最新高中英语语法完全手册（精品推荐） 197页

Module1名词和冠词名词一语中的名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称。整装待“发”1.Theteachergaveusmanysuggestions(ormuchadvice)onhowtolearnEnglishgrammar.2.Thesephotosshowthattheheroesliketoeattomatoesandpotatoes.3.Thewomen-workerstoldthepassers-bytopayattentiontothecar.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、名词的种类1.Theteachergaveusmany______________(建议)onhowtolearnEnglishgrammar.2.______________(联合国)wasorganizedin1945.专有名词普通名词指人、物、地方、组织机构、报刊杂志、山脉、河流的专有名词1.theGreatWall2.theMoon3.theUnitedNations可数名词个体名词desk,room,chair集体名词people,police,sheep,family,class不可数名词物质名词air,water,bread,gold抽象名词fun,construction,happiness,spirit二、不可数名词(汉译英)1.一个消息传来，她获得了一等奖。____________________________。2.我在英语方面取得了一个巨大的进步。________________________。〖规则1〗教材中常见的不可数名词：197 advice,attention,bread,baggage,butter,clothing,courage,cream,equipment,electrity,energy,fun,flour,furniture,glass,homework,health,information,juice,knowledge,luggage,luck,meat,medicine,nature,pollution,progress,practice,rice,rubbish,soup,traffic,wealth,word(=news),wood,weather等。3.Hehasalotofunforgettable______________(experience)andweallconsiderhimasapersonoflotsof______________(experience).三、名词的单复数4.Coffeeismyfavoritedrink.Wouldyoupleasegivemeacoffee?〖规则2〗有些单词既是可数名词又是不可数名词，但是所含意义不同。如：u冒险u美丽u咖啡adventurebeautycoffeec奇遇c美人c一杯咖啡u困难u经验u表达difficultyexperienceexpressionc难事c经历c表情、词语u实践u成功u知识practicesuccessknowledgec做法c成功的人或事c一门知识(P.S.:u代表不可数名词，c代表可数名词。)5.Heisamanofmuchknowledge.Besides,hehasmasteredaknowledgeofEnglish.【难点1】某些不可数名词前假设有形容词修饰时，这些不可数名词可转变为可数名词，常见的有：havealongtime:haveawonderfullunch:masterknowledgeofEnglish:giveabigsurprise6.Manyhappyreturnsoftheday.(年年有今日，岁岁有今朝)197 〖规则3〗常以复数形式出现的名词有：Congratulationsonyoursuccess.SendmyregardstoyourfamilyTheinstructionsareonthebottle.7.用所给词的正确形式填空Many_____(boy)and_____(girl)arebuying_____(knife)and______(brush).〖规则4〗可数名词复数形式的变化规则：1.accidents,cigarettes,decisions,exhibitions,librarians,passengers一般在名词词尾加-s；2.address,branches,speeches以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词，加-es；【难点2】stomachs(因为ch读作[k])3.centuries(century),factories(factory),lorries(lorry),secretaries(secretary)以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，在加-es；pennies(指便士的个数)【难点3】pennypence(指钱的数目)4.chimneys,journeys,valleys,holidays,toys以“原音字母+y”结尾，直接加-s；5.zoos,bamboos,radios,pianos,photos以-o结尾，一般在词尾加-s；【难点4】Negroes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes但是上述名词要加-es；（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿）【难点5】volcanoes或volcanos(“火山”的复数两种都行)6.knives,leaves,loaves,wolves,wives,halves,thieves以-f或-fe结尾，多数变-f或-fe为-ves；197 【难点6】serfs,chiefs,roofs,beliefs,safes,；proofs,gulfs(口诀：农夫serf相信belief海湾gulf的屋顶roof上有一个保险箱safe,结果首领chief得到一个证据proof)。【难点7】handkerchief→handkerchiefs或handkerchieves7.passers-by(过路人)sons-in-law(女婿)合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如果没有主体名词，则将最后一个部分变为复数：story-tellers(讲故事的人)housewives(家庭主妇)【难点8】但和man或woman构成的合成名词时，man或woman及后面的主体名词都要变为复数awomandriver(一位女司机)twowomendrivers(两位女司机)8.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,fish,deer,series(系列)，means(方式)，works(工厂)上述名词的单复数同形；⑴goose→geesetooth→teethfoot→feet⑵man→menwoman→women⑶child→childrenmouse→mice⑷ox→oxen⑸phenomenon→phenomena【难点9】上述名词的复数形式是不规则的。9.aChinese→twoChineseaJapanese→twoJapaneseaFrenchman→twoFrenchmenamEnglishman→twoEnglishmen表示某个国家的人的名词变复数的口诀：中日友好都一致，英法联盟a变e,其他复数加s【难点10】aGerman→twoGermans10.(汉译英)他的家庭是个大家庭，他的家里人经常一起看电视。.〖规则5〗有些集合名词作“整体”看时，当单数用；作“成员们”时，当复数用，且不改变形式：army(军队)，audience(听众)，class(班)，couple(双)，197 crowd(群)，family(家)，government(政府)，group(组)，party(党派)，public(公众)，team(队)【难点11】有些集合名词总是当复数用，不改变形式：cattle(牲口)，police(警察)，people(人们)。11.TheChildren’sPalaceisworthvisitingandLuXun’sbookisworthreading.〖规则6〗名词的“所有格”1.所有格的含义⑴表示所属。如：Tom’scar(汤姆的小车)⑵表示类别。如:awoman’scollege(女子学院)⑶表示动作的执行者或承受者。如：theteacher’spraise(老师的表扬)2.所有格的形式名词所有格是表示名词的“所有”或“从属”关系的形式，主要有’s和of所有格两种形式。一种由名词后接“’s所有格”多用来表示有生命的东西⑴theChildren’sPalace少年宫XiaoHua’sbook一般在名词词尾后加-s。⑵theteachers’reading-room教师阅览室若已有s则可只加’。⑶America’sandEnglish’sproblems英、美两国（各自的问题）JohnandMary’sschool约翰和玛丽上学的（同一）学校表示并列名词“各自所有”关系时，在各个名词后加“’s”，如表示其“共有”关系时，在最后一个名词之后加“s”。⑷MyclassmateLiPing’sbike我的同学李平的自行车名词后接同位语时，在作同位语的词后加“’s”。⑸awindowofourclassroom(我们课室的窗户)一种有介词of加名词构成，多用来表示无生命的东西⑹atenminues’restBeijing’sstress但表示时间、距离、国家（或城镇）等的名词，虽属于无生命的名词，也常用“’s”表示所有格。⑺afriendofmine.197 名词的双重所有格：物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。双重所有格是由非生物的所有格（即of+名词）与生物的所有格（如mother’s,Tom’s等）共同构成的。脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ用所给的正确形式填空1.Two__________(sheep)areeatingthegrassatthefootofthehill.2.The__________(student)reading-roomsareneartheclassroom.3.Hehasgreat__________(difficult)inwritingaletterinEnglish.4.The__________(roof)ofthehousearecoveredwith__________(leaf)5.Two__________(Englishman)weretalkingwith__________(German).6.Mymotherishill,soIhavetoaskfor__________(twoday)off.7.Beforewemoveintothenewhouse,wehavetobuysome__________(furniture).Ⅱ单项选择题1.Thedeadman’swalletandmobilephoneremaineduntouched,sothe__________forthekillingcouldnothavebeentheft.A.explanationB.excuseC.motiveD.result2.Suddenly,all__________inhercommunityrebelledagainstthetreatmentshewasreceiving.A.womanB.womenC.awomanD.womans3.Wecanseemonumentshereandthere.Thosewhohavemadegreat__________tohumanbeingsandsocietywillneverbeforgotten.A.advanceB.progressC.contributionsD.achievement4.Themillionairepassedaway,leavinghischildrenwithalarge__________.197 A.fortuneB.luckC.moneyD.amount5.Shelikestoeat__________andshehasanice__________gardeninfrontofherhouse.A.vegetables；vegetablesB.vegetable；vegetableC.vegetables；vegetableD.vegetable；vegetablesⅢ语篇翻译Withthetimecloserto⑴__________(高考)，moreandmore⑵__________(高三的学生)arelivingundergreatpressure.Thispressurecomesfromtheir⑶__________(老师、父母)andeventhemselves.Howevercoinhastwosides,including⑷__________(学习的压力).Somestudentsfeelthatthestressesofstudytake⑸__________(开心和快乐)fromthem.Intheirview,stressdoesharmtothembothphysicallyandmentally.However,somestudentsadvocatetheopinionthatwherethereispressure,thereis⑹__________(机会)，andwherethereisanopportunity,thereispossibilityfor⑺__________(成功).Ibelievethatthepressurewillhelppushustostudyharder,allowustomakegreater⑻__________(进步)andeventuallyreachourdesireddestination.Whatever⑼__________(困难)Imeet,Ialwaysremainoptimisticandtrytoconvertpressureintopower.能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析TalesofthesupernaturalarecommoninallpartsofBritain.Inparticular,therewas(andperhapsstillis)abeliefinfairies（仙女）.Notallofthese21arethefriendly,people-lovingcharactersthatappearinDisneyfilms,andinsomefolktalestheyarecruelandcausemuchhumansuffering.21.A.babiesB.believesC.fairiesD.supermen豁然开朗：本文主要讲英国的神话故事中并非所有仙女都是善良的，有的很残酷，给人们带来痛苦。故21选C，指前文的fairies,和下文的they一致。197 浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”星期天，我们参观了广州动物园。一小时的车程后，我们到达大门。里面有许多游客，其中大部分是天真可爱的孩子们。我们花了一个上午参观各种各样的动物，并和2只猴子合影。休息了半个小时后，孩子们又继续在广州越秀公园玩。当今的孩子们真幸福啊！冠词一语中的冠词用在名词前面限定说明其所指对象，英语中冠词又a(an),the。英语的普通名词有特指和泛指两种情况。在特指某人某物或某些物时，用定冠词。在泛指某人某物或某些人某些物时，用不定冠词。整装待“发”1.Irememberbewashereintheautumnof1990,perhapsintheOctoberofthatyear.2.Theyhavetoldmethathelivesinthesouth,soweshouldn’tbewalkingeast.3.Iwonderifthewordbeginswithan“h”4.AnunemployedworkerfromaEuropeancountrydecidedtogotostudyinauniversityofChina.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、不定冠词的用法：1.AnunemployedworkerfromaEuropeancountrydecidedtogotostudyofChina.〖规则1〗an,a是不定冠词，仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”197 的意义，但不强调数目观念。a用在以辅音(指辅音音素)开头的词前，an用在以元音(指元音音素)开头的词前。其基本用法如下：⑴Ahorseisausefulanimal.【难点1】指一类人或事⑵Awomancameuptoapolicemanandaskedhimaquestion,butthepolicemandidn’tunderstandit.【难点2】初次提及某人某物时，一般用不定冠词；第二次提到时用定语冠词⑶Wehavethreemealsaday.【难点3】表示“每一”，相当于every,one⑷Heisaprettygoodwriter,butheisnotaLuXun.【难点4】用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事⑸Heissokindapersonthateveryonewantstomakeafriendwithhim.【难点5】不定冠词的后置(用于so,as,too,how+形容词之后)⑹Yesterdaywehadawonderfultimetogether!【难点6】用于固定词组中：forawhile,onceuponatime,allofasudden,asawhole,inahurry,havearest,makeitarule,makealiving,makeapromise,livea…life,makeaneffort,payavisitto…二、定冠词的用法：2.Irememberhewashereintheautumnof1990,perhapsintheOctoberofthatyear.〖规则2〗定冠词the具有确定的意思，用以特指人或事物，表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个，以区别于同类中其他的人或事物，相当于汉语中“那个”或“这个”的意思。它可以和单、复数名词，也可以和不可数名词连用。其基本用法如下：⑴Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikethework.【难点1】表示特指的人或物⑵thesun,themoon,theearth【难点2】用于世上独一无二的事物名词前⑶thePacificOcean,theChangjiangRiver,theSaltLake197 【难点3】用于江河、湖海、山川、群岛的名词前⑷gotothecinema(thetheatre,theconcert)playthepiano(theguitar,theviolin)【难点4】用于娱乐场所和乐器的名词前⑸Thewoundedaretakengoodcareofinthathospital.【难点5】用于形容词和分词前表示一类⑹TheBrownshavemovedtoEngland.【难点6】用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇”⑺GuangzhouislocatedinthesouthofChina.【难点7】用于方位名词、身体部位名词及表示时间的名词⑻Heisthetallestpersoninourclass.Andheisthetallerofthetwoboys.【难点8】用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前；用在比较级前表示两者间“较…的一个”⑼inthe21stcentury(在21世纪)，inthe1990s(在20世纪90年代后)【难点8】用在世纪、年代的名词前⑽Pencilsaresoldbythedozen.【难点10】用于表示单位的名词前，表示“按……；每……”⑾Hewaspaidbythehour.【难点11】用于固定词组中：bythehour,inthedistance,bytheway,alltheyearround,ontheleft,ontheotherhand,inthedarkness,catch/pull/takesb.Bythehand,breakthelaw,makethebed,etc.三、零冠词的用法有三类名词使用零冠词：复数可数名词，不可数名词（用单数形式）及专有名词。1.Horsesareusefulanimals.马是有用的动物。【难点1】复数可数名词前不用任何冠词，表示泛指2.Wateriscolorless.水是无色的。【难点2】不可数名词前不用任何冠词，表示泛指197 3.ProfessorLijustcamebackfromNewZealand.李教授刚从新西兰回来。【难点3】呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用任何冠词。4.NewYear’sDay元旦Women’sDay妇女节YouthDay青年节NationalDay国庆节【难点4】含有day的节日名词前不用任何冠词。5.Helikesplayingbasketballandfootball.他喜欢打篮球、踢足球。【难点5】球类运动、棋类游戏或表示三餐的名词前不用任何冠词6.JohnmovedtoChinain1997.【难点6】专有名词前不用任何冠词7.Milkisliabletogobadinsummer.牛奶在夏季容易变质。【难点7】表示季节、月份或星期的名词前不用任何冠词8.ShewasbornonOctober29th.她生于10月29日。【难点8】前面已有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用任何冠词。9.Myhouseismuchbiggerthanhis.我家的房子比他的大多了。【难点9】某些习语或固定词组中的名词前不用任何冠词：intown,inuse,inpencil,inhealth,introuble,atnoon,inink,indanger,inthought,dayandnight,handinband,heartandsoul,stepbystep,atwar,onduty,inhonourof,inreturn,insearchof,infact,inorder,outoforder,havetroubleindoingsth,loseweight,etc.四、有无冠词意义完全不同的短语1.inchargeof负责、掌管inthechargeof由……负责（掌管）2.outofquestion毫无疑问outofthequestion不可能、根本不必讨论3.takeplace发生taketheplaceof代替、取代4.byday在白天bytheday按天计5.onearth究竟、到底ontheearth在地球上6.attable在吃饭atthetable在桌旁7.inoffice执行、任职intheoffice在办公室197 8.inhospital（prison)住院（坐牢）inthehospital(prison)在医院（监狱里）9.attimes有时atatime一次、同时10.liveonfarm靠农业为生liveonthefarm居住在农场11.havewordswithsb.与某人吵架haveawordwithsb.与某人谈谈脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ用冠词天空1.Iknowyoudon’tlikemusicverymuch.Butdon’tthink__________musicin__________movewesawlastiswonderful?2.Snowiswhite,__________snowthatcovers__________topof__________mountainis__________beautifulsight.3.—Haveyouseen__________pen?Ileftitherethismorning.--Isit__________blackone?IthankIsawitsomewhere.4.Forhim__________stageisjust__________meansofmakingaliving.5.Ashegrewupin__________smallvillageatthefootofamountain,__________visitto__________villagecalledupscenesofthischildhood.II单项选择1.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtouse__________Internetas__________resource.A.不填；aB.不填；theC.the；theD.the；a2.__________applefellfromthetreeandhithimon__________head.A.An；theB.The；theC.An；不填D.The；不填3.Myneighbouraskedmetogofor__________walk,butIdon’tthinkI’vegot__________energy.197 A.a；不填B.the；theC.不填；theD.a；the4.__________walkisexpectedtolastallday,sobring__________packedlunch.A.A；aB.The；不填C.The；aD.A；不填5.Ilike__________colorofyourskirt.Itis__________goodmatchforyourblouse.A.A；aB.a；aC.the；aD.the；the6.Christmasis__________specialholidaywhen__________wholefamilyaresupposedtogettogether.A.the；theB.a；aC.the；aD.a；the7.---Howabout__________Christmaseveningparty?---Ishouldsayitwas__________success.A.a；aB.the；aC.a；不填D.the；不填8.Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby__________seainsteadofdrivingacross__________continent.A.the；theB.不填；theC.the；不填D.不填；不填Ⅲ语篇天空Televisionisnowplaying⑴__________veryimportantpartinourlife.Buttelevision,likemanyotherthings,hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Do⑵__________formeroutweigh(比······重要)⑶__________latter?In⑷__________firstplace,televisionisnotonly⑸__________convenientsourceofentertainment,butalso⑹__________comparativelycheapone.For⑺__________familyoffour,forexample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablyathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.197 能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析Whileshewasgettingmesettledintoatinybutcleanroom,theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorsetomycartopullitto35Smalltownsome20kilometresawaywheretherewasagarage.(2007年广东高考语法天空)豁然开朗：此处考查冠词。名词前缺少限定词，通常可用代词、冠词等限定词来修饰名词。从本句来看，用不定冠词，泛指“一个小镇”。句意：当她（指房东）正准备把我安顿在一个小的但很干净的房间里时，村长把他的马栓在我的汽车上，把它拖到了20公里外的一个小镇上，那儿有一个修车厂。故填a。浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”在一次奇妙的旅途中，我在火车上看到了以一个漂亮的女孩。她圆圆的脸上长着一双大大的眼睛。浓黑发亮的头发披在肩上。她给我留下了深刻的印象。更奇妙的是，今天我碰巧在街上遇到这个女孩。她给了我一个意外的惊喜。我们谈了一个下午，从谈话中得知她在一所大学读书。不觉不知夜幕已降临。我们的确度过了一段愉快的时光。Module2代词一语中的代词（pronoun）是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八类。整装待“发”197 1.Theylikehisandhersbetterthanmine.2.Wethinkitimportantthatyoushouldbethereontime.3.Itisonethingtolistentomusic,butitisquiteanothertoperformskillfully.4.Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewitheverything.5.Ifthismagazineisnotyours,whoelse’scanitbe?6.IthinkhighlyofthosewhoaresearchingfortheAmberRoom.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、人称代词1.（完成句子）他们称呼他史密斯博士。__________all__________Dr.Smith.〖规则1〗人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格人称代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称复/单数单数复数单数/复数单数单数单数复数主格Iweyouhesheitthey宾格⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺2.---DoseanyofyouknowwhereTomlives?---__________·（我）3.What!Me(to)playwithhimatchess?No!【难点1】作主语的人称代词若孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中于动词不定式连用，常用宾格。4.Shefirsthadtheideatocyclealongtheriver.(变为强调句)→Itwas__________whofirsthadtheideatocyclealongtheriver.【难点2】作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。197 5.Heistallerthan__________.他比我高。6.IlikeJackasmuchas_______.=IlikeJackandher.7.IlikeJackasmuchas_______.=IlikeJackandshelikeshim,too.【难点3】在比较级的句子中，在than,as后，在不引起歧义的情况下，用主格、宾格都可以。二、物主代词（完成句子）1.这是我们的教师。Thisis__________classroom.2.这是她的衣服，我的衣服在那边。Thisishercoat.______isoverthere.3.我的车坏了。我能用你的吗？Somethinghasgonewrongwithmybike.MayIuse__________?〖规则1〗请填写⑴—⑼形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir在句子中只能作⑼名词性⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。在句中作主语、宾语或表语。4.她是姐姐，我是她弟弟。她喜欢我，我也喜欢她。_____is_____sister.Iam_____brother._____likes_____and_____like_____,too.5.这不是你的书包，你的在那边。Thisisn’tbag._____isoverthere.【难点1】由于受中文的影响，人称代词和物主代词的用法易被混淆。口诀：谓语前主格，动（词）介（词）后宾格，名（词）前用形容（词性物主代词），无名（词）则用名（词性物主代词）。三、反身代词1.TomtaughthimselfChinese.(作宾格)197 2.Sheisnotquiteherselftoday.(作_____)3.Imyselfcanrepairthebike.(作_____)〖规则1〗我自己myself；我们自己⑴__________；你自己yourself；你们自己⑵__________；他自己himself；她自己⑶__________；它自己⑷__________；他们自己⑸__________。（将下列句子翻译成中文）4.Heisnothimselftoday.________________________________________.5.Enjoyyourself!__________________________________________________.6.Heisalwaysboastinghimself.___________________________________.【难点1】反身代词与某些介词、动词连用构成习惯用语，有特定意义。四、疑问代词（完成句子）1._____didshesay?她怎么说？2._____doyoulikebest?你最喜欢谁？〖规则1〗疑问代词主要用于引出特殊疑问句，这类代词主要有：什么what；谁who(主格)，whom(宾格)；谁的whose；哪一个which。3.---______isthatman?---Heisherhusband.4.---_____isthemanoverthere?---Heisadoctor.【难点1】一般来说，what问职业、地位：who问的是姓名或身份。选词填空（what/which）：5._____fruitdoyoulikebest?6._____doyoulikebetter,orangesorapples?7._____ofyouwouldliketogotothatisland?8._____areyoulookingfor?197 【难点2】which用于已知情况的选择，其后可跟of短语；what用于未知情况的疑问，其后不能跟of短语。五、指示代词1.这位是玛丽，那位是汤姆。这些是苹果，那些是橘子。___________________________________________________________________.〖规则1〗指示代词是用来指代或标记人或是的代词，如：这个this；那个that；这些these；那些those。2.喂，我是爱丽丝，你是杰克吗？Hello._____isAlice.Is_____Jack?【难点1】在打电话时，通常用this指自己，用that指对方3.Everyday,hegotupearly,walkedabout20milestoworkandreturnedverylate.Suchwashislife.4.Tomissuchaniceperson.5.Allsuchproblemshavebeensolvedalready.【难点2】such作指示代词，指如前所述的这样的人或事物。此时，如果遇到a/an,such必须放在其前；如果遇到no，one，two，three，another,several,some,many,all等词时，such必须置于其后。6.Heisveryfoolish,andthatiswhynoneofuslikehim.7.Youmustunderstandthis---it’snoteasy.你必须明白这一点，那并不容易。【难点3】回指上文提到的事情时，通常用__________；要指下文叙述的事情，通常用__________。六、不定代词1.Tomhas_____picture-books.汤姆有几本图画书。2.Ihave_____bookstolendyou.我几乎没书可借给你。3.Iknow_____abouthim.我不了解他。197 4.Thereis_____lookingforyououtside.外面有人找你。5.Heisalwaysreadytohelp_____.他总是乐意帮助别人。〖规则1〗修饰可数名词的不定式one,each,many,both,another,either,neither,(a)few修饰不可数名词的代词much,(a)little既可以修饰可数名词有可以修饰不可数名词的代词none,any,other,all,some复合不定代词anyone,anybody,anything;someone,somebody,something;everyone,everybody,everything;nobody=noone,nothing6.EveryplayerintheOlympicsmusttakeadrugtest.7.There’snowaterinthewell.【难点1】every和no只能作__________，不能作代词。8.Hesaidsomethingimportant_____lost,buthedidn’tsaywhat__________.他说有什么重要的东西丢了，但没说那是什么。9.Someone_____waitingformeattheschoolgate,butIhavenoideawho__________.有人在校门口等我，但我不知道是谁。【难点2】复合不定式代词只起代词作用，不作形容词使用，作主语时，谓语动词一概用单数；表物类的复合不定代词，相对应的指示代词用单数，即：it,its;表人类的复合不定代词，指示代词通常用复数，即：they,their或them等，也可以用单数。如有形容词修饰复合不定代词，必须置于其后。10.EveryoneofthestudentscanspeakgoodEnglish.(×)EveryoneofthestudentscanspeakgoodEnglish.(√)【难点3】复合不定代词后都不可接of短语，但someone，everyone，anyone都是两个词，之后可以接of短语（注意noone不可接of短语）197 （翻译句子）11.Heisnothingbutaclerk.___________________________________.12.Heisanythingbutaclerk.___________________________________.13.Heissomeone/something/notanybody._____________________________.14.Sheissomethingofadoctor.Shehassavedmanylives.___________________________________.【难点4】复合不定代词在某些句型中有着特定的意义，如nothingbut意为“就是……;正是……，”anythingbut意为“决不是……”。（选词填空）15.Youdidquitewellinthetest.Youmade_____mistakes.(few/little)16.Don’tworry.There’sstill__________timeleft.(afew/alittle)【难点5】few,afew,little,alittle用法区别口诀：few和little含义同，句中意义是“否定”；afew和alittle含义同，句中意义是“肯定”。few和afew作用同，可数名词来限定；little和alittle作用同，不可数名词来限定。（选词填空）17._____（each/every）ofmychildrengoestoadifferentschool.18.Eachofthetickets_____(cost/costs)10dollars.19.Theticketseach_____(cost/costs)10dollars.【难点6】each与every用法区别：each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，指“两个或两个以上中的每一个”；every强调“全体”，只能作定语，指“三个或三个以上的每一个”。Each作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的数。（完成句子）20.课桌上有两本书，一本是莉莉的，另一本是露西的。Therearetwobooksonthedesk._____isLily’s,and_____isLucy’s.21.我不要这个，请拿另一个给我。Idon’tlikethisone,showme_____,please.197 22.六个学生中，一个将要回家，其余（五个人）要去看电影。Ofthesixstudents,_____isgoinghomewhile_____aregoingtothecinema.23.星期天公园里有许多人，有的在散步，有的在爬山。TherearealotofpeopleintheparkonSunday._____arewalkingand_____climbingthehills.24.二班的学生正在山上劳动，一些人在提水，一些人在挖坑，其余的人在植树。ThestudentsofClassTwoareworkingonthehill._____arecarryingwater,_____aredigging,and_____areplantingtrees.25.同学们一个接一个地来到了。Thestudentscame_____.【难点7】one…theother,one…another…,one…theothers,some…theothers…,和oneafteranother用法区别⑴表示两件东西或两个人中的“一个……另一个……”这一意思时，用one…theother…,如图所示：○●onetheother⑵表示不定数目的“一个”与“另一个”，用one…another…,如图所示：○…○○●○○…oneanother⑶强调确实数目中的“一个”与“其余的”，用one…theothers…,如图所示：○…●●●●●onetheothers⑷表示许多人或物中的“一部分”和“另一部分”（并非全部），用some…others…,如图所示：○○○○…●●●○○○○○someothers197 ⑸表示许多人或物中的“一部分”“其余全部分”，用some…theothers…,如图所示：○○○○…●●●●●sometheothers⑹表示“一个接一个地”，用oneafteranother,如图所示：●●●●●26.⑴_____ofusareteachers.我们俩都是老师。⑵Bothofusarenotteachers.翻译：________________________________⑶__________ofusisateacher.我们俩都不是老师。【难点8】both和all用于否定句表示部分否定；如果要表示全部否定，分别用neither和none。项目部分否定全部否定两者both…not/not…both并非两者都neither…两者都不三者及其以上all…not/not…all并非所有都every…not/not…every并非每一个都；thewhole…not/not…thewhole并非全部都not…any/none没有一个noone/nobody没有人nothing没有任何事物七、代替词（one,ones,it,that,these,those）1.Mr.Zhanggavemeaveryvaluablepresent,_____thatIhadneverseen.2.Ihaveanewdictionaryandthreeold_____.〖规则1〗使用代替词的目的就是要代替前面的名词，以避免重复。one可以指人或物，代替上文出现的可数名词，相当于a（an）+名词；theone代替同类事物中特指的另一个；one的复数形式为ones，可以有自己的修饰词。不定冠词a/an不可以直接和one连用，但当a/an后面有形容词时，可以和one连用。3.—“Haveyoustillkeptyouroldfurniture?”197 --“No,Ihavesold________.”4.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,but__________didn’thelp.5.Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthfull.6.—“Doyoulike_____here?”—“Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.”〖规则2〗it可指代天气、时间、季节、距离、环境、情况等；it指代上文提到的原事原物，是复指；it起指示代词的作用,指一个人；it还可以代替不定式、动名词或从句做形式主语或形式宾语，以保持句子的平衡。形式主语或形式宾语只能由it充当，不能用this/that；it用于某些动词如hate，like，love，realize等后面，代替后面的从句。7.ThepopulationofBeijingislargerthan_____ofTianjin.〖规则3〗that可以特指前面提到的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。that代替可数名词时可以用theone代替，但其前面不可用任何限定词修饰。脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ单选1.Tosaveclasstime,ourteacherhas_____studentsdohalfoftheexerciseinclassandcompletetheotherhalfforhomework.A.usB.weC.ourD.ours2.Whocanyoutrustifnot_____?A.himselfB.sheC.himD.I3.TheweatherinBeijingishotterthan_____inShenyang.A.thatB.oneC.onesD.those4.Whatsensedoyouthink_____will_____toargueaboutit?A.you;doB.that;makeC.it;makeD.this;make5.Ifyouleaveitundone_____youshouldhavedone,you’llonlyhavetofacemoreworkpiledwaitingtobedone.197 A.whatB.whichC.thatD.but6.There’sNo.2trolley-busandaNo.24motor-bus;_____willtakeyouthere.A.bothB.eitherC.allD.any7.—_____childrenareabouttocomeheresoon!—OK,I’llfetch_____chairshere.A.Fiveother;fiveanotherB.Otherfive;anotherfiveC.Fiveother;anotherfiveD.Otherfive;fiveanother8.—YoumeanIcanreadanybookinyourstudy?—Yes,_____interestsyou.A.whicheverB.whateverC.whoeverD.wherever9.—Didalettercomeforme?—Yes._____cameforyouthismorning.A.ThatB.ItC.OneD.Theletter10.Treat_____toaglassofwinetohelpyourelaxattheendoftheday.A.oneB.oneselfC.youD.yourselfⅡ选词填空1.that,it,one,those⑴Fewpleasurecanequal_____ofacooldrinkonahotday.⑵Infact,_____isadifficultexperienceforthepolicetokeeporderintheOlympics.⑶Ihopethere’reenoughglassesforeachguesttohave_____.⑷Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthan_____underthedesk.2.both,all,either,neither,none⑴_____ofthesetwostudentsaregoodatEnglish.这两个学生英语都学得很好。⑵_____wayisallright.两个方法中任意一种都行。⑶_____answeriscorrect.两个答案没有一个是正确的。197 ⑷_____thestudentsdon’tlikelearningEnglish.并非所有学生都是喜欢学英语。⑸Asweallwereasleep,_____ofusheardthesound.由于我们都睡着了，因此没人听到那声音。3.noone,nothing,none,nobody⑴—Howmanypeoplearethereintheroomnow?—_____.⑵—Whoisintheroom?—_____.⑶—Isthereanyoneinthatroom?—No,_____.⑷—Isthereanythinginthatroom?—No,_____.⑸—Isthereanystudentinthatroom?—No,_____.⑹—Wecouldn’teatinarestaurantbecause_____ofushadanymoneyonus.Ⅲ语篇填空用所给出的代词填空，每空一词。himselfhisitsourselvestheirthemselvestheyyouryoursyourselfAdventuretravelisbecomingquitepopularthesedays.Itisaveryinterestingkindoftravel.⑴_____mainattractionsarechallengeandexcitement.Adventuretraveltravelersuseairplanes,automobiles,trains,bicycles,balloons,camels,horses,skis,or⑵_____ownfeettotransport⑶_____intotheiradventures.Andtheiradventurestakeplaceineverycorneroftheworld.Adventuretravelisveryold.InthethirteenthcenturyMarcoPolotraveledthousandsofmiles,fromEuropetoChina.Sometimeshetraveledby⑷_____.Sometimes⑸_____unclestraveledwithhim.Together⑹_____introducedEuropetotheFarEast.Onceyoubeginadventuretravel,youcannotstop.Excitementandfreedomare⑺_____.andyouwantmoreandmoreadventure.Assoonasoneadventurevacationends,youfind⑻_____planning⑼_____nextadventurevacation.Andmaybethat’sgood!Weowealottotheadventuretravelersofthepastandofthepresent.Theymakeusmove⑽_____forward.能力拓展，真我风采197 长难句呈现并解析1.Itissaidthatashort-temperedmanintheSongDynasty(960~1279)wasveryanxioustohelp33ricegrowupquickly.Hewasthinkingabout34dayandnight.Butthecropwasgrowingmuchslowerthantheexpected.