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1.主谓一致主谓一致:谓语动词在人称上和主语保持一致(语法一致、意义一致、就近一致)(1)语法一致:主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致1.单数l主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语必须采取复数形式Agrammarbookhelpsyoulearnsomethingabouttherulesofalanguage.Grammarbookshelpyoulearnsomethingabouttherulesofalanguage.l不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数Readingoftenmeanslearning.读书常意味是学习.ToreadEnglishaloudeverymorningdoesyoualotofgood.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处.Whathesaidhasbeenrecorded.他说的话已被录音了.leach,either,neither,one,theother,another,some,any,every和no等构成的复合短语,如(somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody)在句子中做主语时,谓语动词用单数Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.Everythingaroundusismatterlneitherof与eitherof结构,谓语动词用单数Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.laseriesof,akindof,oneof等结构作主语时看作单数,谓语动词用单数.Aseriesofhightechnologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.l由morethanone(或morethanone+单数名词),manya+单数名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.l由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.NobodybutAmywantstogotoschool.ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.2.视情况而定l由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest等+名词作主语时,谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致。Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.lplentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可数与不可数名词作主语时,不可数名词的谓语只用单数,可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。
1)Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring. 2)Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely. 3)Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail. 4)Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox. 5)Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.6)Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.l由themajorityof+名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。 1)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair. 2)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.3.常考lthenumberof(……的数量),谓语动词用单数;anumberof+可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbooksoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.Anumberofstudentsareplantingtreesonthehill.lAgreat/large/smallquantityof:其谓语的数原则上与其中的名词的数保持一致(large)quantitiesof…:当它用作主语时,其谓语动词一律用复数Thereareasmallquantityofapplesinthehouse.房子里有少量的苹果。Alargequantityoffoodwasonthetable.大量的食物摆在桌上。Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.Oneof:“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”中,定语从句一般被看成修饰复数名词,因此该从句的谓语用复数形式;在“theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句”中,定语从句常看成修饰单数名词,从句谓语用单数形式。Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthathaveappearedthisyear.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.lAnd与主谓一致1.如果and连接的是两个单数可数名词且两个名词前均有冠词,就意味着是两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数。Thedirectorandthesecretarywerepresentatthemeeting.2.如果and连接的两个单数可数名词中,前一个有冠词,后一个无冠词,就意味着是同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数。Apainteranddecoratorwaspaintingthewallsofthehouse.3.如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面均无冠词,并且表示一个事物或一个概念,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果两个名词表示的是两个事物或两个概念,则谓语动词用复数形式。Courageandresolutionarethespiritansoulofviture.勇气和决心是品德的精神和灵魂。Thisbreadandbutteristoobig.这块涂了黄油的面包太大了。4.awatchandchain(安上表链的表),aneedleandthread(串了线的针),aknifeandfork(刀叉),alockandkey(带钥匙的锁),saltandwater,acoatandtie等在句中做主语时,谓语动词用单数。Aneedleandthreadhasbeenfoundonthefloor.5.如果and连接的两个名词前面都有each,every,manya,no等限制性词语修饰,谓语动词用单数形式。如果第二个名词前面的修饰词省略,也应该用单数。Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecioustous.
Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasreadthatnovel.DuringtheChristmasseason,everytrainandairlinerwascroweded.lAll与主谓一致1.如果all用于修饰名词,那么其单复数意义与所修饰的名词的单复数一致。如:Allmoneyisspent.所有钱都花光了。Allpeopleareatlibertytoexpresshisopinion.所有人都可以发表自己的意见。2.如果用于allof…,那么其单复数意义与allof后的名词的单复数一致。如:Allofmyfriendslikeeatingcake.我的朋友大都喜欢吃蛋糕。Allofthebreadwasstale.所有的面包都不新鲜了。3.如果all单独使用,那么其单复数意义与本身的意思有关,即当all指人时,表复数意义;若指事物或现象,表单数意义。如:Oh,dear,allisup.哦,天呀,一切都完了。Allareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前,人人平等。比较:Allissilent.万籁俱寂(指现象)。Allaresilent.人人都沉默不语(指具体的人)。(2)意义一致1.有些集合名词如crowd,family,team,orchestra(管弦乐队),group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等,它们作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时,动词用单数形式,如就其中的各个成员来说,则谓语用复数形式。例如: 1)Hisfamilyisgoingtomove. 2)Hisfamilyareverywell. 注:如这类词后跟有定语从句时,定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则,强调具体成员时,谓语动词用复数,关系代词用who;强调整体时,谓语动词用单数,关系代词用which。例如: 1)Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution. 2)Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.2.有些表示总称意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式,如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry(家禽)等。例如: 1)Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon. 2)Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.3.有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数。如news,means,works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称,如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等,它们作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如: 1)Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.2)Hereisthenews.4.表示时间、价格、重量、度量、数目、长度的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用单数形式。例如: 1)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.2)Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.3)Fourweeksareoftenapproximatelyregardedasonemonth.4)Eightydollarsareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.5.国家、单位和书报的名称,作为一个单一的概念,其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:
1)WarandPeaceisthelongestbookI’veread. 2)GeneralMotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.(通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。)6.the+形容词作主语时,如主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数形式;如果指的是单个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。例如: 1)Theblindaretaughttradesinspecialschools.2)Thedeparted(死者)wasagoodfriendofhis.(3)就近原则1.由连词or,neither…or,either…or,notonly…also,nor等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则,与贴近它的主语一致。例如: 1)Heoryouhavetakenmypen. 2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth. 3)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.2.在therebe的结构中,谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如: 1)Thereisadeskandfourbenchesintheoffice.2)Therearetwochairsandadeskintheoffice.2.名词性从句2.1宾语从句宾语从句(主句+引导词+简单句)可以作及物动词、介词(worryabout,thinkabout,findout)及形容词(sorry,sure,afraid,glad)的宾语。如:Hetoldmethathewasbornin1998.Theyfoundoutwhobrokethewindow.I’msorrythatIdon’tknow.1.引导词lThatIthinkthatheisacleverboy.lWhether,ifSheaskedmeif/whethertheboycoulddrawahorse.u只能用whether,不能用if的情况:ü与不定式todo连用Idon’tknowwhethertostayathome.ü做介词的宾语Theoldmanisworriedaboutwhethertheycanfindoutthethief.üWhether引导的从句放在句首Whetherwecanarrivethereontime,Iamnotsure.üWhether…ornot固定结构IwanttoknowwhetherwecangoskatingpnSaturdayoronSunday.l疑问代词(what,who,whom,which,whose)和疑问副词(when,where,how,why)Iknowwhatyouwanttosay.Idon’trememberwhenwearrived.l带how的词组,howmany,howmuch,howsoon,howlong,howoftenCouldyoutellushowmuchthepiturecosts?lWhoever,whichever,whateverWhoever=anybodywho
Whatever=anythingthatWhichever=thepersonorthethingthat1.语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。即:连接代词/副词+陈述句语序。例句如下:Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.Couldyoutellmewhenthetrainwillleave?Canyouimaginewhatkindofmanheis?2.时态l主句是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句:Theheadmasterhopeseverythinggoeswell.l主句是一般过去时,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句:Shewassorrythatshehadn’tfinishedherworkontime.l当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。例句:Theteachertoldhisclassthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.2.2主语从句在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句(关联词+简单句)。(1)从属连词that(从句里不缺成分时用that)。如:Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem. 很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。(2)从属连词whether。如: Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;连接副词where,when,how,why。如: Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她干了什么尚不清楚。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。Whoevercomesiswelcome.不论谁来都欢迎。Whereveryouareismyhome----myonlyhome.你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。形式主语1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:A.It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句。