英语语法全套复习2 84页

第一节名词、代词、数词、冠词 一、名词1可数名词由单数变复数时，要注意以下规则变化1）不通过加-s构成的复数名词。如：man---mentooth---teethwoman---womenmouse---miceEnglishman---Englishmenchild---children(但German---Germans)foot---feetphenomenon---phenomena2)单、复数形式相同的名词。如：deerfishsheepChinese（中国人）Japanesemeans（方式）works（工厂）注意：fish一词为“（一条，两条）鱼”时，其单复数形式相同；作“鱼的种类”讲时，其复数是在词尾加–es；但当“鱼肉”讲时，则为不可数名词。 3）集合名词的单数形式有时强调的是其个体或成员，这时谓语动词用复数。常见的集合名词如；army,class,crowd,crew,family,group,public,team,union等。4）有些名词形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，其谓语动词用复数。如：police,people（人们）等。5）有些名词以-s结尾，但属于单数名词。如：学科名词：maths,physics,politics等；专有名词：theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等；还有些不可数名词，如：news等。6）有些名词只有复数形式。如clothes,glasses（眼镜）,trousers等。这些词均不能和不定冠词和数词连用，但可以和some,(a)few,any,no,many,alotof等表示不确切数量的词连用，也可和apairof,twoarticlesof等具体单位量词连用。 2.不可数名词多数不可数名词不可和不定冠词连用，但有些不可数名词在表示“某一种”或“具体某一次”时，可以和不定冠词连用。如：Iwishyouhappiness.Thejobdemandssomeonewithacollegeeducation.HehasawideknowledgeofChinesehistory. 3.名词的格1）当名词是人名或表示有生命的及被视为有生命的东西时多用’s格。如：John’sbrotherTeacher’sDaythechildren’spalacetheelephant’stusk注意下列表示法：MaryandJane’sroom玛丽和简两人共有的房间Mary’sandJane’sroom玛丽和简各自的房间2)表示国家、城市等地方的名词和表示时间、距离、度量及金钱的名词，虽无生命，但也可用’s表示所有格。如：China’smodernindustryatwoweeks’holidaythreedollars’worthofbananas3)“of+名词”的结构常用来表示无生命的所有关系。如：thetwosidesoftheroadtheworksofLuxun4)双重所有格，即“of+名词’s”结构：常用于表示部分概念或带有一定的感情色彩。如：afriendofmyfather’s我父亲的一位朋友 thelittlehandsofJim’s吉姆的小手5)有些名词的所有格表示家宅、商店或其它处所。如：myaunt’s我婶婶的家thechemist’s药房thetailor’s裁缝店theSmith’s史密斯的家注意：“姓氏+s”表示“……全家”。如：IvisitedtheSmithsyesterday.theSmiths’表示“史密斯一家的住所”。如：---WhereisLee?---HeisattheSmiths’.4.名词作定语1）一个名词直接修饰另一个名词，常表示材料、用途或内容等。goldwatchschoolbusdressshoproomnumberwarstory2）有些名词还可以和其它词构成定语的复合结构。如：athree-wheeledcarwarm-heartedneighboursasix-storeyedbuildinganeight-year-oldboyathree-weekholiday 二、代词1使用人称代词要注意的几个问题1）当代词成对地使用或与一个名词搭配使用时，两个部分的句法功能必须一致。注意下面一句中代词的错误：Intheearlymorningthefirstthingthatbothmybrotherandmedidwastogoouttorun.(×)2)单数人称代词的排列顺序一般为：二、三、一。复数人称代词的排序为：一、二、三。名词和人称代词的排序为：先名词，后人称代词。但you常位于名词前。如：theteacheranduswe,youandtheyyou,JohnandI其它代词一般排列在人称代词之后。如：he,Iandsomeothers3）人称代词作主语时，如说明主语一般用主格，口语中多用宾格IfIwereshe(her),Iwouldtakeyouradvice.Openthedoor,please.It’sme. 在强调句中，若强调的是主语就用主格，若强调的是宾语，用宾格。如：Itwastheythatshowedusaroundthefactory.Itwasusthattheyshowedaroundthefactory.4）代词应与所代替的那个词在人称和数上取得一致。Ihavelostmykeys.IcannotrememberwhereIlostit.(×)2.物主代词1）形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheirmineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirsmywalletherbookThehouseacrossthestreetishers.(hers=herhouse)2)定冠词代替物主代词：(hit,pat,strike,shoot,beat,catch,seize,shake,等表示击、打、拍等动作)Theladypattedhimontheheadkindly.Theyhittheboyintheface.Thepolicemancaughtthethiefbythearm. 3.反身代词1)反身代词不能作主语，但是可以作主语的同位语。如：Sheherselfisadoctor.2)注意区分oneself,byoneself和foroneself。oneself:亲自（做……），相当于inpersonbyoneself:独自（做……）,相当于aloneforoneself:独立（做……）,相当于withoutbeinghelped如：Youshouldgotoseehimyourself.Helikestotakeawalkbyhimself.Youshouldworkouttheproblemforyourself.注意：多数情况下byoneself和foroneself无明显区别，所以上句中的foroneself也可用byoneself来替换。3)常用词组：todevoteoneself(to+n)todressoneselftoenjoyoneself tohelponeself(to+n)tomakeoneselfunderstood/heardtosaytooneselftoseatoneselftotakecareofoneselftotalktooneself4.疑问代词使用疑问代词What和which时，应注意what一般没有限制范围，而which则是在一定范围中进行选择。---whatsubjectdoyoulike?---Ilikephysics,Englishandhistory.---whichdoyoulikebest?---Physics,ofcourse. 5.指示代词that/those可以用来表示前面提到过的东西，避免重复。ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofIndia.TheTVsetsmadeinShanghaiarebetterthanthoseinourcity.如果指代的名词是单数可数名词，可以用Theone替换that。注意：one/ones也可用来表示前面提到过的东西。它们和that/those的区别是：that/those一般用来指物，定语后置；而one/ones可以指人也可以指物，定语前置。如：Thispenisasexpensiveasthatone.Idon’tliketheblackshoes;Ilikethewhiteones. 6不定代词1）each和everyeach既可以作代词又可以作形容词；而every是形容词，作定语，不能单独作代词用，但可以和body,one.thing构成复合代词。另外，each指两者或两者以上的人或物中的每个；而every用来指三个或三个以上的人或物中的每个。2)noone和noneNoone=nobody只用来指人，后面不跟of结构，是单数。none既可用来指人又可用来指物，既可用来指可数名词又可用来指不可数名词。Noneofmyfamilysmoke/smokes.Noneoftheinformationisavailable.3）部分否定和全部否定all,both,each,everybody,everything与否定词连用时，只表示部分否定。如果要表示全部否定，则应该用none,noone,nobody,nothingneither等。 三、冠词1不定冠词1）a/an的使用要注意根据其后名词的发音，而不是字母。