论文写作常用英语语法 15页

 Introduction很多文献已经讨论过了A.  Solarenergyconversionbyphotoelectrochemicalcells hasbeenintensivelyinvestigated. (Nature1991,353,737-740 )B. Thiswasdemonstratedinanumberofstudiesthat showedthatcompositeplasmonic-metal/semiconductorphotocatalystsachievedsignificantlyhigherratesinvariousphotocatalyticreactionscomparedwiththeirpuresemiconductorcounterparts.C. Severalexcellentreviewsdescribing theseapplicationsareavailable,andwedonotdiscussthesetopicsD. Muchworksofarhasfocusedon widebandgapsemiconductorsforwatersplittingforthesakeofchemicalstability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）E. Recentdevelopmentsof Lewisacidsandwater-solubleorganometalliccatalysts haveattractedmuchattention.（Chem.Rev.2002,102,3641−3666）F. Aninterestingapproach intheuseofzeoliteasawater-tolerantsolidacid wasdescribedby Ogawaetal（Chem.Rev.2002,102,3641−3666）G. Considerableresearcheffortshavebeendevotedto thedirecttransitionmetal-catalyzedconversionofarylhalidestoarylnitriles.(J.Org.Chem.2000,65,7984-7989)H. Therearemanyexcellentreviewsintheliteraturedealingwiththebasicconceptsof thephotocatalyticprocessandthereaderisreferredinparticulartothosebyHoffmannandcoworkers,Millsandcoworkers,andKamat.(Metaloxidecatalysis,19,P755)I.NishimiyaandTsutsumi havereportedon（proposed）theinfluenceoftheSi/Alratioofvariouszeolitesontheacidstrength,whichwereestimatedbycalorimetryusingammonia.(Chem.Rev.2002,102,3641−3666)二、在resultsanddiscussion中经常会用到的：如图所示A.GIXRDpatternsin Figure1Ashow thebulkstructuralinformationonas-depositedfilms.  B. AsshowninFigure7B, thesteady-statecurrentdensitydecreasesaftercyclingbetween0.35and0.7V,whichisprobablyduetothedissolutionofFeOx. C. Ascanbeseenfrom partsaandbofFigure7,thereactioncyclesstartwiththethermodynamicallymostfavorableVOxstructures（J.Phys.Chem.C2014,118,24950−24958）这与XX能够相互印证：A. Thisissupportedby theappearanceintheNi-dopedcompoundsofanultraviolet–visibleabsorptionbandat420–520nm(seeFig.3inset),correspondingtoanenergyrangeofabout2.9to2.3eV.B. This isconsistentwiththeobservationfrom SEM–EDS.(Z.Zouetal./ChemicalPhysicsLetters332(2000)271–277)C. Thisindicatesagoodagreementbetween theobservedandcalculatedintensitiesinmonoclinicwithspacegroupP2/cwhentheOatomsareincludedinthemodel.D.Theresults areingoodconsistentwith theobservedphotocatalyticactivity...E.Identicalconclusionswereobtainedinstudies wheretheSPRintensityandwavelengthweremodulatedbymanipulatingthecomposition,shape,orsizeofplasmonicnanostructures. F.  Itwasalsofoundthatareasofpersistentdivergentsurfaceflow coincide with regionswhereconvectionappearstobeconsistentlysuppressedevenwhenSSTsareabove27.5°C.1.值得注意的是...A. Itmustalsobementionedthat therecyclingofaqueousorganicsolventislessdesirablethanthatofpureorganicliquid.B. Anotherinterestingfindingisthat zeoliteswith10-memberedringporesshowedhighselectivities(>99%)tocyclohexanol,whereasthosewith12-memberedring pores,suchasmordenite,producedlargeamountsofdicyclohexylether.(Chem.Rev.2002,102,3641−3666)C. Itshouldbepointedoutthat thenanometer-scaledistributionofelectrocatalystcentersontheelectrodesurfaceisalsoapredominantfactorforhighORRelectrocatalyticactivity.D. Notably, theRuIIandRhIcomplexespossessingthesameBINAPchiralityformantipodalaminoacidsasthepredominantproducts. (Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2002,41:2008–2022)E.Giventhemultitudeofvarioustransformationspublished, itisnoteworthythat onlyveryfewdistinct activation methodshavebeenidentified. (Chem.Soc.Rev.,2009, 38,2178-2189)F. Itisimportanttohighlightthat thesetwodirectingeffectswillleadtodifferentenantiomersoftheproductsevenifboththe“H-bond-catalyst”andthe catalyst actingbystericshieldinghavethesameabsolutestereochemistry.