如: Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 Itisprobablethathetoldhereverything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B.It+be+名词词组(nowonder,anhonour,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise,etc.)+that从句。如: It’sapitythatwecan’tgo.很遗憾我们不能去。 It’snosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。如: ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。 ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatelliteintoorbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D.It+seem,happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如: ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.Alice似乎不来参加晚会. IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如: Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.她是否来这无关紧要。 Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。2.3表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。(关联词+简单句)1.可接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。例句:Atthattime,itseemedasifIcouldn"tthinkoftherightword.当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2.从属连词whether,as,asif/though引导的表语从句。例句:Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor.听起来好像有人在敲门。3.because,why引导的表语从句。例句:That"swhyhegotangrywithme.那正是他对我生气的原因。(That"swhy…强调结果)注意:what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。4.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why例句:Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。5.从属连词that例句:ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。6.使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示,should可省略。常见的词有:advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。例句:Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。2.4同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的从句,同位语从句用来对其前面名词进行解释说明。一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的后面,用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。(1)由that,whether引导Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditallontheirown.Ihavenoideawhetherweshouldsendtheequipmenttothem.注:在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接;在nodoubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如:Wehavesomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。ThereisnodoubtthatZhangWeiwillkeephispromise.我们相信张伟会守信的。(2)由连接代词(who,what,whose,which)和连接副词(when,where,why,how)引导Thequestionwhomyhelpusisnotclear.Theyarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded.(3)在suggestion,advice,request,order等意为“建议;命令;要求”的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”
的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。例如:Ourteachergaveussomeadvicehowwe(should)usethecomputer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewrule(should)beadopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。hegovernmentgavetheorderthatallthesehouses(should)bepulleddowninthreeweeks.政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。(1)同位语从句的固定句型Thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问Thereisnodenyingthat…无可否认Thereisachancethat…有可能Thereisanopportunitythat…有可能Thereisapossibilitythat…有可能Thereisnopossibilitythat…没可能
3.形容词性从句(定语从句)修饰名词或者代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或者代词叫先行词;定语从句的引导词叫关系词(关系代词&关系副词);定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句(前有逗号隔开)。引导定语从句的关系代词有:thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas关系副词有:whenwherewhy1.that与which在指代物时的用法区别that和which都可以引导先行词为物的定语从句,但是用法有区别:(1)只能用that的情况a.先行词为everything,all,little,much等不定代词时;b.先行词被all,every,no,any,some,little,much,one修饰时;c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时;d.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;e.先行词是be的表语或therebe的主语时;f.先行词有人又有物时;g.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。(2)只能用which的两种情况a.非限定性定语从句中b.关系代词前面有介词时Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.2.which与as的区别as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,三种情况下只能用as,不能用whicha.as置于句首引导定语从句时(Asweknow,…)b.as含有“正如”之意(…asweexpected)c.先行词前有such,thesame修饰时(…suchaneasyquestionasthelittleboycananswer.)Asisoftenthecase等。3.who、whom、that的区别a.先行词为指人的不定代词时,如those或people时,常用关系代词who,不用thatb.介词之后用关系代词whom引导定语从句c.当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时,不用that.如:Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfarther’syoungersister.4.whose用法“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)例:Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(“whoseparents”表示那个孩子的双亲)Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.(“whose”表示那个房子的窗户)whose表所属关系指物时,可与ofwhich转换,词序一般是:名词+ofwhichLookatthebuilding,theroofofwhich(=whoseroof)iswhite.5.介词+关系代词引导定语从句的用法a.介词之后的关系代词只能用which(先行词为物)或者是whom(先行词为人)b.介词的选择方法有三个原则:一“先”二“动”三“意义”Ilostmypen,withwhichItooknotes.(先行词为pen,使用钢笔用with)