(08广东语法填空)2.Cursingmymisfortune,IwaswonderingwhereIwasgoingtospendthenightwhenIrealizedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingasto32shouldhavethehonorofreceivingmeasaguestintheirhouse.Ihadnoticedthreehensrunningfreeinmyhostesscourtyardandthatnightoneofthemendedupinadishonmytable.37villagersbroughtmegoat’scheeseandhoney.Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage,IwantedtorewardtheoldwomanforthetroubleIhadcaused40.(07广东语法填空)豁然开朗：1.第33小题考查物主代词，名词rice前缺少限定词，根据上文意思，“让他自己的水稻长得快”因此填his；第34小题，想刚才说过的事情用it或者this代替；2.第32小题考查疑问代词。asto意为“关于”，“至于”，是介词短语，后面接的是宾语从句，宾语从句缺少主语，从句意为“有幸接待我的人”，故32题的答案为who；第37小题考查互相代词，名词前缺少限定修饰，根据句意，接待我的房东是一个老太太，给我goat’scheeseandhoney的应当是“其他的”村民。从villagers的复数形式上可以判断出来；第40小题考查人称代词，因Ihadcaused…是定语从句，由搭配causesbthetrouble=causethetroubleforsb给某人造成麻烦，可知应填her。浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”假如你是李华，你新买的某外国品牌MP3出了故障，现在写信到其公司反映问题。写作内容：197 上周我购买了一台贵公司生产的MP3，它曾在一段时间里给我带来欢乐。虽然我的每个朋友都知道我买了一台MP3，但我从没借给过任何人，而且我总是按照说明书小心使用。但上周它的屏幕出现了故障，看不到上面的任何东西。我已经向当地销售商家反映过这件事，但没人能解决这个问题。有人建议我求助于你们，希望能给我更换一台信的，如果不行，请给我退还货款。DearSirorMadam,Thanksforyourattention.I’mwritingtocomplainaboutyourproduct.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________I’mlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.LiHuaModule3数词一语中的表示数词数目或顺序次第的词叫数词。数词包括基数词（即表示数目的词）和序数词（即表示数目顺序的词）。整装待“发”1.FiftythousandLondondoctorareoutonstrike.2.Thethreeclimbedtothetopofthehillhappily.3.Thecityhasapopulationoffourbillion.4.Ilikethefourth.5.Theyaccountfortwothirdsofthepopulation.197 知识回顾，精讲剖析一、基数词的用法：1.⑴__________wenttothefactory.我们4个人去了工厂。⑵Iwant___________我要两个。〖规则1〗在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。基数词中13至19以__________结尾；20至90整十的基数词以__________结尾。其他见下表：onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelvethirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen20twenty30thirty40forty50fifty60sixty70seventy80eighty90ninety100ahundred1,000athousand1,000,000amillion1,000,000,000abillion(美)athousandmillion(英)【难点1】容易出错的词有：14_______________；40_______________2.Thereare__________studentsinourclass.我班有58位同学。〖规则2〗其他的基数词可以以下面的方式构成：⑴21—99：先说“几十”，再说“几”中间加连字号。23twenty-three88eighty-eight⑵101—999：先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数。223twohundredandtwenty-three809eighthundredandnine197 ⑶1,000以上的数：从后面往前数，每三位数加一个符号“，”第一个“，”号前为thousand；第二个“，”前为million；第三个“，”号前为billion,然后一节一节表示。1,001onethousandandone18,657,421eighteenmillion,sixhundredandfifty-seventhousand,fourhundredandtwenty-one3.Shortlyaftertheaccident,two__________policeweresenttothespottokeeporder.A.dozenofB.dozensC.dozenD.dozensof【难点2】dozen,hundred,thousand,million,billion,等词前面有具体数词时，表示确切的数目，用单数形式，如threethousand,fivemillion;但如果表示不确定数目，则须加-s，后面往往跟of介词短语，如：tensof好几十hundredsof好几百thousandsof好几千tensofthousandsof成万计的millionsof好几百万二、序数词的用法：4.正确填写表格中的序数词：1stfirst11theleventh20th__________2ndsecond12th__________21st__________3rdthird13th__________22ndtwenty-second4th__________14thfourteenth30th__________5th__________15thfifteenth40th__________6thsixth16thsixteenth50thfiftieth7thseven17thseventeenth60thsixtieth8th__________18theighteenth70thseventieth9th__________19thnineteenth80theightieth10thtenth90thninetieth〖规则3〗⑴.第一到第十九，除第一（first）,第二(second),第三(third)外，其余均在基数词的后面加-th构成，容易拼写错误的词有：fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。197 ⑵.第20到90是将基数词词尾y变成i，再加eth构成。⑶.hundred,thousand,million的序数词均在其后加-th构成。即hundredth,thousandth,millionth.⑷.几十几及上的序数词，其中十位数或百位数，千位数等用基数词，只有个位数才用序数词。如：第999读为ninehundredandninetyninth5.翻译（用序数词的缩写形式）⑴.二十一世纪__________⑵2008年6月7日___________【难点2】序数词的缩写1st,2nd,3rd,4th6.⑴About________oftheworkersinthatsteelworksareyoungpeople.A.threefifthsB.fifthtreesC.three-fivesD.three-fifth⑵Hefeelsrelaxedandevenbeginstowhistlebecause____ofthedistance____covered.A.threefifth;wereB.three-fifths;hasbeenC.three-fifth;wasD.three-fifths;havebeen〖规则4〗分数的表示方法，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于一时，分母用复数形式。分数有时可用百分数代替，如2/5=40%。7.Itisestimatedthat________allconversationinEnglish________smalltalk.据估计，80%的英语会话是闲谈。〖规则5〗百分数用基数词和百分号（%）合成，百分号写作percent或percent,无复数形式。8.⑴_____ofthebestpoetryoftheworld_____beenwrittenbypoetslessthanthirtyyears.A.Nine-tenth,hasB.Nine-tenths,hasC.Nine-ten,haveD.Nine-tenth,have⑵_____advertisementsonTV_____aboutcars.A.25%ofthe,areB.25%of,areC.25%ofthe,isD.25%of,is197 ⑶__________ofthelandinthatdistrict_____coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifths；isB.Twofifth;areC.Twofifth;isD.Twofifths;are【难点3】分数和百分比修饰名词时要加ofthe,再加名词，即分数或百分比+of+the+n.。分数和百分数作主语时，谓语和后面的名词保持一致。9.Hewrotea__________report.A.two-thousand-wordsB.two-thousand-wordC.two-thousands-wordD.two-thousands-words【难点4】“数词+连字符+单数名词”相当于形容词，作定语，其中的名词用单词。10.Itisnotrarein_____thatpeoplein_____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.1990s;theB.the1990s;/C.1990s;theirD.the1990s;their【难点5】表示“几十年代”用“in+the+几十的复数”，表示在某人几十岁时，则用“in+one’s+几十的复数”。11.Wearegoingtolearn__________nextweek.A.LessonTwelveB.LessonTwelfthC.TwelfthLessonD.TheLessonTwelfth【难点6】数词与名词连用，可表示编序，通常有两种形式：a.名词+基数词b.the+序数词+名词，如：ClassOne相当于thefirstclass.12.Thestudentscameintotheclassroomin__________.同学们三个一群，两个一伙地走进教室。【难点7】数词的固定表达：atsixesandsevens乱七八糟脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ单项选择：197 1.Hehasbeenherefor_____.A.oneandahalfmonthsB.oneandthehalfmonthsC.oneandahalfmonthD.oneandahalfmonth2._______________wereblowndowninthestorm.A.ScoreoftreeB.ScoresoftreesC.ScoreoftreesD.Scoresoftree3.Therewillbemorethansix_____studentstalkingtheexaminationthisyear.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousandsofD.thousandof4.Thehereofthestoryisanartistinhis_____.A.thirtiethB.thirtyC.thirty’sD.thirties5.Chinais_____largerthantheUnitedStates.A.onesixB.onesixthC.onesixesD.onesixths6.Manystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.A.800-metre-longB.800-metres-longC.800metrelengthD.800metrelengthⅡ单句改错：1.Overtwothousandsfirefightersandalotoflocalcitizenstookpartinthefightagainstthefire.2.Itworriesthehealthexpertsthatnearlythreefourthofthemiddleschoolstudentsarenear-sighted.3.Thelittleboywaspraisedbytheschoolforhishandinginafive-dollarsbilltohisteacher.4.Severalmillionspeopleintheworldarestillsufferingfromhungerandpovertyeveryday.5.Whatsurprisedusisthattheoldscientistsucceededinmakinganewdiscoveryinhiseighty.6.Itwasreportedthattwodozenspolicemenwereinjuredinthefightwiththe197 gunrobbers.7.WearetoldthatProfessorChenlivesonthetwenty-twofloorofthisbuilding.Ⅲ把下列句子翻译成英语。1.一万多名运动员将会参加2012年伦敦运动会。____________________________________________________________2.很遗憾，许多科学家五十岁就去世了。____________________________________________________________3.那些法国学生中有三分之二没有去过西藏。____________________________________________________________4.中国的人口比美国的人口多5倍。____________________________________________________________5.据报道今年猪肉价格上涨了60%。____________________________________________________________Ⅳ语编翻译：Haveyoueverseen⑴_____（一个）chimpanzee（黑猩猩）inazoo?Ifnot,betterrunandseeone.Why?Becausethey’reindangerandtheremaysoonbenoneleft.Chimpanzeeswereoncefoundin⑵_____(许多)Africancountries.But,aUnitedNationsreportsaidlastweekthattheydisappearingfromsomecountriesfast.InSenegal,forexample,thereonly⑶_____(二百)left.Thereusedtobe⑷_____(几千).Chimpanzeesarealsoindangerinotherpartsoftheworld.Chimpanzeesareakindofgreatape.Therearethreeotherkindsofgreat197 ape:gorillas,gibbonsandorangutans,whichareallindanger.Thereareabout⑸________（四十五）greatapesintheworld.“Theyallfaceextinction,somesoon,otherswithin⑹__________（五十五年），”saysKlausToepfer,headoftheUNEnvironmentProgramme.“Over⑺__________（百分之九十六）ofagreatape’sDNAislikeours.Ifwelosethem,wewilldestroyapartofourselves,”saysKlaus.Whyarechimpanzeesindangerandhowcanwesavethem?That’sbecauseofhumans.Wearekillingthemanddestroyingtheforestswheretheylive.AccordingtotheUNreport,⑻__________(数以千计)chimpanzeesdieeachyearbecauseofhumans.Somepeoplekillthemformoney.But⑼__________(三分之二)ofthemdieafterhumanscutdowntheforestswheretheylive,whichmeansgreatsapeshavenoplacetoliveandnofoodtoeat.Lastweek,scientistsfrom⑽__________(三分之四)thecountriesoftheworldmetinParis,France,andmadeareporttellingcountrieshowtoprotectapes.能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析__________Swedishparentscantaketheirpaidleaveastheywish,menuseamere12%ofit；60%offathersdonottakeevena(an)_____dayoffwork.(2004年上海高考B)68.A.JustasB.OnlyifC.EventhoughD.Nowthat69.A.oneB.mereC.onlyD.single豁然开朗：虽然Swedishparents可以自愿带薪请假看孩子，而实际父亲只用了12%的假期，有60%的父亲甚至一天假都没有请过。故答案为C，D。浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”我们班有58位同学，其中五分之三以上的同学是男生。高三时最关键的时期。上课前，同学们三三两两地走进教室。每一个同学都努力学习。我相信在21世纪百分之八十以上的同学都能考上大学。其中头十名的同学很可能考上重点大学。197 Module4介词一语中的介词是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分，必须接名词或代词构成介词短语，才能在句中充当一个成分。整装待“发”1.JapanistotheeastofChinawhileKorealiesonthenortheastofChina,allofwhichareinAsia.2.TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdesert,overmountains,throughvalleystillatlastitreachesthesea.3.OnaSaturdayeveninginsteadofat8aminthemorningofDecember23,2008.heleft,withouttellinganyoneelseexcepthismother.4.Shewastremblingwithfearbecauseherfatherwasangryatherstayingoutsidebeyondmidnightlastnight.5.Tohissurprise,themangotoffhishorseandpattedhimontheshoulderwithasmile,“Wheneveryouseeanyoneelseintrouble,dothesameforthem.”6.Insteadofaseverelecture,Italkedtohimaboutthepoemaswellasthefailedhome-work,anditbegantomakesensetomethatIcouldincludepraisealongwithconstructivecriticism.(2007深圳高三第二次调研)知识回顾，精讲剖析一、介词的种类1.简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from,197 in,like,of,off,on,over,near,past,round,since,through,till,to,towards,under,until,up,with…2.合成介词inside,into,onto,out,of,outside,throughout,upon,within,without…3.成语介词accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asforas,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,onaccountof,onbehalf,owingto,togetherwith,upto…二、介词的作用及几组常用介词的区别表示空间(场所、方位)1.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelooking_____ahole_____awallatarealscene.2.ButIneverreallylikedbeingonthewater,thewaymyfatherdid.Ilikedbeing_____thewater,movingthroughit.(2008浙江)A.onB.offC.byD.in〖规则1〗_____表里面，_____表上面，over表上方，under表下方，infrontof是前，_____是后，at是在某一地点上，_____表来自，to表朝前，_____表里面穿过，across是表面穿过，onto表到上面，_____表进入，在旁边是beside,在附近时near。【难点1】in,on,to表示方位时容易混淆。下图能帮你辨别其用法。如图：BisintheeastofA;CisontheeastofA;DistotheeastofA.即：_____表示在范围之内；ABCD_____表示在某范围之外的地方；_____表示“毗邻”、“接壤”。3.Thepolicemanhelpedtheoldman_____thestreet.4.Aftermakingmyway_____crowdsofpeople,Ifinallyfoundasubwaylinethatwasoperating.(2008山东)A.toB.throughC.overD.for197 【难点2】across,over,through,past这四个动词都与动over物词相关。_____意为“横穿、穿越”，表示运动发生在past物体的表面。_____意为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生across在物体的上方。_____意为“穿过，通过”，表示运动法through生在某物的空间。_____意为“从……旁经过”，表示运动发生在某物旁边。如右图：5.Becareful,thereisaheavybox_____yourhead.6.Thesunis_____themountainintheeast.7.Thelittlemouseis_____thetable,soitisnoteasytofindit.8.TheDeadSeais_____sealevel.9.Dive_____thesurfaceofthewaterandyou’llfindawonderfulworld.10.Hergradeswerewell_____theaveragefortheclass.11.我应把名字刚好写在线上，还是写在线的上方，或是写在线的下方？(英译中)__________________________________________________________________【难点3】above,over,on,below,under,beneath的区别：over_____侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其above反义词是_____；_____侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是_____；_____侧重于与物体表面on接触，其反义词是beneath.如右图：beneathbelowunder12.Herushed_____thewomanwithasword.13.Herushed_____thedirectionofthesmallvillage.14.Herushed_____school.【难点4】in,at,to,都可以表示方向。rush_____:朝着…扑去；inthedirectionof:朝着……方向；rushto:向…急忙赶去。197 15.Atthesoundofthegun,therunnersshot_____thestartingpoints.16.Myshirtwascaughtbetweenthedoorsandabuttoncame_____myshirt.17.Sofar,severalshipshavebeenreported_____thecoastofBermudaIsland.A.offB.alongC.onD.around【难点5】from,off二词均表示“离开”。_____指从某个起点离开或行为从某个起点开始，而_____指离开或脱离某物。18.Thereisasquarehole_____theeastwalland_____thewestwallisamapoftheworld.19.Theyhittheboy_____thefaceandthenranaway.Later,aladycameandpattedtheboy_____theheadandcomfortedhim.20.Therearelostofapples_____thetree,_____whichbirdsoftenplay.【难点6】in,on二词均可表示“在……上”，描写两个物体的接触情况。_____侧重于表面接触，而_____侧重于接触的深度。某些习惯表达方法，常用in或on。若打击某人的脸，眼，嘴，胸，腹等部位时，用in；而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时，用on。表示植物本身生长出来的枝、叶、花、果等，用onthetree。表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”，用inthetree,意指被叶遮掩其中。21.ProfessorCarldippedoneofhisfingers_____themixtureandthentookitoutandsuckedit.22.Isawamousejumped_____thetableandbegantoeatthebread.23.Fredenteredwithoutknockingand,veryoutofbreath,sank_____achair.(2008安徽)A.onB.offC.intoD.to【难点7】in,into;on,onto.in和on通常表示静态方位，意为“在……里”和“在……上”，而_____与_____则表示动态位移，意为“往……里”和“往……上”。24.Itisreportedthatthesandstormismoving_____thesouthyearafteryear.25.Afterthesoldiersgotwellprepared,theysetoff_____thefront.26.Theplaneisflying_____thenorth,butit’sdifficulttodecidewhichareait’197 sflying_____.27.Itisknowntoallthatthesunfloweralwaysturns_____thesun.【难点8】to,for,toward(s)都可以表示方向。用于表示来往行动动词之后，表示行动的方向，常用_____，如go,come,walk,run,dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take;用于表示“起程”、“出发”、“离开”的动词之后，多用_____，如leave,setoff,start;在表示“朝……方向”时，to与towards是同义词，常可互换；只是toward(s)仅表示方向，不表示到达，而to不仅表示方向，还表示到达。表时间28._____2015thepopulationherewillhaverisentoover20million.29.Whendidtheygoabroad?Before,_____,orafterthewar?30.It’stwoo’clock;hesaidhe’llcome_____anhour,soI’llwait_____threeo’clock.31.Hehadfinishedthe4books_____theendoflastyearand_____theendofnextyearhewillhavefinishedanother4booksforheisdeterminedtomasteraforeignlanguage_____fouryears.〖规则2〗_____用于某天，某一天的上、下午。_____用于周、月、季节、年；泛指上午、下午、晚上。(注意：特指某日的上、下午是用on；泛指一般的上、下午时用in。)表示时刻、时间的某一点用_____。“在……之前”用_____。“在……之后”用_____。“在……之前（时间）、截止到…..”用_____。“直到……为止（时间）”用_____。_____表示“达……之久”，可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用，但经常和完成时连用。“在……期间”用_____。_____表示“过……后（未来时间）”，大多用在将来时（一般将来时和过去将来时）。表原因32.Hedidn’tanswer_____fearofhurtingherfeelings.33.Hecame_____myinvitationandI’mmuchpleased_____hisarrival.〖规则3〗for,at,on,with197 表原因的区别：for：因为，由于某事物，多用于表示内在的、心里的原因。at：多用来表示感情上的原因，常和表示一定感情的词连用。on/upon：由于，因为，所表示的原因与条件直接相关。with：多用来表示由外界影响到身心的原因，常用的有withfear，withcold等。表方式34.Youjustcan’tjudgepeople_____theirappearances,youknow.It’sthisguywhoputoutthefire_____pouringwateronit.35.Totellhimwhattobuy_____themoney,shewrotehimaletter_____redink.36.Themurdererwasmurdered_____hisenemies_____anarrow.37.Ifyoureallyhavetoleaveduringthemeeting,you’dbetterleave_____thebackdoor.(2008北京)A.forB.byC.acrossD.out〖规则4〗表示方式、手段和材料的介词用by,in,with。_____表示通过……方法、手段。_____表示用什么材料(如墨水、铅笔)、使用什么语言或表示衣着、声调特点等。_____表示用什么工具或方法。其他38.Theteacheragreed_____us_____thesuggestionofgoingcamping,butwedidn’tagree_____theplaceandtime.39.Suchasmallstoresimplycan’tcompete_____thebignationalchains_____thecontract.40.ActuallyIamquitefamiliar_____popsingersbutthisvoiceisnotsofamiliar_____me.〖规则5〗介词的用法比较复杂，要掌握需要下很大的功夫。首先要了解一些主要介词的基本意思，同时要注意介词和其他词的搭配，特别是一些由介词和别的词（尤其是动词、形容词）构成的成语，数量很大，需要一个长期积累的过程。但如果有意识注意，就可以加快积累和加强掌握。脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ单项选择1.Let’slearntousetheproblemwearefacing_____astepping-stonetofuture197 success.(2008海南、宁夏)A.toB.forC.asD.about2.ManyChineseuniversitiesprovidescholarshipsforstudents_____financialaid.(2008天津)A.infavorofB.inhonorofC.infaceofD.inneedof3.Thetwosportsmencongratulatedeachother_____winningthematchbyshakinghands.(2008上海)A.withB.onC.inD.to4.IlikeMr.Miner’sspeech;itwasclearand_____thepoint.(2008辽宁)A.atB.onC.toD.of5.Elizabethhasalreadyachievedsuccess_____herwildestdreams.(2008福建)A.atB.beyondC.withinD.upon6.Agreatmanshowshisgreatness_____thewayhetreatslittleman.(2008福建)A.underB.withC.onD.by7.Pullingopenherdoor,themanseizedher_____theneckandhair,andthrewheroutofthecarontotheground.(2008湖北)A.byB.aroundC.withD.on8.—Whendidyoulasthear_____Jay?—Hephonedmethismorning,andweagreed_____atimeandplacetomeet.(2008湖南)A.of;toB.about;withC.from;withD.from;on9.Whyisthetownjust_____this,thisshape,theplan,thissize？Whydoitsstreetsruninthisparticularway,andnotinanyotherway?(2008安徽)A.ofB.forC.likeD.as10.Formanycitiesintheworld,thereisnoroomtospreadoutfurther,_____NewYorkisanexample.(2008四川)A.forwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhichII语法填空197 1.ChineseproverbsarerichandtheyarestillwidelyusedinChinesepeople’sdailylife._____theseproverbsthereareofteninterestingstories.(2008广东)2.Hewasverytired_____doingthisforawholeday,buthefeltveryhappysincethecropdid“grow”higher.(2008广东)3.Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage,Iwantedtorewardtheoldwoman_____thetroubleIhadcausedher.(2007广东)4.Twoyearsago,theyweresailingonaboatafewkilometers_____thebeach.(2008广州普通高中毕业班调研)5.First,contactthefrauddepartmentsofthemajorcreditofficesandaskthem_____copiesofyourcreditreports.(2008省实、华附、广雅、深圳中学高三水平测试)6.WhenItookthemoneyfromhergrandparents,Ilookedback_____thegirl,whowasgivingmethemostoptimistic,largestsmileIhadeverseen.(2008深圳高三第一次调研)7.IntheUnitedStates,professorshavemanyotherduties_____teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.(2008广州执信中学、中山纪念中学、深圳外国语学校高三联考)8.Theunderground,whichhasbecameabusinesscardaswellasbeautifulsceneryofGuangzhou,providesacleanenvironment_____thepassengers.(2008中山一中、番禺仲元中学、佛山南海中学、汕头潮阳一中高三联考)9.However,newresearch_____EQsuggeststhatsuccessisnotsimplytheresultofahighIQ.(2008梅州高三毕业班调研)10.Themostimportantthingforthegovernmenttodoisfindoutthecause_____thisdeadlydisease.(2008汕头高中毕业班调研)11.IwasalwaystoldthatthethreePs,patience,positivethinkingandperseverance(毅力)，wereasurepath_____success.(2007广州普通高中毕业班综合测试二)12.Therearemorethan35millionAmericans_____theagesof13and19.(2007广东)Ⅲ语篇填空I’mdeclaringwaronthemice.Itisn’tmyhouseanymore,butit’stheirs.It’samouse-house!Look!There’sone,sitting⑴_____thesofa.Don’tlaugh!Itisn’tfunny.197 Yesterday,Ifoundthreebabymiceliving⑵_____thefridge.Iwatchedthemrunning⑶_____thefridgetothecupboard,stealingbiscuits.WhenIgot⑷_____bed,Isawtwomorestaringatme⑸_____theirblackeyes.Iquicklyjumpedanddrovethemaway.Buttheyrandownthestairs,⑹_____thecorridorandintothesitting-room.WhenIlookedroundthedoor,Icouldn’tbelievemyeyes!TheretheywerelisteningtopopmusiconmyCDplayer.Thismorning,whileIwashavingmybreakfast,Iheardastrangenoise.Ilookedup⑺_____theceilinganddoyouknowwhatIsaw?Amousejumping⑻_____thelampshadeontothebookcase.Ican’tgoon⑼_____this.Atlunchtime,Iwenttotheshopandboughtamousetrap.Buttheseareclevermice.Theylookedatthetrapcarefullywhilejustwalking⑽_____it.Iamverysurprisedthattheyknowabouttraps!!!NextweekI’mgoingtobuyacat!He’llcatchthemandtheneatthem.能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析1.Asasociety,wereallyneedtofaceuptothisproblemanddosomethingaboutit.Parentsandcoaches61shouldactasbetterexamplesforchildren.(2008上海)A.inparticularB.inallC.inreturnD.inadvance豁然开朗：Ainparticular意为“特别地，尤其”。句意为“特别是父母和教练应该为孩子树立好的榜样”。根据上文已强调父母，教练，媒体的影响，作者想突出父母及教练的影响作用，还有下文内容的提示，可选出A项。inall意为“总共”；inreturn意为“作为回报”；inadvance意为“前提”，都不符合上文情景提示的语意要求。（所以答案为A。）2.Bynineo’clock,alltheOlympictorchbearershadreachedthetopofMountQomolangma,_____appearedararerainbowsoon.(2008福建)A.ofwhichB.onwhichC.fromwhichD.abovewhich豁然开朗：在珠穆朗玛峰的上空出现彩虹，而不是珠穆朗玛峰的顶部，所以是abovewhich而不是onwhich.(所以答案为D。)197 3.ModernequipmentandnosmokingareofthethingsIlike_____workinghere.(2008全国卷Ⅱ)A.withB.overC.atD.about豁然开朗：句意为“关于在此工作，我比较喜欢的两个因素是现代的设施和禁止抽烟”。about“关于，对于”；with“和……在一起”；over“超过”；at“在，在……方面”。（所以答案为D。）浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”2007年8月6日下午5时左右，我和3个好朋友坐飞机抵达西安，由此开始了我们的西部之旅。众所周知，西安位于中国的西北部地区，是一座有3000年历史的文化古城，增有11个朝代在此建都，名胜古迹较多，以古墓著称；交通便利，工业发展也很迅速，尤以轻工业著称。此外，这儿有很多可口的地方风味小吃。相信任何到过西安的游客都会和我们一样对她留下深刻印象。Module5形容词和副词一语中的形容词的作用是修饰名词、代词，表示人或事物的性质、特点或所处状态；副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、介词（短语）和其他副词或全句的，可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、频率等。整装待“发”1．—CanIhelpyou?—Well,I’mafraidtheboxistooheavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.2.—Howdidyoufindyourvisittomuseum?—Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.ItwasfarmoreinterestingthanIexpected.3.Johnwassosleepythathecouldhardlykeephiseyesopen.197 4.Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?5.Workgetsdonemoreeasilywhenpeopledoittogether,andtherewardsarehighertoo.(07浙江)6.Thehurricanedamagedmanyhouseandbusinessbuildings;besides,itcaused20deaths.(06江苏)7.—Doyouliketheplaceofinterest?—Onthecontrary,it’sthelastplacethatIwanttovisit.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、形容词的作用及位置1.The_____(comfort)houseisveryexpensive,buthecanaffordit.〖规则1〗修饰名词用_____词，单个的形容词一般放在所修饰词之前。2.⑴—HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?—Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthe_____daysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast⑵Tonyisgoingcampingwith__________(两个其他的小男孩)。〖规则2〗有两三个形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词。若有多个形容词修饰，其位置可用下面的记忆口诀：县官令宴国材。其意思是：县（限）代表限定词，包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词，所有格，数字等。“官（观）”代表表示观点的描绘性形容词，eg:fine,beautiful,Interesting等“行（形）”代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词：eg：small,tall,high,little,round等。“令”代表表示年龄、新旧的形容词：eg:old,young等。“宴（颜色）”代表表示颜色的形容词：eg:white,black等。“国”代表国籍、地区、出处的形容词：eg:English,American,mountain等。“材”代表形成中心词的材料的形容词，eg:wooden,silk,plastic,stone等。请看下面的例子：afineoldstonebridge;twobigroundnewChinesewoodentables;hislargenewblackforeigncar.3.Theteacheraskedmeaquestiontoodifficulttoanswer.197 〖规则3〗当“形容词+不定式”构成的短语作定语时，需_____置。4.⑴Atthattimeshewasonlyagirlfiveyearsold.⑵Yesterday,Isaw_________________________(一头大约一米长的蛇)〖规则4〗当old,long,high,wide,deep等附有数量短语作定语时，需_____置。5.⑴Thisisthebest_________________________.那是最好用的一本书。A.availablebookB.bookavailable⑵Thatistheonly_________________________(可能的解决方法)。【难点1】以-able,-bae结尾的形容词可置于前有形容词最高级或only等词修饰的名词_____面。6.⑴Tomysurprise,thedriverisstill_____(活着的)afterthetrafficaccident.⑵Themanaliveshouldn’tbetoosadastheaccidenthashappened.【难点2】表语形容词有afraid,alone,alike,aware,asleep,awake,ashamed,alive等，可作表语，也可以作_____语，但须_____置。7.Isthere__________(有趣的东西)intoday’snewspaper?【难点3】由all,some,no,any和every+thing等构成的不定代词(something,everything,nothing)等，被形容词所修饰时，形容词后置。8.⑴ThepresentpresidentintheUSAisObama.(译：______________________)⑵Thememberspresentarenearlyvolunteers.(译：_____________________)【难点4】有些形容词既可以前置定语，也可作后置定语，但含义不同。常用作后置定语的有absent(缺席的)，present(出席的)，involved(有关的)，concerned(有关的)，proper(本身的)，responsible(负责的)。9.Theseorangestaste__________.A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewell〖规则5〗feel,touch,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,turn等表感官、表保持、表变化等作系动词时，后接形容词作表语。197 10.Theblind__________(respect)byallofusinthesespecialschoolsatpresent.〖规则6〗用“the+形容词（过去分词）”结构作主语，表示一类人，谓语常用_____数，这类词有：thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,thedeafanddumb,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed(失业者)等。11.⑴Theoldmansatthere,__________(silence).⑵Thegoatrolledover,__________(die)⑶Thepoorboyisstandingthere,_____________（充满恐惧）。〖规则7〗_____词可用作伴随或结果状语，放在句尾，前面常用逗号隔开。12.⑴__________（surprise）andhappy,Tonystoodupandacceptedtheprize.⑵Thelittlegirlisseatedonthechair,_____(dress)inawhiteskirt.⑶Shewentoutofthehouse,witha__________(disappoint)look.⑷Wewereall__________(excite)whenweheardtheexcitingnews.⑸Thesongmadethehand__________(know)overnight.⑹Doyounoticetheboysandthegirls__________(seat)behindtheclassroom?〖规则8〗有些动词的过去分词可作形容词使用，在句中多作伴随状语，表语，定语或宾补，修饰的对象通常是“人”。如：astonished,dressed,satisfied,surprised,amazed,disappointed,interested,excited,know,tired,exhausted,worried,gone,frightened,…13.Ifelt_____whenIwas_____onthe_____island.(alone)【难点5】某些以ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词，常见的这类词有lively,lovely,lonely,deadly,friendly,orderly,manly,brotherly,daily,monthly,yearly(这部分分词是由名词加ly构成的)。