2019年考博英语语法基础知识总结 33页

考博英语语法基础知识一、倒装（一）全部倒装1.“There(Here)+be+主语”  Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict.  Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.)  Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首  Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy.4.表语位于句首  Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose.  Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity.5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文  Shewasn’tangry,andneitherwasI.  Peterdoesn’tlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语）  Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil.（二）部分倒装1.疑问句2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首（作形容词时例外）  NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents.3.“only+状语”位于句首（主句变为倒装）  Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave.4.“hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“nosooner…than”,“notonly…(butalso)”位于句首  Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan. 5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,underno  circumstances,onnoaccount…)  Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules.  Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties.6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首)  7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”  Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.  Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse.真题剖析(2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban  46  .  46.A.way  B.life  C.area  D.people二、限定词的用法1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数)eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.”eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.”从句为考察重点(1999)…Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat  51  waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe.…  51.A.which  B.what  C.it  D.that  (1998)Theylearnedto  51  theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.  52  theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving  53  ,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,…  52.A.While  B.When  C.So  D.If(1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat  45  Japanapparentlystill usedsome“primitivetools”,  46  aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.  46.A.though  B.when  C.while  D.andthatomittingthesubject  Ratherformaluse让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.  这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone.    Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour.WHILE1. HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith.2.  IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV.3.   WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar.AND1.oftenusedtolinkclausesIcameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince.2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone.Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.Doasyou’retoldandyou’llbeallright.WHERE1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow.2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived. 3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree.5.Now,wherewerewe?Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn.6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference)WHICH(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday?NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed.2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase.Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewon"tarriveforanotherhour.THAT  多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。  WHAT(有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened.2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared.3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthat"swhatyouwant.4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection.5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs.AS1.比较Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo.2.作为，正如…We"dbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.3.看作，看待Theresultoflastweek"selectionwillbeseenasavictory.4.当…时候=whileorwhenIsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus. 5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome.6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldn"tgetthedooropen.Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand.I"dbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum.Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee.IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)theopportunity.Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool.Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher.    Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige.过去分词与形容词的语义差：1.Destructive:causingdamagetopeopleorthingsthedestructivepowerofmodernweapons Damaged:beinginabadstateemotionallydamagedchildren2.Respected:admiredbymanybecauseofachievementsHe"soneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame.  Respectful:feelingorshowingrespect  Theylistenedinrespectfulsilence.3.Preferred:Herownpreferredmethodsofexercisearehikingandlongcyclerides.  Preferable:Abigearthquakealongwayoffispreferabletoasmalleronenearby.  Preferential:Bankofficialsdeniedgivingthesenatoranypreferentialtreatment.4.Unimagined:Othersseeanewgoldenageofbusinessandtechnologythatwillliftthemarkettounimaginedheights.  Unimaginative:Thatmeansthetraditionalofficelayoutoflined-upcubiclesandworkstationsisseenasrigidandunimaginative.5.Loving:Shewasadevotedwifeandaverylovingmother.  Lovable:asweetlovablechild  Lovely:Wehadalovelyholiday.6.Tolerated:WhilePatchesaregenerallywelltoleratedtheyarenotalwayssuitable foreveryone.  Tolerant:treesthataretolerantofsaltseawinds  Tolerable:Allinall,itwasbettertohaveatolerabletenementthantheidealwhichnoonecouldafford.三、独立主格特征1.充当句子的状语。2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词4.  With+名词（代词）+分词(形容词）例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome.b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted.c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle).真题剖析(1995)45cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare  46  ofthematerialwhichwould  47  feedthem.  45.A.For  B.As    C.With    D.Because练习：Dowhatyouneedtodotokeepthewolf__7__fromthedoor,theworld__8__yourthesisadviser,teamleader,orlaboratorydirector.Thenusetherestofyourtime,perhapsatnightorontheweekends,todo__9__youreallywanttodo.8.A.is    B.having      C.being      D.be四、虚拟语气1.（should）+动词原形It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable…)+that从句It+be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved…)+that从句部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)+that从句2.It’s(high,about)timethat+动词过去式  wouldrather+动词过去式 真题剖析(1997)…Iwouldn’tbetruthfulifI  47  saythatteachingishardwork.…  47.A.do  B.did  C.don’t  D.didn’t(1993)…TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration  52,andthey  53  thattheprofessorbesenthome.53.A.ordered  B.pleaded  C.decided  D.demanded练习：Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimethatwe__15__thismessagetoheart.15.A.took    B.wouldtake    C.willtake    D.shouldtake(2003.3)Itisedifying,anditisasourceofinnersatisfactioneven__54__otherfacetsoflifeprovedisappointing.(evenifotherfacetsoflifeshouldprovedisappointing.)54.A.shall  B.will  C.would  D.should五、非谓语动词动名词、分词、不定式。主动或被动。(doing/done,todo/tobedone)发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。真题剖析(2000)…IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies  60  intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers.60.A.dropped  B.todrop  C.dropping  D.drops(2001.3)Aheroinaddict,forinstance,leadsa  59  life:hisincreasingneedforheroininincreasingdosespreventshimfromworking,frommaintainingrelationships,fromdevelopinginhumanways.59.A.destructive  B.dissatisfied  C.damaged    D.derivative六、主谓一致 1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。  Howyougottheredoesn’tconcernme.  Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.2.  表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。  Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon.  3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。  Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater).5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。  Everyoneknowsthatyou’vecomehere.  Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.  (--thing的情况例外)6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等）  HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature.7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,not…but,partly…partly等)  Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.  8.each,every,manya,no…+主语，谓语用单数。  ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall.真题剖析(2000)…MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfrica’scitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,  54ofurbanizationeverrecorded.  53.A.none  B.few  C.any  D.some  七、非谓语动词 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。  1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别  (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)  (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。      不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。  Climbingmountainsisinteresting．爬山很有趣。(经验)  Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)  （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。  Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.      2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别  (1)不定式作表语  1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。  Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither．--次做两件事等于未做。  WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.我的建议是立刻开始干。  2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。  Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。  Toworkmeanstoearnaliving．工作就是为了生活。  3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。  Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。  ThefunctionofLouisSullivan’sarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior. Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant．  (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople．我们的工作是为人民服务。Hishobbyiscollectingstamps．他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled，fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.  HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected．  (3)分词作表语  分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebodyisinterestedin...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.isinteresting.这类词常见的有：  interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的  exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的  delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的  disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的  encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的  pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的  puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的  satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的  surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的  worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的  Travellingisinterestingbuttiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。  Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoo much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。  Theargumentisveryconvincing．他的论点很令人信服。  Theywereveryexcitedatthenews．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。  