如：Theword“unless”beginswitha“u”andendswithan“s”.2）不定冠词表示“一个”人或事物。若强调“一”时，则用one.Iwanttobuyonecopy,nottwo.3）不定冠词和少数不可数名词（多为抽象名词）连用时，不表示“一个”，而是“一种”或“一次”的意思。（不可数名词）4）带不定冠词的短语。如：makealivinginahurry 2.定冠词1）定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用，表示一类人或物时，谓语动词用复数；表抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。如：therichthepoorthetruethefalsetheinjured2）江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡前加定冠词，但海岛和山峰及湖泊等地理名词前一般不加定冠词。如：thePacificOceantheRockyMountainstheTaiwanStraitsTaiwanIslandMountTai但是与of连用的这类名词要加定冠词。如theIslandofTaiwan3）常用词组intheendbythewayonthewholeinthemorning(afternoon,evening) 3.不用冠词1）专有名词，如人名、国名、地名等前不用。但当专有名词是由几个普通名词或带有形容词修饰的名词词组构成的，通常加定冠词。theSummerPalacetheWhiteHousetheUnitedNationstheGreatLenin2)球类及游戏棋类前不加冠词，如：playfootball；playthepiano;playpi-pa法定节日Christmas,NationalDay3)man人类,word消息4)表示职称、头衔的词作宾语、表语或宾补时Hewasmade(our)monitor.但若作主语，要定冠词Themanagerwantstoseeyou.5)语言不要冠词，但和language一起，加theEnglishiswidelyusedintheworldTheEnglishlanguageisaninternationallanguage. attable就餐atthetable（坐）在桌旁inhospital住院inthehospital在医院takeplace发生taketheplaceof代替thesecondtime第二次asecondtime又一次amostinterestingstorythemostinterestingstory 四、数词容易错的数词four,fourteen,fortynine,ninthfive,fifthtwelve,twelfth2.确定的数和不确定的数hundred,thousand,million,dozen,score等词前面有数字或afew/several时，表示确定数，后面不能加of结构。无数字时，后面要加of结构，表示不确定的数。Getmetwodozeneggs,please.Dozensofpeoplegatheredinfrontofthebuilding.3.由数字和名词构成复合定语atwo-thousand-wordreportafive-weekholiday4.every+数词+名词“everytwodayseveryother/secondday5.分数和百分数Abouteightypercentoftheearthsurfaceiswater.Overtwofifthsoftheworkersareyoung. 第二节形容词、副词 1.形容词的比较级和最高级比较的对象常用that和those来代替，Thebikesinthisshoparemoreexpensivethanthoseinthatone.ThisisthemostinterestingbookIhaveeverread.修饰比较级的副词有rather,much,even,still,abit,alittle,alot,any,no等。常被误用的有more,less,very,quite,fairly,greatly.Themangotevenmoreangry.Theexperimentwillbecomemucheasierifitisdoneinthisway.manymore+名词和muchmore+名词都可以，区别在于后面的名词是可数还是不可数名词。IboughtmanymorebooksthanIneeded.Theyhavemuchmorerainherethisyearthantheydidlastyear.修饰最高级的词有byfar,far,much,thevery,ofall.ThisisbyfarthemostexpensivecarIhaveeverseen.Thelibraryisthehighestbuildingofallinthecity. 2.形容词的位置以a开头的形容词只能作表语，不能用在名词之前。如：alone，awake，alive，asleep，afraidsomething，anything，nothing定语后置名词前有多个形容词，它们的位置比较复杂。一般来说有两条基本原则：第一，主观性形容词（表示说话人观点的形容词nice，beautiful，good，ugly）在所有的形容词之前；第二，客观属性形容词放在主观性形容词之后，位置比较复杂，：颜色+出处+材料+用途+名词。Thefrightenedwomanwasafraidthatshewouldbebittenbythesnake。Icanseesomething/nothinginterestinginthepaper。Yesterdaytheyboughtabrownandwhite，German，plastic，writingdesk。4.the+adjTheoldshouldbewelltakencareofbyus. 二、副词1.副词的种类地点副词there,near,here,up,down,by等；时间副词now,then,soon；程度副词rather,quite,fairly,too,very；频度often,alwaysnever,seldom；方式bravely,hard,well,quickly,happy；引导疑问句和其它从句的when,where,why.2.副词的位置1)地点副词一般在句尾，有的可在句首，句中不能Sheissittingoutside.Theyaskedthegueststohavedinnerdownstairs.Indoorstheactorswereputtingonaninterestingplay.地点状语放在时间状语之前。Johnstayedinhisroomallday.2）时间副词确定时间（yesterday,today,lastmonth…) 不确定时间recently,afterwards,already,anothertime,atonce,just.确定时间的副词多用于句尾从小到大：TheplanelandedinNanjingatteno’clockonFridayOctober,1996.也有用在句首的：Thismonththeyhavehadseveralrains.表不确定时间的副词可用在句首、句中、句尾，在句中时放在行为动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。Ihavejustfinishedthework.Immediatelythecardroveoutoftheyard.Ihaven’tfinishedtheworkyet.3）频度副词频度副词在句中时放在行为动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。Theboyhasoftenbeentoldnottodothisorthat.Theysometimesstayupallnight.Thewarm-heartedmanisalwaysreadytohelpothers. 频度副词可放在句首或句尾，但表示否定意义的频度副词在句首时，句子要倒装。NevershallIsaythistohisface.4)方式副词一般在动词的后面或在动词宾语的后面。Thesoldiersfoughtbravely.ThestudentscanspeakEnglishwell.宾语很长时，动词之前ShecarefullypickedoutthebadapplesfromthegoodonesHefoolishlyansweredthequestion.（位置不同，意思不同）Heansweredthequestionfoolishly.3副词的比较级(more/less,most/least)区别：farther/furtherfarther表距离；further距离或程度。Theyweretootiredtowalkanyfarther/further.Thetwocountrieshaveplannedtofurthertalkabouttheproblemsometimenextyear. 第三节介词、连词 一、介词1表时间的介词1)at,by,in,onat,by表时间的点：at表示“在……（几点钟）”；by表示“到……时候”（含有“不超过”，常与过去或将来完成时态连用）on表示日期及某天的上午、下午、晚上等。in表示泛指的早、中、晚及年、月等。