二、副词的作用及位置197 副词的分类：根据其意义和语法功能可分为以下几类：种类例词时间副词today,yesterday,tomorrow,lastnight,now,then,soon,lately,recently,ago,sofar,later,before…地点副词here,there,home,inside,above,upstairs,downstairs,in,out,on,abroad,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere…方式副词（大部分由形容词加-ly构成）fast,well,slow,quick,hard,alone,bravely,fluently,anxiously,badly,calmly,carefully,gratefully,happily,patiently,slowly,shyly,sadly,warmly,willingly…程度副词almost,very,much,(a)little,abit,completely,fairly,extremely,entirely,nearly,so,quite,rather,too…频率副词often,always,usually,sometimes,occasionally,seldom,hardly,ever,never,generally,hardly,constantly,rarely,scarcely,once,twice…关系副词when,why,where,how,however(用来引导定语、状语、名词性从句)疑问副词when,why,where,how(用来引导特殊疑问句)其他副词yes,no,not,sure(ly),possibly,besides,therefore,though,lastly,nevertheless(尽管如此)1.Youalwaysstudyveryhardherethisterm.〖规则1〗副词的一般词序：频度副词+被修饰词+程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词2.⑴Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.⑵Hehasneverbeenabroad.〖规则2〗always,often,frequently,never,ever,seldom,sometimes,also等表频率的副词放在行为动词之_____，系动词、组动词或情态动词之_____。3.⑴Youare_____mistaken.(A.veryB.quite)⑵Shesingsverywell.⑶IfIhad__________(一个足够长的)holiday,I’dvisitEurope,stoppingatallthesmallinterestingplaces.197 ⑷Ihaveeatenenough,soIhavetotakeawalk.〖规则3〗very,quite,rather等表“相当”“十分”程度副词修饰形容词或副词时常放在被修饰词前面，而enough常放在名词_____面，形容词、副词和动词_____面。4.⑴Heis_______________tallandstrong.⑵Heis_______________strongerthanbefore.⑶I_______________enjoytheconcert.⑷IlikeEnglish_______________A.veryB.verymuchC.much【难点1】very修饰形容词、副词的原级及形容词化的分词，放在其修饰词前；much修饰比较级或动词，放在其修饰词前；verymuch修饰动词，放在句末。5.⑴__________(obvious),heiswrong,⑵__________(luck),hedidn’tpasstheexam.⑶__________(坦率地说)，Idon’tagreewithhim.〖规则4〗修饰整个句子，用副词放在句首，作评注性状语。6.⑴Heworks__________athisstudyandhe__________knowsnothingaroundhim.(hard)⑵The__________newssuggestedthat_______hewenttowork_______.(late)〖规则5〗有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly结尾，但它们的含义不同。⑴close接近地closely仔细地⑵late晚，迟lately近来⑶most极，非常mostly主要地⑷loud大声地loudly大声地（含有喧闹的意思）⑸near邻近nearly几乎⑹hard努力地hardly几乎不197 7.⑴Finallythestrangercameup__________(close)tothechild.⑵Helistenedtotheteacher__________(close)inclass.⑶Keeptheeyes__________(wide)open.⑷Computersarenow__________(wide)usedinourdailylives.【难点2】当表示距离的远近，物质的深度、高度、宽度时常用与形容词同形的副词，而带-ly的副词往往表示抽象的意义，如：deep,deeply,high,highly,wide,widely,close,closely.8.⑴Wefailedagain.This,__________,isnotyourfault.⑵Wefailedagain.__________thisisnotyourfault.⑶Iwillovercomethedifficulty,__________greatitis.A.butB.however【难点3】but,however都可译成“然而/但是”，但but是连词，连接两个并列句，放在句首；however在此例句中是副词（有些接近连词），可放在句首、句中或句末，且其后常用逗号隔开。however也可放在句首，作连接副词，引导让步状语从句，译成“无论怎样”，后面紧跟形容词或副词。9.⑴—HowiseverythinggoingonwithyouinEurope?—Quitewell.NotsosmoothlyasIhoped,__________.⑵—HowiseverythinggoingonwithyouinEurope?—__________itisnotsosmoothlyasIhoped,Ithinkitisquitewell.【难点4】though即可作副词，又可作连词。作连词连接两个句子，放在句首；作副词常放在句末。三、形容词和副词的比较级最高级1.⑴Heis_____(handsome)thanTom,thoughTomis_____(tall)thanhe.⑵TheYangtzeRiveristhebiggestriverinourcountry.〖规则1〗比较级和最高级的构成：单音节形容词及少数以-er,-ow结尾的形容词和副词加“er”或“est”；一般双音节、多音节形容词和副词在原级前加“most”或“more”;而且形容词的最高级前要加“the”。⑶HeisthebestinmathswhileistheworstinEnglish.197 【难点1】不规则形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成如下表：形容词或副词比较级最高级good,_____better__________,_____worseworst_____,_____moremostlittle__________farfarther/_____farthest/furthestold_____/_____oldest/eldest2.⑴Heis_____(tall)ofthetwobrothers.⑵IlikebothMaryandBetty,butIthinkBettyisthenicerofthetwo.〖规则2〗“the+adj.比较级of+…”(两者中较…的一个)3.⑴Hisentireschooleducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.(=only,与…一样不多)⑵HehasnotmorethantwentyYuaninhispocket.(=atmost)⑶Yourstoryisperfect.I’veneverheard_____(good)one.⑷Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.=Hervoiceis_____(good)voicethatIhaveeverheard.【难点2】“否定词no/never+形容词比较级”表最高级的意思。“the+形容词比较级”则表示在两者之间做比较。4.⑴他越忙，他就越开心。Thebusierheis,the_____(happy)heis.⑵__________(careful)youwork,thebetterresultyou’llget.〖规则3〗“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”译成“越…就越…”5.⑴Thetreeyourgrandpaplantedmanyyearsagogrowstallerandtaller.⑵It’sbecomingmoreandmoredifficulttofindthejob.〖规则4〗“比较级+and+比较级…”表示“__________”的意思。197 6.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。⑴AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.=Asiaisfourtimes_____thanEurope.=AsiaisfourtimesthesizeofEurope.⑵Aroughestimate,Nigeriais__________GreatBritain.A.thebetteroneB.thesizeofthreetimesofC.treetimesasthesizeofD.threetimesthesizeof〖规则5〗倍数的表达法：⑴…倍数+as+形容词/副词的原级+as⑵…倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+than⑶…倍数+the+名词size(length,height,width,depth…)+of7.⑴Hishandsfeltascoldasice.⑵Weneedasmanyrecordsaspossible.⑶Wehaven’tgotasmuchmoneyasweexpected.〖规则6〗当表示事物在某一方面一样时，我们用as…as…(中间接形容词或副词原级)和asmuch…as,asmany…as…(much,many后接_____词)⑷Hehaslearned_______________10000Englishwordssofar.(到目前为止，他所学的英语单词多达1000个。)【难点3】“as+long(wide/high/much/many…)”+数字，表示“长（宽/高/多）达…”8.⑴Theweatherhereiswarmerthan__________ofShanghai.⑵Theradiosmadeinourfactoryarebetterthan__________madeinyourfactory.⑶ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan__________ofanyothercountryintheworld.A.thatB.thoseC.thisD.any〖规则7〗比较的对象要一致。在比较状语从句中常用that代替不可数名词或单数可数名词，those代替复数可数名词。⑷Chinahasalargerpopulationthan__________countryintheworld.⑸Chinahasalargerpopulationthan__________countryinEurope.A.anyB.anyotherC.anyoftheotherD.another197 【难点4】比较的对象不能相互包容。9.⑴I’mnomorefoolishthanyou=Neitherofusisfoolish.(我与你一样不笨，言下之意是两个都聪明。)⑵I’mnotmorefoolishthanyou.译：_________________________〖规则8〗“no+比较级+than”译成“与…一样不”，“not+比较级+than”译成“不比…”10.⑴—Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum—Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.Itwas__________thanIexpected.A.farmoreinterestingB.evenmuchinterestingC.sofarinterestingD.alotmuchinteresting⑵Itissaidthattheboyknowslittleofmathematics,still_____(little)ofphysics.〖规则9〗比较级可由“alittle,abit,slightly,any,much,far,byfar,alot(一些，一点，稍微)，still,even,rather(更…)等副词修饰”,修饰最高级可由byfar,far等副词修饰，这些词常放在所修饰词的前面。脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ在空格内填入一个恰当的词或用所给词的正确形式填空1.Bobranthe100metersin9.91seconds,andIhavenotseenanyone_____(good)thisyear.2.ProfessorWhitehaswrittensomestories,butheis_____(well)knownforhisplays.3.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisas_____anartasitisascience.4.Borishasbrains.Infact,Idoubtwhetheranyoneintheclasshas_____higherIQ.5.Marykeptweighingherselftoseehowmuch_____(heavy)shewasgetting.6.Whathesaidsounds_____(friend).7.Besidesbeingexpensive,thefoodinthecafeteriatastes_____(bad).8.Heknowslittleofmathematics,andstill_____(little)ofchemistry.197 9.—Doyouneedanyhelp,Lucy?—Yes,Thejobis_____thanIcouldafford.10.Iwon’tpay$100forthecoat,becauseit’snotworth_____much.11.Ithoughtshewasfamous,butnoneofmyfriendshave_____heardofher.II单项选择1.Aftertwoyears’research,wenowhavea_____betterunderstandingofthedisease.A.veryB.farC.fairlyD.quite2.Speakingofallthesongshehaswritten,Ithinkthisisprobablyhis_____one.(07全国)A.better-knownB.well-knownC.best-knownD.most-known3.Thereisanoldproverb,“Loveme,lovemydog.”Butthereis_____wisdominthis:“Loveme,lovemybook.”(07湖南)A.someB.muchC.moreD.most4.—Haveyoufinishedyourreportyet?—No,I’llfinishin_____tenminutes.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.less5.Ifweworkwithastrongwill,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,_____greatitis.A.whatB.howC.howeverD.whatever6.Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave_____atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiertimeD.amuchhappiertime7.ItisreportedthattheUnitedStatesuse_____energyasthewholeofEurope.197 (04山东)A.astwicezB.twicemuchC.twicemuchasD.twiceasmuch8.Ofthetwocoats,I’dchoosethe_____onetosparesomemoneyforabook.(07四川)A.cheapestB.cheaperC.moreexpensiveD.mostexpensive9.ThemelontheSmithsservedatdinnerwouldhavetasted_____ifithadbeenputinthefridgeforalittlewhile.(07江西)A.goodB.betterC.bestD.well10._____homeworkdidwehavetodothatwehadnotimetotakearest.(06福建)A.SomuchB.ToomuchC.ToolittleD.SolittleⅢ语篇填空Myparentshavealwaysworriedaboutmy⑴__________(confidence)nature.Theyfearmyshynessmaycausemetomissoutonchancesinlife.WhenIfirstsawaposterhanginginahalfway,IknewIwantedtobeapartoftheOrchestra.Iwent⑵____(direct)toseeMr.Mandhetoldmetocomethenextday.⑶________(fortunate),thingsdidnotgoasexpected.Iwentintothemusicroom,well-⑷____(prepare).“Iamsorry,”hesaid,“Iamafraidwehave⑸________(足够的钢琴家)already.”No⑹________(many)words.Nomusic.Ihadbeenrefused!Italkedtomyguidancecounselor,SisterJ,aboutit.ShesuggestedthatIgotoseethedirectorofthemusicdepartment,MsM.Atthatmoment,Idoubtedthe⑺________(correct)ofhersuggestion.Whatifshedidn’tlistentome⑻________(也).Ireallydidn’twanttoberefusedagain!⑼________,Ijusttried.Andtheresultcouldnothavebeen⑽________(good).IbecameanaccompanyistfortheGleeClue.Iadmittheopportunityisthanksto197 ⑾________(brave)andconfidence.IfIhadgivenup,Iwouldhavereceivednothing.Seizingachanceisalwaysa⑿________(satisfy)experiece.⒀________,losingachancecanbeunbelievably⒁________(disappoint).Ourstruggleistokeeptryingandnotgiveupuntilwecanbe⒂__________(succeed).能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并分析1.Thefirstquestionpresentedisofmediumdifficulty.Ifthetesttakeranswers59,thenextitemwillbemoredifficult.Ifheorsheanswersincorrectly,thenextquestionswillbeeasier.(08上海春)豁然开朗：1.从下一句中可以得到线索，“如果回答不正确（incorrectly）,下一个问题会更容易（easier）”,从而可以推出上句“如果测试者正确地（correctly）回答问题，下一个问题会更难（moredifficult）.”59.A.brieflyB.smartlyC.correctlyD.thoughtfully2.Hewasverytired36doingthisforawholeday,37hefeltveryhappysincethecropdid“grow”38(high).Hissonheardaboutthisandwenttoseethecrop.Unfortunatelytheleavesofthecropbegantowither.Thisproverbissayingwehavetoletthingsgointheir39(natural)course.(08广东)豁然开朗：本文讲了拔苗助长的故事，从上下文可推出36题填after/from，37题填but/yet,38题应填形容词的比较级，即higher；39题修饰名词应用形容词，故应填natural.浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”197 这个名叫玛丽的德国小女孩是世界上最幸福的人。两年前汤姆斯向她求婚的时候，承诺送给她他能买得起的最好的戒指。但是不幸的是，他在去玛丽的家的途中滑倒了，戒指掉进了海里。他很伤心，坐在那里，非常沮丧（depressed）。两年后，当一个叫卡尔的渔夫抓到了两条鱼，当他艰难地切开其中较大的一条时，发现了一枚漂亮的金戒指。那是他曾经见过的最漂亮的戒指。然而他没有占有它，而是费了很大的劲找到的那对夫妇。当然了，那对夫妇非常感激他。从那以后，那对夫妇过着更幸福的生活。Module6句子成分、五种基本句型和Therebe句型一语中的1.构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。2.简单句即含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子，按其句子结构可分为五种基本句型：基本句型一：S+Vi（主+不及物动词）基本句型二：S+LinkV+P（主+系+表）基本句型三：S+Vt+O（主+及物动词+宾）基本句型四：S+Vt+Oi+Od（主+及物动词+间宾+直宾）基本句型五：S+Vt+O+C(主+及物动词+宾+宾补)整装待“发”1.HelenisthemostbeautifulgirlthatIhaveeverseen.2.Wecannotoveremphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch.3.Mr.Changisthekindestteacher.4.Wemakehimourmonitor.5.Itisconceivablethatknowledgeplaysanimportantroleinourlife.6.Thankstohisencouragement,Ifinallyrealizedmydream.7.Sally,afriendofmine,isahardworkinggirl.8.Wewillgraduatenextyear.S+Vi（主+不及物动词）197 9.Wearegoodfriends.S+LinkV+P（主+系+表）10.Ilikemyjobverymuch.S+Vt+O（主+谓+宾）11.Willyoupleasepassmetheeraser?S+Vt+Oi+Od（主+谓+间宾+直宾）12.Wesawthemdancing.S+Vt+O+C（主+谓+宾+宾补）知识回顾，精讲剖析一、主语：请指出下列句中主语的中心词，填写下表。1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtohealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishteathasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.SwimmingacrossthePearlRiverisnotaneasyjob.句子主语中心词冲当主语的词性或就够1Countrymusic2代词3One-third4不定式5Smoking6名词化的形容词7When…test8形式主语（不定式为真正主语）197 9动词短语（需名词化）〖规则1〗主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于_____。【难点1】但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词__________。如：1.Thereare38studentsintheclassroom.2.Onlybystudyinghardcanyouachieveyourdream.3.Didyougotothemovielastnight?二、谓语请指出句中谓语，填写下表。1.Idon’tlikethepictureonthewall.2.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.3.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?4.Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.5.WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.6.Wehadbettersendforadoctor.7.Heisinterestedinmusic.8.Whomdidyougivemybookto?9.Igotup,putonmyclothesandwentout.句子谓语谓语构成1don’tlike23动词短语4willbe5系动词+表语6hadbettersendfor7动词短语197 8give9并列动词短语〖规则2〗谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。________在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。三、表语请指出句中表语的中心词，填写下表。1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.2.Isityours?3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.4.Thespeechisexciting.5.Threetimessevenistwentyone.6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.8.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.句子表语中心词表语结构1American2代词3cold4分词5twentyone197 6不定式7playingfootball8介词短语9up,over10表语从句〖规则3〗表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于_____之后。四、宾语请指出句中宾语的中心词，填写下表。1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.8.Peoplefinditimportanttogetagoodeducation.句子宾语中心词宾语结构1exhibition2代词3five4名词化的形容词5nottoseeme6动名词短语7(that)heisfitforhisoffice8形式宾语（不定式为真正宾语）〖规则4〗宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和_____的后面。197 请指出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语，填写下表。1.Pleasetellusastory.2.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.3.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.4.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.5.Didheleaveanymessageforme?句子直接宾语间接宾语12345【难点2】直接宾语和间接宾语有称之为双宾语。有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语_____。五、宾语补足语请指出下列句中的宾语补足语，填写下表。1.HisfathernamedhimTerry.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.197 7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.8.Iwillhavemyhaircuttomorrowmorning.句子宾补宾补构成1名词2white3副词4tolendhismoneytoyou5现在分词6ingoodorder7从句8cut〖规则5〗英语中有些及物动词，除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+_____+宾补。六、定语请指出下列句中的定语，填写下表。1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.句子定语定语结构1形容词197 2developing,developed3名词4His5不定式短语6teaching7介词短语〖规则6〗修饰_____或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。七、状语请指出下列句中的状语，填写下表。1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.7.Hethrewhimselfonthebed,exhausted.8.Surprisingly,shepassedthedrivingtest.句子状语状语结构1mostquickly2介词短语3tohavepassed…4分词短语5aminute6状语从句7exhausted8副词〖规则7〗修饰_____197 、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。八、五种基本句型和Therebe句型五种基本句型的结构：㈠第一基本句型：S+Vi(主+不及物动词)e.g.1.Thesunwasshining.太阳在照耀着2.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时。〖规则8〗此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做__________，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。【难点3】不及物动词不能用于_____语态。常见的此类动词有：breakout,takeplace,happen,occur,appear,remain等。e.g.3.Thecaraccidentwashappenedyesterday.(×)4.Thecaraccidenthappenedyesterday.(√)㈡第二基本句型：S+LinkV+P(主+系动词+表)常考点：（系动词）表“感觉”：feel,look,sound,taste,smell;表“似乎”：seem,appear;表“变化”：becomeadoctor,growstronger,turnyellow,getangry,fallasleep/awake,gomad/sad/bad;表“保持”：remainunchanged,staythesame,keepsilent/warm/fit;证明：prove(tobe)+n./adj.e.g.1.Everythinglooksdifferent.一切看来都不同了。2.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.他长得又高又壮。3.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。〖规则9〗此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。连系动词的分类见动词模块。be本身没有什么意义，只有连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。㈢第三基本句型：197 S+Vt+O(主+及物动词+宾)e.g.1.Whoknowstheanswer?谁知道答案？2.Shesmiledherthanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们的忙。〖规则10〗此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须后接一个__________，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。㈣第四基本句型：S+Vt+Oi+Ot(主+及物动词+间宾+直宾)常考点：tellsb.sth./tellsthtosb.givesb.sth./givesth.tosb.sendsb.sth/sendsthtosb.buysb.sth./buysth.forsb.explainsb.sth/explainsthtosb.e.g.1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美味的饭。3.Hebroughtyoudictionary.他给你买了一本字典。〖规则11〗此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个__________来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一词往往被省略。㈤第五基本句型：S+Vt+O+Oc(n./adj./inf./participle)[主+及物动词+宾+宾补（名/不定式/分词）]e.g.1.Theyappointedhimmanager.他们任命他当经理。2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.他们把门漆成绿色。3.Thissetthemthinking.这使得他们要细想一想。197 〖规则12〗此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个__________来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。㈥Therebe句型：1.Therebe+sb./sth.+somewhere/doingsth.Therearesomeboysplayingfootballoverthere.有几个男孩子在那边踢球。2.Therewill/may/must/can/usedto/appearto/seemsto/happento/…+be…Thereusedtobeanoldwelldecadesago.几十年前那里曾经有一口古井。3.Therelives/stands/…Therestandsatalltree.那里有一棵大树。4.“Theretobe”----可以用作一个动词的宾语，我们通常称之为复合宾语，其意义常表示对将来的一种意愿或希望，但目前还没“存在”。Wouldyouliketheretobeahospitalnearyourhome?你想在你家附近有家医院吗？5.“Therebeing”---可以用作一个介词的复合宾语，跟“Theretobe”不同的是：“Theretobe”往往表示目前“没有存在”的事物；而“Therebeing”则通常表示“已经存在”的事情。Noonetoldhimabouttherebeingameetingthatafternoon.没人告诉他那天下午有个会。脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ请指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.197 5.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.6.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.7.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.8.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.9.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?10Henoticedamanentertheroom.Ⅱ翻译练习：主谓结构（主语+不及物动词）1.你应当努力学习。2.会议将持续两个小时.3.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。4.1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。5.这个盒子重五公斤。主谓宾结构（主语+及物动词+宾语）1.今天下午我想同你谈谈。2.他们成功地完成了计划。3.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。4.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。197 5.他不知道说什么好。主系表结构（主语+系动词+表语）1.冬季白天短，夜晚长。2.布朗夫人看起来很健康。3.十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。4.这本书是有关美国历史的。5.她的工作是幼儿园里照看儿童。双宾语结构（主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）1.Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了。4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.我替你叫辆出租车好吗？复合宾语结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）1.他的父母给他取名为John。2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。197 3.他们把门推开了。4.他们把小偷释放了。5.卫星命令我们立即离开。6.明天我要找人来修理机器。Therebe句型1.这个村子过去只有一口井。2.这个学校有一名来自美国的音乐老师。3.课室里有30位学生在上英语课。4.天气预报说下午有大风。5.从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。Ⅲ语篇天空：Wehighschoolstudentsdohavesomegrowingpains,butwecangetridofthemcorrectlyandwisely.First,someofus⑴__________(担忧)theirbodystylesandlooks.It’sunnecessaryandit’s⑵__________(不重要)atall.Weneedn’t⑶__________(关心)it.Itisone’sinnerbeautythatmatters.Second,wesometimes⑷____________________(好像被误解了)byourteacher,parentsandclassmates.Facedwiththis,wecanfindapropertimetohaveaheart-to-hearttalkwiththem,trying⑸_______________(去排除)themisunderstanding.Someofushavefewerfriends.Ithink⑹____________________(心胸开阔，友好待人)willdoyou⑺_______________.Third,wemayfallbehindothers,whichmakesusstressed.Actuallywe⑻_______________encourageourselvestowork197 efficiently,fullofdetermination.Atlast,someofusdon’thavemuchpocketmoney,sowefeelunhappy.Isn’titstrange?⑼_______________wehavesome,that’senough.Andwecanlearn⑽_______________(如何赚钱)！能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析Aswegetolderwe36realizethatthosechallengestotheverythingsthat37usandmakeuswhoweare,itisthesamewiththechallenges…(2007年山东省高考完形填空题)36.A.seemtoB.cometoC.hopetoD.tryto37.A.designB.promoteC.directD.shape豁然开朗：as引导的时间状语从句点明了主句谓语即空格后的realize一词动作发生的时间背景和情况。因as在此意为“随着”，所以后面的“意识到”就应该是个“渐进的过程”，因而选cometo。备考策略：cometo后加诸如:understand,think,realize,see,know等表心里活动、变化一类的动词，表示“逐渐……”；另，getto加不定式有时也有此意。（所以36提答案为B.）本句中的theverythings意为：正是这种事；恰恰是这东西。其后定语从句，跳过空格所给的信息很明确：即正是这种东西使我们成为我们（theverythingsthatmakeuswhoweare）.因此，由and这一并列连词可以看出，前面要填的一个词应与其后的“使我们成为我们（makeuswhoweare）意义上一致或相关，因而选定答案D。因为shape做动词意为：tomakeorinfluencetheformof形成，成型，使成型，塑造。备考策略：利用剩余信息，推断所缺信息；把握动词意义。（所以37题答案为D.）浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”197 去年我有过一次有趣的经历。在离开法国南部的一个小村庄后，我继续驶往下一个城镇。途中，一个青年人向我招手。我把车停下，他向我提出要求搭车。他一上车，我就用法语向他问早上好，他也同样用法语回答我。除了个别单词外，我根本不会法语。旅途中我们谁也没讲话。就要到达那个镇时，那青年突然开了口，慢慢地说道：“你会讲英语吗？”他自己就是个英国人！Module7动词一语中的表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。整装待“发”1.Weappreciatewhatyouhavedoneforus.(及物动词vt.)2.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.(不及物动词vi.)3.MrBrownisanexcellentengineer(系动词link-v)4.Thesituationseemsquitenormalinmyopinion.(系动词link-v)5.ShehasbeenstudyingEnglishforscoresofyears.(助动词aux.v.)6.Weshouldbemodestandhonest.(情态动词mod.v.)知识回顾，精讲剖析实义动词（NotionalVerb）实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。根据其句法作用分为及物动词（Transitiveverb）和不及物动词（IntransitiveVerb）缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。一、及物动词（vt.）：及物动词本身意思不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整，它可分为三种情况。1.⑴Willyouplease____________thesedata?你能核查一下这些数据。⑵I________________________verymuch.我非常喜欢这部电影。〖规则1〗及物动词可接宾语。易错及物动词有reach=(arrivein/at,getto),serve197 (thepeople)等。2.⑴I__________thechildanotherpieceofcake.我又给孩子一块蛋糕。⑵I____________________________________.我问了他一个问题。〖规则2〗有些及物动词可后接两个宾语（即：及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）。常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,sing,save等。句型结构：vi.+sb+sth=vt.+sth.+to+sb(“七给”give,pass,lend,write,show,send,hand,一“带”bring)vi.+sb+sth.=vt.+sth.+for+sb(“买”buy，“画”draw，“制作”make)口诀：“七给”一“带”to不少，“买”“画”“制作”for来了。3.⑴We_______________him“Fatty”.我们叫他死肥仔。⑵We______________________________.我们选他当班长。⑶Please_______________thedoorwhite.请把门油成白色。⑷Doyounoticehim_______________by?你注意到他经过吗？〖规则3〗有些及物动词可后接复合宾语结构（即：及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语）。带名词作宾补的动词有：call,leave,name,make,think,choose,elect等。带有形容词作宾补的动词有：cut,turn,prove,want,paint,keep,get,wash等。带省略to的不定式或现在分词和过去分词作宾补的动词有：feel，listen,hear,make,have,let,see,look,watch,observe,notice等。（口诀：一感，二听，三让，四看，还有一个要“注意”）二、不及物动词（vi.）：不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语。4.⑴He_______________untilteno’clock.他一直睡到10点。⑵Themoon_______________.月亮升起来了。⑶判断对错①（）Theyweresufferedheavylosses.他们遭受到巨大的损失。②（）Theysufferedheavylosses.⑷昨天我校发生了一件有趣的事。197 中译英：_______________________________________________________。〖规则4〗不及物动词没有_____语态，常没有被动语态而容易误用被动式的不及物动词有have,fit,lack,suit,hold,cost,suffer,last,become,stand,belongto,dependon,happen,takeplace,breakout,turnout等。⒌⑴She__________verywellandcan__________manyEnglishsongs.她唱得很好而且她能唱好多英文歌。⑵Therumoursoon__________alloverthecityandnobodyknewwho_____it.这谣言很快传遍全城，没人知道是谁散布的。【难点1】有些动词既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物动词。常见的用：continue,begin,start,read,write,hurt,stop,try,suffer,sell,develop,believe,forget,speak,eat,bend,breathe,burn,dress,fly,hide,sing,marry,drink,spread,ride,improve等⒍⑴Idon’tthinktheyhavemadeuptheirminds,_______________?⑵—Isyourbrothergoingwithyou?—No,__________.(多选题)A.IthinknotB.Idon’tthinksoC.Idon’tthinkD.Ithinkno【难点2】有些动词形式上主句否定而实际上是从句的否定转移的动词，这类动词之后可接__________或__________代替从句。如：think,believe,expect,imagine,suppose,等。注意：hope,guess,fear,Iamafraid不能否定转移，只能说Iguessnot,而不能说Idon’tguessso。⒎⑴Booksofthiskind_______________.这类书很畅销。⑵Yourpen_______________________.你的笔写起来很流畅。【难点3】一些及物动词常用作不及物动词以表示被动的意思，这时主语往往是_____而不是人。基本结构subj.+V.+adv.常见的有：sell,read,write,wear,keep,draw,cut,tear,act,lock,rent,wash,break,cook,clean,open,workout等。常见的adv.有：well,smoothly,easily等。三、系动词（LinkVerb）系动词亦称连系动词（Link197 Verb）,作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟标语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。它可分为五类。㈠be:最基本的连系动词。⒈⑴Heis__________.他身体健壮。（_______________作表语）⑵Heis__________.他是个身体健壮的人。（__________作表语）⑶Themanis__________.这个人在这里。（__________作表语）⑷Maryis_______________.玛丽在这屋里。（__________作表语）⑸Weare____________________.吃什么，像什么。（__________作表语）⑹Theproblemis_____therighthouse.问题是要找到合适的房子。（__________作表语）〖规则1〗be后可带形容词、名词、副词、介词短语、名词性从句、非谓语动词作表语，用来表示主语状态。㈡似乎类：seem,appear等。⒉⑴Theoldman____________________.这个老头好像耳聋。⑵Itseemsthatheisverysad.他似乎很伤心。=He___________________________________.〖规则2〗似乎类系动词表示“似乎”，后常带形容词，不定式短语作表语。其句型结构如：sbseems/seem/seemed(tobe)+adj./n.=itseems/seemedthat从句㈢感官类：look,sound,smell,taste,feel,等。⒊⑴Thiskindofcloth_______________。这种布料摸起来很柔软。⑵Theflower_______________。这朵花很香。⑶Thedish____________________。