初中英语语法专项习题11.情态动词 7页

情态动词讲义情态动词讲义I.情态动词的语法特征情态动词本身虽有词义，但只表示说话人的看法，命令，准许等；不能单独作谓语，须与实义动词构成谓语1）情态动词除oughtto，haveto，usedto外，其它情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。2）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。3）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式to，分词-ing,-ed等形式。4）情态动词类别：can/cannot/cannot/can’t,may/maynot,must/mustn’t,shall/shallnot/shan’t,should/shouldn’t,oughtto/oughtn’tto,will/won’t,would/wouldn’t.need/needn’t,dare/daren’t,usedto/usedn’tto/didn’tuseto,haveto/don’thaveto,hadbetter/hadbetternot,wouldrather/wouldrathernotII.一些容易混淆的用法1.比较can和beableto1）can/could表示能力(bornability,learnedability),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。beableto可以用于多种时态。2）只用beableto　表示经过努力或在一定条件下设法成功地做了某事时，而非能力，只能用was/wereableto，不能用could。-----managedtodosth./succeededindoingsth.　　　HewasabletofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.　　=HemanagedtofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.Aftertwoyearsofhardwork,hewasabletospeakEnglish.Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.Withthehelpofthefiremen,theywereabletoleavetheburninghouse.3)could不表示时态(1)提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。　　---CouldIhavethetelevisionon?　　---Yes,youcan./No,youcan"t.II.比较haveto和must1)　两词都是"必须"的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.　我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)　　Iwanttotakemoreexercise,soImustwalktoschooleveryday.2）must表示必须，必要，一种义务，责任，职责,命令等语气e.g.Wemustobeytheschoolregulations.Youmustrespecttheold.Youmustcomehereearlytomorrow.IamafraidImustbeleaving.Wemuststayhome,mustn’twe?3）表示必然，必定,不可避免的结果Manmustdie.表示固执，一定要，坚持要e.g.Ourthree-year-oldboymustdotheoppositetowhatweordered.WhymustyouinterruptmenowandthenwhileIamspeaking.Mustyoushoutsoloudly?表示过去的不巧，偏偏e.g.JustwhenIwasbusy,theneighbormustcomeandchat. AsIwassittingdowntodinner,thetelephonemustring.4）haveto有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。e.g.Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.Youwillhavetogotherealone.5）must问句的回答e.g.MustIwaituntiltheycome?---Yes,youmust.--No,youneedn’t./don’thaveto/don’tneedtoMustwehandinourEnglishexercisebookstoday?----_____________________./____________________6）在否定结构中：don"thaveto　表示"不必"　　　　　　　　　　mustn"t　　　　表示"禁止，不允许"，带有很强的语气　　e.g.Youdon"thavetotellhimaboutit.　你不一定要把此事告诉他。　　Youmustn"ttellhimaboutit.　　　　你一定不要把这件事Carsmustn’tbeparkedhere.III.may表示给予许可1)Youmaysithere.MayIborrowyourbooks?MightIhaveyourtelephonenumber?2)can/could和may/might.can和may都可表示请求，或给与许可。Can语气一般，could/may比较礼貌，常用。对于can/could的回答,一般是can/can’t,不可用could，而对may的回答，则是may/maynot。----CouldIuseyourlegtop?----Yes,ofcourseyoucan./Sorry,Iamafraidyoucan’t.---MayIleavetheclassroom?---Yes,youmay./No,youmustn’t/youmaynot/youdon’thaveto.IV.情态动词can,could,may,might,must表示推测的用法1)can/could(1).Can/could用于疑问句表示猜测，可能,could一般不表示时态，只表达委婉语气.Whereishenow?Canhebereadinginthelibrary?Wherecantheyhavegone?(2).Can可表示理论上的可能性或偶尔的可能。Youcanwalkmilesandmilesthroughtheforestwithoutmeetinganyone.Heisverycleverboy,buthecanbedullsometimes.Evenexperiencedteacherscanmakemistakes.(3)can’t/couldn’t表示不可能;Couldn’t一般不表示时态，只表达委婉语气.但在过去时态的宾语从句只能用couldn’t.Ibelievehim.Hecan’tesuchanirresponsibleman.Shecan’thavegonetoschool.Wehavenoschooltoday.Ithoughtyoucouldn’thavemetheryesterday.2)may/might(1)may/might用于肯定句，表示没有把握的推测；might表示推测时，不表示时态,只是可能性比may小,但在过去时态的宾语从句只能用might. 　Petermaycomewithustonight,butheisn"tverysureyet.Hemightbeathome.Itmayhavedrizzledduringthenight.Philipmay(might)havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.(2)maynot/mightn’t表示可能不，也许不。Hemaynotknowthetruth.3）mustmust用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.　Hemustbeworkinginhisoffice.他一定在办公室工作呢。Ididn"thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.　5．表示推测的情态动词语气的强弱肯定语气---由强至弱must>may>might否定语气---由强至弱can’t>couldn’t>maynot>mightnot疑问语气can6)couldhavedone有两种含义。