考研英语语法及长难句讲义 24页

考研英语语法及长难句讲义PartOne英语语法基本句型：简单句&并列句1．简单句的构成Myfatherislisteningtothepopularmusicinthegarden.Thehandsomeboyismybrother.主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。谓语.实义动词①及物动词watch,see②不及物动词sit.系动词①be动词；②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel,taste,smell等；.Heiscrying..ParentswatchTVeverynight..Myfathergavemesomeadvice..Wecanmakeourcountrybeautiful..Theboyisthetallestintheclass..2．并列句两个简单句并列在一起，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。连接词：（1）并列关系句型：连接词有and,either…or…，neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.（2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有buteg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.（3）对比关系的并列句型：eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。主语——施动者或动作的主体宾语——受动者2通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成Iloveyou.（一）名词1.可数名词 有单复数之分，若名词为单数，通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定；若名词为复数，可以加上the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。①不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意；eg：GermanyisaEuropeancountry.②定冠词：表示特定或特指eg：Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词：表示全部或者整体eg：Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer？用于乐器或专有名词前，如playthepiano、theThames2．不可数名词：通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加the.前面可以加单位词，进行分类：常见单位词：①apieceof+advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse②abitof、anitemof、anarticleof名词在翻译中遇到的问题：（1）不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式：eg：water＆waters（水域、海洋），sand＆sands（沙滩），wood＆woods（树林），goods（商品），ash和ashes（废墟）(2)名词的格：.s以及of逻辑语义：Rachel：I.mCarol.sex-husband"ssister"sroommate.Doctor：I.myourroommate"sbrother"sex-wife"sobstetrician.(产科医生)——老友记of:理清逻辑语义，翻译方法：“AofB”翻译成“B的A”Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊：Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.（二）代词1．人称代词第一、二、三人称，主格、宾格、所有格I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.2.物主代词①形容词性物主代词：my,your,his,her,our,their，后面加名词；②名词性物主代词：mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs，后面不能加名词。eg:MayIborrowyourpen?Mineismissing.3.反身代词：3通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。eg：ImyselftookMarytotheairport.Icookeditmyself.4.指示代词：this,that,these,those5.不定代词：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，noone，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything. 一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别（1）all,each,every：①all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体；each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；（2）everyone＆everyoneeveryone等同于everybody，allpeople，指的是所有的人；eg：Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobehere.everyone既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用everyoneof；eg：Everyoneofushasfaultsandshortcomings.Everyoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenasucces.（3）noone＆nonenoone只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面还可以接of；eg：Noonefailedtheexamination.Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.it的用法（1）指代人，通常用于口语中；（2）书面语：①it用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg：It"sthreeyearssinceIsawhim.②it用来前指或者后指eg：I"velostmybook.Whereisit？Thereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineteacher.③it做形式主语eg：Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryquickly？④it做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有：feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regardeg：Shethinksitnousetellingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn"tagreetotheplan.⑤it用于强调句，构成句型It"s…that/who…如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it？eg：It"sclearthattheyhavewon.如果It"s和that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为形式主语。（三）数词数词分为基数词和序数词1.表示大约的词汇：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，moreorless,orso;4eg：About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere.2.表示多于的词汇：above，morethan,over3.表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，lessthan,undereg：It"s2:57,andit"salmost3o"clock4.一些可以直接表示数字的单词：dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million 这些词前面出现基数词，表示确切的数时，不能加复数；若不能表明确切数字，只是说大约有多少的时候，以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词，但是可以将其变为复数，后加of；eg：Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterintheworld.（四）形容词和副词.形容词还可以做表语，放在be动词之后；.英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时，含义会有所不同：（1）certain：作定语时，表示特定的:eg:AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookforyou.作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于besure；（2）complete：作定语时，表示完全的:作表语时，表示完成的或完美的；（3）ill：作定语时，表示坏的；作表语时，表示有病的；（4）late:作定语时，表示已故的；作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的；（5）ready：作定语时，表示现成的；作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意做……；（6）present：作定语时，表示目前的，相当于current；作表语时，表示出席，参加；.the+形容词：表示一类人；eg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,thewounded.通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子；.副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；.其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念；.形容词和副词的比较级：（1）一些没有比较级的形容词和副词：①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时，没有比较级概念；如supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior，后面搭配的介词一般是to，而不用than.②有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念；如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.（2）同级比较和异级比较：①同级比较：as…as…/…timesas…5②异级比较：（倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，byfar，abit，alittle,agooddeal或者倍数；eg：ThephotographyofMarstakenbysatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromearth.③比较级特殊用法词汇：more…than…：eg：Heismorecleverthanhonest. the+比较级：越来越……eg：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.谓语.实义动词①及物动词watch,see②不及物动词sit.