3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语  1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语  attempt企图      enable能够        neglect忽视  afford负担得起    demand要求        long渴望  arrange安排      destine注定        mean意欲，打算  begin开始        expect期望        omit忽略，漏  appear似乎，显得    determine决定      manage设法  cease停止        hate憎恨，厌恶      pretend假装  ask问          dread害怕        need需要  agree同意        desire愿望        love爱  swear宣誓        volunteer志愿      wish希望  bear承受        endeavor努力        offer提供  beg请求        fail不能          plan计划  bother扰乱；烦恼    forget忘记        prefer喜欢，宁愿  care关心，喜欢    happen碰巧        prepare准备  decide决定        learn学习        regret抱歉，遗憾  choose选择        hesitate犹豫        profess表明  claim要求        hope希望          promise承诺，允许  start开始        undertake承接      want想要  consent同意，赞同  intend想要        refuse拒绝  decide决定        learn学习        vow起  contrive设法，图谋  incline有…倾向    propose提议  seek找，寻觅      try试图            2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式   ask要求，邀请    get请，得到        prompt促使  allow允许        forbid禁止        prefer喜欢，宁愿  announce宣布      force强迫        press迫使  bride收买        inspire鼓舞        request请求  assist协助        hate憎恶        pronounce断定，表示  advise劝告        exhort告诫，勉励    pray请求      authorize授权，委托help帮助        recommend劝告，推荐  bear容忍        implore恳求        remind提醒  beg请求        induce引诱        report报告  compel强迫        invite吸引，邀请，  summon传唤  command命令      intend想要，企图    show  显示  drive驱赶        mean意欲，打算    train训练  cause引起        instruct指示      require要求  deserve应受      leave使，让        tell告诉  direct指导        like喜欢        tempt劝诱  entitle有资格    order命令        warn告诫  enable使能够      need需要        urge激励，力说  encourage鼓励    oblige不得不      want想要  condemn指责，谴责  lead引起，使得    teach教  entreat恳求      permit允许        wish希望  (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 acknowledge承认，自认  cease停止      mention说到，讲到admit承认        tolerate忍受    dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张    complete完成    dread可怕appreciate感激，欣赏  confess坦白    endure忍受avoid避免          contemplate细想    enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受          defer拖延        envy嫉妒can’thelp不禁      delay延迟        escape逃跑，逃避can’tstand受不了    deny否认        excuse借口 consider考虑        detest嫌恶      fancy幻想，爱好favor造成，偏爱      mind介意        repent悔悟figure描绘，计算    miss错过        resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得  pardon原谅，饶恕    resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅        permit允许        resume恢复imagine设想        postpone延迟，延期  risk冒险involve卷入，包含    practise实行，实践  suggest建议hate讨厌          prevent阻止        save营救，储蓄keep保持          quit放弃停止      stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶  recall回想        例如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做）  forgetdoing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stoptodo停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事  stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事3）remembertodo记住去做某事（未做）  rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾  regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）trytodo努力、企图做某事  trydoing试验、试一试某种办法6)meantodo打算，有意要…  meandoing意味着7）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）  goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）proposetodo打算（要做某事）  proposingdoing建议（做某事） 9)like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为；+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念  （注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：  Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow．10)need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。  Don’tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?  Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。  Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)  Iregrettohavetodothis，butIhavenochoice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)    Youmusttrytobemorecareful．你可要多加小心。  Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。  Ididn’tmeantohurtyourfeeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。Thisillnesswillmean(your)goingtohospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语  1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系  Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。  ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。  2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系  Gethimsomethingtoeat．给他拿点儿东西吃。  Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning．早上他有很多工作要做。  3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。  Ineedapentowritewith．我需要一支笔写字。      Thereisnothingtoworryabout．没有什么值得发愁的。  4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：   ability能力，本领  drive赶，驾驶        movement运动，活动  ambition抱负，野心  effort努力，尝试      need需要，需求  campaign战役，运动  failure失败，不及格    opportunity机会  chance机会        force力，压力，要点    promise许诺，希望  courage勇气      intention意向，意图    reason理由，原因  decision决定      method方法，方式      light光，光线，亮光      determination决心，决定  motive动机，目的  struggle奋斗，努力  tendency倾向，趋势    wish希望，愿望，祝愿  5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second,last,only和nota，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。6）不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot等习惯上用不定式做定语。  Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。    7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendtodo---tendencytodo；decidetodo=decisiontodo；becurioustodo=curiositytodo  Hiswishtobuyacarcametrue．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。  Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus．  他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。  Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave．  他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语  分词作定语时有下面几个特点：  1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。  2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。  Herushedintotheburninghouse．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。  Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。  Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。  Haveyougotyourwatchrepaired?你拿到那个修好的表了吗?  Heisanadvancedteacher．他是个先进教师。 3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？5．不定式和分词作状语的区别（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。  现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.他出去后将门随手关上。Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别   1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。  Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)  Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。  