2)in,for后面接一段时间in+一段时间表示“在……之内”或“……以后（用在将来时态中）”。for+一段时间表示动作的延续。3)after,sinceafter表示在某具体时间之后；since自某具体时间以来，用完成时。4)till,until的用法有两个：(1)肯定句“直到……时候”，动词必须是延续性的。Hewaitedtill/untilteno’clock.(2)在否定句中“直到……才”。Tomdidn’treturntill/untilmidnight.（till不放句首） 2.表示运动或移动的介词across,though,along,into,onto,up,down,outof,off多和具有运动意义的动词搭配.如:show…into,getthrough1)across,through,alongacross越过,横穿(从一边到另一边).Canyouswimacrosstheriver?through穿过,通过(从一端到另一端).Thetrainpassedthroughthetunnel.along沿着.Theytookawalkalongthestreet.2)in,intoin”在…..里(内),是表静态的介词,和come,move等动词连用时是副词;into”进入,入“,与表运动的动词搭配,是介词.如:Motherisinthekitchen.Comein,please.Hecameintotheroom. 3.表示方向、方位的介词in,on,toin;to;onDalianliesinthenorthofChina.JapanliestotheeastofChina.VietnamliesonthesouthofChina.2)to,forto表示“去，向”（常与位移性动词连用）。如：go,come,move等;for表示“目的地”，常与leave,setout,sail等词连用。但表示“朝什么方向去”，用inthedirectionof…3)at,toat表示“对准……（目标）”;to表示“朝……方向”。如：Hecameuptome.Thechildthrewastoneatthedog. 4.by,in,on,withby表示途径和手段及交通工具。如：Hemadealivingbysellingnewspapers.Shesucceededbymeansofperseverance.Youmaygotherebytaxi.当特指某一交通工具时，要用介词in,on等，并且要后续冠词或形容词性物主代词。如：Hepromisedtodrivemetotowninhisowncar.in表示方式，常与下列词搭配，如：inaway,inink,inEnglishon表示途径，常与radio,phone,TV等词连用。with表示工具，方式。Cutitwithaknife. 5.besides,but,except,exceptforbesides表示“除……之外，（还，也）”;except表示“除……外（其余都）“，常和all,every,no,none,nothing等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用;exceptfor也表示“除……之外”，含有“只是……”，“只不过……”的意思，它和except不同的是:与except连用的整体词和except所跟的词常常是同类的，是指整体除去一部分;而与exceptfor连用的整体词与exceptfor所跟的词往往不是同类，是指整体中除了一个细节。如：Allhispicturesarewellpaintedexceptthisone.It’sanicepictureexceptforthecolouroftheroof.but表示“除……外，（其余或都不）”，和except用法相似。注意下列句中but后面动词的形式。Lastnight,IdidnothingbutwatchTV.Hehasnochoicebuttokeepsilence.OldJohnenjoysnothingbutfishing. 二、连词1表原因的连词表原因的连词有：as,because,for,since1)because引导的是原因状语从句，表示“因为……”，强调事物内在因果关系，常放在主句之后或用来回答why问句。---Whydidn’tyoutelephoneme?---BecauseIdidn’twanttodisturbyou.2)as,since常用来指显而易见的原因，或不太重要的原因，since比as稍加正式。as,since引导的句子常置于句首。如：Asitwasraining,Idecidedtostayhome.Sinceitdoesn’twork,let’stryanother.3)for表示原因时，常作为一种补充说明，不能放在句首。如：Idecidedtostopandhavelunch---forIwasfeelingquitehungry. 2.表条件的连词表条件的连词有:if,as(so)longas,onconditionthat等.if可用在虚拟语气中;而aslongas只用于真实的条件句中.如:Ifitrainstomorrow,we’llstayhome.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldstayhome.(虚拟)Iwilllendyoumycameraaslongasyoureturnittomethisweekend.3.aswellasaswellas相当于notonly.Sheiscleveraswellasbeautiful.Sheplayedthepianoaswellassinging.她不仅唱了歌还弹了钢琴.Sheplaysaswellasshesings.她弹得和唱得一样好.4.表时间的连词表时间的连词有:as,when,while等.它们常可以互换,但以下两种情况下不能互换:1)当两个动作相伴发生时,或表示对比时,用while而不用when,as.Wemuststriketheironwhileitishot.Somepeoplewastefoodwhileothershaven’tenough. 2)表示突然发生某事时(常可译为“……正在……忽然……”)或表条件时(意思接近“……的情况下”),用when,不用as,while.Iwascookingwhenthebellrang.Steamcanbeseenrisingfromthewetclotheswhentheyarehungnearafire.可以与形容词或分词连用的连词有:if,unless,when,whileTurntothedictionaryif(itis)necessary.Becarefulwhile(youare)crossingthestreet.Hewon’tcomeunless(heis)invited. 第四节时态 一、一般现在时1)现在习惯性动作，即包括现在时刻在内的整个阶段经常性、习惯性动作。Thebankopensat8:00a.m.onweekdays.HoweverbusyIam,Iwritetomymotherregularly.2)（人、物）现在的特性、状态。NowIambusy;Ican’tsparetimeforaholiday.Thatstreetisinbadcondition,andsmellsterrible.3)叙述客观真理、科学事实、格言及没有时限的客观存在。Knowledgeisstrength.Lighttravelsfasterthansound.JapanliestotheeastofChina. 二、一般过去时1）用于表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或状态。如：Igottoknowhimtwoyearsago.Hewasseriouslyilllastweek.表示这种确定的过去的时间状语还有yesterday,thenightbefore,once,theotherday,justnow等。2）过去发生的经常性、反复性的动作或状态。如：Chinaisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.（不可换）Asachild,Iwouldgotoseaalongwithmyfather.（可换）1）情态动词would表示过去习惯性动作，usedto表示过去习惯性动作或状态。区别：若表示过去习惯性动作，would与usedto可互换；2）下列句型中动词用过去时．Itis(high/about)time(that)wegottobusiness.Iwouldratheryouknewthetruthnow. 三、现在进行时1.表达形式主动语态am/is/aredoing被动语态am/is/are/beingdone2.基本用法用于表示此刻正在进行或发生的动作；现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作。AtpresentLaoLiisshowingsomeforeignfriendsaroundourworkshop---AreyouanativeofBeijing?---No,Iamstudyingforadoctor’sdegreeatBeijingUniversity.注意：表思想感情的动词，如understand,know,think,want,love等；表所属关系的动词，如have,own,belongto等;表感官感觉的动词，如see（看见）,hear（听见）等，不用进行时，用一般时。