高考英语语法精要讲解 55页

高考英语语法精要讲解一、名词二、2、名词的数和单位词：1）复型名词+复数动词Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair.备用词：shoes,stockings,glasses,socksNOTICE:Apairofglassescostsquitealot.2）复型名词+单数动词A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying.备用词：mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStatesB.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.备用词：fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks3)集合名词+复数名词Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录）.备用词：theenemy,(the)peopleNOTICE:表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用，但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme.Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostis3、计算＋　Sixandfiveis(are)eleven.Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty.－　Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three.Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred.X16x11=176Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six.÷9÷3=3Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.4、dozen,scoreA.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggsB.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题．分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定．如果是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式；如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式．Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses.70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment.55 高考英语语法精要讲解6、“一个半．．．”的表达法．　　onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears２、不定冠词1)成对的名词（此类名词间常有一种自然的联系）aknifeandfork2)amost+n.“非常“Thisisamostbeautifulcountry.3)a(an)与one之区别A.数字对比用oneItwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo.B.对比　Aknifeisnogood.　(刀子不行）　　　　　　Oneknifeisnogood.　(一把刀子不行）　　C.通用　a(one)million,a(one)quarter4)a(an)与every之比较:threetimesayear;twiceeverythreeyears5)惯用法　A.Whatasurprise!Whatalovelydress!quiteanicedayratheragoodideasuchafunnyexpressionB.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress!sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas3、定冠词1）普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace2）江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean)3）the+adj.(-ing;-ed)A.指一类人，谓语用复数Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof.B.指一类事，谓语用单数Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.4）用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象（rain）、身体部位前Hehatesthetelephone.5）被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere,dressedinblue)isastudent.4、零冠词1）街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等NationalDayNanjingRoad2）职位充当补语、同位语时Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool.3）成对出现的成语arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface,sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold,fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend5、冠词比较55 高考英语语法精要讲解1)gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途）gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身）2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准）In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准）3)byair(plane,boat…)inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus)4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指)Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指)5)beattablebeatthetable6)acupofcoffeeTwocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee.Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s.7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou.8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.Horsesareusefulanimals.9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear一、人称代词1、多个人称代词的排列顺序：①youandI②heandI③youandhe④you,heandI⑤you,theyandwe(情况多)二、指示代词★that,one,it的区别①one代替可数名词，表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名词，表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的同一事物。●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere.●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend.●I’velostmypen.Haveyouseenit?(Haveyoulendmeone?)②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/onesI’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone.③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass.●Theskirt(that)shemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthantheone(that)sheboughtlastyear.④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.(不可用freshone)⑤those,ones●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear.●---I’dlikeapoundofapples.---Whichones?55 高考英语语法精要讲解---Thered(ones).●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?---Didn’twejusthave?(NMET2000)A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(C)2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy.Heisanoldfriendofmine.3、下列结构用the代替物主代词HepulledJackbythehair(arm).Hewaswoundedintheleg.Hewasblindintherighteye.四、反身代词1、加强语气（可前可后）Theheadmasterspoketomehimself.→Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome.●Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetterthantheyknewit.A.themselvesB.oneselfC.itselfD.himself(NMET1996)(A)2、own：反身代词无所有格形式，用own表达：I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.五、不定代词1、everyeach①every指时间:everyotherday,everythreedays=everythirdday②each放在复数主谓语之间:Weeachhaveabook.③each放在句尾:Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach.2、some-any-every-no-①作单数看:Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor?②不与of连用:不说　someoneof;nooneof.etc可说someoneof;noneof,etc.③＋adj./todo(vt.):Isthereanythingformetositon?④＋else:Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s.3、someany①表示请求、建议的问句用some55 高考英语语法精要讲解Wouldyoulikesome(more)coffee?②some+n.(singl.)Youwillrealizeitsomeday.③any在肯定句中表示任何一个（无论哪个）Anychildcananswerthat.Givemeaplate.Anyone(plate)willdo.　④any(some)of＋　限定词　＋　n.someoftheoil,anyofmywater4、bothall①常用于助动词或情感动词后，但在简答中放在前面●Thegirlsarebothready.●---Areyouready?---Yes,weboth(all)are.②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面Hegavesometousall(both).　③all单独用，指人时谓语用用复数；指物时谓语用单数●Allislost.●Allarehere.5、eitherneither①either…or;neither…nor作主语，谓语的使用是邻近原则NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon.　②作定语，修饰单数名词Neither(Either)bookissatisfactory.6、another(the)other(the)others①another　　另外的，另一个的Pleaseshowmeanother(one).Doyouneedanothercup?②another＋　基数词(few)＋　n.Ineedanotherthreedays.(threemoredays)③(the)other(＋n.)(the)othertheothersix(persons)/theothers/theotherday7、(a)few(a)little①few的搭配　●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning(很多).　●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.(不少)●---Howmanydoyouwant?---Justafew,please.(不多)quiteafew(相当多）onlyafew(只有几个，几乎没有）②little的搭配　●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft.●---Howmuchdoyouwant?55 高考英语语法精要讲解---Justalittle,please.8、muchmany①(much/far)toomuchfartoomanyYoursongotmuch(far)toomuchpocketmoney.Therearefartoomanyaccidentsatthiscrossing.②much修饰　●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级　●比较级＋不可数名词There’smuch/farlesswaterintheriverthanusual.　many修饰“比较级+可数名词复数”Therearemany/farmorepeoplethanIexpected.9、全部否定与部分否定①全部否定用词neithernothingnoonenobodynone②not与all,both,every,every-连用时表示部分否定Notallhisworkissuccessful.形容词、副词、介词一、形容词1、多个形容词得排列顺序：限定词（冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词）+基数词+描述性形容词+大小新旧+颜色+产地+物质（材料、用途）+名词abeautifulnewreddressalittlebrownbox2、系动词+adj.(除be外的其它连系动词）Thecakelooksgoodbutittastesawful.3、subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)Themaniseasytogetalongwith.Thebedistoosmallforhimtolieon.4、Itis(was)+adj.+of(for)sb.todosth.下列形容词后用of:good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,silly,stupid,cruel,etc.