(Chem.Soc.Rev., 2009, 38,2178-2189)G. Itisworthwhilementioningthat thesePPNDscanbeverystableforseveralmonthswithouttheobservationsofanyfloatingorprecipitateddots,whichisattributedtotheelectrostaticrepulsionsbetweenthepositivelychargePPNDsresultinginelectrostericstabilization.(Adv.Mater.,2012,24:2037–2041)2. ...仍然是个挑战A. Thereistherebyanurgentneedbutitisstillasignificantchallengeto rationallydesignanddelicatelytailortheelectroactiveMTMOsforadvancedLIBs,ECs,MOBs,andFCs. （Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2014,53,1488–1504）B. However,systemsthatare sufficientlystableandefficientforpracticaluse havenotyetbeenrealized.C.  It remains challenging to develophighlyactiveHERcatalystsbasedonmaterialsthataremoreabundantatlowercosts.(J.Am.Chem.Soc., 2011, 133, 7296–7299) D. Oneofthe great challenges inthetwenty-firstcentury is unquestionablyenergystorage.(NatureMaterials 2005,4,366-377 )3.众所周知A. Itiswellestablished(accepted)/Itisknowntoall/Itiscommonlyknown that manycharacteristicsoffunctionalmaterials,suchascomposition,crystallinephase,structuralandmorphologicalfeatures,andthesur-/interfacepropertiesbetweentheelectrodeandelectrolyte,wouldgreatlyinfluencetheperformanceoftheseuniqueMTMOsinelectrochemicalenergystorage/conversionapplications.（Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2014,53,1488–1504）B. Itisgenerallyaccepted(believed)that fora-Fe2O3-basedsensorsthechangeinresistanceismainlycausedbytheadsorptionanddesorptionofgasesonthesurfaceofthesensorstructure.(Adv.Mater.2005,17,582)C. Asweallknow, soybeanaboundswithcarbon, nitrogen andoxygenelementsowingtotheexistenceofsugar, proteins and lipids.(Chem.Commun.,2012, 48,9367-9369)D. Thereisnodenyingthat theirpresencemaymediatespinmomentstoalignparallelwithoutactingalonetoshowd0-FM.(Nanoscale,2013, 5,3918-3930)1.正如下文将提到的...A. Aswillbedescribedbelow（也可以是Asweshallseebelow）, astheSi/Alratioincreases,thesurfaceofthezeolitebecomesmorehydrophobicandpossessesstrongeraffinityforethylacetateandthenumberofacidsitesdecreases.（Chem.Rev.2002,102,3641−3666）B.Thisbehavioristobeexpectedand will be further discussed below.(J.Am.Chem.Soc., 1955, 77,3701–3707) C. Therearealsosomesmalldeviationswithrespecttotheflowdirection, whichwe will discuss below.（Science,2001,291,630-633）D. Below, we will see whatthisimplies.E. Completedetailsofthiscase will beprovidedata later time.E. 很多论文中，也经常直接用seebelow来表示，比如：TheobservationofnanoclusterspheresattheendsofthenanowiresissuggestiveofaVLSgrowthprocess(see below).(Science,1998, 279,208-211)3. 我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用A. Ourfindingssuggestthat theuseofsolarenergyforphotocatalyticwatersplitting mightprovideaviablesourcefor ‘clean’hydrogenfuel,oncethecatalyticefficiencyofthesemiconductorsystemhasbeenimprovedbyincreasingitssurfaceareaandsuitablemodificationsofthesurfacesites.B.Alongwiththisgreenandcost-effectiveprotocolofsynthesis, weexpectthat thesenovelcarbonnanodots havepotentialapplicationsin bioimagingandelectrocatalysis.(Chem.Commun.,2012, 48,9367-9369)C. Thissystemcouldpotentiallybeappliedas thegainmediumofsolid-stateorganic-basedlasersorasacomponentofhighvaluephotovoltaic(PV)materials,wheredestructivehighenergyUVradiationwouldbeconvertedtousefullowenergyNIRradiation.(Chem.Soc.Rev.,2013, 42,29-43)D. Sincetheuseof graphene mayenhancethephotocatalyticpropertiesofTiO2 underUVandvisible-lightirradiation, graphene–TiO2 composites maypotentiallybeusedto enhancethebactericidalactivity. (Chem.Soc.Rev.,2012, 41,782-796)E.  