Readingattentively，heforgotthetimeforlunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)  Readingcarefully，hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)  Readingcarefully，you"lllearnsomethingnew．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)  Hisfamilywastoopoortosupporthim．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)  Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)Wearegladtohearthenews．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：  a：not/nevertoo…to,  too…notto  ,but/onlytoo…to,  tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义  b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。  c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构    （1)疑问词+不定式结构  疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：  Whentostarthasnotbeendecided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)   Idon’tknowwhattodo．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)  Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver．困难在于如何过河。(表语)Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：  Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.我不知道如何做此事。  B.动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how,what）+不定式：Whilestillayoungboy,Tomknewtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。  Whenthestreetsarefullofmeltingsnow,youcannothelpbutgettingyourshoeswet.(3)不带to的不定式1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：feel  觉得  observe注意到，看到  overhear听到watch注视    listento听        perceive察觉，感知notice注意  see看见          lookat看    hear听  Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake，Ericsprangtohisfeet，andwentontherescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make,let，have等。如：  Lethimdoit.让他做吧。  IwouldhaveyouknowthatIamill．我想要你知道我病了。  (注)：  ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：  Hewasseentocome．  Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.    ②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:   Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。  3)在donothing／anything／everythingbut(except)结构中。例如：  LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。    但是，如果谓语动词不是“donothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。  Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如：  Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。  (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：  Itwaswiseofhimtodothat．他那样做是明智的。2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词’s+动名词。例如：  Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem．他坚持要我和他们一起去。  Hedislikeshiswife’sworkinglate．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kindthoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等  Itisverykindofyoutohelpme．你帮助我太好了。  间或也可用for+theretobe表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe）。It’sagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。 7．非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型  1）Doing...+v.Readingisanart.阅读是门艺术。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。  2)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反对也没有用。Itisagreatfunplayingfootball．打篮球很有趣。Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain．设法解释是浪费时间。  3)Itis+useless(nice,good，interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth．  Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。  Itisniceseeingyouagain．真高兴又遇到了你。  ItisgoodPlayingchessaftersupper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。  Itisexpensiverunningthiscar．开这种小车是浪费。  4)Thereisno+doing.．.(thereisno表“不可能”)  Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo．说出他要干什么是不可能的。  Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。  5)Thereisnouse(good/point/sense/harm)+doingsth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)  Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。  6)havedifficulty/trouble/problem+(in)+doing  have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime.    例如：Wehaddifficulty(in)carryingouttheplan．我们执行计划有困难。  7)feellike+名词  感觉像动名词“想要”=wouldliketo+原形动词  Ifeellikeanewbornbaby．我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。  Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie?你想看电影吗?  Idon"tfeellikestudyingtonight．今晚我不想读书。      8)spend/wastetimedoingsth.Theyspentalottime(in)makingpreparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。   9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare．这个问题需要仔细研究。  10）cannothelpdoingsth.忍不住（做什么）cannothelpbutdosth  Icannothelplaughing,onceIseejohninthatbigtrouser.  (2)有关分词句型  1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如：  Shesmeltsomethingburningandsawsmokerising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。  Iwatchedthemrehearsingtheplay．我看他们排演戏。  Icouldfeelthewindblowingonmyface．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。  2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如：      Icaughtthemstealingmyapples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。  Ifshecatchesmereadingherdiary，she"llbefurious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。  Wefoundhimwaitingtoreceiveus．我们发现他正等着接待我们。  3)go+现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。I’llgocampingtomorrow．我明天去露营。I’llgoshopping．我去商店。  Wouldyouliketogoskatingwithme?你想和我去溜冰吗?  4)bebusy+v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…  Iambusywritingmythesis．我正忙着写论文。   Hisassistantisbusy(in)correctingpapers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。  或者bebusywith+n.忙着做某事。  Heisbusywithhiswork．他忙着工作。  5)Whatdoyousayto+ing分词?(……怎么样?)Whatdoyousaytojoiningusfordinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?（3）有关动词不定式句型  下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。cannothelpbutdo,  cannotbutdo,  cannotchoosebutdo,  candonothingbutdo,  havenochoice/alternativetodoWhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.(4)therebe的非谓语形式  therebe非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过，定语见1996年题10。)  Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams．(作宾语如1991年题30)  1)作动词宾语时，通常用theretobe结构，而不用个therebeing。