其一，表示本来有能力做但实际上没有；其二，表示差点就，幸亏没，带有幸而没发生的语气。IcouldhavewalkedtothestationifIhadknownitwassonear.Youwerestupidtothrowtheboxoutofthewindow.Itcouldhavehitsomeone.V.oughtto,should1)也可表示较大的可能性，（推测）Ifhestartedatsix,heoughtto/shouldbetherenow.Itisnearlyseveno’clocknow.Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.（应该，该）2）表示义务，责任,都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。表示要求，命令时，语气由should（应该）、hadbetter最好）、must（必须）渐强。---Oughthetogo?---Yes.Ithinkheoughtto.Weoughtto/shouldlistencarefullyinclass.Youshouldbemorecarefulincrossingthestreet.Yououghttoleavenowifyoudon’twanttomissthetrain.3）should用于第一人称，表示说话人的谦逊，客气，委婉的语气Youaremistaken,Ishouldsay.依我看，你是搞错了Ishouldadviseyounottodothat.我倒是劝你别这样做。4）should用于引导的条件从句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，相当于“万一”Askhertoringmeupifyoushouldseeher.Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind,pleaseletusknow.Takeathickcoatincaseitshouldget/getscold.5)用于动词ask,advise,command,demand,insist,intend,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge,order等之后的从句里，表示命令，忠告，要求，建议，(should)+do/bedone.Thegeneralorderedthathismen(should)fire.Thedoctorurgedthathe(should)beoperatedonassoonaspossible.HeinsistedthatIshouldpayhimthemoney.VI.need的用法1）肯定句中作实义动词Heneedstotakearest.Heneedssometimetothinkitover.Therecorderneedsrepairing/toberepaired 否定句中，作情态动词和实义动词Youneedn’t/don’tneedtodotheexerciseifyoufindittooeasy.---Needwestaybehindafterschool?---Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t--Doweneedtostaybehindafterschool?---Yes,wedo/No,wedon’t2)needn"thavedonesth　本没必要做某事,但实际做了。Idressedverywarmlyforthetrip,butIneedn"thavedoneso.Theweatherwashot.VII.Dare1)情态动词:dare/dared+do,否定形式为darenot/darednot,用于疑问，否定，条件句中Howdareyoulayyourhandonme?Daredheleavewithoutpermission?2)实义动词：dare+todo,有时态，人称和数量的变化；否定句，疑问句需用其他助动词的辅助,否定句中to可省略。Hedarestodoanything./Thelittlegirldarestospeakbeforealargeaudience.Idaresayhewillfail.3)will(1)表示主语的愿意,决心,承诺.Ifyouwilllistentome,Iwillhelpyou.(2)表示物体的属性,或人或动物的习性.Thedoorwon’topen.Oilwillfloatonwater.Fishwilldieoutofwater.Themanwillgetangryovernothing.(3)表示没有固定时间的习惯.Iwillsometimessituplateforexam’ssake.IX.usedto／would1)都可表示过去习惯，但usedto强调过去经常或习惯于做某事，但现在已不做了，强调与现在的对比，而would单纯就表示过去的习惯行为Illiteracyisstillaproblem,butitusedtobeworse.Sometimesshewouldbringmesomesmallpresentswhenshewasinagoodmood.2)usedto的否定形式是usedn’ttodo/didn’tusetodoThereusedtobeatalltreehere,usedn’there/didn’tthere?XI.hadbetter表示"最好"hadbetter相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。　　hadbetterdosth/hadbetternotdosth　　wouldrather表示"宁愿"wouldratherdo/wouldrathernotdo　wouldratherdothando宁愿……而不愿。　还有wouldsooner,hadrather,hadsooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。　IfIhaveachoice,Ihadsoonernotcontinuemystudiesatthisschool.Iwouldratherstayherethangohome.=Iwouldstayhereratherthangohome.典型例题----Shallwegoskatingorstayathome? ----Which___do?　　　　　A.doyourather　　B.wouldyourather　C.willyourather　D.shouldyourather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，wouldrather+dosth意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would提前，所以选B。XII.一些特殊含义和用法1．may1)may放在句首，表示祝愿。Maytheworldbefulloflove.MayGodblessyou!2)may可用于让步状语从句中.Whateverfaultshemayhave,selfishnessisnotoneofthem.Howevermuchhemayadmireher,hewillneveraskhertobehiswife.3)may/mightaswell，后面接不带to的不定式，意为"不妨"。Ifthatisthecase,wemayaswelltry.(cf:mightdowelltodosth.,hadbetterdo)2.can的惯用语1）canbutdo…只好Wecanbutdoourbest.我们只好尽全力了2）cannot(choose/help)butdo不得不(can’thelpdoing)Ican’thelpbutadmireyourcourage.Ican’tchoosebutrealizethatIamwrong.3）can’thelpdoing不禁Ican’thelplikingherthoughshecanbeannoyingsometimes.4）can’t…too无论…也不过分,越…越好Wecan’tbetoocarefulwhiledriving.5)as…ascanbe。。。得不能再，极为Sheisashappyascanbe.她再快乐不过了6)as…asonecan----as…aspossible典型例题1）---CouldIborrowyourdictionary?　　