这道菜很好吃。⑷Theexplanation____________________。这个解释听起来有道理。⑸Theman_______________anhonestman.他看起来是个老实人。⑹Themusic_________________birdssinging.这音乐听起来像鸟儿在唱歌。⑺You____________________yourfarther.你看起来蛮像你父亲。〖规则3〗感官类系动词表示“感觉，知觉”，后要带形容词作表语，用来表示主语状态。其中sound和look比较特殊，还可以跟名词或介词like连用。197 4.改正错误⑴Thesoupwastasteddeliciously.⑵Youarelookingwell.【难点1】系动词一般要用__________语态，不用__________时态。㈣变化类：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run等。⒌⑴He__________________afterthat.自那以后，他疯了。⑵Nowmydream__________________.现在我的梦想实现了。⑶Onhearingthenewsoftheaccidentinthecoalmine,she_______.(脸色苍白)⑷Thechildhas__________________.孩子入睡了。⑸Don’t________________________.不要喝醉了。⑹Potatoes________________________inthesoil.马铃薯烂在地里了。⑺Thewell________________________.井变干了。〖规则4〗变化类系动词表示“变化”，后常带形容词、过去分词作表语。某些固定搭配：get:_________(准备好)，__________（接近），______（身体复原），____________（结婚），____________着急，____________（迷路）。go:____________（变坏），____________（出毛病），____________（挨饿），____________（发疯），____________（变红/白/青）。fall:____________(病倒)，____________（睡着），____________（到期），____________（完全失败）。come:____________(实现)，____________（变活）。㈤持续类：remain,stay,keep等。⒍⑴Healways__________________atthemeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。⑵Thismatter__________________.此事仍是一个谜。197 ⑶Thefishwill____________inthefridge.鱼在冰箱会保持新鲜。〖规则5〗持续类关系系动词表示“保持、仍然”，后常带形容词、名词、分词作表语。某些固定搭配：keep:__________________(保持安静)，____________（保持健康）stay:_______(保持静止)，_______（保持新鲜），________（保持清醒）㈥终止类：prove证实，turnout变成等。⒎⑴Therumor_______________.这谣言证实有假。⑵Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了=Hisplanturnedout_______________.〖规则6〗终止类系动词表示主语已终止动作，后常带形容词、名词、不定式短语作表语。其局型结构，如：turnout/prove(tobe)+adj./n.上述六类系动词的助记口诀：一个是，二个似乎和结果，三保持，五起来，最后来个八变身。⒏⑴Hefellillyesterday他昨天病了。(fell是________动词)⑵Hefellofftheladder.他从梯子上摔下来。(fell是____动词)【难点2】有些系动词又是实义动词，表示不同意义。该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。四、助动词（AuxiliaryVerb）协助主要动词构成谓语动词、不同句式及时态、语态的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.他不喜欢英语。(doesn’t是助动词，无意义；like是主要动词，有词义)㈠助动词be(am,are,is,was,were)⒈⑴They________________ameeting.他们正在开会。⑵Yes,mum,I’m____________.是，妈妈，我就来了。⑶English________________moreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要。197 〖规则1〗be+现在分词，构成____时态，be+短暂性动词的现在分词，构成____时态。常见短暂性动词有come,go,leave,arrive,die,marry,reach,start,begin等。⑷Thewindow____________byTom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。⑸English________________throughouttheworld.世界各地都教英语。〖规则2〗be+过去分词，构成________语态。⑹He________________NewYorknextweek.他下周要去纽约。⑺You____________________this.对此你要做出解释。〖规则3〗be+动词不定式，可表示最近、未来的计划或安排。㈡助动词have(has第三人称单数，had过去式)⒉⑴He________________London.他已去了伦敦。⑵Bytheendoflastmonth,they________________________halfoftheirwork.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。〖规则1〗have(has,had)+过去分词，构成________时态。⑶I________________Englishfortenyears.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。〖规则2〗have(has,had)+been+现在分词，构成________________时。⑷English________________inChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年。〖规则3〗have(has,had)+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。㈢助动词do/did/does⒊⑴________you________German?你们学过德语吗？〖规则1〗do/did/does放在句首+主语+谓语动词原形构成________________。⑵I________________________tobecriticized.我不想挨批评。197 〖规则2〗do/did/does+not+谓语动词原形构成__________。⑶____________________soabsent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。〖规则3〗__________+谓语动词原形构成否定祈使句。⑷I____________________there.我确实去了那儿了。⑸I____________________you.我确实想你。〖规则4〗肯定句中，do/did/does放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。⑹—DoyoulikeBeijing?–你喜欢北京吗？—Yes,I_____.–是的，喜欢。(do用作代动词，代替likeBeijing.)〖规则5〗do/did/does用作代动词。㈣助动词shall/should和will/would的用法4.⑴I____________________harderatEnglish.我将更加努力地学习英语。⑵He_______________toShanghai.他要去上海。〖规则1〗shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于__________人称，will只用于__________人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，would无词义，只是will的过去形式。五、情态动词(ModalVerb)情态动词本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。用情态动词及其正确形式填空。㈠may&might197 ⒈⑴—IsJohncomingbytrain?约翰是坐火车来吗？—Heshould,buthe____not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.应该是，但也可能不是，因为他喜欢自己开车。⑵“________Istophere,sir?”先生，可以停一下吗？㈡can&could2.⑴Man________notlivewithoutair.没有空气，人类就不可能生存。⑵Anybody________makemistakes!任何人都会犯错误。⑶You________havethebookwhenIhavefinishedit.我看完这本书后，你就可以拿去看。⑷He________swim,andhe________savethegirl.他会游泳，而且还救了那位女孩。㈢should3.⑴Thefilm________beverygoodbecauseithasfirst-classactors.这部电影应该挺好看的，因为是由一流的演员主演的。⑵You________dowhatyourparentstellyou.你应该按父母所说的去做。⑶Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentleman____besorudetoalady.难以想象如此文雅的一位绅士竟会对女士如此粗暴。㈣must4.⑴—Look,someoneiscoming.Who________itbe?看，有人来了，会是谁呢？—It________betheheadmaster.一定是班主任。—It________behim.HehasgonetoShanghai.不可能是他，他已去了上海。—It____beMr.Zhang.Helooksliketheheadmaster.可能是张先生，他看起来像班主任。⑵You________picktheflowersinthepark.禁止在花园里摘花。⑶—MustIwritedownthenewwordsnow?我必须写下这些新单词。197 —Yes,you________./—No,you_____.是的，必须。/不，没必要。㈤need&dare⒌⑴—NeedIbeherebefore9o’clock?我需要9点前来到吗？—Yes,you________./--No,you____________.是的，必须。/不，没必要。⑵He________(敢去)intothebuildinginthedarknight.⑶He__________(不敢去)intothebuildingeveninthedaytime.⑷Howdareyou________(ask)mesuchaquestion?你怎么敢问我这个问题。㈥will&would⒍⑴Fish____dieoutofwater.离开水，鱼就不能生存。⑵I____sticktomyplanthoughallofyouareagainstit.虽然你们都反对，我还是会坚持我的计划。附：情态动词基本用法总表情态动词基本用法表推测的用法备注may&might“可以”，表许可may“可能”，maynot“可能不”，表示推测时常用在____句或____句________的语气更委婉can&could&beableto“能够/会”，表能力can“可能”，can’t“不可能”，表推测时常用在_____句或_____句_____的语气更委婉________；经过努力后成功完成某事。(=managetodo/197 succeededindoing)should“应该”或“应当”，表示义务表推测时，暗含可能性很大“竟然”，表示说话人的某种感情(惊奇、意外、愤怒、遗憾、失望等)must“必须”、“一定”mustn’t表示____“一定”，“必定”，表示推测，只用在_____句中，若要表示否定，“一定不可能”，应用__________need&dareneed“必需”“需要”dare“敢于”____表“不必”=don’thavetoneed/need作情态动词，用于否定句和疑问句中，后接_____。在肯定中，need/dare用作实义动词，后接__________will&would表示意愿，意志。表习惯时，____指现在“往往…”、“就会”；________指过去“常常…”________为will的过去式㈦情态动词表示猜测的用法总结归纳⒎⑴Thestudentmay__________(wait)forhisteacherintheofficenow.⑵Youcould__________(do)better,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.⑶Heisblackandblue.Hemust__________(beat)bysomeone.⑷You_______________(本不必浇水)theflowers,foritisgoingtodie.⑸You_______________(应该拒绝)heratthebeginning,butnowitistoolate.⑹Iought_______________(take)thosebookstothelibrarylastweek.〖规则7〗情态动词用法归纳：情态动词+be/V原型对一般事实的猜测情态动词+bedoing对正在进行事件的猜测情态动词+havedone对已经发生事情的猜测197 may/mighthavedonesth.可能做过（了）某事can’t/couldn’thavedonesth.不可能做了某事musthavedonesth.准是做了某事needn’thavedonesth.本不应该做某事（实际上已做）couldhavedonesth.本可以做某事（实际上没做）shouldhavedonesth.本应该做某事（实际上没做）oughttohavedonesth.本应该做某事（实际上没做）㈧情态动词的特殊用法⒏⑴—__________Iborrowyourdictionary?—Yes,ofcourseyoucan.【难点1】情态动词的委婉用法：could,would,might等情态动词均有委婉用法，一般用于一般疑问句中，它们不是过去式。如wouldyouplease…,wouldyoumindyouliketo…等，回答必须用can,may,will.⑵You_____havethebookwhenIfinishit.【难点2】shall用于_____人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、许诺或威胁。⑶__________weneverforgeteachother!祝愿我们永不忘怀。【难点3】may可以用于祈使句，表示祝愿。⑷You__________notbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.过马路时越小心越好。（英译中）⑸Theimportanceofprotectingtheenvironmentcan’tbeoveremphasized.______________________________________________________________⑹Youcan’tbecarefulenough.______________________________________197 ⑺Ican’tthinkofyoumore.________________________________________【难点4】cannot…too/enough,over—，more表示“无论如何……也不过分”“越……越好”⑻I___________notbutchoosetogo.【难点5】cannotbut+dosth.表示“不得不，只好”，have(got)to。附：四类动词用法归纳：类别特点意义举例实义动词(vt.vi.)及物动词(vt.)跟_____必须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思Ihaveabook.不及物动词(vi.)不直接_____能独立作谓语Shealwayscomeslate.系动词(link-v)后跟_____.不能独立做谓语，跟标语构成完整意思Iamastudent.助动词(aux.v.)后跟动词_____或_____(无词汇意义)不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示_____，_____及各种_____。Hedoesn’tspeakChinese.wherehaveyoubeen?IamwatchingTV.Thehousewasdestroyed.情态动词(mod.v.)后跟动词_____Icandoitbymyself.That197 (有自己的词汇意思)不能独立做谓语，表示说话人语气、情态，无_____和_____的变化wouldbebetter.脚踏实地，步步为赢Ⅰ用所给词的正确形式填空⒈_____you_____(use)getupearlyinthemorning?⒉Hisvoice_____(sound)asifhehasacold.⒊He__________(darenot)speakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,_____he?⒋Theirplan__________(prove)tobeaperfectone.⒌He__________(need)tofinishitthisevening.II用适当情态动词填空⒈Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.You____________________lefthomewithoutaword.⒉Theroomissodirty._______________wecleanit?⒊Iwonderhowhe_______________tosaythattotheteacher.⒋Michael__________beapoliceman,forheismuchtooshort.⒌Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentlemen__________besorudetoalady.III单项选择⒈Thewater_____coolwhenIhumpedintothepoolformorningexercise.(06全国)A.wasfeltB.isfeltC.feltD.feels⒉Ladiesandgentlemen,pleasefastenyourseatbelts.Theplane_____.(06福建)A.takesoffB.istakingoffC.hastakenoffD.tookoff⒊Asyoucansee,thenumberofcarsonourroads_____risingthesedays.197 (06全国II)A.waskeepingB.keepC.keepsD.werekeeping⒋—Jackboughtanewmobilephonetheotherday.—_____？That’shisthirdoneinjustonemonth.(07浙江)A.HadheB.DidheC.DoesheD.Hashe⒌ProfessorJameswillgiveusalectureontheWesternculture,butwhenandwhere_____yet.(07浙江)A.hasn’tbeendecidedB.haven’tdecidedC.isn’tbeingdecidedD.aren’tdecided⒍Inaroomabovethestore,whereaparty_____.Someworkerswerebusilysettingthetable.(06湖南)A.wastobeheldB.hasbeenheldC.willbeheldD.isbeingheld⒎—DidyoutellJuliaabouttheresult?—Oh,no,Iforgot.I____hernow.(05全国)A.willbecallingB.willcallC.callD.amtocall⒏MyMP4playerisn’tinmybag.Where_____Ihaveputit?(07福建)A.canB.mustC.wouldD.mustn’t⒐—Whereismydictionary?IrememberIputithereyesterday.—You_____itinthewrongplace.(07江西)A.mustputB.shouldhaveputC.mightputD.musthaveput⒑—What’sthename?—Khulaifi._____Ispellthatforyou?(06北京)197 A.ShallB.WouldC.CallD.Might⒒Asaresultoftheseriousflood,two-thirdsofthebuildingsinthearea_____.(07陕西)A.needrepairingB.needstorepairC.needsrepairingD.needtorepair⒓—Whatdoesthesignoverthereread?(07四川)—Noperson_____smokeorcarryalightedcigarette,cigarorpipeinthisarea.A.willB.mayC.shallD.might⒔Tom,you_____leaveallyourclothesonthefloorlikethis!(05全国I)A.wouldn’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.maynot⒕—IsJackondutytoday?(06四川)—It_____behim.Itishisturntomorrow.A.mustn’tB.won’tC.can’tD.needn’t⒖—How’syourtouraroundtheNorthLake?Isitbeautiful?(07全国I)—It_____be,butitisnowheavilypolluted.A.willB.wouldC.shouldD.mustIV完成句子1.A:Itseemsthatheisdisappointedattheresult.(句型转换)B:He________________________________________.2.A:Auntgavemeadictionary.(句型转换)B:_____________________________________________.197 3.A:Thesearchprovedtobedifficult.(句型转换)B:Thesearch______________________________.4.Wedon’tthinksheknowsit,____________________?(变反意疑问句)5.A:Wewenttothecinemalastnight.(变否定句)B:We_________________________tothecinemalastnight.6.A:Theoldmanlooksworried.(变一般疑问句)B:_______________theoldman_______________worried?7.A:Yourfatherlovesyou.(变强调句)B:Yourfather_________________________you.8.A:Ihaveworkedherefor10years.(划线部分提问)B:___________________________________you__________here?V改错1.Wasn’tthenewbicyclecostyoutoomuch?2.Ihopeallofourviewershaveinspiredbythehero’sdeeds.3.Ithinkheisnotamanyoucantrust.4.Allthepotatoeschangedbad.5.Jimwasremainedaworker.6.Thecaraccidentwashappenedyesterday.7.Hervoicesoundsbeautifully.8.Theplanehastakenoff.Youshouldcomeearlier.9.Hismethoddidmadesense.10.Mymotherboughtanewdresstome.197 VI语篇天空(‘08佛山市高中毕业班综合测试)Theclock⑴_______________（strike）elevenwhenIheardanoise⑵__________(come)fromthelift.Iopenedthedoorofmyroomand⑶__________(listen):someonewasbeatingagainstthedooroftheliftandcallingoutatthesametime.“What⑷________wrong?”Ishouted.“Thedoorhasgot⑸________(stick)andI⑹________getout,”theanswercameback.Thevoice,whichsounded⑺________thatofagirl,camefromseveralfloorsbelow.AftertellingthegirlthatI⑻____________help,Iwentbackintotheroomtogetsometoolsandmywifewentofftocallthepolice.ThenIhurrieddownthestairsuntilIreachedtheplace.Itriedforcingopentheliftdoor,talkingtothegirlwho⑼________(trap)inside,butmytools⑽________nouseforthispurpose.Verysoon,however,mywifereturnedandsaidthatthepolice⑾____________(promise)tosendanengineer.Shortlyafterwardstheengineerturnedupwithtwopolicemen.Ittooktheengineeronlyashortwhiletogetdooropen.We⑿________waitanxiously.Wasthegirlallright?“I’m⒀________(hunger),”shesaid.能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析⒈AtthepressconferenceinSingaporeafewdaysago,Jackiesaidthathe35havecooperatedwithParjero,buttheplanwassuspenedbecauseofthesuddendeathofthecardesigner.(2007年梅州高三第一次质量检测)⒉Maybeyouneveropenedthataccount(账户),butsomeoneelse31do—someoneusedyourname,yourcreditcardnumberoryourpersonallyinformationtocommitfraud(造假)withoutlettingyouknow—whichisactuallyacrime,pureandsimple.(2008年广东实验中学、华师附中、广雅中学、深圳中学高三水平测试)豁然开朗：动词原形前的语法填空按四类动词的语法规则，一般填情态动词或do/did/does等，第一篇的shouldhavedone表示本应该而没做，第二篇的do/did/does+动词原形表示强调。(所以答案为1.should2.did。)197 浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”以“射击”为题，写一篇短文。2008北京奥运会在北京举行。你知道其中一项奥运项目——射击运动的有关知识吗？射击听起来像是一种有趣的娱乐活动，但它最初只是作为生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。直到1896年才第一次作为运动项目出现。而1904年和1928年的奥运会都没有举办射击比赛。1932年又重回奥运会。1968年妇女节第一次允许参加奥运会射击比赛。似乎现在射击运动已经得到了稳步发展，因为1896奥运会只有三项射击项目，现今已有17项。希望射击运动今后继续持续发展。Module8时态和语态动词的时态一语中的时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是高考常见的只有10种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。整装待“发”⒈IknowalittlebitaboutItalyasmywifeandIwentthereseveralyearsago.⒉HehastraveledtoseveralplacesinSouthChinasincehecametoChinalastsummervacation.⒊—Tom,youdidn’tcometothepartylastnight?—Iwasgoingto,butIsuddenlyrememberedIhadhomeworktodo.⒋Whenhereachedthecinema,thefilmhadbegun.⒌Iwillgraduatefromtheuniversitynextyear.⒍Look!Theyareplayingbasketballoverthere.⒎Alltheseyearshehasbeenworkingveryhardonthesubject.197 ⒏—IsawJaneandherboyfriendintheparkateightyesterdayevening.—Impossible.ShewaswatchingTVwithmeinmyhomethen.(07福建)知识回顾，精讲剖析一、一般现在时和一般过去时的用法：实义动词以play为例，一般现在时和一般过去时的谓语动词的构成是一般现在时一般过去时be动词is/am/arewas/were实义动词第三人称单数playsplayed其他人称play情态动词can/may/must…play常见时间状语often,sometimes,usually,always,seldom,inthemorning,everyday,onyesterday,lastnight,someyearsago,in1890,inpast,theotherday,atthat⒈_____(be)astudentand____________(play)Ping-pongquitewell,butTomcan’tplayit.〖规则1〗表示现在经常性、反复性和习惯性的动作、行为或状态常用一般现在时。常见的时间状语有often,sometimes,usually,always,seldom,inthemorning,everyday,onSaturday等。2.He_____(be)alwaysveryhappyandconfident.3.Thestory_____(sound)veryinteresting.【难点1】表示状态和感觉的动词常用一般现在时。常见的时间状语有be,like,hate,think,remember,find,sound,look,smell,taste,feel等。⒋Itisknowntoallthatthespeedoflight_____(travel)fasterthanthatofsound.197 ⒌Galileoinsistedthattheearth_____(go)aroundthesun.【难点2】一般现在时可以表示客观事实、普遍真理。⒍Thenewsecretarywillreporttothemanagerassoonashe_____(arrive).⒎—CanIjoinyourclub,Dad?—Youcanwhenyou_____(grow)abitolder.【难点3】一般现在时可以用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作。但主句仍用一般将来时。记忆口诀：主将从现(即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时)⒏Thenexttrain_____(leave)at10o’clockinthemorningaccordingtothetimetable.⒐I’vewonaholidayfortwotoFloria.I_____mymum.A.takeB.havetakenC.amtakingD.willhavebeen【难点4】一般现在时可以用于表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，句中常有标志词timetable,schedule等（即用一般现在时表将来，且句中都带有具体的时间状语。但只限于少数几个动词，如：begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等，主要是表位移的动词。）⒑I_____(see)MrWangyesterdayandhe_____(become)anadvancedworkerthreeyearsago.〖规则2〗表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常用一般过去时。常用的时间状语有yesterday,lastnight,someyearsago,in1980,inthepast,theotherday,atthattime,justnow等。⒒WhenI_____(be)achild,Ioften_____(play)footballinthestreet.⒓DuringthevacationI_____(will)swimintheseabefore.⒔I_____(use)togetuplatebutnowI’musedtogettingupearly.〖规则3〗表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。常用时间状语有often,usually,seldom等。usedtodo或woulddo也可以表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。⒕Yourphonenumberagain?I_______________(notcatch)it.⒖—Nancyisnotcomingtonight.—Butshe__________(promise)!⒗—Youhaven’tsaidaworldaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?197 —I’msorryI__________(notsay)anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’sprettyonyou.【难点5】一般过去时有时并无明显的表示过去的时间状语，但可从上下文去推测该动作发生在过去。⒘It’stimeyou_____(work)hard.⒙Ithinkit’shightimethatMr.White__________(下决心)。⒚Iwouldrather_____(do)itrightnow.⒛Iwouldratheryou_____(do)notopenthewindow.【难点6】固定句型⑴It’s(high)time(time)sb._____(do)sth.;⑵wouldrather(that)sb.didsth.二、一般将来时和过去将来时的用法：实义动词以play为例，一般将来时和过去将来时的谓语动词的构成是一般将来时过去将来时动词构成is/am/aregoingtoplaywas/weregoingtoplaywill/shallplaywould/shouldplayis/am/aretoplaywas/weretoplayis/am/areabouttoplaywas/wereabouttoplay常见时间状语tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextweek,inafewdays,nextSunday等1.It_______________(be)afinedaytomorrowandwe__________(climb)there.2.He_______________(be)backinafewdays.〖规则1〗一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或将来的存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextweek,inafewdays,nextSunday等连用。3.Lookattheclouds.It__________(rain).197 【难点1】begoingto结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或可能发生的事；也可以表示自然界有迹象要发生的事情。4.I__________(be)twentyyearsoldnextyearandI__________(learn)Englishbymyself.5.—Thetelephoneisringing.—I_______________answerit.A.willB.amgoingtoC.amtoD.amaboutto6.Whenitgetswarmerthesnow__________(start)tomelt.【难点2】begoingto表示按计划、安排要发生的事；will/shall表示说话者的主观意图、观点等，谈话时临时或偶然决定的事，也可表示一种倾向或一种固有特性或经常发生的动作。7.Themeetingistotakeplaceearlytomorrow..8.ThepresidentistovisitChinanextweek.9.Arewetogoonwiththiswork?〖规则2〗“beto+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。10.Iwasabouttosetout_______________itbegantorain.11.Don’tgoout.Themeeting__________(start).〖规则3〗“beaboutto+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。但需注意一般不与具体的时间状语连用。12.—Whatdoyouthinkofyournewbook“Harry”?—Oh,it’sgreat.IwantedthemtobepublishedbutIwasn’tsurewhetherthey_____(be)successful.13.—Whathappenedtoyoutheotherday?—I__________(fly)toBeijing,butImissedmyflight.197 〖规则4〗过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中。三、现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时的用法：实义动词以play为例，现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时的谓语动词的构成如下表：现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时动词构成is/am/areplayingwas/wereplayingshall/willbedoing常见时间状语now,when/while/as+时间状语从句等atthistimeyesterday,atthattime等atthistime+将来时间(nextyear/tomorrow/...)1.It__________(rain)nowandyou’dbettertakeanumbrellawithyou.2.Listentothetwogirlsbythewindow.Whatlanguage_____?A.didtheyspeakB.weretheyspeakingC.aretheyspeakingD.havetheybeenspeaking〖规则1〗现在进行时表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或目前这段时间正在进行的动作。3.Why_____youalways_____(come)lateforclass?Youareclosetobeingsuspended(停课).4.Nobodylikeshimbecausehe_____liestoothers.A.isalwaystellingB.alwaystellsC.doesalwaystellD.hasalwaystold【难点1】现在进行时可表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，含有说话者的赞扬、不满、讨厌、遗憾等情绪，句中常有副词“always”。5.He__________(leave)forBeijingtomorrow.6.Mr.Smith__________(come)nextweekandIwillbehappy.【难点2】一些表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时态表将来，常见动词有go,come,leave,arrive,move,start,begin,stay,run等。这种用法往往制定安排好要做的事情，很少变更。197 7.Becausethestop_____(close)down,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.(2004浙江)8.Someimportantforeignguests__________(visit)ourschooltomorrow.【难点3】表示按计划安排即将发生的动作，常用现在进行时，也可以替换成将来时态。9.It’sspringnow,andit______warmerandwarmer.A.getB.getsC.got.D.isgetting10.Theleavesonthetree__________(turn)yellow.【难点4】表示转变的系动词，如turn,become,get,grow,go等用现在进行时表示逐渐的变化。11.Thehousehelivesin_____(notbelong)tohim.12.Sheisseemingtobeillandcan’tgetupearly.(TrueorFalse)【难点5】表示状态和所有的动词，如seem,look,appear,have(有)，own(拥有)，lie(位于)，live,exist,remain,stand(位于)等，一般不用于进行时态。13.Thiscourseoffish__________(taste)delicious.14.He__________(taste)thebananathatwejustpickedupfromthetree.【难点6】表示感觉的感官动词，如look,sound,feel,taste,smell等，一般不用于进行时态。但是若这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用于进行时态。15.I__________(notthink)hewillcometomorrow.16.We__________(hope)thattheAsianGameswillbeheldinourcity.【难点7】表示知道、信念、理解、知识、推测、怀疑、要求、希望等含义的动词和情感类动词，如know,forget,remember,understand,see,think(认为)，believe,hope,doubt,suppose,want,wish,like,love,hate,prefer等，一般不用于进行时态。17.—YouwereoutwhenIdroppedinatyourhouse.197 —Oh,I_____forafriendfromEnglishattheairport.(2004福建)A.waswaitingB.hadwaitedC.amwaitingD.wassitting18.IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago.She_____(work)ataradioshopatthattime.〖规则2〗过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作或表示在过去某一段时间内正在进行时的动作。19.AtthistimetomorrowI_______________(compete)againstherinHangzhou.20.I__________(work)thistimenextyear.〖规则3〗将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或将来某段时间正在进行的动作。四、现在完成时、过去完成时和现在完成进行时的用法：实义动词以play为例，现在完成时、过去完成时和现在完成进行时的谓语动词的构成如下表：现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时动词构成have/hasplayedhadplayedhave/hasbeenplaying常见时间状语和副词since,for,during,over,already,yet,just,ever,never,now,before,often,lately,recently,bynow;sofar,thisweek,uptonow,manytimes,uptothepresent,in/duringthepastfewyears/months等before引导的短语或一个时间状语从句；bythen,until,bytheendoflastweek,before2008,bythetime+句子等since,for,bynow等1.I_____already_____(finish)myhomework,soIcangoouttoplay.2.Theprice_____(notgo)downyet,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.3.IwonderwhyJenny__________usrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.A.hasn’twrittenB.doesn’twriteC.won’twriteD.hadn’twritten197 〖规则1〗现在完成时表示动作发生在过去但对现在产生结果或影响的事情，它所表示的事情与现在情况有关。句中常有since,for,during,over等引导的时间状语，副词有already,yet,just,ever,never,now,before,often,lately,recently,bynow等等。4.Sofar,she_______________(enjoy)thesummervacation.5.I_______________(live)heresince1974.6.Collectingstampsasahobby_____increasingly.popularduringthepastfiftyyears.A.becomesB.becameC.hasbecomeD.hadbecome〖规则2〗现在完成时可用于表示过去的某一动作一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去。常用for,since表示一段时间的状语或sofar,thisweek,uptonow,manytimes,uptothepresent,in/duringthepastfewyears/months…等7.Thereisaknockatthedoor.Thisisthesecondtimethatsomeone__________(interrupt)methisevening.8.Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthat__________(raise)atsuchameeting.9.Itistheonlygreatworkthathe_______________(read).【难点1】“This(That,It)isthefirst(second…)time+that从句”(第几次做…)，“This(That,It)is(was)+形容词最高级+n.+that从句”，“This(That,It)is(was)+theonly+n.+that从句”三种句型中的that从句常用现在完成时。10.He__________toBeijing,soIcan’ttakethismessagetohim.11.He__________toBeijingtwice,soyoucanaskhimtoguideyou.A.havegoneB.hasbeen【难点2】havegone意思是“走了/到…去了”，表示说话人认为主语不在该地；havebeen意思是“去过”，表示说话人认为主语在该地，且常与ever，once等连用。12.TrueorFalse:⑴Hehasjoinedthearmyfor3years.()⑵Hejoinedthearmy3yearsago.()197 ⑶Hehasbeenasoldierfor3years.()⑷Hehasn’treturnedhomefor3years.()【难点3】终止性动词的现在完成时的肯定式不能与表示一段的时间状语连用。但可与否定式连用。上述句子正确的表达为：⑴Hehasbeeninthearmyfor3years.⑷Hehasn’tbeenawayforyears.类似的情况还有Hehasbeenmarriedfor3years.13.Thelittlegirl_____herheartoutbecauseshe_____hertoybearandbelievedshewasn’tevergoingtofindit.(02北京)A.hadcried,lostB.cried,hadlostC.hascried,haslostD.cries,haslost14.Thefilm_____already_____(begin)whenIgotthere.〖规则3〗表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，用过去完成时，常见时间状语可用before引导的短语或一个时间状语从句。15.We__________(learn)2000Englishwordsbytheendoflastterm.16.Bythetimehegraduatedfromtheuniversity,he__________(be)avolunteerfor3years.17.I__________(wait)atthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallycame.〖规则4〗表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态，用过去完成时，常见的时间状语有bythen,until,bytheendof,before2008,bythetime+句子等。18.Hardly__________we__________(start)whenshestartedcomplaining.19.Ihadnosoonerstartsout_____itbegantorain.20.Hardlyhadtheybeenseatedwhenthebus__________(start).【难点5】在hardly…when;nosooner…than…（一…就…）等固定句型中。主句用过去完成时态，从句用一般过去时。