浅谈英语语法及其分类 10页

　　浅谈英语语法及其分类likeanyotherlivinglanguageintheents:pronunciation,vocabularyandgrammar.Pronunciationisthematerialoutershellofalanguage,orthematerialforminmardealsaticlas,inflexionsandakesentences.Grammarisoftenparedtotheplasterandskeletondesignsofbuildingofalanguage.Letusdraakeclearertherelationbetents.Supposingalanguageisabuilding,thenpronunciationisitsoutershape,vocabularyisthematerialofconstruction(suchasbrick,tile,reinforcebars,cement,etc.)andgrammarisjustlikethedesignsandtechniquesofconstruction.Amongthethreeessentialelements,pronunciation,asthematerialbasisoftheexistenceofalanguage,isprimary;vocabularyliesonthe centralpositionastheotherteansofit,maristheusefulandnecessarytoolforustostudyandusealanguage.orphologyandSyntax.c.Theanalysisofsentenceismademoreorlessaccordingtotheirmeanings(thusalsocalled“notionalgrammar”).Itisemphasizedthatonelanguageformexpressesonlyoneconceptofidea.ThemainschoolsofPrescriptiveGrammarare:a.SchoolGrammar---theonepiledforteachingalanguageinththschoolsfromthe18centurytothe20century.b.PracticalGrammar---theoneusedtomaster,ormoreexactly,tohelpthemandofaforeignlanguage.c.TraditionalGrammar---allthegrammarschoolsdifferentfromDescriptiveGrammarandExplanatoryGrammar.Thoughlastingforover2,000years,ithasnoactualdefinition.Generallyspeaking,itrefersto theterms,rules,conceptsandtheoriestakenandcarriedonfromthealmarmechanically.Theyinsistupondescribingobjectivelyandindetailthepracticaluseofalanguage,andanalyzingitaccordingtoitsstructuresandfunctions.ItisemphasizedthatoneconceptofideacanbeexpressedindifferentemainschoolsofDescriptiveGrammar:a.StructuralGrammar---thechiefvieely,oralformsarepriortoustbespoken.Theconcretestepsofanalysisaretakenatthreelevels:first,thephoneme;then,themorpheme;andfinally,sentencepatterns.Thestructuralgrammariansareopposedtodividingeaning,butinsistondescribingalanguagebyitsforms.b.FunctionalGrammar---TheBritishLinguistM.A.K.Hallidayunicativetoolanbeings,andcoherentcontents.Anotherfeatureof FunctionGrammaristostudydeeplyvarioustypesofalanguageusedondifferentoccasionsandindifferentregions(suchasBritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,formal,informal,etc.).Oppositely,theothergrammarschoolsdostudytheuseofalanguagebutonlytheinnerstructuresortransformationandgenerationofsentences.Inthisaspect,FunctionalGrammarhasopenedupanemarresearchforus.c.municativeGrammar---thegrammaticalsystemputforal,neutral,informal,slang;iliar,etc.)expressionsondifferentoccasions,pronunciationandintonationandsoon.Inmanyaspects,itrelatestoFunctionalGrammar(somanygrammariansregardthemasthesameone),butlaysmorespecialstressonthemunicativeeffectofalanguage,particularlyonthatoneconceptofthoughtcanbeexpressedbyvariousformsoflanguage.Itschiefcontributionlieson “hoakemunicationbyusinggrammar”.“FollounicativeGrammar.C.ExplanatoryGrammarBasicallyspeaking,ExplanatoryGrammarbelongstotheoreticalgrammar,akesrationaldiscussionandexpositionongrammarantics,lexicology,logic,psychology,sociologyandeventhemethodsofmathematicalanalysis.Explanatorygrammariansobserveandstudylanguagephenomena,andfurthermore,explaintheirdistinctions,causesandorigins.SomeprincipalschoolsofExplanatoryGrammar:a.HistoricalGrammar---Itstudiesthedevelopmentofalanguagefromthevieorphologyandsyntax.Departingfromthetraditionsofprescriptivegrammar,historicalgrammariansexpoundallkindsofphenomenaofEnglishaccordingtothe historicalprinciples,avoidingestablishingsomeabstractrulestoguideorc.Transformational-generativeGrammar---ThefounderisanAmericanlinguist,N.Chomsky.Inhismarbook“SyntacticStructures”,hesetsforthhisnemar.Hethinksgrammarmustbesimpleandclear,andmustpossesstheabilityofgeneration,thatis,theabilitytoproduceinfinitesentencesaccordingtothegrammar.Heholdsthateverynativespeakerofalanguageisbornathematicalpatternsmustbeusedtomakegrammarsimpleandclear.Heputsforaticformulas,i.e.thetransformationalrules,frommar?”Asalinguistictheoreticbranch,TraditionalGrammarhasalreadybeenlastingformorethan2,000years.Itcertainlyhasitsoeimportantcontributionstolanguagestudyingandteaching.Itmakesthestudyofalanguageeasierbygivingdefinitions,makingrulesand providingillustrations.Thebasicgrammaticalconceptssuchaspartsofspeech,membersofthesentence,methodsofanalyzingsentencesastersyntacticstructures,prehendessaysandreadtheoriginalsmoreeasily.Moreover,ithashadsomeinfluenceupontheestablishmentanddevelopmentofothergrammaticalschools.TraditionalGrammar,hoorphologyanddoesnotpayenoughattentiontothesyntax.Astheresult,itisusuallynoteasyforlearnerstomakesentencesbothinrightstructureandagreeingmarattachesimportancetotheunicativeandsocialfunctionsofthelanguageareoverlooked.Inaddition,itsdefinitionsandrulesaremadebylogicalreasoningandbasedonvariousstandards,andsotheylackcontinuity.Forexample,somepartsofspeechareclassifiedbythemeaning(suchasnoun,verbandinterjection),some bytheirfunctions(pronoun,adjective,adverb,conjunction),andsomebyboth(preposition).Manycontemporarylinguistssharplycriticizeandblamethetraditionalgrammar,andsomeevenregarditassubjectivismor“rationalism.Inotherofnon-”.freetem4tem8.science.Itisnecessaryandhelpfultopointoutthedeficiencyandshortingsofthetraditionalgrammar,butitisnotpracticaltothroustseethatentoflanguage,thetraditionalgrammarhasbeenimprovingitselfconstantly,particularlydraeresearchresultsofthestructuralgrammarandtransformationalgrammar.Inourcountry,especiallyinmiddleschoolsandmostcolleges,thegrammarsystemadoptedinEnglishteachingisbasicallythetraditionalgrammar.AsforStructure GrammarandTransformational-generativeGrammar,theyhavenotallalongtakenthepracticallanguageteaching.Ifmarjustasausefultoolforlanguagestudyingandteaching,notasthepurpose;ifproveourEnglishgrammarteachingandstudytheneporarygrammarschools,akegoodprogressinourEnglishstudyongrammar.●【Bibliography】[1]Thomson,A.J,andMartiA.V.:“APracticalEnglishGrammar”.[2]Leech,G.andSvartvik,J.:“AmunicativeGrammarofEnglish”.[3]Chomsky,N.:“SyntacticStructures”.[4]Lester,M.:“IntroductoryTransformationalGrammarofEnglish”.[5]XuLimarofContemporaryEnglish”.[6]YuGuolin:“ANemarforCollegeStudents”.[7]李学平、潘欢怀:“当代英语语法概论”.[8]四川大学外文系:“英语语法词典” 浅谈英语语法及其分类