其它形容词后用for5、themoreofthetwoHeisthestrongerofthetwobrothers.55 高考英语语法精要讲解6、倍数threetimesasbigasThisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone.threetimesthesizeof7、比较级和最高级的被修饰①比较级可以被下列词修饰：much,far,any,even,still,rather,alittle,alot,abit,no,byfarIt’snouseaskingme.Idon’tknowanymorethanyou.②最高级可以被下列词修饰：much,thevery,byfarThiscakeoughttobegood,becauseIusedtheverybestbutter二、副词1、程度副词(quite,rather,fairly)★quite:不修饰比较级，但:Heisquitebetter.●表示程度，和可显示程度的词连用，如：old,interesting,polite,tired,etc.　　●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地)，和下列词连用，　　　如：perfect,impossible,different,etc.　此时，可修饰adj.,adv.,v.,等.　Thejobisquiteimpossible.That’snotquitewhatIwant.★rather:可与比较级及too连用　ratherolder,rathertoomanypeople●ratherthan　表示选择，“宁愿（前面）不愿（后面）”I’dprefertogoinAugustratherthaninJuly.Idecidedtowriteratherthan(to)telephone.　　●orrather　表示“更确切地说“　　　　I’llmeethim,orrather,I’llaskhimtomeetme.★fairly：　不可与比较级连用，与积极意义的词连用　●强弱程度的顺序：　very→rather→quite→fairly→notThisfilmisverygood.(rathergood胜过多数影片;quitegood值得一看;fairlygood勉强还可以看看)2、频度副词(often,usually,always,ever,never,seldom,hardly等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后Heisalwaysmakingajoke.●never,hardly,seldom等放在句首时，用倒装NeverhaveIseenanythingsowonderfulasthat.●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前---Heislateagain.---Yes,healwaysis.3、toomuchmuchtoo55 高考英语语法精要讲解●toomuch①＋不可数名词，意思“太多”　　Idrank(farmuch,alot,alittle,rather)toomuchbeerlastnight.　②作adv.Youworktoomuch.③作pro.Toomuchwashappeningallatonce.●muchtoo＋adj.“实在太…”Youaremuchtookindtome.基本句型英语的五种基本句型结构：★主语+不及物动词(SV)★主语+连系动词(SVC)★主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)★主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOD)★主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC)S+VHeworks.Heisstudying.①主语　＋　谓语(vi.)＋状语(从句)Thesunsetsinthewest.Hewentnowhere②主语　＋　谓语(vi.)＋名词短语Wehadcomealongway.Hewaited(for)twoyears.2.S+V+CHeisastudent/inyellow/there…①主语+be+表语　　表语由下列词充当：名词、形容词、副词、　　介词（短语）、动词不定式、分词（短语）、动名词、从句等②主语+其它连系动词+表语　　　这些连系动词包括：appear,continue,feel,go(变成),keep,lie(处于…状态),look,prove,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,become,come,fall,get,grow,turnBoblaysick.Hisdreamcomestrue.3.S+V+OAnideastruckme.①主语　＋　谓语(v.+prep)　＋　宾语Itdependsontheweather.备用词：actas,agreeon/with/to,arrivein(at),comeacross,baseon,breakinto,sufferfrom,leadto,preferto,thinkof,fireat,reachfor,quarrelabout,worryabout②主语　＋　谓语(v.+adv.)　＋　宾语Ithoughtovertheplan.Ithoughtitover.55 高考英语语法精要讲解备用词：bringout(up),thinkout,turnoff(on,out,down),giveinNOTICE:●v+adv.+prep.getalongwith,addupto,doawaywith,breakawaywith,keepupwith,goaheadwith,gothroughwith●v.+n.+prepmakeuseof,makefunof,catchsightof,takecareof,taketheplaceof,takealookat,takepridein③主语　＋　谓语　＋　宾语　＋　介词　＋　宾语Theteacherpunishedhimforbeinglate.Congratulatehimonhissuccess.Comparethiswiththat.4.S+V+O+D(间接宾语由代词和名词充当)①主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语Willyoulendmeyourpen,please?Sheboughthimmanytoys.②主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+代词或名词Willyoulendyourpentome,please?Sheboughtmanytoysforhim.　　　备用词：pay,give,hand,sell,pass,offer,explain,sing,leave5.S+V+O+C宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种：●主表关系；●主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当　主表：①Ifindthebookinteresting.(主谓宾＋形容词)②Isawhimthere.　　　(主谓宾＋副词)　③Ifoundthebookonthedesk.　(主谓宾＋介词)④Weelectedhimmonitor.(主谓宾＋名词)主谓：①Theysawthethiefrunningaway.(主谓宾+现在分词）②Wheredidyouseehimknockeddown?　(主谓宾＋过分词)③Whatmakesyouthinkso?　(主谓宾＋动词不定式)It句型1.It+be+adj.+(forsb)todosth→sth+be+adj.+todoItisnoteasytolearnEnglish.(Englishisnoteasytolearn.)备用词：difficult,necessary,important,quick,hard,etc.2.It+be+adj.+ofsbtodosth→sb.+be+adj.+todosthItwasfoolishofTomtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire.(Tomwasfoolishtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire.)备用词：wise,clever,bright,kind,nice,silly,stupid,cruel,etc.55 高考英语语法精要讲解3.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth→sbspendstimeindoingsthIttookhimtwodaystofindtheelephant.(Hespenttwodaysinfindingtheelephant.)4.Itisnousedoingsth.Itisnouseregrettingyourpastmistakes.备用词：nogood,useless,etc.5.Itcostssb.+money+todosthItcostthem36,000francstobuythenecklace.→Thenecklacecostthem36,000francs.Theyspent36,000franconthenecklace.Theyspent36,000francs(in)buyingthenecklace.Theypaid36,000francsforthenecklace.Theyboughtthenecklacefor36,000francs.6.It+be+adj.(n.)+that-clauseItisveryclearthathe’sroundandtalllikeatree.Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake.备用词：natural,surprising,true,wonderful,etc.7.It+be+adj.+that-clause(shoulddosth)Itisnecessarythathe(should)bepresentatthemeeting.备用词：strange,important,impossble8.It+be+p.p.+that-clauseitissaidthathehasbeenillforyears.(Heissaidtohavebeen…)备用词：reported,known,believed,decided,announced,etc.9.It+be+p.p.+that-clause(shoulddosth.)Itisdemandedthatthehomework(should)befinishedatonce.备用词：ordered,suggested,required,requested,etc.10.Itseems+that-clause→sb.+seems+todosth.Itseemsthattheyaretalking.(Theyseemtobetalking.)备用词：happen11.Itis+sometimesince-clause→sb.has+p.p.+fortimeItisthreeyearssincehecamehere.(Hehasbeenhereforyears.)12.Itis+被强调部分+that(who)Itisthroughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth.13.It+betime+forsth/todosth./that-clause55 高考英语语法精要讲解Itistimeforsupper.Itistimetohavesupper.Itistimethatweshouldhavesupper.Itistimethatwehadsupper.14.It+be+long(时间段）+before-clauseItwillnotbelongbeforeweturnourhopeintoreality.15.Itis(just)likesb.todosth.该句型为“某人（恰恰）是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满，若用否定式，则表示怀疑。It’slikehimtoleavetheworktoothers.他就是这样的一个人，把工作推给别人。Itisn’tlikehimtohavesaidanythinglikethat.他可不是说出那种话的人。16.Itisuptosb.todosth.该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。ThereBe结构4、therebe中的非谓语形式：Therearealotofstudentswaitingoutside.Therewereelevenpeoplekilledinthisaccident.There’ssomeoneatthedoortoseeyou.(Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.)5、含情态动词：Theremust(may,might)beraintomorrow.Thereoughttobenotrouble6、与其它动词连用：Thereseemstobeareasonforchangingtheirplan.Therearelikelytobemoredifficultiesthanexpected.Therehappenstobenobodyintheroom.Idon’twanttheretobeanytrouble.7、there+v.Theregoesthebell.Onthehill(there)standsahouse.8、Thereisnodenyingthefact+that从句（不可否认的......）例句：不可否认的，我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthequalitiesofourlivinghavegonefrom55 高考英语语法精要讲解badtoworse.主谓一致原则1、or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接并列主语时，谓语与邻近主语一致NotonlyshebutalsoIamgoingthere.2、aswellas,(together)with,,alongwith连接并列主语时，谓语与前面主语一致　　Dr.Smith(together)withhistwosonsisgoingParis.3、therebe中主语并列时，可随紧挨be的词一致或用复数　　Thereis(are)aboyandtwogirlsintheroom.NOTICE:Thereisapairoftrousershere.4、both,many,several,few作主语时，谓语用复数　　Fewareherethismorning.5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语，当整体看，谓语用单数　　　Twofeetisn’tlongenough.6、and连接并列主语的情况　①Myfatherandmotherareawayonbusiness.②TheworkerandwriterisfromParis.③TheworkerandthewriterarefromParis.④BreadandbutterisadailyfoodintheWest.⑤Every(Each,No)deskandevery(each,no)chairismadeofwood.⑥oneandahalf后面应接复数名词，但其谓语动词应用单数。7、the+adj.(-ing,-ed)表示一类人，谓语用复数；表示一类事物，　　谓语用单数　Therichgetricherandthepoorgetpoorerinmanycountries.8、Neither(of),Either(of),Each(of)作主语，谓语用单数Neitherofthemisadriver.9、any-,every-,some-no-作主语，谓语用单数　Iseverybodyhere?10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语，谓语用单数Toseeistobelieve.55 高考英语语法精要讲解WhatIhavedoneiswhatIshoulddo.11.allof,someof,anyof,mostof,noneof,plentyof,percentof,halfof等作主语，根据of后的词决定thehousesareonshow.　　Mostoftheworkhasbeendone.thestudentsaregirls.Ninetypercentofthemoneyishers.12.kindof+n.,由kind决定Thiskindofapplesisverygood.