21.We__________(hope)tocatchtheearlybus,butfounditgone.197 22.I__________(expect)tobeabletotakemyseatinallthisnoisewithoutbeingfound.〖规则5〗hope,thinkexpect,intend,mean,suppose,want,imagine等，用于过去完成时，表示过去未实现的希望或意图。23.She__________(teach)Englishsinceshegraduated.她毕业后一直在教英语。(动作还在继续进行)24.—Hi,Jack.We__________(wait)forlong.Wherehaveyoubeen?—Sorry,I’vebeentothereading-room.〖规则6〗现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某时开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能还会继续进行，常见的时间状语有since,for,bynow等引导的时间状语。25.—Ihavegotaheadache.—Nowonder.You_____infrontofthatcomputertoolong.(2007江西)A.workB.areworkingC.havebeenworkingD.worked26.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy_____(consider)goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.〖规则7〗现在完成进行时可用于表示进来或刚才发生的动作，也可表示直到说话时为止的一段时间内所发生的动作对现在的影响。五、一般过去时与现在完成时的区别⒈WhenIwasatuniversityI_____(speak)threeforeignlanguages,butI_____(forget)allexceptafewwordsofeachnow.⒉⑴Tom__________(be)illforaweek.⑵Tom__________(be)illaweekago.⒊—Where_____you_____theMP3?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I_____itrighthere,nowit’sgone.A.did..put,putB.had…put,haveputC.have…put,putD.had…put,put197 【难点1】一般过去时表示动作发生在过去，是过去的一个事实，不涉及对现在所产生的影响，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，但有时在连贯的叙述中，动作发生的时间已由上下文交代，不一定有表过去的时间状语。而现在完成时表示动作虽然发生在过去，但强调对现在的影响。六、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别⒈⑴Thefamouswriter_____(write)anovel.(已完成)⑵Thefamouswriter_____(write)anovel.(还在写)⒉—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.—I’mtired.I_____thelivingroomallday.A.I’vebeentoldB.I’vetoldC.I’vebeentellingD.Itold【难点1】现在完成时强调动作的结果，且该动作已经完成，现在完成进行时强调动作从过去开始，持续到现在，可能还会继续（即未完成）。脚踏实地，步步为赢I用所给词的正确形式填空1.Tom_____(train)inthecollegegymatthemoment.You’dbetterwaitforaminute.2.Wheneverhehadtime,he_____(help)hisclassmateswhentheywereintrouble.3.—Nicetomeetyou.—Nicetomeetyou.I_____(notknow)youarehere.4.Theunemploymentrateinthisdistrict_____(fall)from6%to5%inthepasttwoyears.(07上海)5.—DidAlanenjoyseeinghisoldfriendsyesterday?—Yes,hedid.He__________(see)hisfriendsforalongtime.(07重庆)6.You’dbettercometomyhomebeforefiveo’clocktomorrowafternoon,becauseatthattimeI__________(see)afriendofmineattheairport.7.Ididn’tseehimlastSunday,becauseshe__________(enjoy)herselfinNewYorkthen.197 8.Mostofthestudentsinourclass__________(learn)Englishfor8years.9.Theplayhadalreadybeenonforquitesometimewhenwe_____(arrive)attheNewTheatre.(07浙江)10.Nowadayscomputes__________(play)animportantroleinourdailylife.11.ThenextplaneforLondon__________(arrive)at5:00p.m.accordingtothetimetable.12.Allofuswillgoswimmingifit__________(notrain)thisSunday.II单项选择1.—IsawJaneandherboyfriendintheparkateightyesterdayevening.(2007福建)—Impossible.She_____TVwithmeinmyhomethen.A.watchedB.hadwatchedC.wouldwatchD.waswatching2.—I’msureAndrewwillwinthefirstprizeinthefinal.—Ithinkso.He_____foritformonths.A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.hadbeenpreparingD.hasbeenpreparing3.Iftheweatherhadbeenbetter,wecouldhavehadapicnic.Butit_____allday.A.rainedB.rainsC.hasrainedD.israining4.ThemomentIgothome,IfoundI_____myjacketontheplayground.A.hadleftB.leftC.haveleftD.wasleaving5.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed,they_______theirsalesby20percent.A.willincreaseB.havebeenincreasingC.haveincreasedD.wouldbeincreasing197 6.Thetelephone________,butbythetimeIgotindoors,itstopped.A.hadrungB.wasringingC.ringsD.hasrung7.—Jackboughtanewmobilephonetheotherday.—________？That’shisthirdoneinjustonemonth.A.hadheB.DidheC.wasknowingD.Hashe8.Don’ttakehisremarkstooseriously.HewassosadthatIdon’tthinkhereally________whathewassaying.A.knewB.knowsC.wasknowingD.hadknown9.I’dratheryouddidsomehouseworkwhenyouarefree,butyou________.A.don’tB.didn’tC.wouldn’tD.weren’t10.—You________mecrazy.TurnofftheTV,Suzzy.—Regins,Ithinkyou________awalkinthegarden.A.drove,neededB.aredriving,needC.wouldn’tD.havedriven,areneeded11.Don’ttellhimabouthismother’sillnessuntiltheexamination________.A.hasfinishedB.willbefinishedC.wasfinishedD.finished12.Nottoyourtaste?Buthowyoucanmanageifyougoabroadnextweeksincebreadandbutter________adailyfoodinthewest?A.wasB.areC.isD.finishedIII语篇填空：197 Mysenioryear,Ican’tbelieveit’salmostover.NowwhenIlookback,it⑴________(be)stressful,butexciting,theball,graduation,andthenofcourse,college.IstartedmycollegeapplicationprocessmonthsbeforeChristmas.Myparentstoldmeit⑵________(be)smartifIsetupinterviewsandtours.ButIdidn’thaveclearaim.Iwantedtogotocollege,butIdidn’twanttodealwiththestress.Asthedaysflewup,myapplicationslayonmydeskasI⑶________(leave)themthreemonthsbefore.“You⑷________(waste)valuabletime,”myparentscomplained.Sweepingawaythegathereddustontheapplications,IworkedonthemeverySundayuntilIfinished.Nextcamewritingtheessays.Ihadmanyideas,buteveryschoolhaddifferentrequirements.IchangedthemuntilIwaspleased.Finally,everythingwasunderway.NowIjusthadtowait.InMarch,Istartedreceivinglettersofrejection.IbegantothinkthatI⑸________(set)myselfupfordisappointment.IhadaletterfromSalemStateCollege⑹________(state)thattheywantedtoseemythirdquartergradesbeforetheymadetheirdecision.Yes!Atleastsomeonewantedtoconsiderme.AtthebeginningofApril,I⑺________(receive)aletterfromKeensState.I⑻________(reject).Thoseopeningwords“Weregrettoinformyou…”mademesitdownandcry.I⑼________(lose)allhope.ThenIheardfromPlymouthState.Notmyfirstchoice,but…Ihadbeenaccepted.Maybeif⑽________(get)mygradesup,Icantransfertoanotherschool…Thecollegeapplicationprocesshurtmedeeply.Allmyfriendshaddozensofschooltochoosefrom.Iguessmyparentswereright.Highschoolgrades⑾________(be)importanttoyourfutureplans.Ifyoucoulddoitoveragain,I⑿________(take)itseriously.能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析1.IwasonmywaytoTaiyetosMountains.Thesunwassettingwhenmycar31(break)downneararemoteandpoorvillage.Cursingmymisfortune,IwaswonderingwhereIwasgoingtospendthenightwhenIrealizedthatthevillagewhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingastowhoshouldhavethehonorofreceivingmeasaguestintheirhouse.(07广东)2.Thisproverbissayingthatwehavetoletthingsgointheirnaturalcourse.197 Beingtooanxioustohelpaneventdevelopoften40(result)inthecontrarytoourintention.(08广东)豁然开朗：从全文中可知这是叙述过去的一次经历，且was/weredoing…when…是一个固定的句型，when引导的从句经常用一般过去时，表示“正在做某事，就在这时发生了另一件事。”此句可译成“太阳正落山时我的小汽车在一个遥远贫穷的山村附近抛锚了。”而且后文又有提示，见黑体字部分，故31题应填“broke”.本文是讲了拔苗助长的故事，上文此句的意思是“我们应遵循事物的自然规律”，此句的意思是“太急于求成会导致相反的结果”，主语是“Beingtooanxioustohelpaneventdevelop”,谓语用单数，且是客观真理，所以用一般现在时，应填“results”。浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”语篇作文我刚刚收到我的朋友琳达的一封来信，邀请我在圣诞节那天去伦敦参加聚会。到那时，我们会互赠礼物。这让我想起3年前的那次经历：我的姑妈住在伦敦，暑假的一天我打算从中国坐飞机去那里。那是我第一次一个人坐飞机出国旅行，因此我的父母很担心。幸运的是，一位漂亮的名叫琳达的空姐答应她会照顾好我的。起飞之后，当飞机正飞到城市的上空时突然就不断地震动。我们所有人都很害怕，但是那位空姐尽量安慰我们，并且告诉我们她以前也曾经经历过同样的事，后来他们都平安无事。果然，象她所说的那样，过了一会儿飞机就恢复了正常。我们都很感激她并希望和她保持联络。她高兴地承诺她会的。从那以后，我们就一直保持联系。动词的语态一语中的语态—197 动词的一种形式，表示谓语与主语之间的关系。分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动词的承受者。整装待“发”1.Thewindowwasnotbrokenbytheboylivingoppositetous.2.Suchthingsareonlyeatenbyanimals.3.MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.4.WhocanbeinvitedtothepartybesidesGeorgeandAmanda?5.ChinawasfoundedonOct1st,1949.6.AnewbridgehasbeenbuiltacrosstheYangtzeRiver.7.Newfunctionsarebeingaddedtothephones.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、被动语态的构成以动词tell为例，完成下列表被动语态的常见的各种构成形式语时态态主动语态被动语态一般现在时tell/tells_____________________一般过去时told_____________________一般将来时will/shalltell_____________________过去将来时would/shouldtell_____________________现在进行时am/are/istelling_____________________过去进行时was/weretelling_____________________现在完成时have/hastold_____________________过去完成时hadtold_____________________197 将来完成时will/shallhavetold_____________________被动语态的基本结构be(not)+过去分词（+by+实施者）。二、被动语态主要应用于以下场合：2.Hisnewbike__________________(steal).他的新自行车被人偷了。(谁偷的，不清楚)〖规则1〗动作的执行者不知道是谁，或没必要指明是谁3.Theproblem_______now______________(discuss)atthemeeting.这个问题正在会上讨论。(强调这个问题正在得到讨论)〖规则2〗强调动作的承受者4.Thesuggestion______________(make)byMr.Millswholivesnextdoor.这个建议是隔壁的米尔斯先生提出的。〖规则3〗强调动作的执行者，由by修饰5.Thesportsmeeting______________(hold)inourcitylastyear.去年在我们这个城市举行了运动会。〖规则4〗强调被动的动作，以突出较强的被动意义。6.Road(is)______________(close).此路不通。（告示板）7.Girls（are）___________(want).招女工。(广告用语)〖规则5〗在文章的标题、新闻、广告、通知等中(此时助动词常省略)8.Hishouse_____________________(wash)awaybythestorm.他的房子让暴风雨给冲走了。〖规则6〗当动作的执行者不是人三、主动句与被动句的转换主动句与被动句的转换步骤197 1.先找出谓语动词：2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语：3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语：4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。9.Hegavemeaninterestingbook.→Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(byhim).→Aninterestingbook_____________________me(byhim).10.Thechildrenmust_______.A.lookafterB.betakengoodcareC.lookedafterD.betakengoodcareof11.Youshouldpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.你应该注意自己的发音。→Yourpronunciationshould__________________________________________→Attentionshould_____________________yourpronunciation.【难点1】⑴带双宾语的谓语动词有两种改法。⑵当直接宾语改成主语时谓语动词后必须加适当的介词to/for/of等，如：makefull/gooduseof.⑶短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。12.Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.→He_____________________playfootballontheplayground.13.⑴Theyheardtheboymakeaphonecalljustnow.→Theboy_____________________aphonecalljustnow.⑵Wehadthemachinemendedjustnow.→Themachinewashadmendedjustnow.⑶Thebossmadetheworkersworkingfromdawntodark.→Theworkerswasmadeworkingfromdawntodark.197 【难点2】若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为使役动词（如let，make，have）和感官动词(如feel，hear，listento，lookat，see，watch，observe，notice)即口诀：一感(feel)二听(hear,listento)让（let,make,have）四看(lookatsee,watch,observe)还有一个要注意（notice）。但要注意若宾补是doing/done,变为被动语态时，宾补仍保持不变，即用doing/done。14.Theyaregoingtocancelthematch.他们将会取消比赛。→Thematchisgoingto______________.15.You’dbetterfinishyourhomeworkatschool你最好在学校完成你的作业。→Yourhomework______________atschool.【难点3】begoingto,beto,besureto,usedto,haveto和hadbetter的作用相当与情态动词，变被动语态时，只需将后面的动词变为be+pp。即可。16.PeoplesaidthatGeorgewasanhonestperson.据说乔治是个诚实的人。→_____________________Georgewasanhonestperson.→Georgewassaidtobeanhonestperson.17.______________iswellknown_______HongKongreturnedtoChinaonJuly1st,1997.A.It,thatB.As,/C.As,thatD.It,which【难点4】表示“据说”或者“相信”类的词组，其被动语态有两种形式，常见的是it做形式主语。18.中译英中文英文中文英文1.据说…..______________7.众所周知…______________2.据报道…..______________8.大家认为…______________3.据建议…______________9.大家决定…______________4.据推测说….______________10.必须承认…______________5.大家相信…______________11.必须指出…______________6.大家希望….______________12.务必记住的是…______________197 四、主动结构表示被动意义19.Areyoumorelikelytotasteafoodthat_______(smell)badbut_______(look)good?20.Themusic______________(sound)wonderful.21.Cotton__________________(feel)soft.〖规则7〗系表结构中的主动表被动。常见的系动词见“系动词”。22.Hisnovel_______(sell)well.他的小说畅销。23.Yourpen____________(write)smoothly.你的笔写起来很滑。24.Thiskindofrice_______(cook)moreeasilythanthatkind.比起那种食物来，这种更容易煮。〖规则8〗表示主语内在的“品质”或“性能”的及物动词应用主动形式表被动意义。如：lock,shut,open,move,read,write,sell,wash,clean,catch,draw,cut,burn,read等。但：Myjackethaswornout=Myjacketiswornout.我的夹克穿破了。Theseshoesdon’tsell.这些鞋销售不了。Theseshoesarenotsold.这些鞋尚未销售。【难点5】有些动词兼有及物与不及物的公用。有些动词主动结构与被动结构表达的意思大致相同，如上例一，但有些在意义上尚会有细微差别，如上例二和三。25.Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning.Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday.〖规则9〗表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等用主动表被动。26.Ihavealotofwork_______.我今天有好多工作要做。27.I’llgivehimsomething______________.我要给他一些书读。〖规则10〗“sb.Hassth.todo”结构，也用主动结构表被动意思，此时主语与todo存在逻辑主谓关系，todo与宾语存在逻辑动宾关系，用公式表示为：“主语+主谓+宾语+todo”主谓关系197 动宾关系28.Hertelephonenumberiseasy______________.她的电话号码很好记。〖规则11〗“sth.+adj+to+do”结构，todo与sth.存在逻辑动宾关系，也用主动结构表被动意思，这些表语形容词有hard,difficult,easy,fit,necessary,dangerous等。29.Thecaristorent.汽车出租。30.Muchremainstofind.很多东西要找。31.Nobodyistoblamefortheaccident.这个事故，谁也不能责怪。【难点6】“sth./sb+系动词+todo”结构，主要用于sth.betorent,sthremaintodo,whotoblame等。32.Therearemanyquestionstodiscuss(tobediscussed).有许多问题要讨论。〖规则12〗在therebe句型中修饰主语的不定式，用主动形式或被动形式都可以。只是在口语中多用主动形式。如Thereisnothingtodo.没有事可做。Thereisnothingtobedone.没有办法。【难点7】但在nothing,anything,something之后，使用两种语态表达的意思有所不同。33.火灾最终被控制住了。Thefire______________atlast.34.在北京很多新式的汽车在展览。Manynewtypesofcars_______inBeijing.35.这间工厂由我哥哥负责。Thefactory______________myelderbrother.〖规则13〗介词in,on,under,等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义。常见的有：undercontrol(受控制)，undertreatment(在治疗中)，underrepair(在修理中)，underdiscussion(在讨论中)，underconstruction(在施工中)，beyondbelief(令人难以置信)，beyondone’sreach(鞭长莫及)，beyondone’scontrol(无法控制)，beyondourhope(我们始料不及)，forsale（出售），forrent(出租)，onshow197 (在印刷中)，onsale(出售)，onshow(展出)，ontrial(受审)，outofcontrol(失控)，ourofreach(够不着)，ouroffashion(不流行)。36.Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.这门需要修理。37.Thisroomneeds________.=Thisroomneedstobecleaned.这房间应该打扫一下。38.Thisbookiswellworth________________.这本书很值得一读。【难点8】表“需要”的动词如need,requite,want等接V-ing或tobedone表被动意义；表“值得”deserve(动词)，worth(形容词)接V-ing来表示被动意义。五“get+过去分词”与“be+过去分词”的区别39.Thelittlegirl______________inmusic.这个小女孩对音乐产生了兴趣。（原本没有兴趣，后来有了）40.Thelittlegirl_____________________inmusic.这个小女孩对音乐感兴趣。（本来就有兴趣）〖规则14〗“get+过去分词”多强调动作的结果或动作变化的逐渐性，有多种时态形式。常见的搭配有：getlost,getmarried,getchanged,getdressed,getpaid,gettreated,getkilled等。“be+过去分词”多用来表示一般的动作或情况或强调状态，一般只用一般式。(中译英)41.增城近几年来发生了巨大的变化。___________________________________42.她在昨天晚上的会议上发了言。______________________________________〖规则15〗不及物动词不能用于被动语态。脚踏实地，步步为赢I用所给词的正确形式填空1.—Yourjob______________(keep)openforyourreturn.—Thanks.197 2.—Wheredidyouputthecarkeys?—Oh,I_______(remember)IputthemonthechairbecausethephonerangasI_______(come)in.3.Ihavetogotoworkbytaxibecausemycar______________(repair).4.Thesunwassettingwhenmycar______________(break)downneararemoteandpoorvillage.5.Althoughthemedicalscience_______(achieve)controloverseveraldangerousdiseases,what_______(worry)usisthatsomeofthem_______(return).6.Withthehelpofhightechnology,moreandmorenewsubstances_______(discover)inthepastyears.7.Accordingtothetimetable,thenexttrainforBeijing______________(leave)at8:13.8.Itisthethirdtimeyou______________(invite)toattendyourstudents’parties.9._______thesemachines_______(invent)byEdison?10.Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish______________(mustnotthrow)intotheriver.11.Ourteachertoldusthatlight______________(travel)muchfasterthansound.12.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget______________(pay)bythehour.II单项选择1.—Isthereanythingwrong,Bob?Youlooksad.—Oh,nothingmuch.Infact,I_______ofmyfriendsbackhome.A.havejustthoughtB.wasjustthinkingC.wouldjustthinkD.willjustbethinking2.—DidPeterfixthecomputerhimself?—He_______,becausehedoesn’tknowmuchaboutcomputers.197 A.hasitfixedB.hadfixeditC.haditfixedD.fixedit3.ProfessorJameswillgiveusalectureontheWesternculture,butwhenandwhere_______yet.A.hasn’tbeendecidedB.haven’tdecidedC.isn’tbeingdecidedD.aren’tdecided4.LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)_______birdskeptincagesinordertohavethepleasureofsettingthemfree.A.issaidtobebuyingB.issaidtohaveboughtC.hadsaidtobuyD.hassaidtohavebought5.Thewetweatherwillcontinuetomorrow,whenacoldfront_______toarrive.A.isexpectedB.isexpectingC.expectsD.isexpecting6.—Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou_______thisjob?—Will,I’mthinkingaboutthesalary.A.offerB.willofferC.areofferedD.willbeoffered7.—Doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer?—Yes,weshould,forwe_______suchbadluckuptillnow,andtime_______out.A.havehad;isrunningB.had;isrunningC.have;hasbeenrunD.havehad;hasbeenrun8.—What’sthatnoise?—Oh,Iforgottotellyou.Thenewmachine_______.A.wastestedB.willbetestedC.isbeingtestedD.hasbeentested197 9.Nodecision_______aboutanyfutureappointmentuntilallthecandidateshavebeeninterviewed.A.willbemadeB.ismadeC.isbeingmadeD.hasbeenmade10.Onlywhenyouridentityhasbeenchecked,_______.A.youareallowedinB.youwillbeallowedinC.willyouallowinD.willyoubeallowedin11.Becarefulwhenyoucrossthisverybusystreet.Ifnot,youmay_______runoverbyacar.A.haveB.getC.becomeD.turn12._______fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountryintheworld.A.BeingseparatedB.HavingseparatedC.HavingbeenseparatedD.TobeseparatedIII语篇翻译Ourheadmasteristalkingaboutplansfortheschool.“⑴______________（很多工作已经完成了）inthepastyear.Thenewlibraryhasjustbeencompletedandisreadyforuse.But⑵_____________________(我们仍然还有更多的工作要做)。Anewbiologylab⑶_____________________(正在被建)thisyear,but⑷______________(我们没有)enoughmoneyfortheequipment.Studentsinallgradesarecollectingmoney.Themoneywhich⑸_______________(被筹集的钱将会计划)onnewequipment.Atpresent,plansarebeingmadeforaplayattheendofthesummerterm.Thegardensoftheschool⑹____________________(也已经得到了改善)thisyear.Newtreesarebeingplantedwhichwillsoongiveshadeinsummer.Alltheclassrooms⑺____________________(将会被粉刷)duringthesummerholidays.Infact,thewholeschool⑻_______________(会更美丽).Itwillbeamuchbetterplaceforourworkandstudy.”197 能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析Inthosedays,IPrightswereeasilyprotectedsinceitwasverydifficulttoobtainintellectualpropertywithoutpayingforit.However,alotofIP,includingsongs,films,booksandartwork,canbedownloadedtodayfreeofchargeusingtheInternet.69.WhatdoweknowabouttheInternetaccordingtothepassage?A.ItmakesIPrightshardertoprotect.B.ItsellssongsandfilmsC.ItdoesnotaffectthewayweunderstandIPrights.D.Itpreventstheproductionofartwork.豁然开朗：句中有since引导的原因状语从句，v-ing式作定语(including…)和状语(withoutpaying…/usingtheInternet)。译文：在那个时代，知识权很容易受到保护，因为不付费想得到知识产权是很困难的。然而，现在许多知识产权包括歌曲、电影、书籍和艺术品通过使用因特网都可以免费下载。所以答案是A。浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”语篇作文你是华侨中学英语俱乐部的记者，根据下表向学校广播站投一篇稿件，简要报道你校举办的高一级英语歌唱比赛的有关情况。时间上星期五下午4点开始，持续了近一个半钟。目的提高学习英语的兴趣，增强班级的团结准备工作这是班与班之间的竞争，每个人都全力以赴，有些人甚至利用午餐后休息的时间来练习。比赛结束2班获得一等奖。其余6个班获二、三等奖。其他1.三个在增城教了2年书的外教受邀表演了节目，给同学们留下了深刻的印象。2.活动深受师生们的好评。197 感受很值得参加；希望以后学校能提供更多的机会给学生，提高英语水平，丰富课外生活。Module9非谓语动词非谓语动词⑴——不定式(theInfinitive)一语中的动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，不定式可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。整装待“发”I’maSenior3studentnow.Myparentsaretoobusywiththeirbusiness①totakecareofmydailylife.Sotheyinvitedmygrandparents②tolivewithme.Foronething,mygrandparentscantakecareofmydailylife.Foranother,livingwithmecanhelpthem③ridtheirloneliness.Atthebeginningtheywerenotaccustomedtotheurbanlife.Afterashorttime,theygotusedtoit.Everymorning,thefirstthingmygrannymustdowas④tocookbreakfastforme.Thenmygrandparentswouldgototheparknearby⑤todosomemorningexercises.Afterthat,theywenthomeandpreparedforthelunchforme.Mygrandfatherlikesplayingchess,soIoftensawhim⑥playchesswithothersinthegardeninmycommunity.Aboveall,⑦totakecareofmeistheirmaintaskintheirlife.InmysparetimeIoftenaccompanymygrandparent⑧tohaveawalkinthegardenandchatwiththemwhilewatchingTV.不定式结构句子成分不定式结构句子成分①totakecareof⑤todosomemorningexercise②tolivewithme⑥playchesswithothers③ridtheirloneliness⑦totakecareofme④tocookbreakfast⑧tohaveawalkin197 知识回顾，精讲剖析一、动词不定式的句法功能1.不定式作主语⑴____________________________（那样做）meanstakingresponsibility.⑵It’sbeenapleasure____________________________（能够帮助你）.⑶Itwashisduty____________________________(处理这件事).⑷Ittakestenpeople__________________________(来完成这项任务).〖规则1〗不定式可以作主语，但在大多数情况下用it作形式主语，而将真正主语(不定式)放在后面。⑸Itwon’tbeeasy______________Tomtofindanewjob.⑹Itwasgenerous______________youtocontributesomuch.【难点1】如果要说不定式动作的逻辑主语是谁，可以在不定式前面加of/for引导的短语，构成不定式的复合结构(It’sadj+of/forsbtodosth)。如果句中的形容词可以表示sb的特征或品质，应用of,这类形容词有：(im)polite,(un)kind,silly,selfish,generous(慷慨的)，nice,considerate,wrong等；如果该形容词不是表示sb的特征或品质则用for，这类形容词有：important,necessary,difficult,hard,easy,right等。⑺Whenandwhere_______(build)thenewfactoryisnotdecided.⑻How_______(solve)theproblemremainstobediscussed.【难点2】“wh-词(what/which/whom/where/how/whether)+不定式”可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。2.不定式作宾语⑴Iintend_______(say)nothingforthepresent.⑵Hemanaged_______(escape)toSouthAmerica.〖规则2〗能够跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：afford,aim,apply,197 arrange,ask,attempt,choose,continue,decide,demand,desire,expect,fail,forget,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,mean,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,prove,refuse,strive,swear,threaten,try,undertake,vote,wait,want,wish等。⑶Canyoutellme___________________________________(火车站的路)？⑷LastsummerItookacourseon___________________________(如何做衣服).【难点1】“疑问词+不定式”结构可以充当宾语。能够接“疑问词+不定式”结构的常见的动词有：learn,ask,discuss,findout,explain,know,remember,forget,understand,think,consider,wonder,show,tell,decide,determine等。“疑问句+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语。⑸Ilike_______(sing),soIoftenpractice_______(sing),butIdon’tlike_______(sing)now,becauseI’mnotwell.⑹Ishallalwaysremember_______(meet)Daisyforthefirsttime.SoIwant_______(write)toher.Doremember_______(buy)twostampsformewhenyoupassthepostoffice.【难点2】在英语中，有些动词可以不定式跟作宾语，也可以动词-ing跟作宾语。但它们在意义上没有多大差别，如：continuetodo;continuedoingsth.但有些在意义上相差很大，如：forget/remember/regrettodosth忘记/记起/遗憾要去做某事forget/remember/regretdoingsth忘记/记起/后悔做了某事like/love/disliketodosth喜欢/讨厌做某事(某一具体行动)like/love/dislikedoingsth喜欢/讨厌做某事(指一般，经常的情况)meantodosth打算做某事trytodosth尽力做某事meandoingsth意味着做某事trydoingsth尝试做某事197 can’thelptodosth不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoingsth情不自禁做某事stoptodosth停下来再去做另一件事stopdoingsth停止做某事goontodosth接着做另一件事goondoingsth继续做(同一件事)⑺Lastweek,Iwanted_______(sell)mycellphonewhichwasoutofwork,butmywifeadvisedmycellphoneneed_______(repair)firstbeforesold.【难点3】在英语中，如果谓语是want,need,require这三个词，而主语又是事物时，此时作宾语的不定式要用被动形式，也可以用动词-ing的主动形式放在这三个词的后面做宾语，此时的动词-ing用主动形式，但表示被动含义。⑻Wearelookingforward_______(see)thenearyearcomeandhope_______(get)muchluckymoney.⑼Iwanted_______(move)backtothecountrysidebecauseIhadbeenused_______(live)thereluckymoney.【难点4】英语中有一些短语中的to不是不定式符号而是介词，所以这些to后面的动词应用动词-ing形式。这样的动词短语有：习惯于be/getused/accustomedto,坚持stickto,反对objectto,导致leadto,献身于devoteto,被判断为besentencedto,期待lookforwardto,开始认真做某事getdownto⑽Iwouldloveto_______(go)tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport⑾他本来计划出国，但他没有。197 Heplanned_______(go)abroad,buthedidn’t.=Hehadplanned_______(go)abroad,buthedidn’t.【难点5】expect,mean,hope,wish,love,plan,intend+tohavedone表示本来打算做的事情而实际上没有做。相当与上述动词的过去完成时+todosth.,例如⑾。⑿Theycoulddonothingbut_______(give)in.⒀Theenemyhadnochoicebut_______(give)in.【难点6】but,except这两个介词表示“除了”之后的不定式作宾语(主要用于否定句)，当前面的句子中有实义动词do动词不定式符号要省略。口诀：前有do后无to，前无do后有to，只要是实义动词do。3.不定式作表语⑴Herambitionis_______(become)afilmactress.⑵Heseems_______(know)thetruth.⑶Myquestionis______________(什么时候开始).〖规则3〗动词不定式可以直接放在be动词后，起解释作用。也可以位于seem,appear,remain,prove等系动词后。“疑问句+不定式”结构可以在句中作表语。⑷Whois_____________________(blame)forthefailureofthematch?⑸Yourjobis__________________________________________(檫窗户).⑹Youare_____________________________________________(要去檫窗户).【难点1】不定式作表语与betodo表示将来时的区别：不定式作表语时，不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，而betodo表示将来时中的不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。4.不定式作定语⑴Heisalwaysthefirst______________(come)andthelast______________(leave)inhiscompany,sothecompanygivehimthechance______________(go)abroad.⑵Haveyougotanything_______(do).197 〖规则4〗动词不定式作定语，其与被修饰的词之间存在主胃关系、动宾关系或同位关系。⑶Heislookingforaroom______________(住).⑷Therearefivepairsofshoesto______________(挑选).【难点1】动词不定式作定语时，如果不定式是不及物动词，那么就要在动词后加上相应的介词。⑸Thepowerstation______________(build)nextyearwillbeabigone.⑹Thepowerstation______________(build)lastyearisabigone.⑺Thepowerstation______________(build)nowwillbeabigone.【难点2】动词-ing形式的被动语态作定语，表示一个正在被进行的动作；过去分词作定语时，表示一个被动的和完成的动作；不定式作定语时，往往表示一个将要进行的动作。5.不定式作宾语补足语⑴Theyrequirehim_______(keep)silent.⑵Wearenotallowed_______(make)noiseinthereadingroom.⑶Youarealwaysrelyingonhim_______(help)you.〖规则5〗英语中有不少动词可以接不定式作宾补，甚至个别动词短语也可以接不定式作宾补。例如：tell,advise,wish,prefer,order,get,expect,want,remind,warn,ask,persuade,encourage,convince,force,command,forbid,instruct,request,cause,dependon,relyon,lookforwardto,waitfor,longfor等。