初中英语语法之宾语从句 7页

宾语从句宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，相当于名词或名词性短语，在句子中充当宾语。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、动名词、分词之后均可以带宾语从句。描写情感的形容词（如glad、certain、sure、happy、pleased、sorry、afraid等）的后面亦可以带宾语从句。宾语从句同其他从句一样，也应该使用陈述句语序。一、宾语从句的变法1.陈述句变宾语从句陈述句变宾语从句时，语序不变，用that连接（that一般可以省略），此时that无词义，不充当句子成分。e.g.(1)陈述句：Heisanhonestman.宾语从句：Mymotheralwayssays(that)heisanhonestman.(2)陈述句：Theywillwin.宾语从句：Webelieve(that)theywillwin.2.一般疑问句变宾语从句一般疑问句变宾语从句时，语序变为陈述句语序，用if/whether连接（if、whether一般可以互换），其意思是“是否”，也不充当句子成分，句末的标点符号由主句决定。e.g.(1)一般疑问句：Willtheywin?宾语从句：I’mnotsureif/whethertheywillwin.(2)一般疑问句：Doeshestudyhard?宾语从句：Iwonderif/whetherhestudieshard.3.特殊疑问句变宾语从句特殊疑问句变宾语从句时，语序变为陈述句语序，用原来的疑问词连接，其意思不变，并且要充当句子成分，句末的标点符号由主句决定。e.g.(1)特殊疑问句：Whoisshe?宾语从句：Couldyoutellmewhosheis?(2)特殊疑问句：Whatdoeshewant?宾语从句：Idon’tknowwhathewants.如果特殊疑问句的疑问词在句中作主语，变宾语从句时语序不变，原来的疑问词既作宾语从句的引导词，又作宾语从句的主语。e.g.①What’sthematterwithher?Canyoutellme?→Canyoutellmewhat’sthematterwithher?②Wholivedheretenyearsago?Hedoesn’tknow.→Hedoesn’tknowwholivedheretenyearsago.二、注意事项1.时态问题。宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。(1)如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。e.g.①Idon’tknowsheliveshere.②Iamsurehelivedheretenyearsago.③Hebelievesthathehaslearnedenough.④Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.(2)如果主句的时态是过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），从句的时态应该根据情况使用-7- 某一种过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时）。e.g.①Iknewwholivedhere.②Myfathersaidthathewouldbuyanewcomputernextweek.③Hesaidthathehadseenher.④Shewassorrythatshehadn’tfinishedherhomeworkontime.(3)当宾语从句表示的是一个普遍真理或客观事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也要使用一般现在时。e.g.①Myfathertoldmethesunrisesintheeast.②Hesaidthathisclassroomismuchbiggerthanhers.(4)主句中的would,could不表示过去时态，而是表示一种客气、有礼貌的语气时，宾语从句不用过去时态。e.g.①We’dliketotellyouthatyouhavepassedtheexam.②Couldyouletmeknowwhenhewillbeback?2.引导宾语从句的that一般可以省略，特别是在非正式的文本中更是如此。但在某些动词（如answer、imply等）之后，一般需要用that；that也常出现在像assure、inform等引述动词之后。在较长的句子里，特别是当that引导的从句与动词隔开时，that一般不可以省略。另外，当宾语从句出现并列现象时，第一个宾语从句可以省略that，而第二个宾语从句中的that却不可以省略。e.g.ThedealertoldmehowmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.（那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到钱。）▲that引导的宾语从句不能放在介词之后。e.g.Heboastedabouthissuccess.=Heboastedthathewassuccessful.（他夸耀他的成功。=他夸耀他成功了。）▲但在以疑问词开头的名词性从句之前，介词不可以省略。e.g.Heboastedabouthowsuccessfulhewas.（他夸耀他是多么成功。）3.if和whether作“是否”理解时的意义完全相同，一般可以互换。但在下列情况下，只能用whether，不能用if。(1)在正式文体中，句中有ornot时e.g.①Iwonderwhetheritisbigenoughornot.②Weshouldbeontimewhetherit’safinedayornot.(2)引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时e.g.①Whetheritistrue(ornot)remainsaquestion.(主语从句)②Whethertheycanstaywiththeirmotherisanothermatter.(主语从句)③Theproblemiswhetherhehassignedthecontract.(表语从句)(3)作介词的宾语e.g.I’mconcernedaboutwhetherhehassignedthecontract(ornot).(4)放在不定式前，与不定式组成词组e.g.Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.(5)作discuss等动词的宾语-7- e.g.Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosetheshop.4.正确区分if和when引导的从句是宾语从句还是状语从句If和when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，其中谓语动词的时态一般应和主句谓语动词的时态相呼应；他们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……的时候”，若主句中谓语动词的时态是一般将来时，则从句中谓语动词的时态应为一般现在时。