中学英语语法汇总 7页

 虚拟语气  虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等。虚拟语气是英语语法的难点，考生必须熟练掌握。以下从五个方面介绍。  1．虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的运用虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反，与过去事实相反，与将来事实可能相反三种情况。表示与现在事实相反的，if从句用过去式，主句用would（或could,should,might）加原形动词。与过去事实相反的，从句用过去完成时，if主句用would（或could,should,might）+havedone结构。与将来事实可能相反的，if从句用should(或wereto)加动词原形，主句用would加动词原形。  1）Ifabettermaterial_____,thestrengthofthepartwouldhavebeenincreased.  A.hadbeenusedB.hadbeenusingC.beingusedD.using根据前面的讲解，正确答案为A。  2）Hadtheweatherbeengood,thechildren_____outforawalk.A.hadgoneB.couldhavegoneC.wouldgoD.went答案为B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were,had,should这三个词时，if可以省略，主谓倒装。  2．某些动词后的宾语从句以及某些名词后的表语或同位语从句中虚拟语气的运用这些动词或名词包括：suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise(advice),demand,insist,order,request,require,recommend,desire,ask,decide 等表示建议、命令或要求的词。在这些从句中，谓语形式为should加动词原形，should可以省略。例：Thegeneral’scommandwasthatthesoldiers_____theirfortandcarryoutmoreimportanttask.    A.wouldleaveB.leaveC.leftD.haveleft答案为B。  3．在Itisdesired(或desirable),Itisimportant等结构后面的主语从句中，动词用原形或should+原形动词。这些结构有：Itissuggested,Itisrequested,Itwasordered,Itisnecessary,Itisessential.Itisvital,Itisurgent,Itisimpossible,Itispreferable,Itisadvisable,Itwasproposed等。例：It’sdesiredthatshe_____toteachusatleasttwiceaweek,A.comesB.willcomeC.comeD.maycome答案为C。  4．在wouldrather,asif/though以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。  1）Iamtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_____nextmonthforadinner.     A.comeB.wouldcomeC.cameD.havecome答案为C。wouldrather后面的从句中，动词形式用过去式。  2）Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.A.knowsB.knewC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknow正确答案为B。在asif/though后边的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去式；如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作，用过去完成时。本句 表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。  3）Youlookasifyouhadseenaghost.此句中asif后边是说话人想象中的过去的动作，所以用过去完成时。  4）IwishIknewhisaddress.在wish后边的从句中，如果指现在或将来的愿望，动词用过去式。这句话告诉我们说话人并不知道他的地址。  5）Peterwishesthathe_____lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege.  A．couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudy答案为C。在wish后边的从句中，如果表示过去没有实现的愿望，动词用过去完成时。5．在Itis(high)time后边的that从句中，动词用过去式，表示该做某事了。  例：Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou_____smoking?   A.giveupB.gaveupC.wouldgiveupD.shouldgiveup答案为B。虚拟语气专项练习：1.Wedesirethatthetourleader____________usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.  A.informB.informsC.informedD.hasinformed2.Itwasproposedthatthematter___________discussedatthenextmeeting.  A.willbeB.wasC.couldbeD.be3.Theyoungdriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit___________ontheway.  A.goeswrongB.shouldgowrongC.wentwrongD.wouldgowrong4.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms__________backbeforethedeadline.  A.mustbesentB.willbesentC.aresentD.besent 5.It’salready5o’clocknow.Don’tyouthinkit’sabouttime____________?  A.wearegoinghomeB.wegohomeC.wewenthomeD.wecangohome6.I’dratheryou_____________makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.  A.didn’tB.wouldn’tC.don’tD.shouldn’t7.Thattreelookedasifit____________foralongtime.  A.hasn’tbeenwateredB.didn’twaterC.hadn’tbeenwateredD.wasn’twatered8.Shedidn’tgototheparty,butshedoeswishshe_____________there.  A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe9.____________thewholesituation,Iwouldn’thavesaidit.  A.IfIshouldknowB.HadIknownC.IfIknewD.Weretoknow10.Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI______________here30minutessooner.  A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.shouldbeD.hadbeen练习答案：1-10ADBDCACBBA情态动词    1.情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起组成谓语。只有ought后面接todo。情态动词后接完成时的用法:情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。    2．Must+现在完成时结构：这一结构表示对过去一个动作比较有把握的猜测。例：Ibelievehe_____anaccident,otherwisehewouldhavearrivedontime.   A.wouldhavehadB.couldhavehadC.shouldhavehadD.musthavehad答案为D。   3．should(oughtto)havedone用来表示本来应该做却没有做的事情。例：I’msorryIcouldn’tgetintouchwithhimbeforeheleft,I_____himearlier.   A.hadatelephoneB.havephonedC.shouldhavephonedD.shouldbephoned答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我没能在他走之前和他联系上，我本应早点儿给他打电话的。”  4．Could+现在完成时，表示本来能做的事情而没有做。例：Mary_____thatcoat,butshechosetolendthemoneytoaneedyneighbour.A.couldhaveboughtB.musthaveboughtC.canbuyD.couldbuy答案为A。玛丽本来可以买那件大衣的，但是她把钱借给一个更急需的邻居了。时态一、如何解答时态问题方法一：看时间状语例：You’vealreadymissedtoomanyclassesthisterm.You______justlastweek.A.missedB.wouldmissC.hadmissedD.havemissed方法二：比较两个动作的先后顺序例：AnneaskedTom______thekey.A.whenheleftB.wherehehadleftC.howheleftD.whydidheleft二、时态题考试重点 １、与完成时有关的时态 现在完成时(havedone)since,for/inthepastfewmonths,uptonow 例1：Collectingtoycarsasahobbybecomesincreasinglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears.  例2：English______inanewwayatmycollegeinthepastfewyears.  A.hasbeentaughtB.wasbeingtaughtC.hasbeentaughtD.hadbeentaught.过去完成时(haddone) 例3：AnneaskedTom______thekey.   A.whenheleftB.wherehehadleftC.howheleftD.whydidheleft 例4：Thechemistryclass_____forfiveminuteswhenwehurriedthere.   A.hadbeenonB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.wouldbegan将来完成时（willhavedone）by 例 5：We’relateIexpectthefilm_____bythetimewegettothecinema.   A.hadalreadystartedB.havealreadyC.willalreadyhavestartedD.havealreadybeenstarted.现在完成进行时(havebeendoing)   例6：Itseemsoil___________fromthispipeforsometime.We"llhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright.A.hadleakedB.isleakingC.leakedD.hasbeenleaking将来完成进行时(willhavebeendoing) 例7：Bythetimeyouarrivethisevening,_______fortwohours.A.IwillstudyB.IwillhavebeenstudiedC.Ihad studiedD.Iwillhavebeenstudying. ２、在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态用一般现在时代替一般将来时  例1：Whenthemixture_____,itwillgiveoffapowerfulforce.     A.willheatB.willbeheatedC.isheatedD.hasheated  例2：pleasebesuretotelephonemethenexttimeyou______.     A.willcomeB.wouldcomeC.shallcomeD.come用现在完成时代替将来完成时例3：Smithistostudymedicineassoonashe_______militaryservice.A.willfinishB.hasfinishedC.finishD.wouldfinish