⑷Icanallowyou_______(come)late,butyouarenotallowed_______(beabsent)fromschool.⑸Heusedtomakehisyoungersister_______(cry),butnowheisoftenmade_______(try)byhisyoungersister.【难点1】在feel,hear,listento,let,make,have,lookat,see,watch,notice,observe等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to，但是这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带to。口诀1记住这些词的口诀：一感（_______）197 二听（_______，_______）五看（_______，_______，_______，_______，_______）三使役（_______，_______，_______）半个帮助（______________）。⑹Thechildrenwerelastseen_______(play)underthetree.⑺Ioftensawthechildren_______(play)underthetree.⑻WhenIarrivedatthehospital,Isawthechildrenwell_______(take)careof.【难点2】不定式作宾补时强调动作的完成、结果或是一次性动作。动词-ing形式作宾补时，侧重动作的进行；动词的过去分词作宾补时，表示该动作的完成或状态，且与宾语之间是被动关系。6.不定式作状语⑴Sheiseager______________(succeed).⑵Youwerefoolish______________(believe)whatshesaid.⑶Iamhappy______________(see)youagain.〖规则6〗不定式在“be+adj.+不定式”结构中作状语，可以表示主语的态度、品质或原因。⑷Wekeptthewindowsshutinorder______(notlet)fliesin.⑸Theymovedsofrequently______(follow)thebuffalo.【难点1】“inorderto,soasto,so/such…as…to..”结构中的不定式作目的状语。inorderto可以位于句首也可以位于句中，而soasto只能放在句中。⑹Hesearchedtheroomonly_______(find)nothing.⑺Theproblemistoohardforme______________(work)out.⑻Helefthome,neverto______________(hear)from.【难点2】“onlyto…(不料)，neverto…,too…to..(太…而不能)，enough…to…”结构中的不定式结果状语。动词不定式作结果状语有时表示出乎意料的。⑼Alotofgoodlandhasgonewiththem________(leave)onlysand.⑽Thenewsreporterhurriedtotheairport,only________(tell)thefilmstars197 hadleft.【难点3】动词不定式有时作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果；而动词-ing形式作结果状语则表示自然而产生的结果。7.不定式作独立成分⑴________________（说实话），Idon’tagreewithyou.⑵________________(首先)，Iwantedtotellyouastory.〖规则7〗常见作独立成分的不定式短语有：说老实话(totellyouthetruth);坦白地/老实地说(tobefrank/honest);确切地说(tobeexact)；首先（tobeginwith）。8.不带to的不定式⑴Soontheysawtheboy________(disappear)inthecrowd.⑵You’dbetter________(go)nowifyouwanttocatchthetrain.⑶I’drather________(do)itnowthanlater.〖规则8〗在下列情况下，不定式不带to①作使役动词have,make,let宾语补足语的不定式不带toThesoldierhadhimstandwithhisbacktohisbacktohisfather.②作感官动词feel,hear,listento,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,宾语补足语的不定式不带toIheardhimsinganEnglishsong.③why(not)+不带to的不定式whynotwriteanoteandputituponthetree?④hadbetter+不带to的不定式You’dbettergetsomelunchforyourself.⑤wouldrather+不带to的不定式Iwouldratherloseadozencherrytreesthanyoushouldtellonelie.⑥can’tbut,can’thelpbut,can’tchoosebut+不带to的不定式Therewasnobusthatday.Icouldn’tchoosebutstaythereforanothernight.二、动词不定式的时态和语态197 1.Weallthinkheraniceperson________(work)with.2.Thechildrenpretended________(read)whentheteachercameintotheclassroom.3.Ihappened________(see)suchafilmwhenIwasamiddleschoolstudent.4.Thebookissaid______________(translate)intoseveralforeignlanguages.5.Pleasetellyourchild_______(notplay)footballinthetree.〖规则10〗以write为例填写下表：形式语态一般式进行式完成式主动语态tohavewritten被动语态tobewritten不定式的否定式：not,never等词+不定式动词不定式的一般式表示动作将要发生；动词不定式的进行式表示正在进行的动作；动词不定式的完成式表示该动作发生在谓语动词前。脚踏实地，步步为赢I用动词的正确形式填空：1.Accustomedto________(climb)thesteepmountains,hehadnodifficultyreachingthetop.2.Thiscompanywasthefirst________(produce)portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.3.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,________(notmake)lifedifficult.4.Hellenhadtoshout________(make)herself________(hear)abovethesoundofthemusic.5.Thefluisbelieved________(cause)byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.6.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen________(hear),butI’mgoingtostudyintheUSAthisSeptember.197 7.Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawsgetparents________(worry).8.—Excusemesir,whereisRoom301?—Justaminute.I’llhaveBob________(show)youtoyourroom.9.—Thelastone________(arrive)paysthemeal.—Agreed!II完成系列句子1.Thepatientwaswarned_____________________(手术后不要吃油炸性食物).2.Thetoolsintheworkshop______________________________(不允许带出去).3.Heclaimed________________(遭到不好对待)inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.4.Columbuswasthefirst________________(发现新大陆的人)。5.OnedayIwentshoppingandcameback________________________(我汽车的前轮不见了)6.Doyouthinkhimeasy_________(相处)？7.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknow__________________(期待什么)inmyjob.8.Thedam________________________(明年竣工的)willbenefitthewholecity.9.___________________________(我很遗憾地告诉你)thatyoufailedintheexam.III句型转换1.Tom’smotherusuallyspendstwohoursincleaninghisroom.Itusually_________Tom’smothertwohours__________________hisroom.2.Hewantedtoknowwherehecouldcollecttheinformationaboutbirds.Hewantedtoknow___________________________theinformationaboutbirds.3.Thefilmwhichwillbeputonnextweekissuretoattractmanyaudiences.Thefilm_____________________nextweekissuretoattractmanyaudiences.197 4.Theyhurriedtotheseasidesoearlyinthemorningthattheycouldseethesunrise.Theyhurriedtotheseaside______________________thesunrise.5.Toreadabookinbedisnotgoodforyou._________isn’tgood_________you_________readabookinbed.6.Isthereanythingyouwanttosayforyourself?Doyouhave__________________sayforyourself?IV语篇转换IamaSenior3student.Ioftenarguewithmymotherover⑴____________________________________(课后我能否看电视).MymotherholdstheviewthatstudentsinSenior3,heavilyburdenedwiththeirstudies,are⑵______________________________________________________(太忙而抽不出时间看电视).ItseemstoherthatonceIamallowed⑶___________________________(看电视)Iwillnotbeabletocontrolmyselfand⑷___________________________(忘记学习).Shealsothinksthatitisbad⑸____________________________________(经常看电视对我的眼睛有害).However,IdothinkitisrelaxingtowatchTV⑹____________________________________(经过一天的辛苦学习)foritcansetmymindatrest⑺___________________________________________________(而且可以拓宽我的视野).Nowwehaveatleastreachedanagreement⑻____________________________________(我只能在周末看电视)andtheprogramsshouldbelimitedtonews,entertainment,sportsorscience.能力拓展，真我风采1.Forexample,theproverb,“pluckingupacrop2(help)itgrow”,isbasedonthefollowingstory.豁然开朗：例如，成语“拔苗助长”是基于下面的一则故事。tohelp做目的状语，拔苗是为了帮助它生长。2.Thebestwaytogetridofanegativeself-imageistorealizethatyourimageis197 farfromobjective,andtoactivelyconvinceyourselfofyourpositivequalities.豁然开朗：除去消极自我形象的最好办法就是意识到你的自我形象与客观事实相差太远，并积极地以你的真实品质而自信。togetridof作定语，torealizeandtoactivelyconvince并列作表语。浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”为了能被大学录取，我决心要在高三努力学习。虽然我有许多问题要解决，但我相信我能一个一个将它们解决。我高三的第一个学期的主要目标之一是如何摆脱那些不好的习惯。没过多久，我更适应了高三的生活并且逐步摆脱那些阻碍我学习的不良习惯。经过一番努力，我的成绩也有了明显的提高。但令我失望的是，不久我发现我的成绩仿佛停滞不前。我非常紧张，然后我就去向老师寻求帮助。老师建议我要坚持下去并且改进我的学习方法。老师的话就像一剂良药，迅速使我摆脱了困境。当然最后，我也考入理想中的大学。非谓语动词⑵——动名词一语中的动词-ing形式可分为动名词和现在分词。动名词由动词+ing构成。具有动词和名词的性质，有一般时和完成时，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。现在分词有一般时和完成时，在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。本章先讲v-ing(动名词)做主语，宾语，表语，定语的功能。一、动词-ing形式的时态和语态：（以teach为例）197 语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式teachingbeingtaught完成式havingtaughthavingbeentaught否定式notteaching(nothavingtaught)整装待“发”1.Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenchosenamemberoftheschoolvolleyballteam.2.Sheisafraidofbeingtakentothepublic.3.Istillrememberhavingbeentaken/beingtakentotheseawhenIwasfiveyearsold.4.Iregretnotfollowing/nothavingfollowedhisadvice.5.Havingstudiedcomputerisanimportantqualificationinajobinterview.6.Histroubleishavingtriedeverymeansandbeingstillpoor.7.Nooneisallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.知识回顾，精讲剖析1.Whileshopping,peoplesomethingcan’thelp__________(persuade)intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed.2.Wewerepraisedfor__________(finish)theworkaheadoftime.3.Tonywasveryunhappyfor____________________(not,invite)totheparty.〖规则1〗⑴如果动词-ing所表示的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动词-ing的一般式。⑵如果动词-ing所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动词-ing的完成式。二、动词-ing形式的语法功能197 (一)作主语动词-ing形式作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。（动词-ing形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为）有时会用it作形式主语，把-ing形式放在句尾。中译英：1.______________________________。（眼见为实。）2.__________________________（收集资料）isveryimportanttobusinessman.3.______________________________(坐在这里等是没用的)4.Itisnouse_____________________________________(和她争吵是没用的)。5.Itisawasteoftime___________________________(和他争辩是浪费时间)。〖规则2〗常用动词-ing形式作为主语的句型有：nouse/nogood/hardlyanygood(use)useless/senselessItis+fun/enjoyable/tiring+动词-ing形式nice/expensive/dangerousawasteoftime/agoodpleasure拓展：Thereisno+doingsth=Itisimpossibletodosth.如⑴Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.=Itisimpossibletoholdbackthewheelofhistory.(要阻止历史的车轮是不可能的)⑵Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说不准会发生什么事。(二)作宾语1.作动词/动词短语⑴Heisconsidering__________(go)abroadaftergraduationfromtheuniversity.⑵Headvisedus__________(tell)thetruthtoher.197 ⑶Headvised__________(tell)thetruthtoher.⑷Mydoctoradvised__________(go)totheparkforachangeofair.⑸Myparentsdon’tpermitme__________(stay)outsidetoolate.⑹Inordertoprotecttheendangeredanimals,thegovernmentforbid__________(hunt)them.〖规则3〗在英语中以下动词/动词短语后只跟-ing形式作宾语，为了方便记忆，把这些词连成口诀①建议完成练习，advise,suggest,finish,practice②(不)喜欢考虑感激，like(dislike)enjoy,consider,appreciate③想（象）原谅过错（错过），imagine/fancy,forgive/pardon,miss④(不)允许介意逃（脱）避（免）permit/allow,mind,escape,avoid⑤禁不住想禁止推迟的习惯------无用；can’thelp,feellike,forbid,putoff/delay,get(be)used/accustomedto,it’snouse⑥希望坚持(决)反对忙于放弃------值得。lookforwardto,insiston/keep(on),objectto,bebusydoing,giveup,beworth(Translation)⑺我们不许在这里抽烟。___________________________________。⑻我们不许汤姆在这里抽烟________________________________________。⑼你介意汤姆在这里抽烟吗？________________________________________。【难点1】Sbadvise/permit/allow/forbiddoingsth.某人建议/容许/禁止做某事Sbadvise/permit/allow/forbidSbtodosth.某人建议/容许/禁止某人做某事⑽我已经后悔没有采纳他的学习建议。Ihaveregretted_________________________________________________.⑾我们记得在某个地方见过这个人。Weremembered__________________________________________.⑿错过了这次机会意味着要再等一年。Missingthechancemeans____________________________.⒀我忘记告诉过她这个令人兴奋的消息。197 Iforgot_______________________________________________.【难点2】meandoingsth.意味着做某事trydoingsth.试着做某事stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事，remember/forget+doingsth.=remember/forget+havingdonesth.记得/忘记regret+doingsth.=regrethavingdonesth.做过某事2.作介词的宾语⑴Wearethinkingof______(make)anewplanforthenextterm.⑵Weshouldstopthestudentsfrom__________________(hurt)incampus.【难点3】下列动词短语中含有to，其中to是介词，而不是不定式。⑶反对⑷注意⑸把……献给⑹习惯⑺盼望⑻归功于1.Mywatchneedsrepairing=Mywatchneeds____________.2.Thehousewants______(clean)=Thehousewantsto____________.3.Thoseyoungtreeswillrequire____________(lookafter)carefully.〖规则4〗有些v-ing形式的主动形式在句中含有被动意义，如want,need,deserve(值得)，require相当于tobe+过去分词。（三）作表语1.Myfavoritesportisswimming.=Swimmingis________________.2.Theirjobiscleaningthewindow.=Cleaningthewindowis____________.〖规则5〗动词-ing可用来作表语时，句子主语常表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句-ing形式与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语和表语可以互换置。（四）作定语1.游泳池____________2.洗衣机__________________3.阅览室__________________4.候车室__________________〖规则6〗动名词作定语时，表事物的用途，属性，不强调动作。197 拓展：asleepingcar卧铺车=acarofsleeping=acarwhichisusedforsleepingawalkingstick拐杖=astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalking(五)物主代词、动词所有格+v-ing形式作主语，表语或宾语。1.Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus.(此处不能用she)=Thatshecametohelpencouragedallofus.2.Jane’sbeingcarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.(此处不能用Jane)=That’sJanewascarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.3.ThatMarywasillmadehermotherupset=______________________________madehermotherupset.4.Thathetakeshisowncoursehasfrustratedhimmanytimes.(他一意孤行使他多次受挫)=______________________________hasfrustratedhimmanytimes.5.Thefatherinsistedonhisson’s/hissongoingtocollege.(做宾语，两种形式均可)6.Wouldyoumind__________(我)usingyourtelescope?〖规则7〗v-ing作主语，可用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰：v-ing作宾语，还可用宾格或名词所有格修饰。脚踏实地，步步为赢I用所给词的正确形式填空或完成句子。1._________（read）isanexperiencequitedifferentfrom________(watch)TV.2.InsomepartsofLondon,______(miss)abusmeanswaitingforanotherhour.3.______(lose)hernewbicyclemadeherquiteupset.4.______(serve)thepeopleisourduty.5._________(learn)aforeignlanguageisveryusefultome.6.It’snouse____________(argue)withhimoverthesmallthingonsuchabigoccasion.7.__________________(not,pass)thedrivinglicensetestmadethemupset.8.__________________(Mary,come)gaveourfamilyabigsurprise.197 9.养成一个良好的学习习惯对我们来说是很必要。__________________________________________isnecessaryforus.10.三个月没有收到他的来信使他的家人很担心。__________________________________________madehisfamilyveryworried.11.被邀请参加这个晚会是我们的荣幸。______________________________isourhonour.12.与他人分享快乐让我们更快乐。____________________________________willmakeushappier.13.总统亲临这次会面给了他们很大的鼓舞。_________________________________gavethemagreatdealofencouragement.提示：1—13题不能用动词原形做主语。14.Itriedtoavoid____________(meet)himbecausehealwaysboredme.非谓语动词⑶—现在分词一语中的现在分词既有动词的特征，又有形容词和副词的句法功能。在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语等。现在分词有一般时和完成时。197 语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式teachingbeingtaught完成式havingtaughthavingbeentaught否定式notteaching/nothavingtaught整装待“发”1.Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.2.Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasketball.3.Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.5.Nothavingreceivedhisletterfor3months,hisfamilyareworriedabouthimsomuch.6.Notgettingthepraisefromherteacher,thegirlfeltunhappy.7.Comingbacktolifethenextmorning,theyoungsoldierfoundhimselfbeinglookedafterbyawhite-hairedoldlady.8.Ihavejustboughtadiscandthemusicispleasingtotheear.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、作定语1.TheyoungmanwhoissittingbetweenJohnandMaryistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.=Theyoungman__________betweenJohnandMaryistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.2.Thosewhowishtojointheclubshouldsignhere.=Those_____tojointhisclubshouldsignhere.3.Thefactorythatmakestherepensisasmallone.197 =Thefactory_____thesepensisasmallone.4.Didyouseethegirlwhowasdancingwithyourbrother?=Didyouseethegirl__________withyourbrother?〖规则1〗现在分词短语作定语，必须置于被修饰词的后面，相当于一个_____从句。Theproblemwhichwearediscussingnowisveryimportant.=Theproblem____________________nowisveryimportant.6.Thebuildingwhichisbeingbuiltnowwillbeahospital.=Thebuilding____________________nowwillbeahospital.【难点1】如果现在分词与被修饰词之间有被动关系，且强调动作正在进行，需用现在分词的被动式。（判断正误）7.Thegirlhavingwontheraceismydeskmate._____8.Thegirlwhohaswontheraceismydeskmate._____9.Thehousewhichhasbeenbuiltrecentlywillbeusedasalaboratory._____10.Thehousehavingbeenbuiltrecentlywillbeusedasalaboratory._____〖规则2〗现在分词的完成时一般不直接放在被修饰词后面作定语，若要作定语，必须用逗号与被修饰词隔开，或用定语从句。如：Theoldman,havingworkedabroadfor30years,isonthewaytohismotherland.二、作宾语补足语用所给词的正确形式填空：1.Isuddenlyfeltmyself__________byaheavyfist.(hit)2.WhenIwasyoung,Ipreferredtowatchtrains_____inandout.(pull)3.Ismellsomething_____inthekitchen.CanIcallyoubackinaminute?(burn)4.Whenthebosscamein,hefoundacook_____inthekitchen.(smoke)5.Afteraknockatthedoor,thechildheardhismother’svoice_____him.(call)197 〖规则3〗现在分词可以在see，hear，_____，_____，_____，_____，_____，_____等表示感官和心理状态的动词后做宾语补足语。6.Themanleftus_____alone,unabletofindanyhelp.(stand)7.Don’tyouhaveyourchildren_____hardattheirhomeworkallthetime.(work)8.Parentsshouldlearntokeeptheirchildren_____theirmind.(use)9.Don’tleavethewater_____whileyoubrushyourteeth.(run)〖规则4〗现在分词也可以用在__________，__________，_____，_____，__________等使役动词后做宾语补足语，且宾语是动词动作的发出者。三、作状语现在分词做状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间，原因，结果，条件，伴随，让步情况等。其逻辑主语一般与主句的主语一致。（一）时间状语（句型转换）1.Whenheheardthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.=_______________thegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.2.WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.=(While)__________inthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.3.Becarefulwhenyoucrosstheroad.=Becarefulwhen__________theroad.4.AfterHenryfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.=____________________hiswork,Henrywenthome.5.Afterthesetempleswerebuiltinthisway,thesetempleslookedmorebeautiful.=_______________inthisway,thesetempleslookedmorebeautiful.197 〖规则5〗如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，此时常用现在分词的一般式；如果其动作先于谓语动词的动作发生，则用现在分词的完成式；如果现在分词与主句的主语构成被动关系，则用现在分词的被动式。（二）原因状语（句型转换）1.Asshewasill,shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.=__________ill,shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.2.AsIhadnotreceivedananswer,Iwrotetohimagain.=______________________________ananswer,Iwrotetohimagain.3.SinceIdidn’tknowheraddress,Imightaswelltelephoneher.=____________________heraddress,Imightaswelltelephoneher.4.Beijingleaguemembers,wearereadytohelpothers.=_____________________leaguemembers,wearereadytohelpothers.〖规则6〗现在分词短语做原因状语，一般置于主句之前。(三)方式，伴随状语用分词短语完成下列句子1.孩子们有说有笑地一个个走进了教师。Thechildrenwalkedonebyoneintotheclassroom,_____________________.2.Tom躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。Tomlayonthegrass,__________________________________________.3.我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。Istoodbythedoor,___________________________________.4.我父母来信让我换一份工作。Myparentswrotemealetter,____________________________.197 〖规则7〗现在分词短语做方式，伴随状语，其动作是主语发出的，且与谓语动词所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或加以说明时，常用分词的一般式。5.Hesentmeane-mail,hopingtoaskforinformation.=Hesentmeane-mailtoaskforinformation【难点2】hopingtodo作伴随状语可与（inorder）to目的状语互换。（四）结果状语1.Footballisplayedinmorethan80countries,whichmakesitapopularsport.=Footballisplayedinmorethan80countries,__________itapopularsport.2.Herunclediedandleft5milliondollarsforher.=Heruncledied,_____5milliondollarsforher.3.Thechildslippedandfell,andthisstruckhisheadagainstthedoor.=Thechildslippedandfell,__________hisheadagainstthedoor.〖规则8〗现在分词短语做结果状语，常用分词的一般式，且放于主句之后，表主句谓语动词的动作所产生的结果。（五）条件状语1.Ifyouturntotheright,youwillfindtheplaceyouwant.=Turntotheright,andyouwillfindtheplaceyouwant.=__________totheright,youwillfindtheplaceyouwant.2.Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.=Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.=__________hard,youwillsucceed.3.Ifyouplayallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.=(If)__________allday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.197 〖规则9〗现在分词短语做条件状语，相当于一个__________从句，且放于主句之前。如果把它变为祈使句式，则主句前需加and.(六)评论性状语（完成句子）1._______________(从她的口音判断)，shemustcomefromArabiancountries.2._______________(考虑到他们缺乏经验)，theyhavedoneagoodjob.3.____________________(假如下雨)，whatshallwedo?4.___________(考虑到时间)，wehavedecidedtostartearlytomorrowmorning.5._______________(一般来说)，girlaremoreinterestedinliteraturethanboys.〖规则10〗有些惯用的分词短语在句子中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度，观点等，我们称这种状语为评论性状语。如：generallyspeaking一般来说，broadlyspeaking广义上说，narrowlyspeaking狭义上说，judgingfrom/by由…判断，considering考虑到，given考虑到，talking…intoconsideration从…方面考虑，supposing如果，providing如果，seeing由于(完成句子)1.Don’ttalkwhilehavingdinner.2.When__________thestreet,dobecareful.(cross)3.One__________thischance,youcan’teasilyfindit(lose)4.Aslongas_____intothereadingroom,youshouldkeepquiet.(come)【难点3】用-ing形式做状语时，可以根据需要在其前面加上when,while,before,after,since,once,aslongas,though等词，表示特殊的含义。但as后不能跟-ing形式。四、作表语（或定语）1.Thisfoodsmells_______________(invite).这种食物香味怡人。2.Whatyousaidisreally_______________.(surprise)3.Themanwhosebehaviorisalways__________alwaysasksmesome__________questions.(confuse)197 4.一场刺激的篮球赛______________________________5.一个令人吃惊的消息______________________________6.一本有趣的小说______________________________拓展：asmilingfacealeadingfigure领导人物apromisingman(有前途的人)〖规则11〗有些动词-ing形式几乎已经变成形容词，在句中作表语或定语，表示所修饰人或物的性质或状态，一般跟在系动词be,get,become,look,sound,feel,keep,remain,grow,seem,appear等后面常见的有：exciting,interesting,disappointing,discouraging,amazing,astonishing,encouraging,puzzling,missing,surprising,confusing,amusing,charming,shocking,inviting,touching,moving,等。非谓语动词（4）—过去分词一语中的动词的过去分词，相当于形容词和副词，在句中可作表语、定语、状语和补语。在句中一般能找到它的逻辑主语。整装待“发”①Influencedbytheglobaleconomicsituation,ourcountry’semploymentwasweighed.Unemploymentoccurredatsomecompanies,especiallylabor-intensiveplantandmedium-sizedones.②Facedwiththedifficulties,theministerofChina’sHumanResourcesandSocialSecuritysaidatapressconferencethatwithsomeeffectivemeasures③taken,the④registeredunemploymentratewas4percentfortheJanuary-Octoberperiod,whichwasbelowthegovernment’stargetofabout4.5percentforthewholeyear,andhebelievedthatimprovementwasexpectedinthesecondquarternextyearwhengovernmentmeasurestoboostdomesticdemand(拉动内需)begantotakeeffect.Inthemeanwhile,hetoldtheunemployednottobe⑤worried过去分词部分语法功能其逻辑主语与逻辑主语的关系197 ①Influenced(bytheglobal)状语ourcountry’semployment被动，完成②Faced(withthedifficulties)状语状态③taken被动，完成④registered定语⑤worriedtheunemployed状态知识回顾，精讲剖析过去分词的语法功能一、过去分词作表语1.Mybikeis_______________(break).2.Wewere_______________(excite)aboutthevictory.3.Heis____________________(retire).〖规则1〗过去分词作表语，多表示主语所处的状态，多位于系动词之后。及物动词的过去分词作表语，在表达主语状态的同时，既表示被动又表示完成；而不及物动词的过去分词作表语，往往只表示状态和完成。4.Thecupwas_______________(break)bymylittleyesterday.5.Thelibraryisnow____________________(close).【难点1】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示一个动作，标志词是by。6.Thelectureis__________(bore)andI’m__________(bore)withit.7.Wewere__________(inspire)byhis__________(inspire)speech.8.Thestorywasso_____(move)thatnearlyeverybodywas_____(move)totears.9.Weare__________(interest)inthenovelwhichisvery_____(interest).【难点2】动词-ing和过去分词作表语的区别：分词作表语通常当作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质或特征，而且主语多为物，意义为“令人……的”；过去分词表示主语的状态或心理感受，主语多为人，意义为“感到……的”。常见的词有：amazing—amazed,197 amusing—amused,astonishing—astonished,boring—bored,delighting—delighted,exciting—excited,encouraging—encouraged,frightening—frightened,inspiring—inspired,moving—moved,pleasing—pleased,puzzling—puzzled,surprising—surprised,satisfying—satisfied,tiring—tired,touching—touched,worrying—worried等。10.Iam______________________________(我对我的行为感到羞愧).11.Phelpswas_________________________(特别有天赋).【难点3】英语中有些词貌似过去分词，但它实际上却是形容词。例如：ashamed(害羞的)，gifted/talented(有天赋的)，beloved(受人爱戴的)，doomed(注定)，crowded(拥挤的)等。二、过去分词作定语1.Wemustadaptourthoughttothe_______________(change)conditions.2.Theconcert__________(give)bytheirfriendswasasuccess.3.Themeeting,__________(attend)byoverfivethousandpeople,welcomedthegreathero.〖规则2〗过去分词用作定语，如果是单个分词的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个_____从句；且分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的词之间是被动关系。4.Thecomputercentre,whichwasopenedlastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.=Thecomputercentre,_______________lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.5.ThefirsttextbookswrittenforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.【难点1】过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个__________从句。6.What’sthelanguage__________(speak)inGermany?7.Mostoftheartists_____(attend)thepartywerefromEgypt,__________(locate)inNorthAfrica.8.Therewasaterriblenoise__________(follow)thesuddenburstoflight.9.Thereenterstheteacher__________(follow)byhisstudents.197 【难点2】动词-ing和过去分词作定语的区别：共同点：分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面，相当于__________从句。区分点：现在分词和被修饰的词之间是主动的关系，过去分词和被修饰的词之间是被动关系或是一个固定的系表结构。10.The__________(excite)boylookedupwitha__________(please)expressionwhenheheardhisname_____(call)【难点3】修饰声音(voice),表情(look,expression),眼睛(eye)等词，一般用过去分词。例如：一副吃惊/困惑的表情asurprised/puzzledlook/expression激动的声音theexcitedvoice。11.Manyyoungdoctors,__________(include)Dr.Zhang,wanttobesenttoworkinthenewhospital.12.Manyyoungdoctors,Dr.Zhang_____(include),wanttobesenttoworkinthenewhospital.【难点4】including和included表示部分同为关系，即用于举例。该两个词用于举例时，意义是一样的，都译为“包括”。但是，__________必须放在它所说明的同位语之前，而__________必须放在它所说明的同位语之后。13.Canyougivea__________(detail)accountabouttheaccident?14.Theplantneedssome__________(skill)workers.【难点5】英语有些过去分词几乎已经转化成形容词，例如：closed(关闭的),broken(破碎的)，hidden(隐藏的)，united(统一的)，pleased(满意的)，stricken(受灾的)。