Ifullyunderstandwhatyoumean.IsawnoonebutAliceattheairport. 2)进行时与always,constantly,continually等副词连用，可表达赞扬、不满、讨厌等感情色彩。Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.Atschoolhewasconstantlyplayingatrickonothers.四、过去进行时1表达形式主动语态was/weredoing被动语态was/werebeingdone2基本用法过去某一时刻某一阶段正在进行的动作。Iwasmakingalong-distancecalltomynearrelativebeforeyouarrived.Inthoseyearswewerehavingahardtime.五、现在完成时have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone1)过去的动作与现在有关系。Ihaveturnedontheelectricheaterintheroom.(Iturnedontheelectricheater,andtheroomisgettingwarmnow.) Hehastakenawaymyreferencebook.(Hetookawaymyreferencebook,andnowIcan’tuseit.)2)表示动作从过去延续到现在，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。HehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.Wehavehadplentyofrainheresincewepartedlastmonth.从过去延续到现在的时间状语还有inthepast(last)fewyears,eversince,sofar,uptothepresent,untilnow,inrecentyears等.注意：1）现在完成时与过去时的区别：HehasworkedinParisfortwoyears.HeworkedinParisfortwoyears.2)用Itis+（一段时间）+since+主+动词的过去时ItistenyearssinceheleftShanghai.3)特殊句型Itisthefirsttime(that)IhavevisitedChina.序数词ThisisthemostbeautifulcitythatIhaveeverseen.形容词的最高级 六、过去完成时haddonehadbeendone1)在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。Hesaidthathehadarrivedthreedaysbefore.2)动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。Bythetimehecamewehadworkedfortwohours.3)hope,want,mean,expect,think等词，用过去完成时暗示原来的希望或期待没有实现。Ihadwantedtocometoyourhelp,butIreallysparednotime.七、一般将来时shall/willdoshall/willbedoneshall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称。Iwon’tbefreetonight.Theinstrumentwillbeputtousesoon. am/is/aregoingtodo预先打算做某事，或某种迹象表明有很大可能将发生的动作2）am/is/aretodo按计划、安排要进行的动作。Themeetingistobeheldtomorrow.Wherearewetostaytonight?am/is/abouttodo某动作马上要发生。Bequick!FlightNo.302toTokyoisabouttotakeoff.位移动词go,come,start,leave,arrive,return,sail等及win,lose,die可用进行时表示将来。TheshipissailingforShanghaitomorrow.Itseemstomethatourteamislosing. 八、过去将来时should/woulddoshould/wouldbedoneshould用于第一人称，would用于所有人称。一般将来时其它表达形式，也适用于过去将来时。Hesaidthathewouldcallmeback.Ifeltthatsomethingterriblewasabouttohappen.注意；when,once,assoonas,after,until等引导的时间状语从句；if,unless,solongas（只要）,onconditionthat等引导的条件状语从句；evenif,though,whenever,whether…or等引导的让步状语从句；as(像，按照)引导的方式状语从句，若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。Iwillletyouknowifhecomesback.Hesaidthatevenifhefailedhewouldn’tloseheart. 第五节非谓语动词 第五节非谓语动词不定式(infinitive)、分词(participle)、动名词(gerund)是非谓语动词，在句中不能作谓语。一、非谓语动词作主语可作主语的非谓语动词是不定式和动名词。例1Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2Walkingisgoodexercise.例3---Whywereyousolateforworktoday?---Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofthetraffic.一般说来，动名词与不定式作主语时，可以互换，注意：1）表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（例1），表示无时限的泛指动作（例2），或描述当时的情况（例3）倾向用动名词。2）下列句型用动名词作主语：Itisnogood(use)arguingwithyou.Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen. 二、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词是不定式、动名词和分词。Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.（不定式解释主语内容）Myfavoritesportisplayingfootball.（动名词解释主语内容）Hisspeechisinspiring.（分词说明主语性质）Thepersonwasmovedbythestory.动名词和不定式作表语时，一般也无严格区别，但在表语是不定式的句子中，若主语也用非谓语形式，这时要用不定式；同样表语是动名词时，则主语要用动名词。Toseeistobelieve.Readingislearning,butapplying（运用）isalsolearningandmoreimportantkindoflearning. 三、非谓语动词作宾语可作宾语的非谓语动词是不定式和动名词。不定式作宾语英语中有相当数量的动词，只能带不定式结构作宾语，如：agree,decide,hope,manage,offer,demand等。短语wouldlike(love), beabout(todo)等；介词but,except也必须以不定式作宾语。如：Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.Wehavenochoicebuttofighton.Iprefertobestarvedtodeathratherthanbeg.注意：1）疑问代词如what,which，疑问副词如when,where引导的不定式可作know,decide等动作的宾语，但why除外。这种结构也可以作主语和表语。如：Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughor(to)cry.Idon’tknowwhytoholdsuchameeting.(×)2)不定式中动词原形的省略。有时为了避免重复，不定式可以省去与前边重复的动词原形，而只留下to.Ifyoudon’twanttodoit,youdon’tneedto.(to后省略了doit)---Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?---I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.