→Applesofthiskindareverygood.13.Such(倒装)Suchiswhathesaid.→Sucharehiswords.14.east,west,south,north的倒装Eastofthecityis(lies)alake.(are/lietwolakes)15.强调句中It’sIwhoamgoingtoJapan.16.定语从句中I,whoamastudent,willbeadoctor.17.agreatdealof(alargeamountof,alargequantityof,alotof)+不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。18.anumberof,(alargequantityof,alotof)+可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数。但thenumberof+主语，其谓语动词用单数。　19.代词none,neither作主语时，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。20.一些只有复数形式的词作主语时(clothes,trousers,shoes,...)，谓语动词应用复数形式；但前面有apairof修饰时，则用单数。21.关系词who,that,which引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但oneof+复数名词+that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the(only)oneof+复数名词+that从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。22.以what引起的主语从句therest,theremainder等引起的主语，谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。55 高考英语语法精要讲解时态时态的综合问题在说或写一句话时，通常要选择一个中心时态，这个中心时态影响其它时态，即时态要前后一致。以“现在”为中心：若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”，则常以“现在”为起点，从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况。Ourpostmanusuallydeliversourarrivalat7everymorning.It(be)nearlylunchtimeandthemailstill(notarrive).I(suppose)themail(come)soon.Perhapshe(be)ill.(is,hasn’tarrived,suppose,willcome,is以“过去”为中心：若着眼于“过去”，则常以“过去某时”为基点，从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况。Welivedinthestreet.They(build)housesallaroundusthen.We(be)therefor10yearsand(imagine)we(stay)therefortherestofourlives.(werebuilding,hadbeen,imagined,wouldstay)一般现在时1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents?---Twiceamonth.2、永恒的真理Summerfollowsspring.3、①在条件或时间状语从句中I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow.4、固定词组如Isee（明白）、Ihear（听说）、Ithink（认为、想）、Ifeel（感觉）以引出已经了解的情况Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon.现在进行时1、说话时正进行的动作或情况Someone’sknockingatthedoor.Canyouanswerit?2、发展中的或正在改变的情况55 高考英语语法精要讲解Theweatherisgettingbetterandbetter.3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情Idon’tliketobedisturbedifI’mworking.Youlooklovelywhenyou’resmiling.4、表示将来①可用下列词：go,come,arrive,leave,startHe’sarrivingtomorrowmorning.②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语Whatareyoudoingthisevening?5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况，一般现在时用来表示永久的情况，或经常发生的事情或习惯He’snotworkingveryhardatthemoment.（目前工作不努力）Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.（通常工作不努力）②讲故事、评论事情、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件发生的事情Harrisonshoots,buttheballhitsthepostandJacksonclear.（哈里森射门，但是球碰倒柱子上，接着杰克逊解了围）一般将来时1、用will,shall表示①决定：谈及正在作出的一项决定时，常用I’ll----Iwill，不能用begoingto,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定---Thephone’sringing.---I’llanswerit.---Cometoaparty.---OK.I’llbringmyfriend.②威胁和允诺：第一人称用will(‘ll)；第二人称用shallI’llhityouifyoudothatagain.HeshallhaveagiftforChristmas.③提议和请求：用ShallI…?/Shallwe…?表示提议；用Willyou…?表示请求ShallIcarryyourbag?Willyougivemeahand?④Iwill/Wewill表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事；不能用shallIwillstopsmoking---Ireallywill.2、用begoingto表示①已经决定要做的事情We’regoingtoFrancenextsummer.55 高考英语语法精要讲解②现在肯定讲会发生的事情Lookatthoseclouds---it’sgoingtorain.③强烈的决心I’mgoingtokeepaskingheroutuntilshesaysyes.3、用beabouttodosth表示最近的将来，“正要”，“马上就要”Iamabouttoleavewhenthereisaknockatthedoor.4、用betodosth表示预定要做的事情TheFrenchPresidentistovisitJapannextweek5、begoingto与will/shall的对比①都可以表示预言Doyouthinkthecarwillstart/isgoingtostart?②讲到条件时（即如果一事发生，另一事也就发生），用will/shall对将来进行预测，不用begoingto，即使条件没有说出来IfIgiveyoumoneyyou’llonlyspenditondrink.---Comeoutforadrink.---No,myTVprogram.A.I’mgoingtomissB.I’llmiss(B)6、一般现在时及现在进行时表示将来的情况（见前面）现在完成时1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作，常与下列词连用：for…,since…,recently,lately,sofar,allthisyear,uptillnow,etc.I’veplanted14treessofarthismorning.---Howareyoutoday?---Oh,IasillasIdonowforalongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.don’tfeelC.wasn’tfeelingD.haven’tfelt(D)(NMET2000)2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作，但与现在有某种联系，因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果，常和下列词连用：ever（问句或肯定句)，already(肯定句),never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),before---myglasses?---Yes,Isawthemonyourbedaminuteago.A.DoyouseeB.HadyouseenC.WouldyouseeD.Haveyouseen(NMET86)(D)eg.1)--Haveyoupassedyourtest?--Yes.--Whendidyoupassit?--(Ipassedit)Lastweek.55 高考英语语法精要讲解2)—Haveyoupassedyourtest?--Notyet.--Whenwillyoupassit?--Nextweek.对比：Haveyouseenthisfilm?（曾经经过）Didyouseethisfilm?（某特定时间）3、可表示反复性或习惯性，常与often,threetimes等词连用I’vewatchedhimonTVseveraltimes.4、终止性动词可用完成时，但不能和for,howlong等时间词连用，此时常用替换词ThisfilmhasbegunHowlonghasthisfilmbeenon?beginborrowcomediebeonkeepbeherebedeadjoinbuyleavebeinhavebeaway5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:just,in(within)thepast(last)+时间段；对比：Hehasjustfallendownstairs.Hefelldownstairsjustnow.6、特殊结构①Thisisthefirst(most/only)+n.+that-clauseThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.②It’s+时间段+since-clause(从句用过去时）It’stwoyearssincehedied.Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears.Hediedtwoyearsago.7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行.I’vewrittenanarticle.（已完成）I’vebeenwritinganarticle.（还在写）一般过去时1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情，或在过去重复发生的动作WhenIwasachildwealwayswenttotheseasideinAugust.2、usedto:表示过去的习惯，现在不存在Iusedtosmoke,butIdon’tanymore.55 高考英语语法精要讲解3、用在it’stime,wouldrather,wish后面的从句中It’stimeyouwenthome.IwishIhadabettermemory.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况I’msorryweleftParis.Itwassuchaniceplace.5、could,might,would,should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来Couldyouhelpmeforamoment?Ithinkitmightrainsoon.Wouldyoucomethisway,please?Aliceshouldbeheresoon.6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较①现在完成时所用的时间词:since,eversince,for…,recently,lately,sofar,yet,allthisyear,allmylife,ever,never,already,before,just,in/duringthelast/past+时间段,etc.②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday,lastweek,in1999,when,yearsago,then,justnow,etc.过去进行时1、过去某时正发生的事情Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.?2、在一个句子里，过去进行时常与一般过去时连用，此时，进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作，而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情ThephonerangwhileIwashavingmybath.Whenshearrived,IwastelephoningHarry.Whenshearrived,ItelephonedHarry.(到后做)ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravelingtowestwhenhesawit.3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作WhileIwasworkinginthegarden,mywifewascookingdinner.55 高考英语语法精要讲解过去将来时１、从过去的观点来看未来，常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中Lastweekhe(promise)that(come)today,buthe(notarrive)yet.(promised/wouldcome/hasn’tarrived)2、过去将来时的其它主要形式　was/weregoingtowas/wereabouttoWewerejustgoingto(aboutto)leavewhenTomfellandhurthisankle.过去完成时１、过去发生的两个动作，先发生的用过去完成时WiththeirhelpIrealizedthatIhadbeenwrong.2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况　　Hehasn’tfinishedyet.Hedidn’tfinishyesterdayevening.Hehadn’tfinishedbyyesterdayevening.3、常用过去完成时的情况　①Nosooner…than….Hardly…when…Nosoonerhadhebegunhisspeechthanhewasinterrupted②expect,hope,think,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时（或一般时）表示想做而未做的事Ihadplannedtosendhimatelegram,butIdidn’tmanageit.4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性　①句意十分清楚时，可用一般时AfterIfinished,Iwenthome.　②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作Igotoutofthetaxi,paidthefare（车费)andmanagedit.　③有时必须明确，特别是含when时　WhenIarrived,Annleft.　　　　(同时见到）（见到Ann)　WhenIarrived,Annhadleft.　　　　