e.g.①Wearenotsureifitwillraintomorrow.Ifitrains,oursportsmeetingwillbeputoff.②Whenhewakeup,hedidnotknowwhenthetrainleft.5.在think、believe、suppose、imagine、guess等表示思想和情感变化的动词后的宾语从句有否定转移的情况。e.g.①Idon’tthinkchickenscanswim.(我认为小鸡不会游泳。)②Idon’tbelieveshewillarrivebefore7:00.(我相信她不会在7点前到达。)③Idon’tsupposeyoucanhelpus.(我认为你不会帮助我们。)6.含宾语从句的反意疑问句(1）陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，附加疑问部分的主语和谓语的人称和数通常与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。e.g.①Hesaidthathewasagoodstudent,didn’the?②SheneveraskedmeifyoucouldspeakEnglish,didshe?(2)陈述部分的主句是Ithink,Ibelieve等时，附加疑问部分的主、谓语的人称和数往往与宾语从句的主、谓语保持对应关系。e.g.①IthinkthatshemustbeournewEnglishteacher,isn’tshe?②Idon’tthinkchickenscanswim,canthey?7.宾语从句的简化（1）hope,agree,decide等动词后的(that)宾语从句中的主语若与主句的主语相同，从句可以简化为动词不定式结构。e.g.HehopedthathecouldpasstheEnglishexam.→HehopedtopasstheEnglishexam.（2）see,watch,hear,find等感官动词后的that宾语从句常简化为“宾语+宾语补足语”结构。其中的宾语为that从句中的主语，宾语补足语为省to不定式或V-ing形式。e.g.Jackheardthatthegirlsangasongjustnow.→Jackheardthegirlsingasongjustnow.（3）由疑问词引导的宾语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。e.g.Idon’tknowhowIshoulddoit.→Idon’tknowhowtodoit.8.宾语从句与形式宾语it当宾语从句后跟宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末。e.g.Ithinkitbestthatyoushouldstayhere.我认为您最好待在这儿。-7- 强化练习一、单项选择1.Theteachersaid__B____youwereveryclever.A.ifB.thatC.whyD.what2.---Whatdoyouthinkyoucandotomakemoney?---Ithink___D__Icansellnewspapers.A.thisB.whichC.itD.that3.Ourteacheraskedme__A___Iknowthenamesofthemascots.A.ifB.thatC.what4.---Ithinkit’sgoingtobeaproblem.---Yes,itcouldbe.---Iwonder____C__wecandoaboutit.A.whatB.howC.ifD.that5.Ididn’tknow___A____theycouldpasstheexamornot.A.whetherB.whyC.ifD.when6.Couldyoutellme__C____itispolitetolaughallthetimeatthetable?A.thatB.howC.whetherD.where7.Idon’tknow___A__Iamfreethisafternoon.A.ifB.thatC.whatD.when8.Canyoutellme___C____livesonthefloor.A.whomB.whoseC.whoD.which9.---Doyouknow__B___thesoldierscametoYingxiuTown?---Theroadswerebadlybroken.Theyhadtowalkthere.A.whyB.whenC.howD.where10.Heisanunpleasedman.Idon’tunderstand__C___shemarriedhim.-7- A.whetherB.ifC.whyD.how11.Whileflying,abatmakesasoundwhichhitsthingsandcomesbacktoitsears.Inthiswayit’sabletoknow__A____thethingsareandavoidbumpingintothem.A.howB.whereC.whatD.which12.---Couldyoutellme__B____Jimwillcomeback?---Bybus.A.whenB.howC.whereD.why13.---TheOlympicGamesarecomingsoon.Doyouknow__C____theyareheld?---Everyfouryears.A.howsoonB.howlongC.howoften14.---Doyouknow____B__itisfromheretothegym?---Abouttwentyminutes’walk.A.howlongB.howfarC.howsoonD.howoften15.---MayIcomein?I’msorryIamlate.---Comein,please.Butcouldyoupleasetellme___A___?A.whyyouarelateagainB.whatwereyoudoingthenC.whoyoutalkedwithD.howdoyoucometoschool16.---Couldyoutellme_____C____?---Heisanactor.A.whoheisB.whatisheC.whathedoes17.---Doyouknow____B__lastnight?---Sorry,Idon’tknow.ButIthinkheshouldgotobedearlybecausehewillhaveanEnglishexamthisafternoon.A.whenhegoestobedB.whenhewenttobedD.whendidhegotobed18.Theshopassistantsaidheknew__D___?A.wheredoesthemanagerliveB.wherethemanagerlivesC.wheredidthemanagerliveD.wherethemanagerlived19.Doyouknow____A_____?A.whomsheislookingafterB.whoisshelookingC.whoisshelookingafterD.whomsheislooking20.Theplanehasn’tarrivedyet.Couldyoutellme___A____?A.whytheplaneislateB.howistheplanelateC.whenwilltheplanearriveD.thattheplanearrives21.