(to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou. 3）不定式的时态与语态todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendone不定式的进行体、完成体常用在下列句型中：happento(bedoing/havedone)bethoughttobesaidtopretendtobeconsideredtobesupposedtoseemtobebelievedtobereportedtoHepretendedtobesleepingwhenIenteredtheroom。Theorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetup20yearsagowhenDrAudonbecameitsfirstpresident。2动名词作宾语1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：understand，appreciate，keep（on），practice，finish，imagine，miss，avoid，escape，suggest，resist，enjoy，delay，excuse，mind Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.有的词既可带动名词，亦可带不定式，且用法不尽相同。如：allowdoingallowsb.todo;advisedoing,advisesb.todo.encourageWedonotallowsmoking(talking)inthereadingroom.Wedonotallowyoutosmoke.2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语。beworth,payattentionto,objectto,can’thelp,devoteoneselfto,putoff,be(get)usedto,how/whatabout,feellike,lookforwardto.3)下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语意差别。rememberdoingforgetdoingregretdoingmeandoingremembertodoforgettodoregrettodomeantodotrydoingtrytodo四、非谓语动词作状语作状语的非谓语动词是分词和不定式。 1现在分词与过去分词的区别现在分词表主动，“令人……”；过去分词表被动，“感到……”这是两者最重要的区别。如：Thisnewsisexciting.Iamexcitedatthenews.另外，描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词；描述人的情感则用过去分词。如：Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.2现在分词的时态与语态主动语态被动语态doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone过去分词时间意义1）已完成。如：WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread.2)与谓语动作同时，如：Heated,waterchangesintosteam. 3分词用作表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明的状语Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.(原因，notunderstanding与谓语动词asked同时)Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.(时间，havingmadeadecision先于谓语动词setout)Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.(原因，havingbeenexperimented谓语动词put且与主语product为被动关系)Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.4不定式用作表目的、结果、方式和形容词原因的状语1)目的Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.2)结果too…to,so…asto,such…asto,enoughto.Sheistooyoungtodressherself.Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?Hehurriedhome(only)tofindhismotherwasdyingfast. 表示“预先未曾估计到，令人不愉快”的结果，用不定式，若表示按事情发展的过程，必然会产生的结果则用分词。Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,(thus)causingthedelay.3）方式Thewaterinthiswellisunfittodrink.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.不定式作方式状语，句子主语是不定式动词的逻辑宾语。该动词不能带宾语，如it，且必须用主动语态。若动词为不及物动词，应加上适当介词。4）形容词原因状语Iamverygladtomeetyou.五、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。1.make+O+C(do/done)S+bemade(todo/done)Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard. 2.keep(leave)+O+C(doing/done)使处于某种状态。S+bekept(left)(doing/done)Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.Hisworkwasleftundone.3.find+O+C(doing/done)S+be+found(doing/done)4.with+O+C(doing/done/todo)Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach,Withmuchworktodo,Ihavetogiveupthistrip5.catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing（偶然或突然）撞见、发现Icaughtathiefstealingonmywayhome.Theywerecaughttryingtocornerthericemarket.垄断have+O+C(do/doing/done)Shewillhaveyoudoingallthehouseworkifyouarenotcareful.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.7.get+O+C(todo/doing/done)Itisuptoyoutogetthemmovingatonce.Canyougettheclockgoingagain? 8.感官动词hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feelhear+O+C(do/doing/done)Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattracted（吸收）tothescientificidea.六、非谓语动词作定语作定语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。1不定式作定语1）动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解释其内容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim. 被修饰的词前有序数词first,second,last等作定语。Heisalwaysthefirst(one)togettoschooleveryday.2分词作定语在下列两种情况下用分词作定语：1）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时，用现在分词。Thepeoplesittingatthebackmoveforwardplease.(sit正在进行)Iliketoliveinthehousefacingthesouth.(face经常性)Doyourememberthefloodhittingourvillagetwoyearsago?2）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，用以下三种形式。ThemachineintroducedfromJapanhascomeintouse.ThepatientbeingoperatedonatpresentisfromJiangsu.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.注意：非谓语动词的逻辑主语1）不定式用forsb.作其逻辑主语。