同时有些貌似过去分词的词它本身就是形容词，例如：adetailedreport(一份详细的报道)，agiftedbuy(一个有天赋的男孩)，askilledworker(一位熟练的工人)，absent-minded(心不在焉的)，cold-blooded(冷血的)，good-tempered(脾气好的)，light-hearted(心情轻松的)，two-faced(两面性的)，short-sighted(近视)。三、过去分词作宾补1.Hefoundhishometowngreatly__________(change).2.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_____(tie)behindhisback.〖规则3〗过去分词往往在下列情况下作宾补：197 ⑴在感官动词及其短语后：see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glace等和lookat,listento;⑵在have,keep,get等使役动词后，如：gettheirparentsworried⑶在catch,leave,set,start,send等动词后，如：leavethefooduntouched⑷在介词with与名词或代词构成复合宾语中。过去分词作宾补时，它所表示的动作一般和宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，即表示“使宾语被…”的意思。3.Onthetopofthehill,wecouldseesmoke_____(rise)fromthechimneysinthevillage.4.I’dliketohavethepackage__________(weigh),madam.【难点1】动词-ing作宾补时和宾语是主胃(主动)关系，过去分词作宾补时和宾语是__________关系。5.Hewasfound__________(beat)byotherstudentsinthestreet.6.Theoldmanwasseen__________(seat)inthefrontofthecinema.【难点2】过去分词可以作主语补足语。补充说明主语的情况。四、过去分词作状语1._______________（write）inahurry,itwasnotsogood!2.__________(give)anotherhour,Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.〖规则4〗过去分词作状语时，和其逻辑主语(即句子的主语)是被动或完全的关系。且应注意人称一致。3.__________（lose）indeepthought,hedidn’thearthesound.4.__________(bear)inGerman,karlMarxwasagreatcommunist.【难点1】有些过去分词因来源于一些固定结构，作状语时，与其逻辑主语不是被动关系，只表示主语的状态。这样的固定结构有常见的有：(be)lostin(迷路);(be)seated(坐)；(be)hidden(躲)；(be)lost/absorbedin(沉溺于)；(be)born(出身于)；(be)dressedin(穿着)；(be)tiredof(厌烦)；(be)devotedto(热爱)；becaughtin(困在)；(be)facedwith(面对)等。5.__________（face）thefailure,wecan’tloseheart,and_____(face)withthesuccess,wecan’tbeconceited.6.After_____(dress)hisson,hewalkedout,_____(dress)inabluehat,withhisson.197 【难点2】过去分词(及物动词)作状语，后面一般会有介词。7.Generallyspeaking,whenitistakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.=Generallyspeaking,when__________accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.8.When__________(leave)theairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.9.Once__________(recover),hethrewhimselfintohiswork.【难点3】过去分词作状语来源于状语从句，有时还可保留连词，构成“连词(when,before,after,unless,once等)+过去分词”结构作状语。10._______________（看这些照片），Icouldn’thelpthinkingofthosedayswhenIwasinBeijingand_______________(从顶上看)ofathirty-storeyedbuilding,Beijinglooksmoremagnificent.11.__________(follow)hismother,heenteredthelivingroom,__________(follow)byhisyoungersister.【难点4】动词-ing和过去分词在句子中作状语，它们的逻辑主语都是句子的主语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词于句子主语的关系：主动关系用动词-ing形式，被动关系用过去分词。with+宾语+宾语补足语的复合结构一语中的with+宾语+宾语补足语的复合结构在句中可作定语或状语（表示时间，方式，伴随，原因状语等）。在这一结构中，宾语补足语可以是现在分词，过去分词，不定式，形容词，副词，介词短语等。整装待“发”1.Thechildrenlookedatus,withtheireyesopeningwide.2.Withsomanypeoplewatchingher(=Becausesomanypeoplewerewatchingher),thelittlegirlfeltabitnervous.3.Theboystoodsilently,withhiseyesfixedonthebigappleonthetable.4.Withallthehouseworkdone(=Afterallthehouseworkweredone/hadbeen197 done),hesatdowntoenjoyhisfavoriteprogram.5.Doyouhappentoknowthemanwithaboyfollowinghim?6.Withalotofworktodo,Ihavetoleavethepartyearlier.知识回顾，精讲剖析用括号里的词的正确形式填空1.Withlotsoftreesandflowers__________(plant)hereandthere,thecitylooksverybeautiful.2.Theboywithhisleg__________(break)needslookingafter.3.Doyouknowtheman,withhishand_____(shade)hiseyes?4.Withsomanyproblems_____(solve),thenewly-electedpresidentisgoingtohaveahardtime.5.Helikestosleepwiththewindows_____(open)onsuchahotevening.6.Becausesheisafraidtostayathomealoneatnight,sheoftensleepswithallthelights_____(=burning,填一个副词)。7.Withhismother__________(help)him,heisgettingonwellwithhiswork…〖规则5〗在with的复合结构中，宾语与表宾补的动词构成被动关系或表动作已经完成时，则用过去分词；如果是主动关系，且表宾语的状态，则用现在分词；如果表即将去完成的动作，则用不定式（且多用主动态）。Module10复合句并列复合句一语中的两个或两个以上的平行并列的单句，可以用并列连词连接，从而形成并列句。整装待“发”1.Workhard,andyou’llcatchupwithothers.197 2.Ienjoytraveling,butIhaveneithermoneynortime.3.Playingcomputergamesisbothawasteoftimeandharmfultoone’seyesight.4.Takingpart-timejobsnotonlyenablesstudentstoearnsomemoney,__________learnsomeinterpersonalskills.〖规则1〗最基本的并列连词有表增补关系：and,both…and,neither…nor…,not…but…,notonly….butalso…,aswellas等。表转折关系：but,while等。主从复合句⑴名词性从句一语中的在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能性当于名词词组，它在复合句中能充当主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。整装待“发”1.Whatwecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.2.Itisuncertainwhetherhewouldcomeornot.3.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.4.Thatshewouldjoinusmadeushappy.知识回顾，精讲剖析基础部分主语从句1.______________________________(谁被选为班长)isunknown.2.______________________________(他被选为班长)madeushappy.〖规则1〗主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的连词有that,197 whether;连接代词有who,what,which,whoever,whatever;连接副词有when,where,why,how。3.第2句可转换成：___________________________________.【难点1】宾语从句作宾语时可和作形式宾语it呼唤。宾语从句1.Doyouknow____________________________(他们在等谁)？2.Wefind____________________________(每天练习口头英语)isnecessary.〖规则1〗宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。引导宾语从句的连词有that,whether,if;连接代词有who,what,which,whoever,whatever;连接副词有when,where,why,how,because。3.Thereasonwhyhewassolateis_______heturnedoffthealarmclock.Inotherwords,thathewaslateis_______heturnedoffthealarmclock.4.WepracticespeakingEnglisheveryday.Thatis_______ourspokenEnglishissoexcellent.【难点1】表语从句的引导that,why和because。why表“……的原因”；because……表“因为……”。句型：Thereasonwhy…isthat…;This/Thatisbecause…同位语从句1.Weheardthenews____________________________(我们队赢了)。2.Ihavenoidea___________________________________(他何时回来)。〖规则1〗同为语从句在复合句中作同位语。它一般跟在某些抽象名词（idea,news,fact,thought,reply,report,remark,hope,promise等）的后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。其关联词多为连词that。【难点1】引导同位语从句连词that不能省略。综合部分一、名词性从句的语序1.Canyoumakesure_____thegoldring?197 A.whereAlicehadputB.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput2.Theseshoeslookverygood.Iwonder__________.A.howmuchcosttheyareB.howmuchtheycostC.howmuchdotheycostD.howmucharetheycost〖规则1〗与其它所有的从句一样，名词性从句必须用_____语序。即：连接词+主语+谓语+宾语+…。但要注意连接代词有时可在从句中作主语或连接副词修饰相关的形容词或副词。如：3.Whoeverwillgoisnotimportant.4.YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas.二、连词的选用5.Idoubt__________wewillwinthematch.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.which6.Idon’tdoubt______itistrue.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.which7.Amoderncityhasbeensetupin______wasawastelandtenyearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where8.Thatis______papercameintouseinChina.A.howB.thatC.whatD.which〖规则2〗名词性从句中连词的选用可从两方面来判断：⑴从句意来判断，如例5：我怀疑我们是否能赢得这场比赛，故答案为A，例6：我不怀疑这是真的，故答案为：B;⑴从从句所缺的成分来判断：如例7，宾语从句缺主语，故答案为A,例8的从句中应补充一个状语。故答案为A。197 三、形式主语、形式宾语9.Ithappenedthatshewasn’tinthatday.碰巧那天她不在家。10.ItwasreportedthattherehasbeenanearthquakeinIndia.据报导印度发生了地震。11.Whydon’tyoubringittohisattentionthatyouaretooilltogoonworking?你为什么不让他注意到你病得厉害不能继续工作？12.Ithinkitimpossiblethathewilltakeyouradvice.我认为他不可能会采纳你的建议。〖规则3〗①当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，常常将主语从句后置，而用______作为形式主语，置于句首。如例9和例10.②动词后接复合宾语，也可以用it作形式宾语。即：动词+it+宾补+宾语从句。如例______和例______。四、连接词what与that的用法区别13.Iremember______Ihaveseenhersomewhereinthepast.14.Thetruthis______heisthetallestinourclass.15.Amoderncityhasbeensetupin______wasawastelandtenyearsago.16.Ithinkmyfatherwouldliketoknow______I’vebeenuptosofar,soIdecidetosendhimaquicknote.17.Chinaisnot______itusedtobe.〖规则4〗①在名词性从句中that无词义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只能连接从句的作用。如13，14题。②引导名词性从句时，what要在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，含有“…的地方、东西、样子…”的意义。如例15中，what在宾语从句中充当______，表示“十年前是荒地的地方”；在例16中，what在宾语从句中充当______，表示“我目前在忙着的事情”；在例17中，what在______从句中充当______，表示“它从前的样子”。五、连接词that的省略18.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweeksurprisedus.19.Hismothertoldme(that)hesuddenlyfellilllastweek.20.Hesaid(that)hehadfinishedhishomeworkandthathewouldstartreadinganovel.197 21.Marywroteanarticleon______theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.〖规则5〗连接词that在主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句中不可省略，只在宾语从句中可省略。但①如果谓语动词后带有两个或更多个以that引导的宾语从句，除第一个that外，其余均不可省。②介词后的宾语从句的连接词that不可省。六、连接词whether和if的用法区别22.Idoubt______wewillwinthematch.23.Wehaven’tsettledthequestionof______itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.24.______ourschoolwillbemovedhasnotbeendecidedyet.25.Thequestionis______thefilmisworthseeing.26.Wedidn’tknow______ornotshewasready.〖规则6〗①表示是否的含义时，______不能引导主语从句，表示从句及同位语从句；②一般在宾语从句中whether与if可以通用，但是以下情况的宾语从句中不能用if，只能用whether；a.介词后；b.其后紧跟ornot。七、who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法区别27.____________causedtheaccidentisunknown.28.____________causedtheaccidentshouldbepunished.29.____________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.30.____________yousaywillnotchangeanythingofourplan.31.Icouldn’tcatch____________yousaidjustnow.〖规则7〗what/who等含______意义，而whatever/whoever等含______意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。八、where,when,why等连接副词引导的名词性从句32._____heboughtsomanyshoesishardtounderstand.33.Theyhopetoknow_____theycangettickets.34.Thebookgivesanexcellentpictureof_____Americawasdiscovered.197 35.Pleasetellme_____youarrivedinNewYork.〖规则8〗Where,when,why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句，主要从从句的句子意义的完整性及所缺成分来判断。九、同位语从句与定语从句的区别：36.⑴Thenewsthatourfootballteamwonthematchwasreallyencouraging.(_____从句)⑵Thenewsthatweheardontheradiowasnottrue.(_____从句)难点：同位语从句与定语从句的区别：①__________是形容词性的从句，它与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系。连接词that引导从句，又代替先行词在从句中充当成分(主语或宾语)。②__________是名词性从句，是对前面名词作进一步的补充性解释说明。连接词that引导从句，只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。主从复合⑵定语从句一语中的在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，由关系词加从句构成。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接主从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。整装待“发”1.Themanwho/thatlivesnexttoussellsvegetables.2.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.3.Thiswasatimewhen/inwhichthetwocountrieswereatwar.197 4.Wewereputintoapositionwhere/inwhichwehadeithertoacceptwewerelessimportant,orfightthegovernment.5.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomes/thehouseofwhichhadbeendestroyed.6.Buttheonemillionpeopleofthecity,whothoughtlittleoftheseevents,wenttobedasusualthatnight.7.Hefailedintheexam,whichmadehimunhappy.8.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanispartofChina.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、关系代词的用法：1.⑴Hismum,whohelovedsomuch,diedin1998.⑵Theman(that/who/whom)youtalkedtowasmyfriend.⑶Themantowhomyoutalkedwasmyfriend.〖规则1〗在从句中充当的成分指代关系代词备注主语/宾语人______1.在限制性定语从句中，关系代词充当从句宾语可省略；在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词充当从句宾语不可省略。2.当介词放在关系词前时，指人只能用whom,指物只能用which。物______人/物______宾语人______2.⑴Thisisthehouse__________roofhasfallenin.=Thisisthehousetheroofofwhichhasfallenin.⑵Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.=Thisisthescientistthenameof__________isknownalloverthecountry.〖规则2〗在从句中充当的成分指代关系备注197 代词定语人的/物的whoseWhose+n=the+n+of+which(物)/whom(人)⑴Theboystudiesveryhard.Hismotherdiedlastyear.=Theboy,____________motherdiedlastyear,studiesveryhard.⑵Hehaswrittenabook.I’veforgottenitsname.=Hehaswrittenabook_______nameI’veforgotten.【难点1】whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语，相当于my，his，her，its，their，等修饰人或物。二、关系副词的用法：4.⑴Doyourememberthedaywhenwearrivedhere?=Doyouremembertheday____________________________wearrivedhere?⑵Thisistheroomwherewelivedlastyear.=Thisisroom____________________________welivedlastyear.⑶ThereasonwhyI’mcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.=Thereason____________________________I’mcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.〖规则3〗在从句中充当的成分指代关系副词备注状语地点___________where=on/in/at…whichwhen=on/in…whichwhy=forwhich时间___________原因___________5.⑴Istillremembertheday______________wespentinthecountryside.Istillremembertheday______________weplayedinthecountryside.⑵Istillremembertheplace______________wevisitedlastyear.Istillremembertheplace______________westudiedlastyear.197 ⑶Istillrememberthereason______________hecamehere.Istillrememberthereason______________hetoldme.【难点2】判断使用什么关系词，关键是看关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语还是状语。6.⑴I’vecometothepoint______________Ican’tstandhim.⑵Thecountryisinthesituation_________awarwillbreakoutatanytime.【难点3】先行词是condition,case(情况)，occasion(场合)，point(时刻)和stage(阶段)，situation(形式)且在定语从句中做状语时，常用where引导。记忆口诀：Wherearethecops?(上述单词的首字母可组成cops警察)三、关系代词that/which/who的特殊用法：7.⑴Doyouhaveanything______________youdon’tunderstand?⑵Theonlything______________wecandoistogiveyousomeadvice.⑶Thisisthebestbook______________I’veeverread.⑷Thisisthefirstbook______________hehasread.⑸Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersons__________wesawthen.⑹Whoistheman__________isstandingthere?⑺Whichisthebook__________youwant?〖规则4〗只用that引导定语从句的情况：①先行词是everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定式词或由不定式词any，some，no，much，few，little，every，all等修饰时；②先行词被the，very,theonly等修饰时；③先行词被形容词最高级修饰时；④先行词中既有人又有事物时，⑤先行词被序数词修饰时；⑥当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时。记忆口诀：“不得罪两婿”(“不”指的是先行词是不定代词或由不定代词所修饰时：“得”指的是thevery,theonly等；“最”指的是最高级；“两”指的是先行词是两类词即既有人又有物时；“婿”指的是序数词。)197 8.⑴Herbag,in______sheputallhermoney,hasbeenstolen.⑵Sheheardaterriblenoise,____________broughtherheartintohermouth.〖规则5〗只用which引导定语从句的情况：①介词后指物时；(介词后指人时用whom)②非限制定语从句中。9.⑴Anyone____________savedthelittlegirlshouldbepraised.⑵Those____________don’tobeytheruleswillbepunished.〖规则6〗只用who引导定语从句的情况：①当先行词是anyone,those(表“那些人”)时，关系词只用who而不用that。10.⑴Theway____________heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.⑵Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut______hesaidit.A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich【难点4】当先行词是theway,如果先行词在定语从句作状语，关系代词可用that或inwhich(或省略)。四、限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别：11.Theoldmanhasason,whoisinthearmy.这位老人有一个儿子，在部队工作。(隐含的意义：只有一个儿子)Theoldmanhasasonwhoisinthearmy.这位老人有个在部队工作的儿子。(隐含的意义：也许还有其他的儿子，在干别的工作)12.Thespeechwhichboredeveryonewentonandon.令人厌烦的演讲还在继续进行。Thespeechwentonandon,whichboredeveryone.197 演讲还在继续进行，这令人厌烦。〖规则7〗定语从句分为__________和__________两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起限制作用，若去掉它，主句表达就不明确，在翻译时，通常译为“…的…”。非限制性定语从句与主句用_____隔开，它在句中起补充说明的作用，主从句可译为两个并列句。当关系词指代前面整句话或整件事时，和当修饰具体的人或物时，都要用非限制性定语从句；非限制性定语从句的引导词一般不用__________(that/which).五、as与which在引导定语从句中的区别：13.⑴__________isknowntoall,TaiwanispartofChina.⑵Jimpassedthedrivingtest,__________surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.〖规则8〗as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词前常被such,thesame,so修饰,即构成such…as,thesame…as,so…as等结构，做题时容易忽略。as在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。as与which引导定语从句都能指代整句内容，但定语从句位于句首时，只能用as,意为“正如”。常用as引导的从句有：asisoftenthecase,asweexpect,asisexpected,asweknow,asisknowntoall…14.⑴Itissuchabigstone__________nobodycanlift.Itissuchabigstone__________nobodycanliftit.⑵Theproblemissodifficult__________nobodycansolveit.Itissodifficultaproblem__________nobodycansolve.【难点5】例⑴中的asnobodycanlift是定语从句修饰stone;而在so/such…that…(如此…以至…)句型中，that引导的是结果状语从句，此从句不缺主语或宾语。脚踏实地，步步为赢I填关系词：1.Thisistheverything__________Iamafter.2.Wetalkedaboutthemenandthethings__________werememberedatschool.3.Whichisthestar__________isnearesttotheearth?4.Heoftenspeakstheroleheplayedintheplay,__________madeothersupset.197 5.Anyone__________hasmoneycanjointhegroup.6.Heopenedthedoor,infrontof__________sataboy.7.Themanto__________Ispokeisafamousscientist.8.Theboy__________parentsweredeadwasbroughtupbyhisuncle.II对比练习：1.⑴Thisisthehouse__________Ioncelived.⑵Thisisthehouse__________Ioncevisited.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.there2.⑴Iwon’tforgetthedays__________westudiedinthecollege.⑵Iwon’tforgetthedays__________wespenttogether.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.onwhich3.⑴Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory,__________isknowntoall.⑵__________isknowntoall,Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.A.thatB.whichC.AsD.Which4.⑴Thereason__________heexplainedtomeisunreasonable.⑵Hecouldn’tgivetheteacheragoodreason________hewaslateforschool.A.whyB.forthatC.whichD.whose5.⑴Hehasthreedaughters,allof_____aredoctors.⑵Hehasthreedaughters,andallof_____aredoctors.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.them6.⑴Hestilllivesintheroom__________windowfacestotheeast.⑵Hestilllivesintheroom,thewindow__________facestotheeast.⑶Hestilllivesintheroom__________isinthenorthofthecity.⑷Hestilllivesintheroom__________thereisabeautifultable.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.ofwhich7.⑴Heissuchagoodteacher__________wealllikehim.⑵Heissuchagoodteacher__________wealllike.197 A.whomB.thatC.asD.which8.⑴__________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.⑵__________wholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.⑶__________wholeavetheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.WhoC.ThoseD.WhoeverIII下列每个句子均有一处错误，请找出并改正：1.DoyourememberthedaywhichIfirstmetyou?2.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthevillagethatheonceworked.3.Idon’tknowthemanwhomyouquarreledwithhimlastnight.4.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksthereisinthewestofthecity.5.Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningwhenwespenttogether.IV合并句子：1.Beijinghasalonghistory.BeijingisthecapitalofChina._________________________________________________________________2.Irememberedthesoldier.HetoldmenottotellanyonewhatIhadseen._________________________________________________________________3.Xi’anisoneofthefewcitieswithcitywalls.Itswallsremainasgoodasbefore._________________________________________________________________4.Thecollegeisafamousone.Hestudiedinthecollegeforfouryears._________________________________________________________________5.Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore.Itwasnottrue._________________________________________________________________197 V语篇天空Mrs.Whiteisagoodlady.⑴__________isknowntoeveryone,sheisverykindandhelpfultoherneighbors.Afewdaysago,sheheardhernewneighbor,⑵__________namesheforgot,wouldcomeandmoveintohisnewhouse,⑶__________isonly20metersawayfromhers,butshehadneverseenhim.Onedaywhenshecamebackhome,shesawaman⑷__________waswearingabrownhatcarryingaladderonhisshoulder.Themanputtheladderagainstthewindow⑸__________facesnorth.Mrs.Whitesaidtoherself.“Thief,itisathief.”Sherangupthepoliceimmediatelyandsoontwopolicemenappearedinfrontofthehouse⑹__________thethiefwantedtostealthings.Whenthemanwastoldtohandineverything⑺__________hehadstolen,themanshruggedhisshouldersandmadeaface,⑻__________madethepolicemenandMrs.Whiteangry.Themanlookedsurprised.Itwasthen⑼__________themanunderstoodthereason⑽__________thepolicemancame.Themansaidwithasmile,“Ican’tfindmykey.Butit’smynewhouse.”能力拓展，真我风采长难句呈现并解析1.Whileshewasgettingmesettledintoatinybutcleanroom,theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorsetomycartopullittoasmalltownsome20kilometersaway36therewasagarage.2.Allofasudden,herhandicapwasgoneandallIsawwasthisbeautifulgirl,35smilejustmeltedmeandalmostinstantlygavemeacompletelynewsenseofwhatlifeisallabout.豁然开朗：1.36考察定语从句。从句子结构判断定语从句缺少关系副词。先行词是asmalltown,并在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词where(=inwhich)引导定语从句。2.35考察定语从句中关系代词的用法。smile和先行词thisbeautiful是从属关系，所以用whose,相当于thesmileofwhom.浮想“连篇”，顺理成“章”语篇作文(尽量用定语从句)197 这是我们的英语老师Rosemary，她教我们英语。站在她旁边的女孩是她以前教过的学生。众所周知，这张照片是在华侨中学拍摄的。这是所很美丽的学校，明年我将从这里毕业。对我来说，英语曾经很难学，但现在我下定决心要学好它。而且不管遇到多大困难我将永不放弃。主从复合句⑶状语从句一语中的状语从句在句中作状语。修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，有时修饰整个主句。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、方式、比较等9种。整装待“发”1.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(地点)2.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginour,meeting.(原因)3.Hewassocleverastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.(结果)4.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.(条件)5.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.6.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.(方式)知识回顾，精讲剖析一、时间状语从句1.WhenIcameintotheclassroom,thestudentswerereadingEnglish.我来到课室的时候，学生们正读英语。2.Hestartedassoonashegottheletter.他一收到信就出发了。197 3.Onceyouseeher,youwillnotforgether.一旦你见到她，你就不会忘记她4.NosoonerhadIgoneoutoftheroomthanIheardmynamecalled.我一走出房间就听到有人叫我。〖规则1〗时间状语从句通常由下列从属连词引导：when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas,bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when5.⑴_____heheardthis,hegotveryangry.⑵ImetLucy_____Iwaswalkingalongtheriver.⑶Hesanghappily,_____hewalkedalongthestreet.A.whenB.whileC.as6.⑴Wewerehavingameetingwhensomeonebrokein.我们在开着会，这时有人闯进来了。⑵Wewereabouttosetoffwhenitsuddenlybegantorain.我们正要动身离开，这时下起雨来了。【难点2】when可用作并列连词，其意义为“这时，那时”，相当于_____，__________.7.⑴Ifeltasleepthemomentmyheadtouchedthepillow.头一碰到枕头我就睡着了。⑵HecamedirectlyIcalled.我一叫他，他就来了。⑶Ileftimmediatelytheclockstrucktwelve.钟一敲十二点我就动身了。⑷Shedemandssweetseverytimesheseesme.她每次见到我都要糖果吃。⑸Hehadnosoonerreachedthedoorthanhecameback.他刚一到就开始下雪了。【难点3】①一些表示的名词词组也可以引导时间状语从句，如：themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,everytime,nexttime…;②副词immediately,directly,instantly等也可以引导时间状语从句；③hardly/scarcely…when…,nosooner…than…,相当于__________，表示“一…就…”，也可以引导时间状语从句。从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用__________。8.⑴MotherwaswaitinguntilIcamehome.⑵MotherdidnotgotobeduntilIcamehome.197 【难点4】until/till表示“直到…”，当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用_____句，如例⑴；当主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词，用_____句，如例⑵。9.⑴TheAmericanCivilWarlastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.美国国内战争持续了四年，最后北方才赢了。⑵Ididn’trealizeitbeforeitwasdark.不知不觉天就黑了。⑶Pleasewriteitdownbeforeyouforgetit.趁你还没有忘记，把它记下来。⑷BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.我还没来得及插嘴，他就给我量身了。【难点5】before的本意为“在…之前”，根据具体语境还可以理解为“……才……，不知不觉就……，趁着还没……就……，还没来得及/还没有……就……”等。10.⑴Itwillbeyears_____wemeetagain.⑵Itistenyears_____Icametothistown.⑶Itwastenyearsago_____Icametothistown.A.whenB.thatC.beforeD.since【难点6】①“Itbe+时间段+before…”表示“过……之后才……”，若be是否定式，则表示“没过……就……”；②“Itbe+时间段+since……”表示“自从……以来有多久了”；②“Itbe+时间点+when…”表示“当……时，时间是……”。如：二、地点状语从句11.WhereIlivethereareplentyofsheep.我住的地方有很多绵羊。12.Youcangowhereveryouwant.你想去哪里就可以去哪里。13.Wherebeesare,thereishoney.有蜂就有蜜。〖规则2〗引导地点状语从句的连词有where(具体意义)和wherever(泛指意义)等。197 三、条件状语从句14.TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname_____itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.A.aslongasB.whileC.ifD.eventhough15.Itisknowntoallthat_____youexerciseregularly,youwon’tkeepgoodhealth.A.unlessB.wheneverC.althoughD.if〖规则3〗引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if,unless(=if…not如果不……，除非)，as/solongas,supposing(that),provided/providing(that),incase(假使)，onconditionthat(在……的条件下)等。16.⑴Ifyoucometomorrow,you’dbetterbringapen.如果你明天来，最好带支笔。⑵IfIwereyou,I’dgotonightschool.如果我是你，我会去上夜校。【难点7】在条件状语从句中，要注意区分条件的真实性，从而决定是否该用虚拟语气。（详见虚拟语气部分。）四、原因状语从句17.IdiditbecauseIwasangry.我这样做是因为我生气。18.Sinceyou’vegotachance,youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.既然你有机会，你不妨充分利用它。19.Asthedaywasfine,theydecidedtowalkaround.天气很好，他们决定到处走走。〖规则4〗引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because,since,as,for,now(that),等。20.⑴Consideringhe’sonlyjuststarted,heknowsquitealotaboutit.鉴于他才刚刚开始，他对此已懂得相当多了。⑵Seeingherefusedtohelpus,there’snoreasonwhyweshouldnowhelphim.既然他以前拒绝帮助我们，我们现在也没有理由去帮助他。【难点8】引导原因状语从句的从属连词还有：when(既然)，seeing(that)(由于)，considering(that)(考虑到，鉴于)，given(that)(考虑到)等。197 21.⑴Idancedinfrontofthepeople__________Ilikedit.⑵__________hewasnotwell,Idecidedtogowithouthim.⑶__________everybodyknowsaboutit,Idon’twanttotalkanymore.⑷Ihadtotalktohim,_____Ihadnosecondchoice.【难点9】区分because,since,as,for:①__________表示直接原因，语气最强。通常回答why;②__________通常放居首。译为“既然”；③__________表示不言自明的原因，语气最弱；④__________通常放句中，引导后半句表原因，起解释说明的作用。