---Doyouknow____B____?---Sorry,Idon’tknow.A.wheredoesJimmyworkB.whereJimmyworksC.howdoesJimmygotoworkD.whatdoesJimmydo22.---Canyoutellme___C___?---Yesterday.A.whendidhebuythecarB.wheredidhebuythecarC.whenheboughtthecarD.whereheboughtthecar23.Iwonder____B___.A.howmuchcosttheseshoesB.howmuchtheseshoescostC.howmuchdotheseshoescostD.howmucharetheseshoescost24.Theteachertoldusthatthemoon__B____aroundtheearth.A.movedB.movesC.wasmovingD.hadmoved25.Shewonderedifthey___D___inShanghaiintwodays.-7- A.arriveB.arrivedC.willarriveD.wouldarrive26.Theshopkeepersaidthey___A___theshoes______.A.havesoldout,inmysizeB.soldout,ofmysizeC.hadsoldout,formysizeD.hadsoldout,inmysize27.---WhydidMissWanglooksoworriedwhenwesawher?---Becauseshewondered___D_____.A.wheredidtheotherstudentsgoB.whenwouldthepolicemancomeC.whatherstudentshavedoneduringthetripD.ifherstudentshadsurvivedtheearthquake28.---Couldyoutellme____A___?---Becauseshelikesherstudentsverymuch.A.whysomanystudentsliketheteacherB.whydosomanystudentsliketheteacherC.whydidsomanystudentsliketheteacherD.whysomanystudentslikedtheteacher29.---Whatdidyousayjustnow?---Iasked_____D__.A.thatIcouldopenthedoorB.couldIopenthedoorC.howcouldIopenthedoorD.howIcouldopenthedoor30.Idon’tknowwhenJim__D__.Iwillmeethimattheairportwhenhe_____.A.willreturn,returnB.returns,willreturnC.returned,returnedD.willreturn,returns31.---Mum,__A___shallwehavelunch?---Wewillhaveitwhenyourdad_______.A.when,returnsB.where,returnsC.where,willreturnD.when,willreturn32.Idonotknowifmyuncle___D___.Ifhe______,Iwillbeveryhappy.A.comes,willcomeB.willcome,willcomeC.comes,comesD.willcome,comes33.Iamwaitingformyfriend.___C___,Iwillgoshoppingalone.A.IfshecomesB.IfshewillcomeC.Ifshedoesn’tcomeD.Ifshedidn’tcome34.Doyouknowifhe___A___backintwohours?A.willbeB.comesC.hasbeen35.Hecouldhardlybelievewhatshesaid,___D____?A.didn’theB.didheC.couldn’theD.couldhe二、按要求答题1.Theflowershowwillstartat9:30tomorrow.Shesaid.(合并成一句)Shesaid_____theflowershow_____startat9:30tomorrow.2.Iknowhim.HeisanOlympicwrestlingchampion.(合并成一句)Iknow__________isanOlympicwrestlingchampion.3.Doestheearthgoaroundthesun?Mysonaskedtheteacher.(合并为含宾语从句的复合句)Mysonaskedtheteacher_____theearth_____aroundthesun.4.Iwanttoknow.Isitpolitetotalkloudlyduringameal?(合并成一句)Iwanttoknow__________________politetotalkloudlyduringameal.5.Whydidn’thelookhappy?Couldyoutellme?(合并为含宾语从句的复合句)Couldyoutellmewhy____________unhappy?6.Iaskedhim.What’sthemostpopularfoodinhisrestaurant?(合并为含宾语从句的复合句)Iaskedhim_____themostpopularfood_____inhisrestaurant.7.Ithinktheywillneedtocooksomesoup.(改为否定句)-7- I_____________theywillneedtocooksomesoup.8.Ithinkwecansellnewspaperstoraisemoney.(对划线部分提问)______________youthinkyoucan_______toraisemoney?9.Idon’tknowhowIcanmakegreentea.(改为简单句)Idon’tknow____________makegreentea.10.Ithinkthewhetherwillbefinetomorrow.(对划线部分提问)__________youthinkthewhether_______________tomorrow?__________youthinkthewhether__________tomorrow?11.Idon’tthinkyoucanfinishitontime，__________?(改为反意疑问句)-7-