Itishardformetogetalongwithhim. 在Itis+adj.+todo句型中，若形容词是表示人的性格特征(kind,good,thoughtful,selfish等)或行为表现(foolish,careless等)的形容词，用ofsb.作逻辑主语。如：Itiskindofyoutosayso.Itwasstupidofhertomakesuchamistake.2)动名词的逻辑主语用名词或代词的所有格。若动名词不在句首。可用名词或代词的宾格。如：Tom’sgoingtherewon’tdoanyharm.Excusemy(me)cominglate.3)作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状语的分词用名词或代词主格作其逻辑主语。如：Thereporthavingbeenread,alivelydiscussionbegan.(Afterthereportwasread,alivelydiscussionbegan.)Itraininghard,thesportsmeethadtobeputoff.(Becauseitwasraininghard,thesportsmeethadtobeputoff.) 第六节情态动词和虚拟语气 第六节情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词用来表示猜测、责备、请求、需要等。它属于助动词，后面跟动词原形。1表示猜测的情态动词有must,may,might,can,could等。表示猜测时，在肯定句中用must,may,might。在否定句中用can,couldmust,may和might的区别主要是语气：must最肯定,may其次,might最不肯定。Hemustbeourteacher.Hemaybeourteacher.Hemightbeourteacher.在宾语从句中，如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，则宾语从句中表示猜测的情态动词只能用must,might或could。HesaidImust/might/couldn’tbeastudent.2）在将来时态中，则没有肯定句、否定句和疑问句的区别。一般都用may.Youcangotoaskhimbuthemaynotansweryou. 3)猜测句的反意疑问句不能用情态动词来构成，而应根据具体情况而定。Youmusthavefinishedyourworkwhenyourfathercameback,hadn’tyou?ShemaybegoodatEnglish,isn’tshe?2.表示请求、邀请、征求意见的情态动词shall,will,would1）请别人（第二人称）做事：Willyoudo…?Wouldyoudo…?2）自己要去做，听听别人的意见：ShallIdo…?3）请别人和自己一起去做，听听他（她）的意见：Shallwedo…?4）在表示请求和要求的祈使句的反义疑问句，用willyou或wouldyou.Closethedoorwhenyouleavetheroom,will/wouldyou? 5)在let’sdo…句型的反意疑问句中，一般用shallwe?而不用否定形式。Let’sgoouttoplayfootball,shallwe?但在Letusdo…句型中，则多用willyou?也有可能用shallwe?Letusgotoseeafilmtonight,Mr.Smith,willyou?Dearfellows,letusgoonstrikeifthebossdoesn’tagreetoraiseourpay,shallwe?往往在正式场合用letus代替let’s。3表示责备的情态动词表示责备的情态动词should,oughtto等。1）should和oughtto区别不大2）对过去的事情责备时应用shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone.Youshouldhavefinisheditfiveminutesago.4.dare和need的用法dare和need既可以作情态动词又可以作实义动词。Thelittlegirldarenotgooutaloneatnight.(情态)Theroomneedsathoroughcleaning.(实义)Nobodydarestoaskhimaboutthis.(实义) 2)在作情态动词时dare和need一般用在疑问句、否定句和条件句5)shall的特殊用法在主语是第二、三人称的句子中，表示命令、许诺。Ifyoufinishitontime,youshallgetabeautifulpresent.二、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想和建议。1.虚拟条件的基本构成（if的省略，混合时态）过去时If…haddone…,would/should/could/might+havedone现在时If…were/did…,+do将来时1)If…weretodo,+do2)If…did3)If…shoulddo2.用于虚拟语气的动词虚拟语气与order,suggest,advise,demand,insist,require,decide等词1)以上动词的宾语从句中，从句谓语should加动词原形should可略。Theofficialorderedthatthebridge(should)befinishednextmonth.Thedoctoradvisedthatthepatient(should)beoperatedonatonce. suggest和insist不表示“建议”和“命令”的意思时，从句无须用虚拟语气，从句时态根据实际情况。Theexpressiononhisfacesuggestedthathewasabitunhappy.Theoldmaninsistedthathissonwashonest.2）在上述动词的同根名词后面的同位语从句中Hissuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beheldinthisroomhasbeentaken.3）在Itis+上述动词的过去分词+主语从句的句型中Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoffuntilnextweek.Itisdemandedthateverybody(should)bepresentatthelecture.wish(ifonly)Iwishyouwereheretoday.HowIwishyouhadcomeyesterday!IwishIcould(would)bewithyouonholidaythissummer.asif(though)Themantalkedasifhehadmetmebefore.Shetreatstheboyasifhewere(was)herson. 5.I’dratherI’dratheryouhadcometothemeetingyesterday.I’dratherheknewEnglish.I’dratherthemeetingwereheldtomorrow.6.It’stime+从句在It’stime+从句中，谓语动词用一般过去时，表示将来和即将发生的事情。It’stimeyouwenttobed.=It’stimeforyoutogotobed.It’stimewehadlunch=It’stimeforustohavelunch.在此句型之中time前面不加the，但可以用just和about,high表示“正是，大约”It’sjusttimetheyplantedtrees.It’sabouttimetheboyswenthome.7.ifithadnotbeenfor…,ifitwerenotfor…(butfor)Ifithadnotbeenforthedoctor,thepatientcouldnothavebeensaved.Ifitwerenotforthedictionary,youcouldnotdothetranslation. 条件句的省略虚拟语气的条件句常可省略，用but,yet,without,otherwise,or代替Wecouldhavehelpedyoubutwewerereallyverybusyatthattime.Theymissedthebusotherwisetheycouldhavegotthereontime.9.Itis(was)+adj.+that某些形容词strange,important,necessary,natural,surprisingItwasstrangethathe(should)refuseyourhelp. 第七节从句 一、定语从句1关系代词1）关系代词有who,whom,which,that2）关系代词的作用。关系代词一定要在定语从句中担任一定的成分，它一般担任主语和宾语。如：Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithourteacher?主语Theboyisthestudentwho/whom/thatweaskedfor.宾语(可略）Haveyoureadthebookthat/whichtheyaretalkingabout?