---Yes,ofcourse,you____.　　A.might　B.will　C.can　D.should　答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中ofcourse，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和may来表达，不能用could或might。2）---ShallItellJohnaboutit?　　---No,you___.I"vetoldhimalready.　　　A.needn"t　　B.wouldn"t　　C.mustn"t　　D.shouldn"t　答案A。needn"t不必，不用。wouldn"t将不,不会的。mustn"t禁止、不能。shouldn"t　不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn"t。3）---Don"tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow.　　---______.　　A.Idon"t　B.　Iwon"t　C.Ican"t　D.Ihaven"t　　答案B.　will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。 　Tomoughtnotto___meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.　　A.havetold　B.tell　C.betelling　D.havingtold　答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词oughtto后，所以用have。请试做下面几题,呵呵.4)Bequick!They______forusattheschoolgatenow.a.musthavewaitedb.mustwaitc.mustbewaitingd.oughttohavewait5)It’sgettingdark,sowe_____.a.shouldstayoutsideb.hadbetternottoleavec.mightaswellleaved.oughttobeleft6)He_____thechampionship,buthegotinjuredfiveminutesafterthegamestarted.a.mightwinb.mighthavewonc.canwind.canhavewon7)We_____lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.a.musthavestudiedb.mightstudyc.shouldhavestudiedd.wouldstudy8)Thefirespreadquicklybuteverybody____escapeintime.a.wasabletob.wouldc.couldd.might9)Didyoucriticizehimforhismistakes?Yes,but_____it.a.I’dnotratherdob.I’drathernothavedonec.Ioughtnottodod.I’drathernotdo10)I’vetriedmanytimes,butthecarjust_____.a.won’tstartb.wouldn’tstartc.doesn’tstartd.didn’tstart初中英语语法专项习题1()1John___cometoseeustonight,butheisn"tverysureyet.A.mayB.canC.hastoD.must()2They___dowellintheexam.A.canbeabletoB.beabletoC.canabletoD.areableto()3-MayItakethisbookout?-No,you___.A.can"tB.maynotC.needn"tD.aren"t()4You___goandseeadoctoratoncebecauseyou"regotafever.A.canB.mustC.dareD.would()5-CanyouspeakJapanese?-No,I____.A.mustn"tB.can"tC.needn"tD.maynot2()1-He___beintheclassroom,Ithink.-No,he___beintheclassroom.Isawhimgohomeaminuteago.A.can;maynotB.must;maynotC.may;can"tD.may;mustn"t()2-ShallIgetonemorecakeforyou,Dad?-Thanks,butyou___,I"vehadenough.A.maynotB.mustnotC.can"tD.needn"t()3Eventhetopstudentsinourclasscan"tworkoutthisproblem,soitbeverydifficult.A.mayB.mustC.canD.need()4Heisn"tatschool.Ithinkhe___beill.A.canB.shallC.mustD.hasto()5___Itakethisone?A.MayB.WillC.AreD.Do3()1Thechildren___playfootballontheroad.A.can"tB.canC.mustn"tD.must()2You___belateforschoolagainnexttime.A.mustn"tB.needn"tC.don"thavetoD.don"tneedto()3-MustIdomyhomeworkatonce?-No,you___.A.needn"tB.mustn"tC.can"tD.maynot4()1Hisarmisallright.He___goandseethedoctor.A.hasnottoB.don"thavetoC.haven"ttoD.doesn"thaveto()2Hehadtogiveuptheplan,___he? A.didB.didn"tC.doesD.doesn"t()3Theyhadtowalkhere,___they?A.mustn"tB.didC.didn"tD.hadn"t5()1Hehadbetterstayhere,___he?A.didn"tB.don"tC.hadn"tD.isn"t()2You"dbetter___latenexttime.A.nottobeB.notbeC.won"tbeD.don"tbe()3You"dbetter___yourhair___onceamonth.A.had;cutB.had;cuttedC.have;cutD.have;cutted()4You___askthatmanoverthere.Maybeheknowstheway.A.hadbetternottoB.hadnotbetterC.hadbetterD.hadbetternot6()1-ShallwegoandvisittheHistoryMuseumnextSunday?A.HereyouareB.Sorry,Ican"tC.Yes,pleaseD.Letmetry()2-Whydon"tyouaskMiketogowithus?-Thanks,___.A.IwillB.Iwon"tC.leanD.Imay()3-___Itakethenewspaperaway?-No,youmustn"t.You____readitonlyhere.A.Must;canB.May;canC.Need;mustD.Must;must7()1Excuseme.___youpleasepassmethatcup?A.DoB.ShouldC.WouldD.Must()2___youliketohaveanothertry?A.CouldB.WillC.WouldD.Do()3-Wouldyouliketogoboatingwithus?-Yes,___.A.I"dlikeB.IwantC.I"dliketoD.Ido8()1You___worryaboutyourson.Hewillgetwellsoon.A.needn"tB.can"tC.mustn"tD.haveto()2Thepoormanneedsourhelp,___he?A.needB.needn"tC.doesD.doesn"t()3-Mustwedoourhomeworkfirst?-No,you___.Youmayhavearestfirst.A.mustn"tB.needn"tC.maynotD.can"t