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：      Wedon"twanttheretobeanycomradeslaggingbehind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。  Theyhatetheretobelongqueueseverywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。  Wehavenoobjectiontotherebeingameetinghere．我们并不反对在这里开会。  Itisn"tenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight，soIcanleaveJim"scaroutquitesafely．(作状语)  2)作状语多用therebeing结构，但若置于介词之后，for用theretobe整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用therebeing。  Therebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)  It’stooearlyfortheretobeanybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)  Therehavingbeennorainforalongtime，thegroundwasverydry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)  3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用theretobe。Itisnotuncommonfortheretobeproblemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。  Therebeingakindergartenoncampusisagreatconveniencetofemaleteachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。  4)作定语。Therebe结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为therebe，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如：  Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanking．这是到南京的最快一班车。  ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。目标测试1.___A___inthematriculationforpostgraduateinashorttimeisreallyahardnut．A．Tomakehighscores    B．MakinghighscoresC．Tomakelowgoal    D．Makinglowgoal  2.Ifound____D____toanswerallthequestionswithinthetimegiven．A．nopossibility    B．therewasimpossibilityC．impossible      D．itimpossible  3.Thestudentsexpectedthere_D_morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams．A．is    B．being    C．havebeen    D．tobe    4.You’regoingtoEnglandnextyear.Youshouldnowpractise__C_ Englishasmuchaspossible.A.speak  B.tospeak  C.speaking    D. Speakabout  5.Ifwedon’tstartoutnow,wemustrisk___B___thetrain.A.miss    Bmissing    C.beingmissed  Dtomiss  6.Theflexibilityoffilmallowstheartist__A___unstrainedimaginationtotheanimationofcartooncharacters. A．tobring    B．brining    C．isbrought    D．brings7.Althoughthelecturehadalreadybeenonforfiveminutes，Istillwasnotabletofindachair__C__.A.tosit    B．fortositon    C．tositon    D．forsitting8.Surelyherdaughterwouldmakeanevenbiggereffort__C__her?A．please    B．pleased    C．toplease    D．havingpleased9.Lotsofemptybootswerefoundundertheoldman’sbed.Hemusthavedonenothingbut__A_.A.drink  B.todrink  C.drinking  D.drunk  10.Thelocalhealthorganizationisreported__C_twenty-fiveyearsagewhenDr.Adudonbecameitsfirstpresident.A.tobesetup      B.beingsetup  C.tohavebeensetup  D.havingbeensetup  11.Iheardhim_C_thedoorA.locking  B.tolock  C.lock  D.beinglocking  12.Hedoesnothingbut_C__A.complaining  B.tocomplaining  C.complain  D.tocomplain13.Thestudentsexpectedthere_D__morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam.A.is    B.being  Chavebeen  D.tobe  14.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_C__inbroaddaylight yesterday.A.toberobbed        B.robbed  C.tohavebeenrobbed    D.havingbeenrobbed  15.Iappreciated__A____theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.A.havingbeengiven  B.havingbeen  C.tohavebeengiven  D.tohavegiven  16.Thereisnopoint_C__further.A.argue  B.toargue  C.arguing  D.beingarguing17.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways_D__withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.A.combined  B.havingcombinedC.combine  D.beingcombined 18.Theystopped_B__,butnowI’mgettinginterested.A.listening  B.tolisten    C.listen    D.havinglistening19.Iamsorrytohearthatyouresorted_B__A.tocheat  B.tocheating  C.cheating  D.cheat20.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,_A__insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.A.beingconsidered  B.considering.C.tobeconsidered  D.havingconsidered    21.__D_oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimberupanddriftedtotheSouth.A.Tobefree  B.Freeing  C.Tofree    D.Freed22._B__exceptions,therulemaystand.A.Allowfor  B.AllowingforC.Toallow  D.Toallowfor23.Allflights__D_becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceled    B.hadbeencanceled  C.havingcanceled  D.havingbeencanceled  24.Johnpaintedhersittinginachairwithherhands_D__A.folding  B.tohavefolded    C.tofold    D.  folded  25.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges_A__placeinourever-changingworld.A.taking    B.totake  C.  take  D.taken26.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime_B_thelastbus.A.tohavecaught  B.tocatch  C.catching  D.  havingcaught  27.Ihavegotaloafofbread;nowI’mlookingforaknife_A___.A.tocutitwith  B.tocutwithit  C.withittocut  D.ittocutwith28.ThefunctionofLouisSullivan’sarchitecturewas_A__largeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.A.toprovide  B.providing  Chavingproviding  Dprovide  29.Hisvictoryinthefinalwasnomore____thanIhadexpected.A.convincing  B.convinced  C.toconvince  D.beingconvincing 30.Irecommendyou  ___whathesays.A.do  B.doing  C.todo  D.todoing    31.Howabout__C__there?A.togo  B.go  C.going  D.togoing    32.Heisan  _B__teacher.A.advancing  B.advanced  Cbeingadvancing  Dadvance33.ThePortuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravel,thatman_B__princeHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.A.was    B.being  C.is    D.havingbeen  34.Ihavenoideaof_B__it.A.todo    B.howtodo    C.whattodo  D.todoing35.Onseeingtheyoungchild_B__intothelake,Johnsprangtohisfeet,andwenttotherescue.A.fell  B.fall  C.falling  Dtofall  36Wedon’twant____any  comradeslaggingbehind.A.therebeing  B.theretobeing  C.theretobe  D.thereis37.Imustmakefulluseofthetime___lefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.A.therebeing  B.thereis  C.thereare  D.theretobe38.Itisnotuncommonfor____problemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung.A.theretobe  B.  therebeing  Ctheretobeing  D.therebe  39.Revolutionmeans  ___theproductiveforces.A.toliberate.  B.tohaveliberated  C.liberating    D.havingbeingliberated40.