Thisisthehouseinwhichhelives.(定语从句中谓语动词live为不及物动词)Thegasisoxygenwithoutwhichwecan’tlive.(根据句意决定)6.先行词为way时先行词为way,在定语从句中作状语时,用that,inwhich引导定语从句,也可以省略关系词。e.g.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hespeakstohisparents.7.关系副词when、where、when引导定语从句的具体用法①先行词表示时间、地点、原因时,在定语从句中作状语,选择相应的关系副词when、where、why引导定语从句。若其在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则选择关系代词引导定语从句。区别三组例句:a.Thisistheplacewherehelives.a.Thisistheplacethat/whichhevisitedlastyear.b.Istillrememberthetimewhenmybrotherwasalittleboy.b.Istillrememberthetimethat/whichwespenttogether.c.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.c.Thisisthereasonthat/whichhegaveus.②某些非地点时间名词用定语从句修饰,关系词在从句中作状语,由where引导定语从句(stage,case,point,situation,position);同样用法的还有occasion,由when引导定语从句。e.g.Icanthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsknowalotofwordsbutdon’twriteagoodessay.Therearemanyoccasionswhenpeopledon’tknowwhattheywant.8.定语从句中的谓语动词关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。e.g.Anyonewhowantstohaveaholidayputsupyourhand.Thosewhowanttohaveaholidayputupyourhand.Thisisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.Thisistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.9.区分定语从句和其他句型①区别于简单句和并列句Thereare70studentsinourclass,mostofwhomareboys.(定语从句)Thereare70studentsinourclass,andmostofthemareboys.(并列句)Thereare70studentsinourclass.Mostofthemareboys.(简单句)②区别于强调句型Itisinthefactorythatheworks.(强调句型)Itisthefactorywhereheworks.(定语从句)③区别于同位语从句Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheexamexcitedus.(同位语从句:对名词解释说明)Thenewsthathetoldusexcitedus.(定语从句:对名词修饰限定)④区别于状语从句Doyouknowthetimewhentheclassisover?(定语从句,有先行词)Let’splaygameswhentheclassisover.(时间状语从句,无先行词)Putthebookwhereitbelongs.(地点状语从句,无先行词)
10.定语从句中关系词的省略定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词可以省略,介词之后的关系代词不可省略。Thisisthehousewhichhelivesin.(√)Thisisthehousehelivesin.(√)Thisisthehouseinwhichhelives.(√)Thisisthehouseinhelives.(×)4.副词性从句(状语从句)时间状语从句 1.需注意各种从属连词,尤其是比较容易引起错误的搭配和不常使用的词。如:hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,once,eachtime等。 2.注意时态的呼应:主将从现。 3.注意While,when,as引导的时间状语从句的差别。 从句的谓语是短暂动词时,不能用while引导;as用于表示两个动作几乎同时进行,而且从句的动词不能是表示状态的动词(见例2);as之后不能用分词作状语;从句的谓语是持续性的时候,三者可以互换(见例1);when还可表示某事突然发生(见例3),此外不能用其他的词代替。 例1.When/While/AshewasinAustralia,helearnedtoplaytheguitar. 例2.Asthedayswentby,sheknewmoreaboutherhometown. 例3.Iwaslockingthedoorwhenthepostmancame.例4.When/Whilewaitingforhisturn,shepickedupamagazineandbeganbrowsingthroughit.原因状语从句 主要区别because,as,since的用法。 because的语气最强烈,用于回答why引起的问题;since和as用于双方皆知的原因,一般放在句首,相对而言,since比as更正式一点;for引导的原因往往是一种补充说明,不用于句首,用逗号和前面的句子分开。 结果状语从句 as和such的用法是一个难点,归纳如下: Sucha/an+adj.+singularnoun Such+adj.+pluralnoun Such+adj.+uncountablenoun So+adj.+a/an+singularnoun So+adj./adv. So+many/much/little/few+nounSuch+little(小)+noun目的状语从句引导词有:inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfearthat等。从句中的谓语常和may,might,can,could,should,would连用。当主句和从句的主语一致时,可用inorderto和soasto加不定式来代替从句。条件状语从句 引导词除了常用的if,unless,as/solongas之外,还有onconditionthat,providedthat,supposing,incase,if
only。条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样,一般现在时表示将来时。尤其需要注意的是条件句可以是真实的或者虚拟的。如果是假设的条件,需要用虚拟语气,在用虚拟语气时,要特别注意错综条件和省略条件的句子以及虚拟条件和真实情况混杂的句子。如: Ifyouhadtakenhisadvice,therewouldbenotroublenow. Butforthepolice,thewoundeddriverwouldhavelosthislife. Hewouldhavelentyouhisnewcaratthattime,butyouaresocarelessdriver.方式状语从句 要注意由asif/though引导的从句虚拟和陈述语气的使用区别。 Itseemsasiftheshipwillleavetheharborinaminute.(陈述) Thecheatsactedasiftheyhadbeenworkingveryhardthewholenight.(虚拟) 让步状语从句 要注意以下几点: 1.though和although都不能和but连用。 2.although一般在句首,而though还可以作并列连词,(相当于andyet)放在两个分句之间用逗号分开。 Shewantedtohaveanothertry,thoughshehadnochance. 3.However,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever等在状语从句中等同于nomatterhow/what/who/where/when,但在名词性从句中不能等同。比较: Howeverdifficultthetaskmaybe,wewillfinishitwithinthetimegiven. =Nomatterhowdifficultthetaskmaybe,wewillfinishitwithinthetimegiven. Whateverhesays,Iwillnotchangemymind. =Nomatterwhathesays,Iwillnotchangemymind. Whateverhesaidinthecourtwaswrittendownbyasecretaryforlateruse.≠Nomatterwhathesaidinthecourtwaswrittendownbyasecretaryforlateruse.比较状语从句 1.比较的对象要平衡一致。 Herhandwritingismorebeautifulthananybodyelse’sinherclass. 2.从句中常常省略一些相同的成分。 MyparentsdonotlovepopmusicasmuchasI(do). 3.比较级常用表示程度的状语有:much,still,far,alot,agreatdeal,threetimes,abit,rather,slightly等。状语从句连接词时间状语从句常用引导词:when,as,while,assoonas(一……就……),while,before,after,since,till,until。特殊引导词:theminute,themoment,thesecond,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,barelyscarcely…when(一……就……),eachtime,thefirst(第一次),lasttime。everytime(每次)地点状语从句常用引导词:where。特殊引导词:wherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句常用引导词:because,since,as,since。特殊引导词:seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,inasmuchas条件状语从句常用引导词:if,unless,。特殊引导词:as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat。