ItisthefirstreportthatCQDsarebothamino-functionalizedandhighlyfluorescent, whichsuggeststheirpromisingapplicationsin chemicalsensing.(Carbon,2012, 50, 2810–2815)1.什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究 A.However,systemsthataresufficientlystableandefficientforpracticaluse havenotyetbeenrealized.B.Nevertheless,forconventionalnanostructuredMTMOsasmentionedabove, someproblematicdisadvantagescannotbeoverlooked.（Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2014,53,1488–1504）C. Therearerelativelyfewstudiesdevotedto determinationofcmcvaluesforblockcopolymermicelles.(Macromolecules1991,24,1033-1040)D.Thismightbethereasonwhy,despiteofthegreatinfluenceofthepreparationonthecatalyticactivityofgoldcatalysts, nosystematicstudyconcerning thesynthesisconditions hasbeenpublishedyet. (AppliedCatalysisA:General2002,226, 1–13)E. Thesepossibilitiesremaintobe explored.F.  Furthereffortisrequiredto understandandbettercontroltheparametersdominatingtheparticlesurfacepassivationandresultingpropertiesforcarbondotsofbrighterphotoluminescence.(J.Am.Chem.Soc., 2006, 128 ,7756–7757)2. 由于/因为...A. Liquidammonia isparticularlyattractiveas analternativetowater dueto itsstabilityinthepresenceofstrongreducingagentssuchasalkalimetalsthatareusedtoaccessloweroxidationstates.B. Theuniquenatureof thecyanideligand resultsfrom itsabilitytoactbothasaσdonorandaπacceptorcombinedwithitsnegativechargeandambidentatenature.C. Qdotsarealsoexcellentprobesfortwo-photonconfocalmicroscopy because theyarecharacterizedbyaverylargeabsorptioncrosssection (Science 2005, 307,538-544).D. Asaresultof thereductivestrategyweusedandofthestrongbondingbetweenthesurfaceandthearylgroups,lowresidualcurrents(similartothoseobservedatabare electrode)wereobtainedoveralargewindowofpotentials,thesameasfortheunmodifiedparentGCelectrode.(J.Am.Chem.Soc.1992,114,5883-5884)E. ThesmallTafelslopeofthedefect-richMoS2ultrathinnanosheetsisadvantageousforpractical applications, since itwillleadtoafasterincrementofHERratewithincreasingoverpotential.(Adv.Mater.,2013,25:5807–5813)F.Fluorescentcarbon-basedmaterialshavedrawnincreasingattentioninrecentyears owingto exceptionaladvantagessuchashighopticalabsorptivity,chemicalstability,biocompatibility,andlowtoxicity.(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2013,52:3953–3957)G.  Onthebasisof measurementsoftheheatofimmersionofwateronzeolites,Tsutsumietal.claimedthatthesurfaceconsistsofsiloxanebondingsandishydrophobicintheregionoflowAlcontent.(Chem.Rev.2002,102,3641−3666)H. Nanoparticlespatialdistributionsmighthavealargesignificanceforcatalyststability, giventhat metalparticlegrowthisarelevantdeactivationmechanismforcommercialcatalysts. 3....很重要A. Theinhibitionofadditionalnucleationduringgrowth,inotherwords,thecompleteseparation ofnucleationandgrowth, is critical(essential,important) for thesuccessfulsynthesisofmonodispersenanocrystals.(NatureMaterials 3,891-895(2004))B.  Inthecurrentstudy, Cys, homocysteine (Hcy)and glutathione (GSH)werechosenasmodel thiol compoundssincethey playimportant(significant,vital,critical)roles inmanybiologicalprocessesandmonitoringofthese thiol compounds isofgreatimportancefor diagnosisofdiseases.(Chem.Commun.,2012, 48,1147-1149)C. Thisisbecauseaccordingtonucleationtheory, whatreallymatters inadditiontothechangeintemperatureΔT (orsupersaturation)isthecoolingrate.(Chem.Soc.Rev.,2014, 43,2013-2026) 1.相反/不同于A. Onthecontrary, mononuclearcomplexes,calledsingle-ionmagnets(SIM),haveshownhysteresisloopsofbutterfly/phononbottlenecktype,withnegligiblecoercivity,andthereforewithmuchshorterrelaxationtimesofmagnetization.