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each____onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.make    B.made    C.istomake    D.making  标准答案：1-5  ADDCD    6-10  ACCAC    11-15CCDCA  16-20CDBBA   21-25DBDDA    26-30BAAAC    31-35CBBBB  36-40CBACD八、虚拟语气归纳和练习虚拟语气的重点是：1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。  上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would,could,might+动词原形。C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词。Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.---“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”---“That’sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”Iwishthatheweren’tsolazy.(2)hadhoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecame anartistlater.(3)would(had)rather,wouldassoon,wouldsooner和wouldprefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。（4）It’s(high,about)timethat句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。It’stimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.Itishightimethatwe  putanendtothisdiscussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。（5）as,或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamivc,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.（6）由连接词incase,sothat,unless,lest,forfearthat引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might,would)+动词原形，例如：Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(7)ifitwerenotfor…与现在事实相反，ifithadnotbeenfor与过去事实相反，两个都相当于butfor：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(8)虚拟语气用于asif（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型,asthough,suppose,hadrather,supposing,ifonly等等IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.  二、特殊形式的虚拟语气虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求        advise建议        arrange安排      beg请求    command命令    decide决定        demand要求      desire渴望determine决定    insist坚持        intend打算        maintain坚持主张move建议，动员  propose提议        object反对        order命令prefer建议      require需要        request要求      resolve下决心recommend推荐    suggest建议        stipulate约定，规定  urge强调，促进vote公认，提议    decree颁布（法令）    pray请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者todo…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.（书面体）Sheadvisedustokeepthegatelocked.（口语）Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(较随便)B、用于Itis+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable合理的    decided决定的    crucial关键的    appropriate恰当的determined决定的    commanded命令的  arranged安排的   essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照      anxious焦急的    imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的    better较好的，更好  insistent坚持的    desired想要asked请求        keen渴望的      incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的      insisted坚持      necessary必要的    suggested建议urgent紧迫的      ordered命令      shocked震惊的    vital极其重要的possible可能的    strange奇怪的    preferable（好一点）proposed提议requested要求的    required要求的    recommended推荐    resolved决定的probable（可能的）  pity可惜，憾事    shame遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…todo…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.C．用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：advice忠告      decision决定      demand要求    desire要求、愿望insistence坚持    motion提议      necessity必要性  order命令preference偏爱    proposal提议      pray恳求      recommendation推荐request要求      requirement要求    resolution决心    suggestion劝告、忠告例如：Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。Themotionthattheremarkofthelastspeakerbeexpungedfromtherecord.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。三、混合虚拟语气   有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。Ifyou    thatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn’tbesosleepy.A.haven’twatched    B.didn’twatch    C.hadn’twatched    D.wouldn’thavewatched            答案选C。Manydeadwouldnowbealiveiftheyhavenotattemptedtoreturnforsomething.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.  混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.  该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式hadbeen。四、含蓄虚拟条件句  含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：（1）介词或介词短语，如butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,undermorefavorablecondition等。        theleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Iftherehadn’tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.A.Inspiteof    B.Butfor    C.Becauseof    D.Asfor    答案选B。Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.(2)连词，如：sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided(倘若……)，forfearthat(唯恐)，inorderthat,onconditionthat,ifonly(要是……就好了)等。Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.=ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted. IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar.  (注：lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：  Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflowshouldoccur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词。Ithoughtthechildren        whenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.A.weresleeping    B.wouldbesleeping    C.hadbeensleeping    D.wouldsleep选择B。(4)形容词及其比较级Amorecarefulpersonwouldnothavemadesomanymistakes.Alessconscientiousmanwouldn’thavetriedsohardtogetthisjobdone.(5)分词短语Havingknownintime,wemighthavepreventedtheaccident.Borntendaysearlier,theboycouldhaveseenhislatefather.(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。IintendedIshouldcallonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.TohearhimspeakFrench,youwouldtakehimforanEnglishman.Shewouldbestupidnottoaccepthisinvitation.Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.(7)名词短语和名词+and结构Ajudiciousmanwouldnothavecommittedsuicide.Adiligentstudentwouldhaveworkedharder.(8)独立主格结构Allthingsconsidered,thepricewouldbereasonable. (9)定语从句Anyonewhohadbeeninyourpositionwouldhavedonethesame.Anation,whichstoppedworking,wouldbedeadinafortnight.(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(11)动词原形表示虚拟动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。Godblessyou!Allmagnetsbehavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.She’llbesixteenyearsodd,comMay.(comeMay=whenMaycome).Ifthatbeso,weshalltakeactionatonce.