让步状语从句常用引导词:though,although,evenif,eventhough。特殊引导词:as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while(一般用在句首),nomatter…,inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever。结果状语从句常用引导词:so…that,so…that,such…that。特殊引导词:suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat。方式状语从句常用引导词:as,asif,how。特殊引导词:theway目的状语从句常用引导词:sothat,inorderthat。特殊引导词:lest,incase,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat。比较状语从句常用引导词:as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)。特殊引导词:themore…themore…;justas…,so…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no…morethan;notAsomuchasB5.强调句概念:为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语、或状语),常用强调句型。1)强调句句型1.陈述句的强调句型:Itis/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分。e.g.ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing.2.一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/was提到it前面。e.g.WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing?3.特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that/who+其他部分?e.g.Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn?4.强调句例句:针对ImetLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语:ItwasIthat(who)metLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.强调宾语:ItwasLiMingthatImetattherailwaystationyesterday.强调地点状语:ItwasattherailwaystationthatImetLiMingyesterday.强调时间状语:ItwasyesterdaythatImetLiMingattherailwaystation.5.注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that,who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that,who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用Itwas……,其余的时态用Itis……2)谓语动词的强调1.Itis/was……that……结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/does或did.e.g.Dositdown.务必请坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!2.注意:此种强调只用do/does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。
3)强调句型:Itis(was)notuntil...that...注意此时从句中的谓语动词要用肯定式。如:Itwasnotuntil12o"clocklastnightthatmyfathercamehome.ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.6.倒装结构全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。常见的结构有:1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。Theregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.Hereisyourletter.2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…,notonly…(butalso),hardly/scarcely…(when),nosooner…(than)等。NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.2)so,either,nor作部分倒装“so+adj./adv.”位于句首时的倒装副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时,其后用部分倒装:Socoldwastheweatherthatwehadtostayathome.天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。“so+助动词+主语”倒装当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构:YouareyoungandsoamI.你年轻,我也年轻。ShelikesmusicandsodoI.她喜欢音乐,我也喜欢。Ifhecandoit,socanI.要是他能做此事,我也能。【注意】若前面提出某一否定的情况,要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况,则应将其中的so改为neither或nor:Youaren’tyoungandneitheramI.你不年轻,我也不年轻。Shehasn’treaditandnorhaveI.她没有读它,我也没有读3)only+状语在句首要倒装的情况
Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.4)as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.Youngboyasheis,heknowsalotaboutbasketballteams.Hardasitwas,theyreachedthepeakofthemountain.5)其他部分倒装So/such…that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装。Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.在某些表示祝愿的句型中:Mayyouallbehappy.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词,可将if省略,把were,had,should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.Hadyoucomeyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.若你昨天来,你就会见到他了。Shouldyourequireanythinggivemearing.如果需要什么,可以给我打电话。Wereitnotforyourhelp,Iwouldstillbehomeless.要不是你帮助,我仍然无家可归。7.虚拟语气一、条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 将来动词过去式(be用were)should+ 动词原形wereto+ 动词原形 would/should/might/could+ 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would/should/might/could+ 动词原形过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/couldhave+ 动词过去分词从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 2. 条件句中的虚拟语气的举例(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如:IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime.如果他要上清华大学的话,他就会充分利用他的时间了。Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.如果他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如:Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.要是他有空的话,它会帮助我们的。(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如:IfIhadseenthefilm,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit.我如果看过这场电影,我会把电影内容告诉你了。
二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.英语中,如:一坚持insist(坚决要求),二命令order,command,三建议propose,suggest(建议),advise四要求request,,requiredemand,desire表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:(should)+原形动词。Theteacheradvisedthatweshouldmakegooduseofeveryminutehere.老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。ThePartyaskedthatweshouldservethepeoplewithourheartandsoul.党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。但是,当insist的意思为:坚决认为,坚持说;suggest的意思为:表明,暗含,暗示等时,宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如:Tominsistedthathehadn’tstolenthewatch.汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。Hissmilesuggestedthathehadsucceededinthisexam.他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。2. believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:should+原形动词。