系动词①be动词；②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel,taste,smell等；简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。谓语动词形式一:英语时态1.一般现在时（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；eg：Igetupat7o"clockinthemorning.Ileaveschoolforhomeat6everyevening.（2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实；eg：Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.2.一般过去时两种变化形式：在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词；在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态：常用时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等；eg：DidyougotoShanghailastweek?补充：usedto/beusedto一般过去式和过去完成时的对比：（1）过去完成时：过去的过去；eg：BeforeIcametoBeijing,IhadstayedinShanghai.①一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；eg：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.②表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，却未能…"eg：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn"t.6Wehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition，buthedidn"t.3.一般将来时（1）shall/will,shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替;eg：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？（2）begoingto+不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生； eg：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Whatwillyoudothisafternoon?will表示纯粹的将来；（3）be+不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事；eg：Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.（4）beaboutto+不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语；eg：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：（1）一般现在时有时也可表将来；eg：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.①趋向性动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。eg：Whendoesthebusstar?Itstartsintenminutes.②在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；eg：I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinBeijing.（2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算……；come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等词可以用进行时表将来；---Iamleavingforsomeimportantthing.---OK,seeyou.4.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。（1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；（2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生；eg：Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Ithasrainedfor3days.过去时与现在完成时的区别：（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。eg：IcametoBeijingin1995.IhavestayedinBeijingsince1995.（2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间状语；一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober…（具体时间）现在完成时常用时间状语：for,since,sofar…（长期的段时间）eg：Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.Ihaveplayedbasketballfor3hours.（3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等；7eg：Hegotmarriedtwoyearsago.IhavelivedinBeijingfor10years.用于现在完成时的句型（1）Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.（2）Thisisthe…that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatI"ve(ever)seen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I"veheardhimsing.典型例题---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it"sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。since和for的用法：since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度;eg：Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.for后面多接一段时间，而since后面则接一个时间点，若since后面也出现时间段，则在时间段后加ago；eg：Ihavelivedheresincetwentyyearsago.错句：Ihaveworkedheresincemanyyears.since句型：Itis+一段时间+since从句，since从句要用一般过去时；eg：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.ItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthearmy.5.进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时；6.现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：eg：Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3days.现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。eg：IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5years.IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5years.谓语动词形式二:被动语态be+动词过去分词；egForestshavebeencleared.Theyweregivenawarmsendoff.Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.不强调施动者，而只强调受动者；eg：Thebookwaswritten20yearsago.主动形式表示被动意思①某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词，在他们作不及物动词用时，可以用主动8形式表示被动意思，如write,wash,wear,sell,cut,tear（撕），burn,play等，常与它们连用的词为well,easily,smoothly等。如Thecoatwasheswell.这件大衣很耐洗。②在beworthdoing句型中表示被动含义，如Thebookisworthreading③在need,want,require等后的动名词表示被动含义，如Theflowersneedwatering. ④感官动词如feel,taste,smell,look等主动形式表示被动含义，如Thefishtastesgood.⑤短语runout,wearout,giveout等主动形式表被动含义，如Mysockshavewornout.谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动词情态动词是指它含有一定的含意，可以表达某种感情和说话的口气，但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。情态动词主要包括can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,shall,should,will,would,dare,need,haveto,usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather等。1.情态动词+动词原形Icanswimacrosstheriver.Heshouldhelpthepoorintheremoteareas.You"dbettertakeyourparents"adviceifyouwanttofulfillyourdream.2.could/might+have+动词过去分分词※特殊语言现象：虚拟语气would+have+过去分词should+have+过去分词英语复合句（一）定语从句：用于关系词引导句子修饰名词A构成：定语从句的形式Iknowthegirl.ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.定语从句三步骤①先找出两个句子中相同的名词②判断名词是人还是物，人who/that物which/that③将who/that/which引导的句子放于相同的名词后面Ilikereadingbooks.ThebookswerewrittenbyO.Henry.Ilikereadingbookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyO.Henry.不能用which，只能用that①前面的先行词是不定代词，包括all，anything，nothing，theone，much，little等；eg：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?②如果先行词中出现了theonly,thevery等；eg：Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.③如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；eg：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.9④如果先行词中即有人，又有物；eg：Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.1.谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远look+for寻找关系紧密look+at看关系疏远2.定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who的前面； Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.Thisisthebookatwhichyouarelooking.Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.3.关系代词和关系副词Beijingistheplace.Iwasbornintheplace.-BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.-BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.定语从句中，如果介词+which表示地点，则可以用where替换；BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.eg:Ican"tforgettheday.Ijointhearmyontheday.Ican.tforgetthedaywhichIjoinedthearmy.Ican.tforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.(when)判断关系代词和关系副词的方法（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；eg：Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Iworkedtogetherwithyou.(onwhich/when)Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Ispentinthecountryside.(which)（2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分Isthisthemuseum（that）youvisitedafewdaysago?themuseum：充当visit的宾语Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?关系代词:前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which:恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成when，where这样的关系副词；B分类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句(1)非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；Inourschool，therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.（限定性定语从句）Inourschool，therewere8foreignteachers，whocomefromAustralia.（非限定性定语从句）限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不新东方在线[www.koolearn.com]网络课堂电子教材系列10会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；Ihaveasisterwhoisanurse.Ihaveasister,whoisanurse.（2）非限定性定语从句：①先行词是前面的整句话；eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear. Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.②非限定性定语从句引导词which/as：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面；eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.eg：Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_____cameasasurprise.A.ItB.thatC.asD.whichC定语从句的划分Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.Spaceandoceansarethenewworldwhichscientistsaretryingtoexplore.Inourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.Adriverwhoisdrivingthebusmustn.ttalkwithothersorbeabsent-minded.Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.D定语从句省略（分词作定语）关系词充当宾语的时候Iknowtheboywhotheteacherpraisedjustnow.Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.关系词充当主语Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon.trelyondatacollectedsystematically.Hamiltonisn.ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。ThatarecausingcompaniestoInterestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronicpersonnelshortagessearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.(二)名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句；定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分；1．同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOrientalSchool.英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。11Eg：Heisastudent.Areyouastudent?Whoisastudent?同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句；eg：Iknowthefact.Heisastudent.Iknowthefactthatheisastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.Areyouastudent? Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.whoisastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.同位语从句的构成①从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact，hope,message,news,promise,question,thought等形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.Theyhadwonthegame.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.定语从句与同位语从句的区别That在后面的从句中充当成分，为宾语从句，不充当成分，为同位语从句。区分：Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation"smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isthereasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.2．宾语从句从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句；eg：Wemustfindoutwhodidallthese.Iwanttoknowweatherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.宾语从句的时态：如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态；例如Myteachertoldthatwewouldgothere.如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时；例如Myteachertoldthattheearthisround.宾语从句后接陈述句用that引导，that一般可以省略,例如Ithink(that)youareright.宾语从句如果谓语动词是doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用whether或if引导；如果前面12的谓语动词是don"tdoubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是that；宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder，句型为Iwonderif，后面的连接词不能用whether；宾语从句的否定转移：think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式；3．表语从句若从句为陈述句，直接加that；若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序； 若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathashappened.（2002text3）Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatithasn.toccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.（2000）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams.4．主语从句Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue..Weatherhewillcomeornothasn"tbeendecided..Whyheisn"thereisnotcleartoeveryone.it做形式主语的情况（1）Itis+名词+主语从句；eg：Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.（2）Itis+形容词+主语从句；eg：Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisduetofailure.如果是Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形；eg：Itisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingcomputer.(3)Itis+过去分词+主语从句；Itissaid/planed/expected…eg：ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.(4)It+不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句eg：Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.从句判别Whethershewillcomeornotisunknown.Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.Idon"tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.__________(很多人没有意识到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular.（Whatmanypeopledon"trealize）Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeis___________(我比以前更容易累了).