（先后发生）（没见到）5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语55 高考英语语法精要讲解　bytheendof+　过去时间；by+过去时间bythetime+过去时间；　过去时间+before比较：Bythetimehewas11,hehadlearned3000words.Bythetimeheis11,hewillhavelearned3000words.Bythetimelastweek,Ihadlearned3000words.Bythetimenextweek,Iwillhavelearned3000words语态１、含有被动意义的主动动词　sellwashwritereadThenewtype(of)TVreceiversellswell.Thisbookreadsinteresting.Thepenwritesquitesmoothly.This(kindof)clothwashesverywell.Thisclothiswashed.(洗好了）２、常用被动结构的动词　　bebornbemarriedbeobligedbehurtbecaughtintherainbecoveredwithIwascaughtintherainonthewayback.３、主动表示被动的情况　①知觉动词　＋adj.Thematerialfeelsverysoft.Themusicsoundstooloud.②非谓语动词　A.needwantrequirebeworthYourcoatwantsmending(tobemended).B.Subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)Thechairiscomfortabletositon★betoblame(该受责备）　C.TherebeTherearesixletterstowrite(tobewritten).③prove　-vi.　　（被）证明是Hewillprove(tobe)thewinner.55 高考英语语法精要讲解４、get+p.p.Shegotcaughtintherain.Fromthenon,herleggottreatedfourtimesaday.5、（人）+be+情感动词-edbesurprised(astonished,etc.)at(with….)Hiswordsastonishedeveryoneintheroom.→Everyonewasastonishedathiswords.bedelightedat(with);bepleasedat(by,with);betiredof(from);besatisfiedwith;beworriedabout;beinterestedin;befrightened(terrified)at６、自动和它动　很多动词既可以用vt.　又可以用vi,但要注意：Thedooropened(byitself).Thedoorwasopened.Thevillagesincewelastvisitedit.A.haschangedB.hasbeenchanged(A)Theplannedhasbeenchanged.7、被动语态+by(with)+行为主体　by后接人或物做某事　with后接手段、方式、工具　　HewaskilledbyafallingstoneHewaskilledwithaknife.８、注意下列被动形式①bebeingdone②havebeendone③begoingtobeThebridgeissaidtobebeingbuilt.Thebridgeissaidtohavebeenbuilt.EXERCISE2（改错，每句一错，可根据时态增减若干词）1.Remembertosendmeaphotoofyoursonthenexttimeyouwillwritetome.2.BythetimeheleavesBeijing,hehadreceived889letters.3.Shewasabitnervousasshehasneverspokeinpublic.4.--DidMr.BakergotoJapanlastyear?--No,he’dneverbeenthere.5.ThelasttimeIhaveseenJaneshewaspickingcottoninthefield.6.Ifyoudon’tcometotheoffice,I’llgotoyourhouseandwillfindoutwhyyouarenotatwork.7.Hello!Idon’tknowyouwereinLondon.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?8.--Whenwillhecomeagain?--Whenhewillcome,I’llletyouknow.9.Tomfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurtedhimself10.Itisn’tlongbeforesuchathinghappensagain.55 高考英语语法精要讲解11.HehasbeentotheWestLaketwicein1996.12.Whoiscomingtoschoolearliestinyourclasseverymorning?13.--Howdidyoulikethefilm?--Ineversawsuchawonderfulone.14.Thekeytomycarwasmissing.Ihavelookedforiteverywhere15.We’llcometoanydecisionuntilwewillhaveachancetodiscusstheproblemthoroughly.16.Don’tgetthatinkonyourshirt,foritdoesn’twashout.17.ThescientistshadbeentoAustraliaandhewillgiveusatalkwhenhecomesback.18.Whileyourest,Iwillreadyoutoday’snewspaper.19.Inthepastthreeyears,hehadvisitedthecountryfivetimes.20.Lookatthis!Iwasgoingthroughsomeoldphotosandfindthisbabypicture.21.Iwantedtohelpyoubutcouldn’tgetthereintime.22.WheneverIvisithim,heworksinthelab.23.Textbooksrequiredtocomeintime.24.BytheendofnextJulythistaskwillhavefinished.25.Comeandsitdownbythefire,Yourhandisfeltsocold.26.Theharderyouwillwork,thegreaterprogressyoumake.27.Thebookwasreceivedsoeagerlythatitsoldoutonthefirstday.28.Jacksonwaswantingtoworkinafactorythoughhehatedservingthere.29.--Didyouenjoylastnight’sconcert?--Yes,thoughthelastpieceplayedratherpoorly.30.TheAnti-JapaneseWarwasbrokenoutin1937anditlastedeightyears.31.Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinourcity,andsomeschoolshavebeensetup.1.youwritetome2.leftBeijing3.shehadnever4.he’sneverbeen5.IsawJane6.andfindout7.Ididn’tknow8.Whenhecomes9.hurthimself10.Itwon’tbelong11.Hewentto12.Whocomesto13.Ihaveneverseen14.ismissing15.wehavea16.foritwon’twash17.hasgoneto18.youareresting19.hehasvisited20.andfoundthis21.Ihadwantedto22.heisworking23.arerequired24.beenfinished25.feelsso26.youwork27.wassoldout28.waswantedto29.wasplayed30.Warbrokeout31.havetakenplace情态动词1、情态动词+havedonesth这个结构有着特殊意义：用来表示猜测（设想可能发生过什么事情）或想象（设想可能出现过什么不同的情况）①should(oughtto)havedonesth本来该做而未做55 高考英语语法精要讲解Thiswalloughtn’ttohavebeenpaintedblue.②needhavedonesth本来有必要做而未做Youneedn’thavetoldherthenews.③musthavedonesth对过去所做动作的肯定推测---WewenttoParis.---Thatmusthavebeennice.④canhavedonesth对过去所做动作的否定或疑问推测Idon’tthinkhecanhaveheardyou.Callagain.WherecanJohnhaveputthematches?⑤may(might)havedonesth过去可能发生某事，与could相比，may和might可能性较小，might可能性更小；might也可表示过去可能发生而未发生的事情。Polly’sverylate----shemay(might)havemissedheretrain.Youwerestupidtotryclimbingthere.Youmighthavekilledyouself⑥couldhavedonesth●推测过去”可能“发生某事（同can,但can不用肯定句）Shecouldhavegoneoffwithsomefriends.●表示过去没有实现的可能性：某事可能发生，但却没有发生Youwerestupidtogoskiingthere----youcouldhavebrokenyourleg.●表示有能力做而未做（虚拟语气）Youcouldhavehelpedme!(Youwereabletohelpme,butyoudidn’t.)2、cancouldbeableto表示”能力“●can通常表示现在的或”一般的能力“---即你无论什么时候想做就能做到的能力,指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。Youcancertainlycook,evenifyoucan’tdoanythingelse.●beableto表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。willbeableto表示将来的能力I’llbeabletospeakGermaninanotherfewmonths.●could表达”一般的能力“---即你过去想干什么就可以干什么Shecouldsinglikeanangelwhenshewasakid.但could不能表达过去某种具体的能力，此时用wasableto,managedto或succeededin等Howmanyeggswereyouabletoget?3、can,could,may和might表示”可能性“　　●可用来表示：①理论上的可能性（不涉及是否真发生）；②提出建议　　　（提出解决某个问题的可能办法或者采取的行动）；③在问句或否定　　　　句中表达现在的可能性）Anybodywhowantstocanbecomeaprisonvisitor.　　①---Whatshallwedo?---WecantryaskingLucyforhelp.　②Whocanthatbeatthedoor?CanitbePolly?　　　　③55 高考英语语法精要讲解　　●may　可用来表达：①将来的可能性；②说话时某事可能是真实的Wemaygoclimbingthissummer.　　　①Youmayberight.　　　　　　　　　　②　　●could/might　可用来表示：　①说话时某事可能是真实的；②将来　　　　某事有可能发生，但不表示特别可能发生。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.　　①　Itcouldrainlateronthisevening.　　　　　②４、can,could,may和might表示“允许”　　①请求允许：它们都可以表示请求允许做某事,could和might并　　　　不是表示过去　　　　Can(May,Could)Iborrowyourumbrella?　　②允许：当我们允许某人做某事时，我们用can和may来表达，而　　　　不能使用could和mightYoumay/canwatchTVforaslongasyoulike.(不用could,might;mustn’t有“拒绝”的意思）　　　---CouldIuseyourphone?---Yes,ofcourseyoucan/may.(No,youcan’t/maynot.)５、can和could表示提议和请求　　　它们常用来提议为某人做某事或请求别人做某事，could更客气，更　　含尊敬的成分，这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中　　①提议：　　　CanIcarryyourbag?Icould/candotheshoppingforyou,ifyou’retired.　　②请求和命令：Could/Canyouhelpmewiththisletter?Youcan/couldstartbycleaningthecar.６、情态动词will①预测未来（第一人称用shall)，或发布命令---There’ssomeonecomingupthestairs.---That’llbeMary.You’llstartworkatsixo’clock.　②自愿与意向　　●Iwill(不用Ishall)表示自愿做某事，或主动提出做某事，或表达　　　　坚定的意图---Cansomebodyhelpme?---Iwill.I’llbreakyourneck.●willyou常用来提出要求或下命令，或提出请求Willyoucomethisway,please?Willyouhavesomemorewine?●用won’t表示拒绝55 高考英语语法精要讲解　　　　No,Iwon’t!Shewon’topenthedoor.７、shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。8、常用情态动词的回答　①---Mustwehandinourplan?---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.)②---NeedIcome?---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.)③---MayIsmokehere?---Yes,please.(Certainly./Yes,youmay.)(No,youmustn’t./maynot./Pleasedon’t.)④---Could/CanIofferyousomecoffee?(提议)(---Will/Wouldyouhavesomecoffee?)---Yes,please./Yes,I’dlikesome,please.(不用Yes,youcan.)(No,thankyou.)(不用No,youcan’t.)⑤---Could/Can/Would/Willyou(please)openthedoor?(请求)　　　---Yes,ofcourse(Iwill).(No,I’mafraidIcan’t.)虚　拟　语　气１、If条件句时间　从　句主　　　　句与现在相反　过　去　式would/should/could/mightdo与过去相反haddonewould/should/couldhavedone与将来相反①过去式　②weretodo③shoulddowould/should/could/mightdoIfIwereyou,Iwouldleavenow.Ifyouhadaskedmeyesterday,Icouldhavetoldyou.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wecouldn’tclimb.55 高考英语语法精要讲解NOTICE:　错综时间条件句（根据所表示的时间调整）Ifyouhadfollowedme,youwouldn’tmissthetrainnow.２、主语从句中的虚拟　①Itis(was)important(necessary,strange)that-clauseIt’snecessarythatyou(should)bepresentatthemeeting.②Itis(was)ordered(suggested,required,requested)that-clauseItwasorderedthattheroom(should)becleaned.3、wish+that-clause①现在的愿望：Iwishthatyouweren’tsolazy.