(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2014,53:4413–4417)B. Incontrast, theDycompoundhassignificantlylargervalueofthetransversalmagneticmomentalreadyinthegroundstate(ca.10−1 μB),thereforeallowingafastQTM.（Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2014,53:4413–4417）C. Incontrastto thestructuralsimilarityofthesecomplexes,theirmagneticbehaviorexhibitsstrongdivergence. (Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2014,53:4413–4417)D. Contraryto otherconductingpolymersemiconductors,carbonnitrideischemicallyandthermallystableanddoesnotrelyoncomplicateddevicemanufacturing.(Naturematerials,2009,8(1):76-80.)E. Unlike thesphericalparticlestheyarederivedfromthatRayleighlight-scatterintheblue,thesenanoprismsexhibitscatteringinthered,whichcouldbeusefulindevelopingmulticolordiagnosticlabelsonthebasisnotonlyofnanoparticlecompositionandsizebutalsoofshape.(Science2001, 294,1901-1903)2.发现，阐明，报道，证实可供选择的词包括：verify,confirm,elucidate,identify,define,characterize,clarify,establish,ascertain,explain,observe,illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate,show,indicate,exhibit,presented,reveal,display,manifest，suggest,propose,estimate,prove,imply,disclose，report,describe，facilitatetheidentificationof 举例：A.Thesestacksappearasnanorodsinthetwo-dimensionalTEMimages,buttiltingexperiments confirmthattheyarenanoprisms. (Science2001, 294,1901-1903)B.NotethatTEM shows thatabout20%ofthenanoprismsaretruncated. (Science2001, 294,1901-1903) C.Therefore,thesecalculationsnotonlyallowusto identify theimportantfeaturesinthespectrumofthenanoprismsbutalsothesubtlerelationbetweenparticleshapeandthefrequencyofthebandsthatmakeuptheirspectra. (Science2001, 294,1901-1903)D.We observed adecreaseinintensityofthecharacteristicsurfaceplasmonbandintheultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)spectroscopyforthesphericalparticlesatλmax =400nmwithaconcomitantgrowthofthreenewbandsofλmax =335(weak),470(medium),and670nm(strong),respectively.(Science2001, 294,1901-1903)E.Inthisarticle,wepresentdata demonstrating thatopiateandnonopiateanalgesiasystemscanbeselectivelyactivatedbydifferentenvironmentalmanipulationsand describe theneuralcircuitryinvolved.(Science1982,216,1185-1192)F.This suggests thatthecobaltinCoPhasapartialpositivecharge(δ+),whilethephosphorushasapartialnegativecharge(δ−), implying atransferofelectrondensityfromCotoP. (Angew.Chem.,2014,126:6828–6832)3.如何指出当前研究的不足A.Althoughtheseinorganicsubstructurescanexhibitahighdensityoffunctionalgroups,suchasbridgingOHgroups,andthesubstructurescontributesignificantlytotheadsorptionpropertiesofthematerial,surprisinglylittleattentionhasbeendevotedto thepost-syntheticfunctionalizationoftheinorganicunitswithinMOFs.(Chem.Eur.J.,2013,19:5533–5536.)B. Littleisknown, however,aboutthemicrostructureofthismaterial.(NatureMaterials2013,12,554–561)C. Sofar,verylittleinformationisavailable,andonlyin theabsorberfilm,notinthewholeoperationaldevices.（NanoLett., 2014, 14 (2),pp888–893）D. Infactitshouldbenotedthatverylittleoptimisationworkhasbeencarriedouton thesedevices.(Chem.Commun.,2013, 49,7893-7895) E.Byfarthemostarchitectureshavebeenpreparedusingasolutionprocessedperovskitematerial, yetafewexampleshavebeenreportedthat haveusedanevaporatedperovskitelayer.(Adv.Mater.,2014,27:1837–1841.)F.WaterbalanceissueshavebeeneffectivelyaddressedinPEMFCtechnologythroughalargebodyofworkencompassingimaging,detailedwatercontentandwaterbalancemeasurements,materialsoptimizationandmodeling, butveryfewoftheseactivitieshavebeenundertakenfor anionexchangemembranefuelcells, primarilyduetolimitedmaterialsavailabilityanddevicelifetime.