(thatIfeeltiredmoreeasilythanbefore)Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss"sattentionbydemonstrating_____(为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).(whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertainposition)SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).(nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethanreading)新东方在线[www.koolearn.com]网络课堂电子教材系列13Agreatmanypeopleholdtheidea_______.(中文学起来其实很有趣)(thatChineseisactuallyinterestingtolearn)（三）非谓语动词作主语 作表语作宾语（1）todo(2)+doingacknowledge，admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,escape,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,postpone,practice,suggest,prevent,keep,quit(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forget2）stop3）remember4)regret5）try6)mean(4)+do1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。feel觉得observe注意到，看到overhear听到watch注视listento听perceive察觉，感知notice注意see看见hear听Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake,Ericsprangtohisfeet，andwentontherescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make,let，have等。固定句型1）Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball．2)Itis+useless(nice,good，interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth．Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。Itisniceseeingyouagain．真高兴又遇到了你。Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。（四）状语从句状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型；eg：Igotuplate.Iwaslateforschool.BecauseIgotuplate,Iwaslateforschool.（原因状语从句）Igotuplate，soIwaslateforschool.（结果状语从句）1.地点状语从句(1)通常由where,wherever，everywhere引导；eg：WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.Whereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtowork.Wherever=nomatterwhereEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.14(2)where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下；eg:Whereyouareconfident，youwillsucceed.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.eg：Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojects,suchasdams,roadsandbridges，itbegintoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofacountry.2.方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as,asif,asthough，theway引导（1）as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"eg：WhenyouenterRome,doastheRomansdo.（2）asif/though：“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”;有时用虚拟语气，有时不用；eg：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）eg：AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan“inconvenienttruth,”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.（3）theway：可以连接两个句子，表达就像……一样eg：Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUSthewaymanyAmericansviewMexicanasacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty.3.目的状语从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导；(1)lest=forfearthat以防；从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形；eg:Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.(2)incase：以防；与lest不同，从句里时态不做特殊变化eg：Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.(2003.35)Intheseactivities，itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown..A.ifonlyB.nowthatC.sothatD.evenif4.结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导；so保留，that可以省略；如此……以至于……；Eg：Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn"tfallasleep.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited.比较：so和such（1）so+形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+thateg：Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.15HeransofastthatIcouldn"tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.Heissolovelyaboythateveryoneloveshim.（2）such+a/an+形容词+名词+thateg：Itwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.Heissuchalovelyboythateveryoneloveshim.5.比较状语从句than,as…as…，notsoas…,（not)thesameas eg：Lighttravelsfasterthansound.the+比较级：eg：Thesooner，thebetter.a.(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.b.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.c.(2007text7）Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.d.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.倍数类：a.(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled(无与伦比的)economiesofscale.b.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.6.时间状语从句（1）当……的时候：while,when,as；when：eg：WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.while：eg：Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.as：eg：Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerandlonger.（2）一……就……：assoonas,directly，immediately,instantly连接两个句子；一些名词如theminute，themoment,theinstant也可表示；eg：Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedinParis.另：nosooner…than,hardly…when后面的句子需要倒装eg.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一看到我就跑开了。eg.Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrainedmoreandmoreheavily.他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来。（3）till＆until：①肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的；否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"，一般用until，动词为延续性或非延续性都16可以；eg:Isleptuntilmidnight.WaittillIcallyou.Shedidn"tarriveuntil6o"clock.②till可用于句首，而until通常不用于句首，通常用于句中；eg.Ihadheardnothingofwhathappeneduntilyoutoldme.“not...until"的四种不同句式：a.正常句式Wedidn.tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework. b.Until在句首_________________________________________c.倒装句式d.强调句式★倒装总共分为两种形式：全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。1）全部倒装的情况：①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。Thebusiscominghere.Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.②如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装Theoldmanlivesinthecitycenter.Atemplestandsonthemountain.③当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。Aboyagedabout18waslyingonthefloor.Aboyagedabout18liesonthefloor.Agroupofyoungpeoplearesittingontheground.eg.300名日本青年正在访问北京。