如:Canyoubelievethatheshouldkillatiger?你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎?Canyouimaginethatheshouldtakethefirstplaceinthelongjumpcontest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名?3. 英语中,wish之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前 (1) had+过去分词; (2) would/could/might/should+have+过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be用were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+原形动词Iwishshewerenotmarried. 我真希望她没结婚。Iwishthebuswenttotheuniversity. 我希望公共汽车能通到大学。IwishIhadn’twastedsomuchmoney. 但愿我没浪费这么多钱。注意,从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关,而与 wish 的时态无关。比较:IwishIwererich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。IwishIhadbeenrich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。IwishedIwererich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。IwishedIhadbeenrich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。4.英语中,wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had+过去分词;现在过去时(be用were)将来过去时(be用were)I’dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。I’dratheryouwereherenow.我倒想你现在在这儿。We’dratheryouwentheretomorrow.我么倒想你明天去那儿。三、主语从句中的虚拟语气
在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语其的结构为: should+动词原形,主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型:(1) Itisadmirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/natural...that...(2) Itisapity/ashame/nowonder...that...(3) Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/... that...(4) Itworriesmethat...如:Itisimportantthatweshoulddowellinourlessonsfirst.我们先把功课学好很重要。Itisstrangethatheshouldnotcome.很奇怪,他竟没有来。Itisapitythatweshouldnotmeetlastnight.真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。Itworriesmethatweshouldbeblamedforthat.我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。四、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中,表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时,表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:(should) +动词原形。如:Wefollowedhisadvicethatweshouldaskourteacherforhelp.我们接受了他的建议:我们应该请求老师的帮助(fromwww.yygrammar.com)。Hetoldushisideathatheshouldgotouniversity.他告诉了我们他的想法:他想上大学。Hissuggestionisthatweshoulddoourworkmorecarefully.他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。Theirplanisthattheyshouldbuildanewfactoryintheirhometown.他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。五、定语从句中的虚拟语气英语中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:Itis(high/about)timethat+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词原形。如:ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我该去学校接我的女儿了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.你早该上班了。六、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在forfearthat,incase,lest引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should+动词原形。并且should不能省略Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在sothat,inorderthat所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如(fromwww.yygrammar.com):Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。
2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在evenif,eventhough所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如:Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere.即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,nomatterwh-word等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:① may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如:Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。Wewillfindhimwherever/nomatterwherehemaybe.无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。② may+完成式(指过去),主句结构不限。如:Youmustn’tbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade.不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲(fromwww.yygrammar.com)。(3) 在though,although等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为should+动词原形,主句结构不限。如:Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate,heisagoodstudent.尽管他经常迟到,他还是个好学生。Although/Thoughheshouldbesecretary,hemustobeytherules.尽管他是书记,他也必须遵守规定。3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气asif,asthough引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为:表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had+过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be用were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+原形动词例如:Theybegantotalkwarmlyasiftheyhadknowneachotherforlong.他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。Hecoughedtwiceasifsomeoneshouldcome.他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sorry,surprised,upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:① should+原形动词(指现在或将来)。如:Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.他很生气,你竟然对他直呼其名。Iwasastonishedthatheshouldnotanswersuchaneasyquestion.我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。② should+完成式,指过去。如:I’mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.我很遗憾,你这次考试竟然失败了。IwasverysurprisedthatFathershouldhaveknownwhatIdidyesterday.我很吃惊,父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情。