②过去的愿望：Iwishthatyouhadn’thurtJimsomuch.③将来的愿望：Iwishyouwouldn’ttalklikethat.　　　　---HaveyoueverstudiedFrench?---No,butIwishIhad.４、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟　　通常由几个要求接虚拟语气的名词引起：order,demand,suggestionHegaveordersthatthetest(should)befinishedbefore5:30.Hissuggestionisthatthehouse(should)bebuiltthere.５、宾语从句中的虚拟　　下列动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气：demand,insist,order,require,etc.Thejudgeorderedthatthethief(should)notbepunished.NOTICE:①suggest“暗示，表明“Herexpressionsuggestedthathewasangry.　　　　②insist“坚持认为是怎么回事”TheArabinsistedthathehadneverseenthecamel.HeinsistedthatJohn(should)doit.6、状语从句中的虚拟　①asif(though)●与现在相反，从句用过去时Hetalksasifhekneweverything.55 高考英语语法精要讲解　　●与过去相反，从句用过去完成时Helooks(looked)asifshehadwept.　　　●客观事实，从句用陈述句语气Itlooksasifyouaretired.　②sothat,evenif(though)Nothingcouldhavesavedhimevenifhehadbeentended.7、由介词短语引起的虚拟语气　①without:Withoutyourhelp,Ishouldn’tgetaresult.②butfor”若非“：Butforyou,wecouldn’thavecarriedouttheplan.8、句型　①It’stime+that-clause(指现在或将来）It’stimethatyouwenttoschool.(shouldgotoschool)　②wouldrather+that-clause（指现在或将来）I’dratheryouwenthomenow.Don’tcometomorrow,I’dratheryoucamenextweek.③whatif…“如果…怎么办?“Whatiftheyshouldcomehere?9、虚拟语气的倒装　WereIyou,Iwouldleavenow.Hadyouaskedmeyesterday,Icouldhavetoldyou.Shoulditraintomorrow,wecouldn’tclimb.EXERCISES:1.Welastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.A.wouldstudyA.musthavestudiedC.mightstudyD.shouldhavestudied2.---WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.---Theybereadyby12:00.A.canB.shouldC.mightD.need3.---Willyoustayforlunch?---Sorry,.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.A.Ican’tB.Imustn’tC.Ineedn’tD.Iwon’t4.---Writetomewhenyougethome.---.A..ImustB.IshouldC.IwillD.Ican5.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonegetout.55 高考英语语法精要讲解A.hadtoB.wouldC.wasabletoD.could6.Tomoughtnottomeyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.A.havetoldB.tellC.betellingD.havingtold7.Acomputerthinkforitself,itmustbetoldwhattodo.A.can’tB.couldn’tC.maynotD.mightnot8.Petercomewithustonight,butheisn’tverysureyet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will(DBACCAAB)句子结构一、特殊疑问句（常用疑问词）★WHAT●what…like?①人或事物的外观特征；②天气What’syourbrotherlike?(长相或人品)What’sttheweatherliketoday?Howdoyoulikethefilm?Whatdoyoulike?●whattime/date/year…--What’sthedatetoday?--(It’s)October15.--Whatdatewillhearrive?--(He’llarrive)onOctober15.●what…for?=why--What’sitfor?--(it’sfor)cuttinggrass.--Whatdidyoudothatfor?--BecauseIwantedtosavetime.(Tosavetime.)●whatkind(s)/sort(s)of…?Whatkindofpicture(s)doyoulikebest?●whatsize--Whatsizeshoesdoyoutake?--(Size)41.●whatheight/length/depth/age→howhigh/long/deep/oldWhat’stheheightofthatmountain?Whatheightisthatmountain?Howhighisthatmountain?★WHICH●whichday/month/year…?（比when更具体）--Don’tforgethisbirthday?55 高考英语语法精要讲解--Iwon’t.Which/Whatdayisit?●which/what/who比较which更具体，或用whichoneWhichbookareyougoingtobuy?(哪本书）Whatbookareyougoingtobuy?（哪种书）Whodoyoulikebest?Whichonedoyoulikebest,TomorJack?★WHY●Whynot(don’tyou)buyanewcoat?●--Letssetouttonight.--Yes,whynot.★HOW●Howisyourmother?Howisyourmothergettingalong?●Howistheweatherthere?What’stheweatherliketoday?●Howdoyoufindthefilm?Howdoyoulikethefilm?How/Whataboutthefilm?Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?●--Howoftendoyougotothezoo?--Onceeverytwomonths.●--Howsoonwillyoubereadytostart?--Intwodays.●Howfarisitfromheretotheairport?◇综合问题①简答中介词跟在疑问词之后--Iwanttoleavethisparcel.--Whofor?(leavesthforsb)②else跟在疑问词后（which和whose除外）Whereelsedidyougo?③用do作简略回答--Whowantsalift?(搭便车）--Ido.--Howmanystudentsunderstoodthis?--Theyalldid.④用ever,onearth或intheworld放在疑问词后强调Whereonearth/intheworld/everdidyoupickthatup?二、反意疑问句55 高考英语语法精要讲解1、陈述句主语是-one,-body时，疑问部分主语用theyNobodysaysaword,dothey?2、陈述句主语是-thing,this,that时，疑问部分主语用itEverythingseemsallright,doesn’tit?3、陈述句主语是从句、动词不定式、动名词时，疑问部分用itSwimmingisgreatfun,isn’tit?4、感叹句的反意疑问句（感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。）Whatfineweather,isn’tit?5、祈使句的反意疑问句Dothat,willyou?(won’tyou)6、Let’s…,Letus…Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou?7、I’mI’minterestedinEnglish,aren’tI?8、Iwish…IwishIwereyou,mayI?9、含hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldliketodoYou’dbettercomeearly,hadn’tyou?You’dratherworkthanplay,wouldn’tyou?10、陈述句部分含下列否定词时，疑问部分用肯定few,little,hardly,never,noone,noThereislittleinkinyourpen,isthere?11、加前后缀构成的否定，疑问部分仍然用否定It’sunfair,isn’tit?12、陈述部分有must①mustbe对现在情况进行推测Hemustbeverytired,isn’the?②musthavedone(对过去推测）有过去时间状语Hemusthavecomeyesterday,didn’the?③musthavedone(由过去延续到现在）Hemusthavelivedhereatleast10years,hasn’the?④must+v.一定要，必须Youmustrenewthebook,needn’tyou?13、当陈述部分是一个（带that引导宾语从句的）主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是，当陈述部分的主语是：Isuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve,Iimagine,Iexpect等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。14、当陈述部分是I’msurethat,；wearesure；I’mafraidthat；Wearesurethat；Ifeelsurethat等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。15、当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。55 高考英语语法精要讲解16、在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。如：Oh,heisawriter,ishe?You’llnotgo,won’tyou?反意疑问句快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语疑问部分I’maren"tIWishmay+主语no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词肯定含义oughtto（肯定的）shouldn"t/oughtn"t+主语haveto+v.(hadto+v.)don"t+主语(didn"t+主语)usedtodidn"t+主语或usedn"t+主语hadbetter+v.hadn"tyouwouldrather+v.wouldn"t+主语you"dliketo+v.wouldn"t+主语感叹句中be+主语Neither…nor,either…or连接的并列主语根据其实际逻辑意义而定指示代词或不定代词Everything/that/nothing/this主语用it并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone复数they,单数he情态动词dare或needneed(dare)+主语dare,need为实义动词do+主语省去主语的祈使句willyou？Let"s开头的祈使句Shallwe?Letus开头的祈使句Willyou?therebe相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）否定前缀不能视为否定词仍用否定形式must表"推测"根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句55 高考英语语法精要讲解三、否定句1.not…and;not…or;not…nor,neither…norIt’snottallandwide.(部分否定）It’snottallorwide.(全部否定）Notaflowernoragrasswillgrowinthisarea.（全部否定）2.no;not●no-adv.-adj.=nota,notanySorry,there’snotimetotalk.●not-adv.Askhim,nothiswife.Icanseeyoutomorrow,butnotonTuesdayorFriday.Hefailednotbecauseheisn’tcleverbutbecausehedidn’tworkhard.3.nomore(not…anymore);nolonger(notanylonger)Timelostwillreturnnomore.(动作的重复次数）Hedoesn’tworkhereanylonger.（动作的延续）4.no;none;noone:no是一个限定词，用在单数（可数或不可数）名词和复数名词前面，也就是说一个名词前面没有冠词、物主代词或者代词的时候，才可以用它；而在the,my,your,this,these,that等词前面，应该使用noneof,none,可指人或物，而noone指人Therewerenolettersforyouthismorning,I’mafraid.Noneofmyfriendslivenearhere.Istayedinalleveningwaiting,butnoonecame.☆Alittlemoneyisbetterthanatall.(none)Iwantedtwotickets,buttherewasleft.(none)Thereistellingwhenhewillbeback.(no)--Whoisintheroom?--.(Noone)5.否定转移：下列词后接从句，如果否定，否定词前移，但hope例外，think,believe,expect,supposeIdon’tthinkthathewillcome.Ihopethatitwon’train.6.避免否定误用HeaskedmeasecondquestionbeforeIanswerthefirstone.A.couldB.couldn’t7.Nothingis+比较级+thanto+V.　Nothingis+more+形容词+thanto+V.例句：没有比接受教育更重要的事了。Nothingismoreimportantthantoreceiveeducation.8.。。。cannotemphasizetheimportanceof。。。toomuch.（再怎么强调......的重要性也不为过。）　例句：我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。55 高考英语语法精要讲解Wecannotemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch.四、倒装句◇全部倒装1.由here,there引起，谓语通常用be,come,goLook!Herecomesyoursister.Theregoesthebell.2.由介词短语引起，谓语通常用be,stand,lie,live,live,sit,come,go,riseAlongthewallstandfourbigchairs.Atthetopofthehilllaythedyingsoldiers.3.由up,down,on,in,off,away,out,back引起，谓语通常用come,go,run,rush,flyOutrushedtheboy.Downcametherainandupwenttheumbrellas.4.以上情况主语如果是代词，主谓不倒装Here’syourwatch.