宾语IsthistheaddresstowhichIhavetosendtheletter?(不可略）3）that和which的区别以下情况用that，而不用which；先行词前面有下列词修饰very,no,any,all,little,thenext,theonly，序数词，形容词的最高级(2)先行词本身是下列词anything,nothing,much,all,everything 下列情况用which（1）非限制性定语从句。（2）在介词后作宾语。4）whose的用法whose既可指人（他的，她的，他们的），也可指物（它的）Theyliveinanoldhousewhosedoorisverylarge.whose在指物时可以转换成the+n.+ofwhichThereisabookonthetablewhoseleg(thelegofwhich)isbroken.5)先行词既指人又指物时，用that不用whichIwanttovisitthefactoryandtheworkersthatwerepraisedatthemeeting.2.关系副词1）关系副词有where,when,why2）用关系副词还是关系代词取决于先行词在从句中的成分3）关系副词和关系代词的转换关系副词可转换成介词+which的形式，但why一般只能转换成for+which的形式。 Heledmeintoaroomwhere(inwhich)ameetingwasbeingheld.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy(forwhich)youwerelate在themoment，序数词+time，表示次数的time后面的定语从句不用when引导。Themomenthecamein,everybodystoppedtalking.ThefirsttimeIcameherewasalongago.Doyoustillrememberthemanytimesyouhavereadthebook?在way（表示方式、方法）后面的定语从句中往往有三种方法引导：inwhich,that或不用任何词引导。Weweresurprisedatthewayinwhich(that,/)hedidtheexperiment.3.用as引导的定语从句1)非限制性定语从句Chinaisalargecountry,aseverybodycansee.as引导的非限制性定语从句与以which引导的定语从句有不同：as从句可放在句首、句中或句尾。如：Aseverybodyknows,heisacleverstudent. (2)表示“众所周知”或“正如……”等意。Thereisalotofnewsabouttheaccident,asyoureadinthenewspaper.2)在such…as和thesame…as的句型中。Iwanttobuythesamebookastheyaretalkingabout.Heissuchakind-heartedpersonaseverybodylikes.在as引导的定语从句中，as是关系代词。比较such…that和such…as两种句型的区别：Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanliftit.(that引导状语从句)Itissuchaheavyboxasnobodycanlift.(as是关系代词，作宾语it略)二、主语从句1.wh-词引导的主语从句以what,why,when,where,who,whether等wh-词引导的主语从句。Whenhewillcomeisstillunknown.Wheretheywillgotospendtheirholidayhasn’tbeendecided.what,who在主语从句中担任主语、宾语或表语；when,why,where,whether在主语从句中担任状语。 2.以that引导的主语从句Thatheisagoodstudentisknowntoall.3.以It作形式主语引导的主语从句有以下几种Itisverystrangethatheshouldhaverefusedyourhelp.Itisgreatthatyougotthefirstintheexamination.Itisimpossiblethathewillcometoday.Itisinterestingthatthebirdsliketoflyaroundus.Itseemsfunnythattheteacherdidtheexperimentinthatway.Itissaidthatanotherbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.三、宾语从句Heaskedmewherethemeetingisbeingheld.Everybodyknows(that)itisdangeroustoswimintheriver.1)that引导宾语从句时常可省略2)that从句不能放在介词后面，如果是以wh-或how疑问词引导的宾语从句，则介词不能省略。Heistalkingabouthowexcitedhewasatthattime.3)if和whetherornotwhetherIdon’tcareif. 四、同位语从句同位语从句一般用在某些抽象名词(fact,news,idea,thought,suggestion,hope,proposal)后面，说明这些名词的内容。一般that以引导，一般不省略，且不在从句中担任成分。Thenewsthatourteamhadwonmadeusexcited.Hissuggestionthatthemeetingshouldbeputoffhasbeenacceptedbyus.五、状语从句1.时间状语从句以when,while,assoonas,before,after,once,since,until,till,bythetime(that),duringthetime(that),attimes,whenever等引导。Assoonasthebosscamein,allthepeoplestoppedtalking.Playingchessissomethingwedoattimeswehavenoworktodo.Bythetimeyoucomeback,wewillsurelyhavefinishedthework.!)在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来Iwillwaithereuntilyouhavecomeback.2)when有时表示“suddenly”，“justatthattime” Iwasabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain.Thecarhadn’trunfarwhenitbrokedown.WewerewatchingTVwhenhecamein.3)Itbe+一段时间+sinceItisfiveyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.Itisfiveyearssincetheylivedhere.4)主句+before+sbknew/realized/noticed“不知不觉就……”Wegottothegateoftheparkbeforeweknewit.Theyfinishedtheirhomeworkbeforetheyrealizedit.5)Itwillbe+一段时间+before+主语+动词（一般时表示将来）Itwillbethreeweeksbeforewetaketheexam.Itwillbefiveyearsbeforewemeetagain.2地点状语从句引导词有where,anywhere,everywhere,whereverWesawbeautifulflowerswherever/anywhere/everywherewewent. 3.原因状语从句since,as,for,becauseHemusthavegonehome,forhisschoolbagisnothere.4结果状语从句结果状语从句常以sothat,so…that,such…that引导so+adj./adv.+thatsuch+a(n)+adj.+n.+thatso+adj.+a(n)+n.+thatso+much/many/few/little+n.+thatItissointerestingabookthatweallliketoreadit.Hisideawassuchagoodonethatweallagreedtouseit.Theexperimentissodifficultthatnobodycandoit.Hegetssolittlefromhisworkthathecanhardlysupporthisfamily. 5.让步状语从句引导词有though,evenif,eventhough,whoever,whatever,wherever,whichever,whomever,whenever,however,nomatter+wh-(who,when,which,where,what,how),although在让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。。Thoughheishonest,Iwon’tbelievehimtoday.Whateverhesays,Iwon’tlethimgo.