(J.Polym.Sci.PartB:Polym.Phys.,2013,51:1727–1735)G.However, noneofthesestudies testedforTh17memory,arecentlyidentifiedTcellthatspecializesincontrollingextracellularbacterialinfectionsatmucosalsurfaces.(PNAS,2013, 111,787–792)H.However, uncertaintystillremainsasto themechanismbywhichLisaltadditionresultsinanextensionofthecathodicreductionlimit.(EnergyEnviron.Sci.,2014, 7,232-250)I. Therehavebeenanumberofhighprofilecaseswherefailureto identifythemoststablecrystalformofadrughasledtosevereformulationproblemsinmanufacture.(Chem.Soc.Rev.,2014, 43,2080-2088)J.However, thesemeasurementssystematicallyunderestimate theamountoforderedmaterial.(NatureMaterials2013,12,1038–1044)1. 取决于a. Thisisanimportantdistinction,astheoverallactivityofacatalystwill dependon thematerialproperties,synthesismethod,andotherpossiblespeciesthatcanbeformedduringactivation. (Nat.Mater. 2017,16,225–229)b. Thisquantitativepartitioning wasdeterminedby growingcrystalsofthe1:1host–guestcomplexbetween ExBox4+ andcorannulene.(Nat.Chem. 2014, 6177–178) c. TheysuggestedthattheAuparticlesizemay bethedecisivefactorfor achievinghighlyactiveAucatalysts.(Acc.Chem.Res., 2014, 47,740–749)d. Low-valentlatetransition-metalcatalysishas becomeindispensableto chemicalsynthesis,buthomogeneoushigh-valenttransition-metalcatalysisisunderdeveloped,mainlyowingtothereactivityofhigh-valenttransition-metalcomplexesandthechallengesassociatedwithsynthesizingthem. (Nature2015, 517,449–454)e. Thepolareffect isaremarkablepropertythatenables considerablyendergonicC–Habstractions thatwouldnotbepossibleotherwise. (Nature 2015,525,87–90)f. Advancesinheterogeneouscatalysis mustrelyon therationaldesignofnewcatalysts.(Nat.Nanotechnol. 2017,12,100–101)g. Likely,theoriginofthechemoselectivitymay bealsocloselyrelatedto theH bondingwiththeNorO atomofthenitrosomoiety,asimilarH-bondingeffectisknowninenamine-basednitrosochemistry.(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 2014,53:4149–4153)2. 有很大潜力a. Thequestfornewmethodologiestoassemblecomplexorganicmolecules continuestobeagreatimpetusto researcheffortstodiscoverortooptimizenewcatalytictransformations.(Nat.Chem. 2015,7,477–482)b. Nanosizedfaujasite(FAU)crystals havegreatpotentialas catalystsoradsorbentstomoreefficientlyprocesspresentandforthcomingsyntheticandrenewablefeedstocksinoilrefining,petrochemistryandfinechemistry.(Nat.Mater. 2015,14,447–451) c. Forthispurpose,vibrationalspectroscopy hasprovedpromising andveryuseful. (AccChemRes.2015,48,407–413.)d. Whileadetailedmechanismremainstobeelucidatedand thereisroomforimprovement intheyieldsandselectivities,itshouldberemarkedthatchiralitytransferupontrifluoromethylationofenantioenrichedallylsilaneswasshown.(TopCatal. 2014, 57:967. )e. Thefuturelooksbrightfor theuseofPGMsascatalysts,bothonlaboratoryandindustrialscales,becausethepreparationofmostkindsofsingle-atommetalcatalystislikelytobestraightforward,andbecausecharacterizationofsuchcatalystshasbecomeeasierwiththeadventoftechniquesthatreadilydiscriminatesingleatomsfromsmallclustersandnanoparticles.(Nature 2015,525,325–326)f. Theuniquemesostructureofthe3D-dendriticMSNSswithmesoporechannelsofshortlengthandlargediameter issupposedtobethekeyrolein immobilizationofactiveandrobustheterogeneouscatalysts,anditwouldhavemorehopefulprospectsin catalyticapplications.(ACSAppl.Mater.Interfaces, 2015, 7,17450–17459)g. Visible-lightphotoredoxcatalysis offersexcitingopportunitiesto achievechallengingcarbon–carbonbondformationsundermildandecologicallybenignconditions.(Acc.Chem.Res., 2016,49,1990–1996)3.因此同义词：Therefore,thus,consequently,hence,accordingly,so,asaresult 这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。