(Hereitis.)Upitwent.5.由个别副词引起，谓语通常是be,lieNorthofthecitylies(is)arailway.◇部分倒装指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装，通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前1.由never,hardly,seldom,little,notuntil引起Seldomdidhemakeanymistakes.NotuntilyesterdaydidIreceivehisletter.2.notonly…butalso连接两个单句时，前面的倒装Notonlywassheworkinghard,butalsoshewasverypolite.3.neither…nor连接两个单句时，两个句子都倒装Neitherishestudying,norisheworking.4.nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…whenNosoonerhadwegotintotheroomthanthetelephonerang.5.由only+状语，so+adj.(adv.)引起Onlythen(Onlyattheageof18)didherealizetheimportanceoftheproblem.6.由as引起Childasheis,hecanworkouttheproblem.7.虚拟语气的倒装WereIyou,Iwouldworkharder.55 高考英语语法精要讲解Hadyoucomeyesterday,youwouldhaveknownthat.Shoulditraintomorrow,youwouldn’tleave.◇so(neither,nor)+be(do,have,情态动词，助动词）+主语YoushouldworkharderandsoshouldI.Shehasn’tbeentoBerlinandnorhaveI.--Iwenttothezooyesterday.--Soyoudid.--Sheisatailor.--Soisshe./Sosheis.五、祈使句1.do强调祈使句Dohaveanothercupofcoffee.2.And可连接两个祈使句Waitandsee.Comeandseethisgoldfish.Tryand(to)seehispointofview.3.祈使句+and(or)+简单句Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.(Ifyoudon’thurryup,you’llbelate.)Useyourhead,andyou’llfindagoodway.(Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindagoodway.)4.对祈使句的回答--Drivecarefully!--(Yes,)Iwill.--Don’ttakeanyrisk.--(No,)Iwon’t.六、感叹句1.adj.(Subj.+be)Howlovely!Howadv.(Subj.+v.)Howwellyousing!subj.+v.Howyouwork!adj.+a(an)+n.Howgoodamapitis!2.a(an)(+adj.)+n.Whatarudeman!(+adj.)+n.(可数名词复数）WhatWhatlovelyflowers!(+adj.)+n.(不可数名词）Whatfineweather!55 高考英语语法精要讲解七、省略与替代Ⅰ、动词不定式中的省略1．在下列动词see，watch，notice，observe，lookat，make，have，let，hear，listento，feel等后的不定式做宾补，要省略不定式符号。2．在．．．donothingbut/exceptdo．．．的结构中，在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。3．在wouldrather和hadbetter后不定式符号要省略。4．在几个不定式并列时，第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。5．在expect，forget，like，want，wish，try，have，need，used，ought，beable，begoing等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中，不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。Ⅱ、从句中的省略。1．在if，asif，while，when，where，although，unless，what，whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。Mistakes，ifany，shouldbecorrected．（=ifthereareanymistakes）Pleasecomeagain，ifpossible．（=ifitpossibleforyoutocome）Fillintheproperarticleswherenecessary．（=wheretheyarenecessary）Hewon’tcome，unlessinvited．(=unlessheisinvited)Heopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething．（=asifheweregoingtosaysomething）2．在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时，省略if。WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoit.Hadweknownyourtelephonenumber,Iwouldhavegivenyouaphonecall.3．Wehavefinishedourhomework,sohavethey.(=andtheyhavefinishedtheirhomework,too)Ifyoudon"tgototheconcert,neithershallI.(=Ishallnotgototheconcerteither)4．宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which，whom等在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that。Ⅲ、介词的省略preventsb(from)doingsth.stopsb(from)doingsth.havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.spendtime/money(in)doingsth.bebusy(in)doingsth.Ⅳ、替代：55 高考英语语法精要讲解省略与代替的作用是什么?1．so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句).与so连用的常用动词有：hope,believe,think,beafraid,expect,surprise,imagine等．2．用not代替so的情况.　3．用不定式符号代替不定式.4．用do在句子中代替其它动词.从句的基本构成形式一、（引导从句的）关联词+陈述句常见的关联词：1、引导多种从句的常见关联词：what,when,where,who,which,why,how,that,as,since,whether,which,whatever,whenever,if,etc.2、引导一种从句（常为状语从句）的常见关联词：until,till,after,before,than,solongas,asfaras,assoonas,themoment,everytime,eachtime,asif,nowthat,evenif(thought),bythetime,inorderthat,as…as,once,incase,immediately,howlong,etc.二、主语从句主语从句三要素：1、关联词不能省略2、谓语动词用单数3、从句用陈述语序常见引导词what,when,where，which,who,that，whether,how，whatever,whoeverWhetheritwilldousharmorgoodremainstobeseen.Idon’tthinkthatwhateverhappensisright.Iswhatyoutoldmereallytrue?NOTICE:Whatweneedmostarebooks.三、表语从句1、关联词不能省略2、从句用陈述语序常见引导词what,when,where,why,whether,how,that,because,which,WhatsurprisedmemostwasthathespokeEnglishsowell.55 高考英语语法精要讲解Thequestionishowwhatyou’vesaidcanbeputintopractice.Thereason(why)hedidn’tcomeisthathewasill.It(This,That)isbecauseironcontainsmorecarbonthansteel.四、同位语从句1、关联词不能省略2、从句用陈述语序从句的名词后接同位语fact,idea,word，promise,saying，problem,news常见引导词that,whether,where,how,etc.Thefactsthathesucceededintheexperimentpleasedus.Anideacametoherthatshemightdothatinanotherway.Scientistshavearguedovertheproblemwhetherthereislifeonotherplanets.五、宾语从句1.从句用陈述语序Parentsgenerallybuywhicheverbookstheirchildrenwant.Freemovieticketswillbegiventowhoevercomesfirst.IrealizedthatwhatIsaidwasnotexactlywhatImeanttosay.Ioncereadthat“Thebeautyoflifeisitschanges“andthat“Theartoflifeliesinaconstantreadjustment(适应）tooursurroundings.”Sleep-teachingwillonlyhammerinto(强硬灌输）yourheadwhatyouhavestudiedalreadywhileyouareawake.2.it可做形式宾语代替饱雨从句Weallthoughtitapitythathedidn’tcome.六、名词性从句的综合问题１、whetherifIf只能引导宾语从句，不能引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing２、which,what不能引导同位语从句３、whatever,whichever,whoever可以引导名词性从句，“一切，任何，无论”Whoevertelephones,tellthemI’mout.55 高考英语语法精要讲解Whateverproblemyouhave,youcanalwayscometomeforhelp.Whicheverdayyoucome,we’llbepleasedtoseyou.七、What-clause1、what=somethingthat/which（即含“内容”）2、可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句3、在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语Showmewhatyouhavewritten.Heisnotwhathewasafewyearsago.FIUhasopened(that)whatitsaysisthefirstcomputerartintheUS.Whatmattersmostisgoodhealth.WhatmoneyIhavehasbeengiventoyou.4.引导插入语Heishandsome,andwhatismore,veryrich,_____wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.A.ItB.ThisC.WhatD.As（08山东）C此题考查主语从句连词的选择。此题的关键在于看出shetoldme是插入语，从结构上不影响整个句子的表达。根据题意“她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家庭”可知，第二个was是整个句子的谓语动词。所选词须是连词用来引导主语从句。故可排除A,B。as不能引导主语从句，也可排除。what引导名词性从句在从句中做主语。八、状语从句状语从句引导从句的连词　备　　注时间after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,aslongas,assoonas,hardly(scarcely)…when,Nosooner…than,thetime(moment,instant,minute,day…)hardly,nosooner在句首，引导的从句要部分倒装．since引导的从句注意看启动词是否是　瞬间动词还是延续性动词．when引导的从句注意其特殊用法．一些名词也可以引导时间状语从句．where,wherever后者表示强调．55 高考英语语法精要讲解地点方式as,asif,asthough,as引导的方式状语从句多在句首．原因because,since,as,now(that)语气一个比一个弱．for可以引导原因状语从句，但它只能位于句末．结果so…that,　　such(a)…that,sothat,　　　thatso…that中的so在句首，主句要部分倒装．目的sothat,inorderthat,that,so,sothat使用最普遍．条件if,unless,incase,aslongas,注意分清if从句中是否该用虚拟语气．让步though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,inspiteofthefact,while,nomatterwh-,as引导的让步状语从句要倒装．　常见引导词:时间when,while,as,assoonas,whenever,after,before,until,till,once,since,bythetime,themoment地点where,wherever,anywhere原因because,as,since,nowthat条件if,as/solongas,unless,oncondition(that)方式as,intheway(that),asif让步though,although,as,evenif,nomatterwhen/how/where比较than,as…as目的，结果so…that,inorderthat1.when;while;as;whenever◇when从句∣●————（●点动作，瞬间动作）————∣————————————主句∣●————（——段动作，延续动作）I’llspeaktohimwhenhearrives.When(While,As)hestayedthere,hebegantostudyGerman.◇while55 高考英语语法精要讲解从句∣————————∣————————————主句∣●————While(When)wewereinParis,wesawhimtwice.Thedoorbellrangwhile(when)wewerewatchingTV.◇as从句∣————————∣——————————(多表示主从句动作同时进行)主句∣————Shesangasshedidherhomework.Ashisbrotherwasgoingout,itbegantorain.◇whenever(无论何时）Wheneveryou(may)call(看她),you’llfindhersittingbythewindow.★when表示并列(justatthattime)，用在句子中部Iamgoingout(Iamabouttogoout)whenthephonerings.★两个短动作同时发生用as，或justas，有时也用when，长动作同时发生用whileIthoughtofitjustasyouopenedyourmouth.Hestoodquietlywhiletheguardssearchedhisclothes.★while可表示对比转折Sheisinredwhilehersisterisinyellow.★while还可表示“趁......时”Weshouldgoandlookatthemonkeyswhiletheyarestillthere.