形容词/副词/名词/动词（可数名词单数不和不定冠词连用）as+其它成分的句型等于以though/although的从句。Fastasthethiefran,thepolicecaughtupwithhiminafewseconds.Childasheis,heknowsmorethanIdo.Lateasitwas,wecontinuedourworkwithoutanyrest.条件状语从句条件状语从句以if,unless,aslongas/solongas引导。Ifitrains,wewon’tgotherewithyou.Theboycouldn’tfinishtheworkunlessyouhelpedhim. 第八节倒装 第八节倒装一、全部倒装1）在therebe（或there+其它表示状态的动词，如lie，live，stand等）结构中。Therestandsaweatherstationatthetopofthehill。Oncetherelivedaking。2）在宾语从句中为直接引语的句子中，若整个或部分直接引语置于主句之前时，主句的主谓要倒装。“Help!Help!”shoutedthegirl.“I’msure,”saidMary,”Jimisright.”若主句的主语时人称代词，则仍用正常语序。3）在in,out,away,up,down,off等副词开头的句子里，为了描写的生动起见，常用倒装。Outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.4）在以here,there,now,then等词开头的句子中用倒装。Theregoesthebell.(Hereitis.)Nowcomesyourturn. 二、部分倒装1）在so,nor,neither开头的句子中。Iwenttothecinemalastnight,andsodidmysister.Ifyoudon’tgo,neithershallI.so有时表示对对方的讲话有同感，相当于“是的”，“不错”，不倒装。---Johnisverybright,---Soheis.2）具有否定意义的副词或词组置于句首，担当状语时，要倒装。never,seldom,hardly,little,notuntil;neither…nor,nosooner…than,hardly…when,barely,bynomeans…Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrained.LittledidIthinkthatIwouldlosethegame.Bynomeansistranslationeasy. 3）当“only+状语”放在句首，表强调要倒装。OnlythendidIrealizeImadesuchabigmistake.Onlyinthiswaycanyouworkitout.Onlywhenoneloseshealthdoesoneknowitsvalue.4）当“so/such…that”结构中的“so/such”用于句首表强调Sodifficultistheproblemthatnoonecanworkitout.5）当“notonly…butalso”中的notonly置于句首表强调NotonlydidImakeapromise,butIalsokeptit.Notonlyisheascientist,butalsoheisapainter.6）虚拟条件句中if省略时要倒装。Hadtheytried,theymighthavegotsuccessful.7)当地点状语放在句首，表示强调。Infrontoftheclassroomstandsabigtree.Eastofourschoolisafactory. 三、前置1）在as引导的让步状语从句中Childassheis,shecandomuchhousework.2）在however/nomatterhow等引导的状语从句中Weshallgetitdonehoweverharditmightbe.3）在themore…,themore的结构中Themoreyoulearn,themoreyougain. 主谓一致 主谓一致并列结构作主语时与谓语的一致关系1由and连接两个名词或代词作主语时1）AB表示不同的人、物或观念时LiMingandZhangHuaaregoodstudents.Boththeparentsandthechildrenarehere.2)AB表示同一个人、物或观念时Ajournalistandauthorlivesinthesixthflat.Theturnerandfitterisundertwenty-five.(Aboyandgirlareplayingtennis.)3)AB之前有each,every,manya,no等修饰语 Eachboyandeachgirlisinvited.Everyboyandeverygirlisinvited.Noboyandnogirlistherenow.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasbeeninvited.4)AB为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数Alawandruleaboutprotectingenvironmenthasbeendrawnup.Breadandbutterisnutritious.2.由or;notonly…but(also)…;either…or;neither…nor连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致（在叙述句与B一致，在疑问句与A一致）EitheryouorIammad.Neitheryounorheisnaughty.Notonlythefarmerbutalsohisfamilywerefriendlytome.当主语后跟有with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,like,including,aswellas,ratherthan等词时，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和第一个主语保持一致 Allbutonewereherejustnow.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtonationasagift.Sheaswellastheothergirlsisgoingtoanothersupermarket.Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsible.Apeasanttogetherwithsomesoldiersisabouttohelpus.单一主语的情况1.以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时和谓语的一致关系有些表示学科名称的词如physics,maths,economics,news,means,works,Physicsisveryimportant.Everymeanshasbeentried.Hereisthenews.2).表示双部分工具的名称、衣服名称等作主语时，谓语用复数trousers/pants,shoes,glasses.scissors,goods,clothes.如果这些词由pair(suit,piece,series,kind)+of修饰时，谓语动词要用单数Mytrousersarewhiteandhisclothesareblack.Allthegoodsareveryexpensive. Apairofscissorsislyinginthatdrawer.但thesekindsofglassesarepopularthissummer.2动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数Toseeistobelieve.Swimmingisagoodwaytokeephealth.Whoisherfatherisnotknown.3.集体名词作主语时mankind/humanity/man作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式Onlymanknowshowtocook.2)由people,police,cattle,youth作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式Thecattlearegrazinginthefield.Theyouthofourcountryarehappierthantheotherpeople.3)family,crowd,class,public,enemy若看作整体，单数；若看作个体，复数Ourclassisverydiligent.WhenIcameintotheroom,hisfamily(themembers)werewatchingTVAgroupiscomingtothezoo. 3.其它情况1主语为表示时间、距离、长度、价值、金额等复数名词时Tenyearsisashorttime.300dollarsisalotofmoney.2.one