英语语法---限定词 4页

限定词（determiner）specificreference特指definite/indefinite/zeroarticle定/不定/零冠词indefinitedeterminer不定限定词genericreference类指/泛指possessivedeterminer物主限定词cardinalnumeral基数词definitequantity确定数量genitivenoun名词属格ordinalnumeral序数词indefinitequantity非确定数量demonstrativedeterminer指示限定词(this,that,these,those,such)multiplicativenumeral倍数词fractionalnumeral分数词referentialmeaning所指意义relativedeterminer关系限定词(whose,which)quantifier量词(alotof/plentyof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamount/quantityof,agreat/goodnumberof)interrogativedeterminer疑问限定词(what,which,whose)主要术语限定词与三类名词（单数，复数，不可数）的搭配关系只能与其中一类名词搭配的限定词只能与单数搭配的限定词a/an,one,another,each/every,either/neither,manya/sucha等。Itshouldbecompulsoryreadingforeveryadult.Neitheraccusationistrue.(两项指控都不能成立)只能与复数搭配的限定词Both,two/three,anothertwo/three,many,(a)few,several,these/those,a(great)numberof等。E.g.Inanothertwoweeks,itwillbefinished.只能与不可数搭配的限定词a(little)bitof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,(a)little,much,less,(the)least等。Thereislittledoubtthatheandhisaccomplicesareguilty.TheSquarewasthesceneofmuchfightinginlastyear"srevolution.IcanspeakabitofFrenchandunderstandmore.（理解比口语好一些）能与其中二类名词搭配的限定词能与单、复数搭配的限定词thefirst/second/last/next等。Myfirstreactionwastohithim,buthewasold,andmysecondwastoresign.Thenextthingheheardwasaninsistentknockingonthedoorofhisroom.ThelastthreeshipmentsofgrainforWestAfricahaven"tyetarrived.(运往西非的三船谷物尚未达到)能与单数、不可数搭配的限定词this/that等。Myfamilyhavelivedinthatvillageformanygenerations.Whoeverhadcomeupwiththisideadeservedamedal.Ihopetoenjoythatfeelingagainbeforelong.能与复数、不可数搭配的限定词Alotof/lotsof/plentyof,enough,more/most,such,other等。Likeallsuchstories,thatislargelyamyth.(像所有这类故事一样，那个故事在很大程度上也是虚构的)Suchoptimismhadbecomestrangelyoutofplace.(此种乐观态度已变得非常不合时宜)能与三类名词搭配的限定词能与三类名词搭配的限定词the,some/any,no/theother,whose,物主限定词,名词属格等。Nostudentistoleavetheclassroom.Nowordscanexpressmygrief.Whosesideareyouon?Heisawriterwhosehumorisnotwithoutsubstance(他的幽默很有实质意义).4 辨析(1)many/much(两者均可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句；并可带有how/too/so/as...as等修饰语，多用于肯定句),alotof/lotsof/plentyof（常用于肯定句）,agood(/great)many/alargeamountof.Muchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughe-mail.Thereismuchcoalinthemine.Youcantakeasmanycopiesasyouneed.Theycanspendasmuchmoneyastheyneedontheproject.(2)(a)few/(a)little，注意quiteafew/agoodfew/notafew表示“相当多”的含义。Quiteafewofusaregettingworried./You"llhavetowaitagoodfewweeks.(3)all/none,both/every/each,either/neither,anyall/both(of)theboysevery/each/either/neither/anyboyeveryoneoftheboyseach/either/neither/any(one)oftheboysbothhisparents/bothofthemarefine.Eitherofthemisindorm./eitherdayisOK.neitherstudent/neither(one)ofthe(two)studentsfinishesthetask.noone只能指人，noneof既能只人有可指物，但两者均为三个以上。every包含至少三个人或物，侧重全体，each包含至少二个人或物，侧重个体。Each/everysideofthesquarewascrowdedwithpeople.any包含至少三个人或物，才可用任何一个；either只包含两个，才可用任何一个。限定词的先后顺序：前位---中位---后位(一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个前位限定词或两个中位限定词)前位限定词predeterminerall,half,both,double,倍数词，分数词，what,sucha/an等。中位限定词centraldeterminerthe/a/an/zero,this/that,these/those,some/any,no,every/each,either/neither,enough,what(ever)/which(ever)/whose,物主限定词，名词属格等。