★while表示“尽管，虽然”（多放在句首）Whiletheyaremyneighbours,Idon’tknowthewell.★while表示“只要”Whilethereislifetherishope.★as表示两种发展或变化的情况，“随着......”Asitgrew,itbecameloder.★when引导的从句，用一般时态表示未来的事情Cometomewhenyoulike.2.till(until);not…till(until)1).肯定主句谓语动词是延续动词,表达动作或状态持续“到……为止”（即：主句动作或状态到until或till表达的时间结束）从句∣until/till————∣————————∣——主句∣----→∣（结束）55 高考英语语法精要讲解We’llstayheretillitstopsraining.2).否定主句谓语动词是短暂动词,表达动作或状态“直到……才开始”（即：主句动作或状态到until或till表达的时间才开始做从句∣until/till————∣—————∣————主句∣（开始）∣-→Hedidn’tleavetheofficeuntilhisbosscame.倒装：Notuntilhesawhismotherdidthelittleboysmile.强调：Itwasnotuntilhesayhismotherthattheboysmiled.3．bythetime,nexttime，everytime,eachtime，theday,theweek，etc.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.Thedayhereturned,hisfatherwasalreadydead.theyarrived,wehadalreadyleft.Bythetimetheyarrive,wewillhavealreadyleft.4．assoonas,themoment,ondoing,nosooner…than,hardly…whenAssoonasIsawhimIknewtherewasnohope→Themoment(that)IsawhimIknewtherewasnohope.→OnseeinghimIknewtherewasnohope.→NosoonerhadIseenhimthanIknewtherewasnohope.5.where,whereverAdrivershouldslowdownwherethereareschools.对比:Hewillworkinthefactorywhereweneedhmmost.(定从)Hewillworkwhereweneedhimmost.（状从）（定语从句前必有被修饰的地点名词，而状语从句前没有）Whereverhehappenstobe,Clintcanmakehimselfathome.55 高考英语语法精要讲解6.because,for，as,since◇because表示产生某种结果的直接的必然的原因；◇for用来补充说明理由，不放在句首，“倒果为因”becausethesunhasrisen.Thedaybreaksforthebirdsaresingsing.Becauseitrainedlastnight,thegroundiswetthismorning.Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.◇since原因是人们已知的，以既知事实说明理由“既然……就”Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,we’dbetterasksomeoneelse.◇as原因、理由比较明显，语气比较弱，“由于……”AsIamill,Iwon"tgo.介词表示因果:Wehadanaccidentbecauseofhiscarelessness.Wehadanaccidentduetohiscarelessness.（由于、归于）Owingtohiscarelessnesswehadanaccident.(由于)ThankstoJohn’skindhelp,wefinishedearly.7.sothat,soastodo;inorderthat,inordertodo（目的）Weclimbedhigh(so)thatwemightgetabetterview.Weclimbedhighsoastogetabetterview.Ispokeslowlyinorderthattheaudiencecouldunderstandme.Ispokeslowlyinorderfortheaudiencetounderstandme.getabetterview,weclimbed.A.InorderB.InordertoC.SoasD.Soasto8.so…that,such…that,suchthat（结果）ThehouseissoexpensiveThisissuchanexpensivehouseThisissoexpensiveahousethatIcan’taffordtobuyit.SoexpensiveisthehouseSuchanexpensivehouseisthis比较soastodosth:“以便”，表示目的；so/such…astodosth:“如此…以致于”，表示结果；Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.55 高考英语语法精要讲解Hewassofoolishastobelieveher.Hewassuchafoolastobelieveher.9.though,although,as,1)句首常用although，而though较为普遍2）though,as可以倒装Youngas(though)heis,heisknowledgeable.Tryas(though)hemight,hecouldn’tgetout.3）though:可用在句尾，表示“然而”Itwashardwork;Ienjoyedit,though.4)介词表示让步(inspiteof,despite)Inspiteoftheheavyrain,shewenttotheshop.5)although/though不和but连用，但可用yet/still10.than等表示倍数longerthanAisthreetimesaslongasthanB.thelengthof◇nomore…thanYouarenotallerthanhe.=Youarenottallandheisnottall,either.11．ifso,ifnot,ifonly1)ifso用来代替完整的句子Haveyougotafreeeveningnextweek?Ifso,let’shavedinner.2)ifnot用来代替完整的句子Isanybodyfeelingcold?Ifnot,let’sopenthewindow.3)ifonly后常用过去时或过去完成时，可以表达强烈的愿望或遗憾IfonlyIknewwhatyouwanted!Ifonlyyouhadn’ttoldhimwhatIsaid,everythingwouldhavebeenallright.12.assoonas,as(so)faras,aslongas,aswellas各有两种情况◇assoonas①Finishitassoonasyoucan(possible).②Thestudentswerequietassoonastheteachercamein◇as(so)faras①You’dbetterwalkasfarasthefootofthehill.（远至）②AsfarasIknow,heisagooddoctor.（就……而言）55 高考英语语法精要讲解◇as(so)longas①Youcanstayaslongasyoulike.（长达）②Solongasyouneedme,I’llstay.（只要）◇aswellas①Shecooksaswellashermother(does).（一样好）②Shesingsaswellweheplays.（不但弹得好而且唱得好）Shesingsaswellasplayingthepiano.（重点在前面）13.状语从句的其它几个问题：1）省略：◇主从句主语一致时；◇从句主谓语是itis(was)时；◇常用词：when,while,if,until,after,until,although,than,etc.◇基本结构：从属连词＋adj./n./-ing/-edWhenastudentintheuniversity,hereadalot.Thoughtired,hewouldn’tstopworking.SincecomingtoParis,Ihavemademanynewfriends.Ifnotnecessary,you’dbetterleavetomorrow.2）incase◇万一......的话，在......的情况下；◇以防，免得Incaseanythingimportanthappens,pleasecallmeup.Takeataxiincaseyouarelateforthemeeting.3)nomatterwhat(who,when,where...)引导状语从句，可相当于whatever,whoever,whenever…，但前者不能引导名词性从句Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotsayaword.Shewasgoingtobeasingernomatterwhatdifficultiesshemet.Nomatterwhatyoudodon’ttouchtheswitch.I’vedecidedtoleavetomorrow,nomatterwhat.Talktomeaboutwhateveristroublingyou.Whatevershesaysgoes.I’lljustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.Afterall,whateverherfaults(are,省略),she’sTommy’smother.Usethesimplewhenever(it’s)possible.Whileshedidmostofthecooking,herdaughterwasofsomehelp,howeversmall.55 高考英语语法精要讲解九、定语从句1.总论定语从句在句中使用频率非常高，它分为限制性或非限制性两种。限制性定语从句上用来修饰人物事物，它与所修饰的名词或名词词组不可分割，非限制性定语从句是用来对修饰的人或物作补充说明。定语从句的关键是：①引导定语从句的关联词；②被定语从句所修饰的先行词。关联词的三要素：①引导功能（引导定语从句，连接主从句）；②替代功能（代表所修饰的先行词）；③成分功能（在从句中担当一定成分）2.关系代词：thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas①关系代词引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，此时，从句谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致。Hedoes’tlikethebookwhich(that)isverythick.(Hedoesn’tlikehebook.Itisverythick.)②关系代词引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，此时，从句中要注意不要重复宾语，而且which,that,who,whom还可以省略.Theletter(which,that)IreceivedwasfromMissLi.(TheletterwasfromMissLi.Ireceivedit.)Heistheman(who,whom)wemetinthehotel.(Heistheman.Wemethiminthehotel.)③关系代词whose引导定语从句并在从句中作定语，whose可指人也可指物.Ihaven’tmetMrLi,whosesonismyteachernow.(Ihaven’tmetMrLi.Hissonismyteachernow.)ThecomputerwhoseCPUdoesn’twokhastoberepaired.(Thecomputerhastoberepaired.ItsCPUdoesn’twork.)3.关系副词whenwherewhy它们引导定语从句并在从句中作状语when=in/on/at+which(时间)where=in/on/at+which(地点)why=forwhich(原因)55 高考英语语法精要讲解比较:ThisisthedaythatI’llneverforget.Thisisthedaywhen(onwhich)wemet(him).(Thisistheday.Wemetonthatday.)We’llgotothefactorythatyouvisited.We’llgotothefactorywhere(inwhich)heworks.(We’llgotothefactory.Heworksthere.)Wedon’tknowthereasonwhy(that)hefellill.4.which,that的区别①that可指人或物，which只能指物I"llneverforgetthepersonsandtheschoolthatIsaw.②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，用thatThisisthelongestpencil(that)Ihaveeverseen.③先行词是all,little,-thing,或者被all,no,every,little,only等修饰时，用thatThat’sall(that)Iwanttosay.④which可以引导非限制定语从句，而that不可以Thebookisred,whichsurprisesme,⑤that前不加介词Thisisthehouseinwhichhelives.(thathelivesin)5.带介词的定语从句①介词通常放在which,whom之前Isthisthefactoryinwhichyouwork?NOTICE:⑴含介词的短语动词，介词不提前That’stheboyyouarelookingfor.⑵非限制性定语从句中，介词一般提前Theman,aboutwhomwehadheard,washereyesterday.②n.(pron.)+ofwhich/whomThepersons,mostofwhomwerestudents,enjoyedtheplay.TherearepyramidsinEgypt,thelargestofwhich(ofwhichthelargest)istheGreatPyramid.③复杂介词+which/whom（通常倒装）Theystayedinabighotel,infrontofwhichwasagarden.Hecametoahouse,onthedoorofwhichwasaplate.6.as作关系代词①可以引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语和表语，从句既可以放在句首也可以放在句子后部。“正如……”，“象……（一样的）”Hewasstronglyagainsttheplanascouldbeexpected.Aseverybodycansee,hehasdonewhatheshoulddo.55 高考英语语法精要讲解②such(…)as,thesame(…)asIhavethesametroubleasyou(have).Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Suchviewsashehasmentionedshouldbediscussed.③比较练习：so…as;so…that;such(…)as;such(…)that⑴Hereissobigastone(suchabigstone)noonecanlift.(noonecanliftit.⑵TheinstrumentisnotIsawontheexhibition.⑶TheweatherwasIcouldn’tgoout.⑷Sheisn’tsuchacarelessstudentyouthinksheis.(KEY:⑴as(that)⑵suchas⑶suchthat⑷as)7.其它①插入语:HeranfromthestationwhichIthoughtwasimpossible.(which,Ithought,was…)②并列主从句，两个或多个定语从句由and,but,or连接，共同修饰一个词I’mtalkingaboutfriendswhocaredeeplyabouteachother,whosupporteachother,andwhomakelifeworthliving.55 高考英语语法精要讲解非谓语动词动词不定式一、不定式在句子中的作用主语A.Itis(was)+adj.(n.)+todosthB.It+vt.+n.(pron.)