这些词并不总是以插入语的形式出现在句子最前面，还可以灵活的出现在句子的各个部分，典型的如：a. Therefore,weshiftourfocustofreeenergies,asthesearemorerelevantforareactionrateanalysis.(Nat.Mater. 2017,16,225–229)b.Ingeneral,themorphologies andthus performanceofstate-of-the-artdonorpolymers aresensitivetothechoiceoffullereneandreplacingPC71BMwithanotherC60-basedornon-PCBMfullerenedecreasesPSCefficiencyto6-7%.(NatureCommunications2014, 5,5239) c. Wehence determinethesteadystateexcitationdensity(whereexcitationscanbefreechargeorexcitons)tobebetween1013 and1015 cm−3. (NatureCommunications 2014, 5,3586 )可以变形为：Hence, Wedeterminethesteadystateexcitationdensity(whereexcitationscanbefreechargeorexcitons)tobebetween1013 and1015 cm−3.1. 为了进一步说明A. Togainmoreinsight,weconductedseveralX-ray,NMR,andelectrochemicalstudies.(Acc.Chem.Res.2015,48,2813−2821)B. Tofurtherconfirm thatphosphorylationofAMPA-RinhippocampalsliceswascatalyzedbyCaM-KII,GluR1wasexpressedinHEK-293cellswithorwithoutCaM-KII.(Science 1997,276,2042-2045)C. Inordertotrace thisdynamicdevelopment,itisourgoalinthisLetter,todescribethechangesinthepropertiesofsuchhighefficiencyCu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)solarcells. (Phys.Stat.Sol.(RRL), 2015,9:28–31.)D. Togain/achieveabetterunderstandingof howtheimmunesystemrespondstoMPDL3280A,thelevelsoftheIL-18immunostimulatorycytokineandIFN-γ,which isstimulatedbyIL-18,wereexaminedoverseveralcycles.(Nature 2014,515,558–562)E. Tofurtherexplorethisconcept, weprovideanexample,wherepatientAunderwentradicalprostatectomywithundetectablepostoperativeserumPSAin2005.(NatureReviewsUrology 2017,14,193–194)F. Inordertodeeplyinvestigate theaggregationpropertiesinthisrangeofconcentrations,westudiedthesecondarystructureofthesepeptidederivativesbyCDandFTIRspectroscopies.(SciRep. 2016,6:26638.) 2.关于，至于A. Concerning/Asto adsorbedthiolatesonthe(100)surfacesofallthesemetals,theDFTcalculationsrevealthattheyexhibitabetterstabilitythantherespective(111)facesintermsof γ,asshowninthecorrespondingTables. (RSCAdv., 2014, 4,27730-27754)B.Itshouldbenotedthattheadditiveswerenotevaluated withregardto possibleinfluenceonreactivityorstabilitytothereactionconditions.(NatureChemistry 2013,5,597–601)C. Inthefollowing,wewillusethisasymptoticnotationalso whenreferringto thedimerplasmonsforsmallseparations,althoughthedimerplasmonsinthatcasecontaincontributionsfromallangularmomenta.(NanoLetters, 2004, 4,899–903)D.Conversely,information regarding themagnetoelectriccoefficientsbasedonelectrical oroptical experimentscanaidthedeterminationofmagneticpointgroupsymmetries.E.Thearrivalofnanomaterialsgavelithium-ionbatteriesanewleaseoflife andprovidedbenefits intermsof capacity,power,costandmaterialssustainabilitythatarestillfarfrombeingfullyexploited.(Nature 2008,451,652-657)F. ThedominanceoftheAugereffectinnanocrystalQDsalsoimpliesthatevenrelativelypoorlypassivatedsamplescouldbehaveaswellasthebestsamples whenitcomesto gainandstimulatedemission,becauseaslongastrappingratesarelower thanAugerrates,thetwoe-hpairlifetimeisdeterminedbytheintrinsicAugerdecay.(Science 2000,290, 314-317)3.然而However,nevertheless,nonetheless,onthecontrary,incontrast,yet,evenso,but同样，使用这些词时注意它们的词性，实际上它们也可以灵活运用到句子当中A.Nevertheless, becausetheAugertimescaleissubstantiallyfasterthansurfacetrappinginthesedots,bothtypesofsamplesshowedsimilargainproperties.( Science 2000, 290, 314-317)B.Theexistenceofopticalgain, however,doesnotguaranteethedevelopmentofstimulatedemission. (Science 2000, 290, 314-317)C.Evenso,theanionsmaybehelpingtopre-organise 4,ortheHofmeisteranioneffectsmaybetheonlyeffects. (NatureChemistry 2009,1,403-408)