300JapaneseyoungpeoplearevisitingBeijing.2）部分倒装的形式:主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装这类词语有hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,never,few,little,less,atnotime,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nolonger,notonly等。eg.Heneversmokes.他从来不抽烟。eg.Notonlydidthecustomercomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。eg.OnlywithyoucanIfeelhappy.3、so......that结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装eg.HerunssofastthatIcan"tcatchupwithhim.eg.Themoonwassobrightthattheflowersbrightasbyday.4、as表示虽然的意思。17eg.AlthoughIamyoung,Icanlivebymyself.AlthoughIlikemusicverymuch,....5.虚拟语气的倒装Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人，他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的“冰水” 在北美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。NotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingroutes,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters/malls.公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线，还带动了一批诸如加油站、汽车旅馆、酒店、购物中心等相关行业的发展。Notonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordepressionandotherpsychologicalandsocialissuesrelatedtochronicpain.我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还要提供综合疗法，治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel.如果我不是参加了这次讲习班，我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适，因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要频繁出差。Itissaidthatneverbeforehasmanbeensohighlysuccessfulinhisattemptstomodifytheweatheronaverysmallscale.据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去描述气候。7.条件状语从句（1）连接词：if,once,aslongas,onconditionthat①如果引导的条件可以实现，主将从现；②如果引导的条件和事实相反，则用虚拟语气；eg：Ifwintercomescan.tspringbefarbehind?Aslongasitdoesn"train,wecanplay.Youcangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.ifonly：只要；onlyif:只有Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly8.原因状语从句连接词：because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof;比较：because,since,as和for(1)because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。Ididn"tgo,becauseIwasafraid.18Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.(2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthat：既然；inthat:因为，通常只能放在句中，强调重要的，唯一的的原因；eg：Nowthatthissemesterisfinished,Iamgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeatrip.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsinthathumancanspeakandthink.owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof等短语后面只能接词或短语，不能接从句； eg.(1995语法)Hydrogen(氢元素)isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse__itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.sothatB.butthatC.inthatD.providedthatEg.(1996.46)Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon(碳元素)，hydrogen，oxygen(氧元素)，andsometimesnitrogen(氮元素)．Theyaredifferent__theirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthatEg.(2004.22)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(违法行为)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithothers.A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.because9.让步状语从句常见的连接词有though,although,as,while,eventhough区分though，although，aseg：Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.as表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyhimself.eg：Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleprogress.Although/thoughsheisyoung,shehastraveledtomanycountriestoputshows.while：连接两个句子，表示虽然，但是；eg：Heisexperiencedwhileheisyoung.Whilethere.snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou.reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.补充：★as的用法1、as作介词，表示作为，一般情况下后面只能接一个名词；eg.Sheworksasadoctor.AsaLeaguemember,I"lltaketheleadineverything.2、as作关系代词，as引导这样的从句一般最好是放在句子的开头；eg.Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,whichisknowntoeverybody.Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.（主语从句）19Eg.Aswehaveseen，thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease——especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smokingandfailuretoexercise.3、as充当连词来构成状语从句；①时间状语从句（当.....的时候），eg.Asthesummercomes,thedaybecomesshorterandshorter.②原因状语从句（表示显而易见的原因），和since在用法上保持一致。eg.Asshewasnotfeelingwell,wealltoldhertostayathome.③让步状语从句，although引导的句子可以转换成as的用法eg.Althoughthegraphissimple.Simpleasthegraphis.④方式状语从句（就像....一样；正如....一样）； eg.Doastheinstructionsays.⑤比较状语从句eg.I"mastallasyou.4、as短语：aslongas只要；suchas例如；assoonas一....就......;soasto为了；asif好像；asthough好像；justas正如；10.状语从句的省略分词作状语；独立主格结构在状语从句中，若前后主从句主语一致，则省略从句的主语，将后面的动词发生形式上的变化，主动语态变成ing形式，若是被动语态，则变为ed形式。（1）条件：状语从句，前后主语一致（2）形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后（3）省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（-ing/-ed）Eg.When[Assoonas]themousesawthecat,itranoff.Givenmoretime,Iwouldbeabletocompleteit.Readingtheletter，sheburstoutcrying.另：分词短语做状语时，可以保留相应的连词Eg.Afterhavingannoyedeverybody,hewenthome.Althoughexhaustedbythewalk，hecontinuedhisjourney.Eg.When_______differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparingD.havingcomparedEg.______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.A.FacedB.FaceC.FacingD.TofaceEg.(1998语法)Hewasn"taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety，——insufficiently(不够地)popularwithallmembers.20A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.tobeconsideredD.havingconsideredEg.(1992语法)_____oftheburdenofice，theballoonclimbedupanddriftedc0thesouth.A.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.FreedEg.(1999Text1)Feelingthreatened，companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels，tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Eg.(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought，Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.独立结构的构成：只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。 独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。