后位限定词postdeterminer基数词，序数词，next/last,other/another,many/much(alotof,plentyof,agreatnumberof,agreat(/good)many,agreatdealof,alargeamountof,agreatquantityof),(a)few/(a)little,several,such等。Examplesallthefourteachersallmyotherparentsalltheselastfewdayshalfhislecturethoselastfewmonthsallotherstudentsboththesetheoriessomesuchalloytheotherthreegirlshislasttwobooks,thefirsttwochapters,threeothergirls,twomoresheets,thenextfewweeks,manymorecopies,afewmoresamples,anothertwentytons等。例外情况：David"s/hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman.Theenemy"s/theireverymovementwasbeingcloselywatchedbythePLAmen.Alotofthesehousesroundherehaveglassinthefrontdoor.冠词的表意功能定冠词(常用于正式语体)、不定冠词或零冠词都具有类指功能。另外，the+adj也表类指。Galileoclaimedthatheadinventedthetelescope.4 genericreference类指/泛指Thehorsehadbeenreplacedbytherailroad,thewindship(帆船)andthesteamship.Anoxisausefulanimal.Mybrotherisplaningtobealawyer.Doctorsarebadlyneededatthefront.Carrotsaremyfavouritevegetable.Catsandtigersbelongtothesamefamilyofmammals.Electricityisaformofenergy.Unityisstrength.specificreference特指definitespecificreference确定特指（非常明确地指出何人或何物）（1）anaphoricspecificreference前照应特指（2）cataphoricspecificreference后照应特指（3）situationalreference语境特指定冠词常有此种功能。Weownadogandacat.Thedogisbrown.Andthecatiswhite.Thedogandthecatarethesameoneswehadlastyears.语境特指：Shutthedoor,please.How"sthecoughtoday?Heturnedontheradio.Johnwaselectedchairmanofthestudents"union.indefinitespecificreference非确定特指（特指具体对象，但不确定）不定冠词和零冠词常有此种功能。Imetanoldmaninthestreet.（虽未道出姓名但所指仍为某一特定的老人）Ihavelostabutton.(指失落一颗特定的纽扣，但未说出何种纽扣)There"saletterforyou.(指一封特定的信件，但不明确是谁写来的)Abookiwanthasbeenacquaintedbythelibrary.(指我所要的那本特定的书，但未道出什么书)Thestreetsarecleanandareshadedwithtrees.Sheputcarrotsinthestew.冠词在各类名词之前的用法（参见P76）(1)Thetenofthemhavepassedthefinalexamination.Tenofthemhavepassedthefinalexamination.Tenofthe(these/his)studentshavepassedthefinalexamination.(2)Theyaskedtostopcountingpresidentialvotesforasecondtime.(3)Everyboyandeverygirl___(have)hismerits.Everyyoungman,younglady,andchild___(be)requestedtotakepart.Manyaperson___(be)goingtothetakethetest.(4)OtheroranotherCaliforniacoversalargeareathan__________stateexceptAlaskaandTexas.Outofthethreeforeignguests,oneisfromFrankfurt,______twoarefromVienna.Don"tloseheart.Have___try.There"sroomfor_________peopleinthebackofthebus.NationalDayiscoming.We"llhave_____five-dayholiday.(5)冠词的用法Whois___captainofyourteam?Mr.Reaganwaselected___PresidentoftheUnitedStatesin1980.CharlesDickens,__authorofDavidCopperfield,wasadistinguishedEnglishnovelist.4 As____physician,hedoesnotdeservemuchpraise.Hewascoveredwithsnowfrom___headto__foot.Therelationbetween___teacherand___studentisexcellent.Thisroomservesthetriplepurposeof___study,___bedroomand____sittingroom.Theoldmanwassittinginachair,___pipein___hand.Hesatat___table,___coatoff,___headdown,and__penin___hand.Whatkindof___manishe?Whatsortof___bookdoyouwant?Theworkis____pleasuretome.Shehasdeveloped___loveforlabour.Physicsis____science.Hespokewith_____enthusiasmwhichinspiredusall.Doyoulike___musicof___film?Phoneticsis____scienceofspeechsounds4