoving.（九）方式状语从句Don’ttalktomelikeyoutalktoachild.Ishalldothejobthewaymyfatherdid.Justasdarkcloudscannotlonghidethesun,sonoliescancoverupthefact.ButIreallyhadnoideathatwhatJeanhasdonethatRussshouldtreatherlikethis.Jeanworkedjustsomuchasshewastoldto.when和where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别：Atatimewhenhiringqualifiedpeoplearebecomingmoredifficult,employerswhocaneliminateinvalidbiasesfromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960’s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Whentheworkiswelldone,aclimateofaccident-freeoperationisestablishedwheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.三大从句辨析： Whilefewcraftsmanorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Somediscoveriesseemsosimplethatoneisamazedthattheywerenotmadeyearsago;however,weshouldrememberthattheconstructionofmicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.