PartTwo长难句分析第一部分单句分析1、长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2、五个拆分信号：①连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。②介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。③不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。④分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。⑤标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干——两个逗号或破折号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。插入语插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用逗号或者破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。例1_____themoreexpensivethecamera，thebetteritsquality.A.GeneralspeakingB.SpeakinggeneralC.GenerallyspeakingD.Speakinggenerally小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictlyspeaking（严格地说），generallyconsidering（一般认为），judgingfrom……（根据……判断）等。例2Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.____，neitherofthemcouldswim.A.InfactB.LuckilyC.UnfortunatelyD.Naturally小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckilyforsb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），briefly（简单地说）等。21例3Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn.treachtherequiredstandard，_____，youfailed.A.intheendB.afterallC.inotherwordsD.atthesametime小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：inconclusion（总之），inaword（简而言之），inshort（简而言之），ingeneral（一般说来），inasense（在某种意义上），inmyview（在我看来），inhisopinion（按照他的看法），infact（事实上），atfirst（首先），inaddition（此外），ofcourse（当然），tomysurprise（使我惊奇的），toherregret（使她遗憾的），forexample（例如）等。例4Itissonicetohearfromher._____，welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.A.What.smoreB.ThatistosayC.InotherwordsD.Believeitornot 小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：Iamsure（我可以肯定地说），Ibelieve（我相信），doyouknow（你知道吗），yousee（你明白），I.mafraid（恐怕），itissaid（据说），Isuppose（我想），what.smore（而且），what.sworse（更糟糕的是），thatis（也就是说），whatisimportant（重要的是）等。（2009）Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.(插入结构)例句：BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld.sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).3.五步拆分步骤：①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句；③寻找句中的动词或动词结构④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；**⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。(2001.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:"Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury."(1994Text1)Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.(33words)22(2007Text3)Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.并列句(1999.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.(1999.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.(2000)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications，peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas，whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove. 名词性从句：(2005Textl)Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,an unansweredquestion.(2011）ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.(1995.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.(1997.72）Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.定语从句：(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.（2011）Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.(2008Text4)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill. 状语从句(1999.71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthe新东方在线[www.koolearn.com]网络课堂电子教材系列23significanteventsofthepast.(2002.65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(2008Text3)Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.(2008Text3)Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today"speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.其他：(200l完形)ThegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyUppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasessuchasthetrialofRosemaryWest.(1998）Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too—andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday.s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.(倒装结构)(2001）Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.(否定结构)否定 .双重否定在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not,never,hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,few,little,none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。eg.Noonecancommandotherswhocannotcommandhimself..形式否定，意义肯定eg.Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.eg.Wecanhardlypraisehisachievementtoomuch.eg.Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild..形式肯定，意义否定①moreAthanB意思为“是A不是B；与其说是B，不如说是A”eg.Thebookseemstobemoreadictionarythanagrammar.eg.Heismoreacomposerthanasinger.②anythingbut意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是”eg.Iamanythingbutateacher.我一定不是一个老师。eg.Iwilldoanythingbutthat.我决不干那件事。③nomore....than与notmore....thannomore...than意为“两者都不....”eg.Thisbookisnomoreinterestingthanthatone.这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。notmore....than意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者”eg.Thisbookisnotmoreinterestingthanthatone.这本书不如那本书有趣。.部分否定&全部否定eg.Allthebirdscannotfly.Noneofthebirdscanfly.代词或副词如all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,everything,everywhere等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。24eg.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.发光的并非都是金子。=Notallisgoldthatglitters.省略：(2005Text2)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn"tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?(2003)Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutessurgicalprocedure.(2003)ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.第二部分段落分析段落一Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights. 段落二Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentconcerned.Asaresult,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.