+todosthIt’softendifficultformetodecidedwhattodo.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.表语A.表示预定要发生的动作或未来的可能性或假设B.说明主语的内容C.用于正式的指示或命令HeistoreturnfromParistomorrow.Myjobistowashplates.Threetabletsaretobetakentwiceaday.宾语A.接动词不定式做宾语(afford,agree,decide,expect,happen,hope,wish,refuse,etc.)Theyexpectedtoseethebosssoon.B.Subj.+vt.+it+adj.(n.)todosth.Doyouconsideritbetternottogo?宾语补足语基本结构：Subj.+vt.+sb.+todosth.(allow,ask,order,want,expect,force,etc)Theyexpectedthegirltosucceedintheexamination.状语表示目的、结果和原因等Welivetoservethepeople.Let’shurrysoasnottobelateforthemeeting.WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoexcited?Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.55 高考英语语法精要讲解定语A.动宾关系(不定式修饰的词是不定式动作逻辑上的宾语)Doyouhaveanythingmoretosay?(n.+todo.)Thereisnothingtoworryabout.(n.+tovi+prep.)Let’sfindaroomtoputthebikein.(n.+tovt+n.+p.)Wehaven’tachairtobeseatedin.(n.+tobev-ed+p.)Ihavealettertowrite.Ihaveapentowritewith.Ihavenoinktowritein.Ihavenopapertowriteon.B.主谓关系(不定式修饰的词是不定式逻辑上的主语)Heisn’tamantobowbeforedifficulties.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.C.纯粹定语(被修饰词通常是time,way等）It’stimetogohome.Isthatthebestwaytosolvetheproblem?二、TO代替整个动词不定式当动词不定式重复前面的某个动词时，可以使用to代替，而省略该动词。IwenttherebecauseIwantedto(go).Idon’tdancemuchnow,butIusedto(dance)alot.Anyonewhowantsto(goforawalk)cangoforawalkroundAswan.三、“TO”的省略①感觉动词、使役动词后面的to常省略，但是被动语态中的to不能省略②两个动词不定式由and、or、but、than、except等连接在一起时，第二个不定式常常省略toI’dliketoliedownandgotosleep.I’lldoanythingbutworkonafarm.Doyouwanttohavelunchnoworwaittilllater?It’seasiertopersuadepeoplethan(to)forcethem.③口语中，在come、go、run、hurryup等动词后，可用and代替表示目的的动词不定式Comeandhaveadrink.Wouldyougoandtellthemtoshutup?④hadbetter(not)dosth.⑤wouldratherdosth(thandosth)He’dratherwatchTVthangotoseeafilm.⑥prefertodosthratherthandosthRatherthanwait,hepreferstogohomeonfoot.⑦Why(not)dosth?55 高考英语语法精要讲解四、动词不定式的复合结构①forsbtodosthIt’samistakeforusnottohelpthem.Thecoffeewastoohotformetodrink.②It’s+adj.+ofsbtodosth(kind,nice,brave,stupid,clever,etc.)It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofme.五、be+adj.+todo(sth)①be+v-ed+todosthIwasverypleasedtoseeyouyesterday.②subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)(不定式逻辑上的宾语是句子主语)Thequestioniseasytoanswer.She’snicetotalkto.It’snotabadplacetolivein.六、enough，too，soasto等①adj.+enough(forsb)todosthHeisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.②too…(forsb)todosthTheappleistoohighforustopick.NOTICE:I’mtoogladtoseeyou.He’stooreadytohelpyou.③soas(not)todosth./inorder(not)todoIgotupearlyinordernottobelate.Heworkedhardsoasnottofailtheexam.④so…astodosthWouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?七、动词不定式的时态①不定式与谓语动作同时发生或不定式后发生，动词不定式用一般时态。Theyinvitedustogotherenextweek.②动词不定式先于谓语动作发生，动词不定式用完成时态。He’ssaidtohavewrittenanewnovel.I’msorrynottohavecomeonWednesday.③谓语动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行，动词不定式用进行式。They’resaidtobebuildingabridge.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.八、动词不定式的被动式①含被动的一般情况55 高考英语语法精要讲解Sheoughttobetoldaboutit.Nothingseemstohavebeenforgotten.Thisformistobefilledininink.②therebe后可用主动的或被动的动词不定式There’salotofworktodo(tobedone).③tobeseen,tobefound等常用在be之后Hewasnowheretobeseen(found).④toblame常用于表示被动的意思“受责怪”Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.分词一、分词作定语①现在分词表示主动的、正进行的动作；过去分词表示被动的、已完成的动作。②单个分词放在所修饰词之前，分词短语放在所修饰词之后Thebrokenglassismine.Hefiredattherunningwolf.What’sthelanguagespokeninGermany?ThemanspeakingGermanishisfather.NOTICE:一个分词若过多的表示动作，则后置Thisistheonlyplaceleft.Mostofthepeoplesinging/questionedwerestudents.③现在分词一般式被动态与过去分词的异同A.都表示被动；B.时间不一致Thehousebeingbuiltwillbeatheatre.Thehousebuiltwithwoodisatheatre.④含分词的复合词作定语man-madefibers(人造纤维);afox-huntingman;well-knownscientists;English-speakingcountries⑤情感类分词作定语Hespokeinafrightened/frighteningvoice.他用（自己）害怕的/令人害怕的声音说。二、分词作表语①分词可以表示主语所处的状态Thecupisbroken.Thedoorremainedlocked.②情感类分词作表语：现在分词：“令人…”,“让别人…”；过去分词：“自己受…”55 高考英语语法精要讲解Weweredeeplyencouraged.Ifastoryisexciting,youareexcitedwhenyoureadit.Hisdisappointedwordsprovedthatyouweredisappointing.三、分词作宾语补足语•分词或分词短语可以用在表示感觉的动词(see,hear,feel,etc.)以及其它某些动词(find,get,have,etc.)的宾语后面作宾语补足语，此时要注意宾语和宾补之间的关系是主动的还是被动的。Isawtwomenplantingtrees.Ifoundtreesplantedinlines.Themapsstolenbythecaptainwerefoundhiddeninabook.四、分词作状语①可以表时间、方式、伴随、原因和条件等；分词逻辑主语应该是句子主语；主动意思用现在分词，被动意思用过去分词Shesatatthewindowreadinganovel.Caughtintherain,hewaswet.Givenmoretime,I’llworkitout.②注意个别表达方式Generallyspeaking,mencanrunfasterthanwomen.Judgingfromhisexpression,he’sveryangry.Consideringeverything,itwasn’tahadholiday.③连词+分词Oncetalkedto,youmaypretendtobewriting.Oncetalkingtohim,you’llknowheisagoodman.五、现在分词的完成式•现在分词的完成式一般用在状语中，表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前，现在分词完成时不能作定语（此时要用定语从句）Nothavingfoundthebook,hewasverysorry.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,Imustfinishthebook.六、分词和不定式的差异①作宾语的差异cross(已经发生)Isawhimthestreet.crossing(正在发生)②作定语的差异nowismine.（beingbuilt）Thehouse(build)lastmonthistheirs.(buit)nextmonthisours.(tobebuilt)七、独立主格结构以及with结构55 高考英语语法精要讲解•分词作状语，其逻辑主语应该是句子主语；否则，分词前面要加n./pron.构成独立主格结构；n./pron.前面再加上with就是with结构Theguideleadingtheway,wesetoffonfoot.Hestoodtherewithhishandstiedtothefence.动名词一、只能接动名词作宾语的动词•下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语：advise,avoid,admit,can’thelp,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,mind,miss,practise,suggest,escape,appreciate,imagine,excuse,celebrate,etc.Imaginenotknowingtheanswertosuchaneasyquestion.I’mconsideringacceptingyourproposal.二、V.+to+v.-ing•下列含介词to的短语动词后接v.-ing:lookforwardto,beusedto,referto,leadto,stickto,payattentionto,devoteto,preferdoingto,objectto,etc.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouverymuch.三、可接v.-ing的其它词•在aswellas,any/some/nouse(good),like,than等词后可接v.-ing:Whynotdosomethinguseful,likecleaningtheflat?Aswellasbreakinghisleg,hehurthisarm.四、带逻辑主语的动名词•通常由物主代词或名词所有格+v.-ing构成，在口语中有时也用宾格代词或名词+v.-ing构成，但作主语时，不能用后者。Ihopeyoudon’tmindmytellingyouallthis.Thestormdelayedtheshipsleavingtheharbor.五、动名词的主动表示被动•下列动词后接主动的动名词但是表达被动意义：need,want,require,beworthThebikeneeds(wants,requires)repairing.(toberepaired)Thefilmiswellworthseeing.六、动名词的语态和时态•动名词的动作发生在谓语动作前，动名词用完成时；根据情况用被动形式：Everyonedislikesbeinglaughedat.Youmentionedhavingbeeninhospitallastyear.Hesaidhedidn’tmindhavingbeenleftathome.55 高考英语语法精要讲解七、能接不定式和动名词的动词•forget(remember)I’llneverforgetseeingtheplayinParis.Don’tforgettocallmewhenyougethome.•stopHestoppedtolookatthemap.Whydidyoustopworking?•regretIregrettosaythatIcannothelpyou.Idon’tregrettellinghimwhatIthought.•goonHewentonworkingwithouttakingarestAfterreadingthetext,hewentontowrite.•meanImeantoleavetomorrow.Iwon’twaitifitmeansdelayingtwoweeks.•like(love,hate,dislike)IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswimintheswimming-pool.•tryTryand(to)challengethechampion.Itriedsendingherflowersbutitdidn’thaveanyeffect.•begin(start)(通常接不定式和动名词一样，但是下列情况用todo)Itbegantorain.(自然现象）Shebegantounderstandwhathereallywanted.（心理情况）Shewasbeginningtogetaway.（begin用进行时）八、其它词的情况•beafraidI’mafraidtotellher.(怕而不敢)I’mafraidoftellingher.(怕而不愿)•allow,advise,forbid,permit,considerWedon’tallowpeopletosmokehere.(allowsb.todosth.)Wedon’tallowsmokingintheroom.(allowdoingsth.)Heisconsideredtohavedonethat.比较：minddoingsth;mindsb’sdoingsth九、v.-ing属于分词的情况•do+v.-inggo+v.-ingdo与v.-ing之间一般要有一个“限定词”dosomeshopping,doalotofrunning,55 高考英语语法精要讲解domuchreadinggo+v.-ing中，v.-ing通常是体育娱乐活动goboating/climbing/dancing/shopping•catchsbdoingsth撞见，发觉sendsbdoingsth(逼)使某人…做…Theteachercaughthimsleepinginclass.Theearthquakesenthimrushingoutoftheroom.十、重要的介词+v.-ing•indoingsth.(when-clause)•ondoingsth.(assoonas-caluse)•bydoingsth.•withoutdoingsth(if-clause55