五、目的状语从句22.Myfatherhasboughtmeabicycle__________Icangettoschoolquickly.爸爸给我买了辆自行车，以便我能快速赶到学校。23.Shutthewindow__________itmayrain.把窗子关上以防下雨。24.Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwell.老师必须讲话清楚，学生才能理解得好。〖规则5〗目的状语从句通常由sothat,inorderthat(为了，以便)；incase(以防，以免)，lest(免得，以防)，forfearthat(以免，惟恐)等引导。【难点10】目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may(might),can(could),should,will等情态动词。六、结果状语从句25.Hehadoverslept,_____hewaslateforwork.他睡过头了，结果上班迟到了。26.Hewas_____angry_____helefttheroomwithoutsayingaword.他如此生气了，以至于什么也没说就离开了房间。27.Hemade_____anexcellentspeech_____everyoneadmiredhim他做了如此优秀的演讲，以至于每个人都崇拜他。〖规则6〗结果状语从句通常用连词that,sothat,so…that,such…that等引导。28.Sorapidly_____he_____(speak)thatwecouldhardlyunderstandhimclearly.197 【难点11】当把so+adj/adv.部分放在句首时，该句主句为倒装句。七、方式状语从句29.Mostplantsneedsunlightjust_____theyneedwater.大多数植物需要阳光，就像它们需要水一样。30.Sheclosedhereyes_____shewereverytired.她闭上眼睛，就像她很累似的。【规则7】方式状语从句常由as,asif(though)等引导。31.⑴Youaresoexcited.Itlooksasthoughyou________(have)agreattime.你很兴奋，看来你玩得好开心。⑵I’msurprisedthatheactedasifnothing________(happen).真奇怪他表现得好像什么都没有发生过。【难点12】asif,asthough引导的状语从句，如果描述的是非现实的情况，要用虚拟语气。八、比较状语从句32.Hisbrotheris_____handsome_____he.他的哥哥和他一样帅。33.Thefilmwasnot_____good_____Ihadexpected.这部电影比我想的差。34.Heswimsfaster_____anyotherstudentinhisclass.他比班里其他同学都游得快。〖规则8〗比较状语从句通常由as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引导。35.⑴Theweatherhereismuchwarmerthan_____inyourhometown.⑵Thegirlsinyourclassaremoreactivethan_____inourclass.【难点13】比较状语从句中应该注意被比较内容的一致。为了避免重复，常用__________代替不可数名词或单数可数名词，__________代替复数可数名词。九、让步状语从句36.Althoughshewastired,shestayeduptowatchthelatenightfilm.虽然他很累，她还是熬夜看午夜电影。197 37.Iwouldn’tdoit,evenifyoupaidmeathousandpounds.即使你付我一千英镑，我也不干这事。38.Youcouldn’tbeheard,howeverloudlyyoushout.不管你喊得多响，没人会听见你的声音。39.I’lldoitwhetheryoulikeitornot.这事我得干，不管你喜不喜欢。〖规则9〗让步状语从句通常由下列连词引导：although,though,while,as,wherever,whenever,whoever,whatever,whichever,however,nomatterwhat(who,which,where,when,how),whether等，表示“虽然”、“尽管”、“无论…”这类意思。40._____Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.A.WhileB.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless【难点14】while是高考中的高频词，它既可引导时间状语从句，又可引导并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。这句话的句意是：尽管我承认他并不十全十美，但我的确喜欢他。41.⑴_____heisachild,heknowsalot.⑵child_____heis,heknowsalot.⑶Difficult_____thetaskwas,theymanagedtofinishitintime.【难点15】as引导让步状语从句时，表语、状语等要置于句首；当表语是单数名词前时，前面的不定式冠词通常省略。十、状语从句的时态问题42.⑴—Whatcouldyoudoifit_____tomorrow?—Wehavetocarryinon,sincewe’vegoteverythingready.A.rainB.rainsC.willrainD.israining⑵I’llwritetoyouassoonasI_____(get)toShanghai.⑶Don’tgetoffthebusuntilit__________(stop)?〖规则10〗在条件、时间和让步从句中，用_____时表示一般将来时，最好用_____表将来完成时。197 43.Whentheoldman_____towalkbacktohishouse,thesun_____itselfbehindthemountain.A.started;hadalreadyhiddenB.hadstarted;hadalreadyhiddenC.hadstarted;washidingD.wasstarting;hid〖规则11〗在before,after引导时间从句中，before,after本身已能表达动作的先后关系，所以可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。十一、结果状语从句与定语从句的区别44.ThearticleiswritteninsucheasyEnglish_____allofuscanreadit.45.ThearticleiswritteninsucheasyEnglish_____allofuscanread.A.thatB.asC.sothat〖规则12〗在结果状语从句中，that只能连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。而在定语从句中，as不仅起连接作用，而且代替先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语，构成such…as…。Module11句子种类一语中的英语句子按其用途可分为以下四种：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。整装待“发”1.Shearrivedquiteearly.2.Doyoulikethepicture?3.Whoisthetallestinyourclass?4.Isyoursisteradoctororateacher?5.Youlikeit,don’tyou?197 6.Beseated,sir,willyou?7.WhatanicelunchI’mgoingtohaveandhowhappyIam!知识回顾，精讲剖析一、陈述句1.Heisateacher.(真实)2.Lifeisaforeignlanguage:allmenmispronounceit(看法)译：生活是一门外语，所有的人都读不准它的音。〖规则1〗陈述句用来陈述一个事实或说一种看法，句末用_____。(标点符号)二、疑问句疑问句用来提出问题，让对方来回答。疑问句又可分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、和反意疑问句。3.—_____(be)youadoctor?—Yes,Iam.4.—_____youlikethepicture?—Yes,I_____.5.—MustI_____(send)intheapplicationinwrittenform?—_____，youneedn’t.〖规则2〗一般疑问句以be,have,情态动词或助动词开头，通常要求以_____或_____回答。6.__________youbegintolearnEnglish?你什么时候开始学习英语的？7.__________isthetallestinyourclass?在你班上谁最高？〖规则3〗特殊疑问句构成：疑问词+一般疑问句，不能用yes或no来回答。常见疑问词中文意思What什么Which哪一个Who谁(主格)197 Whom谁(宾格)Whose谁的Where什么时候Where什么地方Why为什么How怎么样Howmany多少Howlong多长8.__________besenttowork?A.WhodoyousuggestshouldB.WhodoyousuggestthatshouldC.DoyousuggestwhoshouldD.Dosuggestwhomshould9.Mumiscoming,Whatpresent__________foryourbirthday?A.youexpectshehasgotB.youexpectshehasgotC.doyouexpectshehasgotD.doyouexpecthasshegot【难点1】doyousuppose,think,believe,suggest,expect,imagine,后的宾语从句若是特殊疑问句时，疑问句放在句首，从句用陈述语气。10.—__________yoursisteradoctor_____ateacher?—Neither,sheisalawyer.11.—Whatishe,apoet_____awriter?—Heisapoet.〖规则4〗选择疑问句提出两个答案看哪一个正确的，在结构上和一般疑问句差不多，两部分由or连接起来，不能用yes或no来回答。口诀：选择问句真奇妙，一般加上“或者”or;or的前后要对称，前升后降是语调。197 12.Youlikeit,_____you?13.Georgewasn’ttherethatday,_____he?14.Havealittlemorecoffee,_____?〖规则5〗反意疑问句提出情况或看法，问对方是否同意；一般由两部分组成；“肯定的陈述句+否定的简略问句”或“否定的陈述句+肯定的简略问句”。口诀：反意疑问句三要点，前后谓语正相反。问句如有not出现，必须缩写是习惯。最后一点需注意，问句代词作主语。三、祈使句祈使句用来表示请求、命令或劝告等意义。15.⑴_____yourcoatatonce.Wemusthung.A.WearB.WearingC.PutonD.Putting⑵__________itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave⑶—Don’tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow.—_____.A.Idon’tB.Iwon’tC.Ican’tD.Ihaven’t〖规则6〗“Do型”，指以实义动词开头的句子，其否定式为“Don’t+实义动词”。16.Besuretowritetous,__________?A.willyouB.aren’tyouC.canyouD.mustn’tyou〖规则7〗“be型”，指由“Be+表语”构成，其否定形式为“Don’tbe+表语”。17.—Let’sgoswimming,shallwe?—_________________________.A.It’smypleasureB.Itdoesn’tmatterC.Yes,let’sgoD.Iagreewithyou197 〖规则8〗“Let’s+动词原形”，表示建议，意为说话人与对方一起去干某事。其否定式“Let’s+not+动词原形”。18.—Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,__________?—ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou【难点2】带主语的祈使句通常用于下面的情况：⑴当说话人是上级或长辈时。⑵当说话人要求不同的人去做不同的事时，如：Yougotoschool,whilesheandIgotowork.19.Don’tsmokeinthemeeting-room,__________?A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou【难点3】肯定祈使句的附加疑问句用willyou,wouldyou或won’tyou,wouldn’tyou均可。否定祈使句的附加疑问句只能用willyou。此外，let’s开头的祈使句的附加疑问句要用“shallwe”。但letme或letus开头的祈使句，通常用willyou。四、感叹句20.⑴__________goodnewsitisand__________ahappydayIhave!⑵__________beautifulparkitisand_____happychildrenthereareinthepark!⑶__________beautifultheparkisand_____wellshedancesinthepark!〖规则9〗感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等情绪，句末用感叹号“！”。What感叹名词部分，how感叹形容词/副词部分。21.⑴__________happythechildrenare!⑵__________happychildrentheyare!【难点4】判断用what还是有how,关键是划线句子成分。把感叹句还原成陈述句后，感叹部分的中心词是adj./adv则用how.如是n.则用that,此法称为还原法。⑴Thechildrenarehappy!(中心词是adj.)⑵Theyarehappychildren!(中心词是n.)197 Module12主谓一致一语中的主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。高考试题对这一语法项目的考查重点是：名词作主语时的谓语形式；分隔情况下，主语和谓语的一致；分数、百分数、不定式、动名词作主语是的主谓一致。此外，并列主语的主谓一致、定语从句中的主谓一致和倒装句中的主谓一致也会有所涉及。主谓一致三大原则：1.语法一致(主语和谓语在人称和数上一致)；2.意义一致(谓语的单复数与主语的意义一致)；3.就近原则(谓语形式与其邻近的主语在人称和数上一致)。整装待“发”1.Thenumberofpagesofthebookis300butanumberofthemaremisprinted.2.Thenewsthatthepolicehavefoundthemissingboyisexciting.3.Eitheryouorheistomeettheforeignguest.4.Aboutthree-fourthsoftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.5.Inmanycountries,shakingone’sheadmeans“no”,andnoddingmeans“yes”.6.Whatmadehersucceedlateronwasthekindnessandconsiderationsheshowedtoallherpatients.知识回顾，精讲剖析I语法一致1.Theapples__________(be)rottenandonlyone_____(be)ingoodcondition.〖规则1〗单数和不可数名词作主语，谓语用_____数形式；复数名词作主语，谓语用__________数形式。197 2.⑴Servingthepeople__________(be)mygreatesthappiness.⑵Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotbeendecidedD.havennotbeendecided⑶Thathsisill__________(worry)us.⑷Whatweneed__________(be)timebutwhattheyneed__________(be)goodtextbooks.〖规则2〗动名词、不定式或从句作主语，谓语动词用__________数；但由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词的单复数依后面的表语而定。3.⑴Everychild_____(need)love.⑵Neitherofthem__________(have)beentotheGreatWall.〖规则3〗不定式代词作主语，谓语常用_____数。⑶Noneofushasgotacamera.(我们中间没有一个人有照相机)Noneofusareperfect.(我们都不是完人)【难点1】none作主语时，若指可数名词时，有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。4.⑴Pronunciation,aswellasgrammarandvocabulary,_____(change)veryquicklyfromoneareatoanother.⑵NobodybuttheSmiths_____thesecret.A.knowB.knowsC.haveknownD.isknown⑶I,ratherthanyou,_____(be)toblamefortheaccident.〖规则4〗以__________/alongwith/togetherwith,aswellas,besides,inadditionto,including,__________/except,like,__________(而不是)等介词连接的名词或代词做主语，谓语单复数与介词前的名词或代词保持一致。5.Yourshoes_____(be)madeinWenzhouandthispairofshoes_____(be)madeinourfactory.197 〖规则2〗pair/kind/type等+名词(复数)作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与pair/kind/type的单复数形式决定。pair/kind/type是单数，谓语就用单数；pair/kind/type是复数，谓语就用复数。复数名词加of+pair/kind/type等作主语时，谓语的数与复数名词一致，用复数。如：Thiskindofshoesispopularwithteenagers.Shoesofthiskindarepopularwithteenagers.6.Johnisoneofthestudentswho_____(be)praisedhutheistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____(have)beenawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.〖规则6〗定语从句的谓语与先行词保持一致。如果前有“oneof+复数名词”时，谓语用_____数；如是“theonlyoneof+名词”，谓语用_____数。II意义一致1.⑴Thesecretaryandthemanager_____(be)verybusynow.⑵Thesecretaryandmanager_____(be)verybusynow.⑶Aknifeandfork_____(be)onthetable.〖规则1〗由and连接的多个词作主语，如果指多个人或物，谓语用复数；如果指的是同一人或物，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的词前面没有_____词。2.⑴Englishofthem_____(be)good.⑵Duringtheholidayeverytrainandeveryship_____(be)crowded.⑶Noteacherandnostudent_____(be)admittedhere.〖规则2〗由each,every,no等修饰的词或由and连接的多个被each,every,no等修饰的词作并列主语时，谓语用_____数。【难点1】“each/either/neitherof+名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词+each/either/neither作主语，谓语用复数。如：Eachofthemisdancingnow.Theyeacharedancingnow.3.TheUnitedStates_____(be)highly-developednow.197 〖规则3〗以-s结尾的词，常见的如news,physics,politics,economics,mathematics,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等做主语，谓语用_____数。4.⑴Achemicalworks_____builtthere.A.istobeingB.havebeenC.weretoD.hasbeen⑵Everymeans__________(try)sincethen.〖规则4〗单复数同形的词如works(工厂)，__________(船)，__________(鹿)，__________(鱼)，__________(手段、方式)，aircraft,Chinese,Japanese等作主语，谓语应视具体情况而定。5.Nowthecatlle(牛群)，__________(人们)，__________(警察)，poultry(家禽)等作主语，谓语用_____数。但people作“民族”解时，有单复数之分，如：TheChinesepeopleisagreatone.6.Theclass__________(be)madeupof50studentsandalltheclass__________(have)gonetotheplayground.〖规则6〗集体名词class,family,team,group,government,audience,crowed,crew,public等作主语时，若强调集体，谓语用_____数，若表示组成该集体的分散个体时，谓语用_____数。7.“All__________(be)presentandall__________(be)goingonwell,”saidourmonitor.〖规则7〗all作主语指人时，谓语用复数；指物时，谓语用单数。8.Mostoftheapple_____(be)eatenbyarat,andmostofthoseapples_____(be)rotten.〖规则8〗主语是疑问句代词who,what,which、不定代词any,none,more,most等以及名词half,part,therest等，谓语的单复数取决于其所指的内容。9.⑴Three-fourthsoftheearth’ssurface__________(be)sea.⑵40percentofthestudentsinourclass__________(be)girls.〖规则9〗_______________和_______________作主语，谓语单复数取决于后面的名词或它所指的内容。197 10.⑴Therich_____(be)notalwayshappy.⑵Thenew______(be)suretoreplacetheold.〖规则10〗the+形容词或分词如指一类人，其谓语用_____数，如指事物或抽象概念，其谓语用_____数。11.Tenthousanddollars__________(be)quitealargesun.〖规则11〗表示时间、重量、长度、价格等复数名词作主语，从整体看来时，谓语用单数，一般表语出现alargesum,alongtime等词。看做个体并强调数字概念时也可用复数。如：ThreemonthshavepassedsinceIstudiedhere.12.⑴Morethanoneman__________(have)cometohelpus.⑵Manyaman__________(have)cometohelpus.⑶Manymen__________(have)cometohelpus.〖规则12〗many和morethanone修饰单数名词，意义上是复数，谓语用单数。III就近原则1.⑴Oneorperhapsmorepages__________(be)missing.⑵—__________eitherheorIfitforthejob?—Neitherhenoryou__________.A.Am;areB.Is:areC.Are;areD.Is;is〖规则1〗由__________(或者)，__________(要么……要么……)，__________(既不……也不……)，__________(不仅……而且……)，__________(不是……而是……)连接的并列主语，谓语动词与最靠近它的主语一致。2.⑴Onthewall__________famouspaintings.A.haveB.areC.isD.has⑵There__________apenandfivebooksonthedesk.〖规则2〗在__________句和therebe结构中，谓语动词和其临近的主语保持一致。197 Module13虚拟语气一语中的虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实或不可能发生，只是一种主观愿望和假设、建议、可能或空想等。英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。整装待“发”1.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwehaddriveninturn,youwouldnothavegotsotired.2.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldnothavessucceeded.3.Jamie’spalefacesuggestedthatshewasill,andherparentssuggestedsheshouldhaveamedicalexamination.4.HowIwisheveryfamilyhadalargehousewithabeautifulgarden!5.Itis(high)timethatheshouldgotobed.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、在if从句中的用法1.IfI__________(be)youI__________(join)thearmy.2.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe__________(drive)inturn,you_____(get)sotired.3.Ifit_____(rain)tomorrow,thefootballmatch_____(putoff).〖规则1〗以drive为例，填写下表：主句的谓语动词从句的谓语动词与现在虚拟woulddrive197 与过去虚拟haddriven与将来虚拟其中主句中的动词would表“会”，在虚拟语气中最常用，视具体情况还可用could(能)，might(不能)，should(会；将；本应该)。在虚拟条件句中，be动词一般不用was,而用were.4.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI_____(notfall)inlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.【难点1】错综条件句：有时if从句中的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据他们表示的时间加以调整。5.Whatwouldhavehappened,__________,asforastheriver?A.BobhadwalkedfartherB.ifBobshouldwalkfartherC.hadBobwalkedfartherD.ifBobwalkedfarther【难点2】如果if从句中含有were，had或should，可将if省略，然后将were，had或should提前至主句前。即从句可用半倒装。6.⑴Nancy_____(be)muchprettier,butshedoesn’tcaremuchaboutherclothes.⑵Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnight_____(be)freezingcoldforustolive.⑶Tomobviouslydidn’tknowwhathadhappened,otherwisehe_____(notmake)suchastupidremark.〖规则2〗在含蓄条件从句中(用连词_____，_____和_____或用介词butfor,without等暗示前面的条件)。与现在虚拟，主句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去虚拟，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时。注意：介词butfor,without表示的虚拟语气，可和if引导的假设条件状语从句替换。二、在名词性从句中的用法7.⑴Itissuggestedthatyou_____(spend)moretimeinEnglish.⑵Hissuggestionisthatyou_____(spend)moretimeonEnglish.⑶Hesuggestionthatyou_____(spend)moretimeinEnglish.⑷Weshouldtakehissuggestionthatyou_____(spend)moretimeonEnglish.197 〖规则3〗在动词insist,suggestion,_____,order,command,propose,demand,require,request,request,引导的宾语从句、主语从句中的谓语动词用should+动词原形或动词原形。在名词insistence,suggestion,_____,order,command,proposal,demand,requirement,request,引导的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形或动词原形。口诀：一(个)坚持(要)insist;二(个)命令order,command;三(个)建议suggest,advise,propose;四(个)要求，demand,require,request,desire。8.⑴Jamie’spalefacesuggestedthatshe_____(be)ill,andherparentssuggestedthatshe_____(have)amedicalexamination.⑵Theyoungmaninsistedthathe_____(do)nothingwrongand_____(set)free.【难点3】但在动词insist表“坚持认为，坚持说”；suggest表“暗示，表明”时，名词性从句中的时态不受虚拟语气的限制。9.Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent_____(master)atleastoneforeignlanguage.〖规则4〗在itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,surprising)that引导的主语从句中，主语从句中的谓语动词用should+动词原形。口诀：上述单词的首字母可组成INNS（客栈）。10.⑴HowIwisheveryfamily_____(have)alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!⑵IwishI_____(know)theanswersbeforeyouexplainedit.⑶LookatthetroubleIanin!IfonlyI_____(follow)youradvice!⑷Itisourwishthathe_____(do)whathepleased.〖规则5〗在Iwish,Ifonly(但愿)引导的宾语从句中，与现在虚拟，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。wish作名词时，在相应的名词性从句中，与现在虚拟，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。197 三、在evenif/eventhough,asif/asthough引导的从句中的用法11.⑴Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit_____(be)broken.⑵Hetalkedasifthe_____(know)you.⑶Evenifyouweremymother,Iwouldnotdoasyoutoldmetodo.〖规则6〗在evenif/eventhough,asif/asthough引导的状语从句或表语从句中，与现在虚拟，主句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去虚拟，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时。【难点4】⑴Lookatthedarkclouds!Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.⑵IlikeMrs.Maverymuch.Shetreatsusasifshewereourmother.上述两个句子，第一句是很有可能发生，用陈述语气；第二句不是事实，用虚拟语气。四在固定句式中12.⑴Itis(high)timethathe_____(go)tobed.⑵Iwouldratheryou_____(go)nextSunday.⑶Iwouldratheryou_____(notdo)that.⑷WouldyoumindifI_____(open)thewindow?〖规则7〗在固定句式Itis(high)timethat从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形或一般过去时。在wouldrather引导的宾语从句中，与现在虚拟，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。在Wouldyoumindif从句中，从句谓语动词用一般过去时。13.⑴Iwouldrather_____(go)rightnow.⑵Iwouldrather_____(go)nextSunday.⑶Iwouldrather_____(notdo)that.⑷WouldyoumindifI_____(open)thewindow?〖规则7〗在固定句式Itis(high)timethat从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形或一般过去时。在wouldrather引导的宾语从句中，与现在虚拟，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。在Wouldyoumindif从句中，从句谓语动词用一般过去时。197 13.⑴Iwouldrather_____(go)rightnow.⑵Iwouldrather_____(notgo)rightnow.⑶DoyoumindifI_____(open)thewindow?⑷Would/Doyoumind(my/me)_____(open)thewindow?【难点5】但wouldrather后跟动词，应用动词原形。在Doyoumindif从句中，从句谓语动词用一般现在时。mind不跟从句时,mind后跟_____(doing/todo)。Module14倒装、省略、强调倒装一语中的倒装，作为一种语法手段，用来表示一定句子结构的需要(语法倒装)或者强调某一句子的需要(修饰倒装)。倒装的形式有两种：全部倒装和部分倒装。整装待“发”1.Idon’tlikesinging,nordoIlikecomputers.2.Onlyinthiswaywillwebereadyforthechallengesandopportunitiesinlife.3.Notuntilweknowmorewillwebeabletoimprovethesituation.4.Thereseemstobesomethingwrongwiththemachine.5.Notasinglesongdidshesingatyesterday’sparty.6.Childashewas,hemadealivingbyhimself.7.Shoulditnotrain,wewouldgoforapicnictomorrow.8.Fromthewindowcamesoundofmusic.197 知识回顾，精讲剖析一、全部倒装1.Here_____(be)thebooksyouwant.2.There_____(go)thebell.Let’sgointothehall.3.Away_____(go)theboy.4.Out_____(rush)thechildren.5.Bequick!Here_____(come)thebus.〖规则1〗在以here,there或out,in,away,up,down等副词开头的句子里，表示强调或表示生动，主谓语需要倒装。结构：Out/In/Up/Down/Away/Over/…..+不及物动词+主语6.Awayhewent.他走了。【难点1】如果主语是__________时，主谓语的语序不变。7.Underthetable__________(lie)ablackcat.8.Onthewall__________(hang)twopaintings.〖规则2〗示地点的介词短语放句首时，引起主谓语的倒装，谓语多为be,lie,sit,stand,come,walk等不及物动词。结构：介词短语(表地点)+不及物动词+主语9.PresentatthemeetingwasMr.Green,aheadmaster.10.__________(hide)behindthedoor_____(be)somenaughtychildren.11._______________(操场的前面)isanewly-builthouse.〖规则3〗表语置于句首时，倒装结构为：表语+系动词+主语。在此结构中，表语常由形容词，过去分词，现在分词，介词短语充当。12.“Whatdoesthewordmean?”__________(男孩问).13.“Youshouldhavebeenherefiveminutesearlier,”__________(老师说)，“Thespeechisonnow.”〖规则4〗____________________的一部分或全部放句首时，主句有时也倒装。15.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina.197 16.Maryallyourdreamscometrue!〖规则5〗在某些表示祝福的句子中，也常用倒装结构。二、部分倒装1._____he_____(come)fromFrance?2._____you_____(prefer)teaorcoffee?3.__________goingtohaveatrip?(你打算怎么去旅行？)〖规则1〗疑问句中的倒装疑问句中，将助动词(如be,have,do,will)和_______________(如can,might,could)等置于主语前，构成部分倒装。4._______________(是谁发明了电话)，doyouknow?5.__________(有多少人)tookpartinthecampaignforwomen’sequalright?【难点1】特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，无须__________。6.Onlythen_____I_____(realize)thatIwaswrong.7.Onlyinthisway_____you_____(improve)yourpronunciation.8.Onlywhenhishometownwasliberatedin1949_____he_____(beableto)gotoschool.〖规则2〗Only修饰的副词，__________，__________放句首时，主句部分倒装。9.只有污染问题得到解决，天空才会变得明朗。_________________________，_________________________becomeclear.10.OnlyLilyknowsthis.【难点2】Only修饰__________时，不需要倒装。11.Never_______________(我从来未忘记)thedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.12.NotuntilIbegantowork_____I_____(realize)Ihadwastedmuchtime.13.__________hearrivedtherethanhefellill.(一到那里，他就病倒了)197 14.Hardly/Scarcely_____she_____(fall)asleepwhenaknockatthedoorawakenedher.〖规则3〗含有__________的词放在句首时，常用倒装语序。含有否定意义的词或结构有：not,never,hardly,seldom,little,rarely,scarcely,notuntil…,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,nosooner…than…,hardly…when…,scarcely…when等。【难点3】notuntil+从句放在句首时，从句不倒装，后面主句倒装。【难点4】nosooner…than…/hardly…when…/scarcely…when连接句子时，前句倒装，后句不倒装。15.⑴Notonlythestudents,butalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.⑵Notonlydoeshestudywell,butalsoheisgoodatsports.【难点5】上面所说的词如果不在句首，句子不必用倒装语序。另外，notonly…butalso连接两个主语时，不用倒装。notonly…butalso连接两个句子时，notonly+倒装语序，butalso后的句子不倒装。16._______________(他太生气了)thathecouldn’tspeak.17.__________________(光太快了)thatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.18.____________________(这么漂亮的女孩)thatmanyboysloveher.〖规则4〗当so/such…that…结构中的so或such位于句首时，要用部分倒装语序，即so+adj/adv+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语，或such+n+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语，that后面的从句不倒装。19.Suchwastheresult.Suchwasthestoryhetold.【难点6】such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序。20.IfIhadcomefiveminutesearlier,Iwouldhavemetthefamousscientist.=HadIcomefiveminutesearlier,Iwouldhavemetthefamousscientist.21.假如在年轻10岁，我就会去学跳舞。______________________________，Iwouldlearntodance.〖规则5〗在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如有had,should或were时，可以省略if,197 将had，should或were提前于主语前。22.HehasbeentoBeijing,so__________.(我也去过)23.—Heplaystheviolinquitewell.—So_______________.(我妹也是)〖规则6〗由so或neither/nor引导，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另外的人或物，常用部分倒装语序。24.—Itwascoldyesterday.—Soitwas!【难点7】如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管用so开头，语序也不要倒装。25._______________(虽然他还是个孩子)，heknowsalot.26._______________(虽然他工作努力)，hemadelittleprogress.〖规则7〗as引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/副词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语)。27.Ascientistasheis,hewantstolearnmore.(改错)_______________________【难点8】在“名词+as+主语+谓语”句式中，名词前不加任何冠词。强调一语中的强调是一种修辞，为了对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出强调而采用的一种手段。整装待“发”1.ItwasinNewZealandthatElizabethfirstmetMr.Smith.2.ItwasalongtheMississippiRiverthatMarkTwainspentmuchofhischildhood.197 3.Itwasn’tuntilwehadstayedtogetherforacoupleofweeksthatIfoundwehadalotincommon.4.Ijustwonderwhatitisthatmakeshimsoexcited.5.Wasityesterdaythatyoumetyourteacherinthestreet?6.ItwasIwhosawMr.Whiteintheparklastweek.7.HedidcometoseeyoulastSunday,butyouwereout.知识回顾，精讲剖析一、Itis/was……that/who…句型1.昨天，我在公园丢失了手表。Yesterday,I_______________inthepark.⑴I_______________lostmywatchintheparkyesterday.(昨天在公园丢失了手表的是我。)⑵It______________________Ilostintheparkyesterday.(昨天在公园丢失了的是我的手表。)⑶It____________________thatIlostmywatchyesterday.(昨天在公园我丢失了手表。)〖规则1〗这种强调句型能强调除谓语之外的其他六种成分：_____，_____，_____，定语，补语和表语。但定语，补语和表语极少被强调。【难点1】当被强调的主语是代词时，我们通常用其_____形式。2.Thelastemperordiedinthispalace.⑴__________inthispalacethatthelastemperordied?(这就是最后一个皇帝死去的宫殿吗？)⑵_______________thatdiedinthispalace?(谁死在这宫殿呢？)⑶_______________thatthelastemperordied?(最后一个皇帝死在哪里？)【难点2】这种强调句型也可用于__________。特殊疑问句中只有_____可以被强调。197 3.⑴Hedidn’tgotobeduntilteno’clock.__________notuntilteno’clockthathe_____tobed.⑵Ididn’trealizeshewasafamousfilmstaruntilshetoooffherdarkglasses.Itwas__________shetookoffherdarkglasses_____I_____shewasafamousfilmstar.【难点3】在与否定句连用的until短语或_____在被强调时应注意否定_____。二、do/does/did+动词原形4.⑴.She_____tellmeaboutheraddress,butIforgotallaboutit.⑵.She_____comefromaEuropeancountry.〖规则2〗这种强调句型只能强调谓语部分，时态只有_____和_____，没有疑问和否定形式，在强调的_____前面加助动词do的适当形式，并要重读。5.我真的已经完成工作了。⑴I’vereallyfinishedthework.⑵I’vefinishedtheworkindeed.【难点4】谓语的其他时态强调要用副词really,indeed等。三、强调句型与it引导的主语从句的区别6.判断下面两个句子是强调句还是主语从句⑴Itistherethataccidentsoftenhappen.⑵Itisclearthatnotallboyslikefootball.【难点5】可恢复原句来判断，即把Itis/was……that…去掉，如剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子，如⑴Accidentsoftenhappenthere.这就是_____，否则就不是。如⑵Clearnotalltheboyslikefootball.省略一语中的197 省略句是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。整装待“发”1.(Isthere)Anythingyouwant?2.—IsMr.Kinginhisoffice?—(I’m)Sorry,Idon’tknow(whetherheisornot).3.—Doyoulikethefilm?—Oh,(Ilikeit)verymuch.4.Theyorderedwe(should)notcomelatenexttime.5.—TonightI’llgotothemovie,willyougowithme?—Yes,I’dliketo(gotothemovie).6.—Areyouanengineer?—No,butIwanttobe(anengineer).知识回顾，精讲剖析一、简单句的省略1.⑴(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.⑵Let’sdothedishes.I’llwash(thedishes)andyou’lldry(thedishes).⑶—Areyouready?—Yes,Iam(ready).⑷Theriverwasdeepandtheice(was)thin.〖规则1〗在某些情况下，句子的_____，_____，_____，甚至谓语都有可能省略。二、不定式中的省略2.⑴—Areyougoingthere?—Yes,I’dliketo(gothere).⑵Hedidn’tgivemethechance,thoughhehadpromisedto(givemethe197 change).⑶—Doyouwanttogotothemovietonight?—Ihopeto(_________).⑷Theboywantedtoridehisbikeinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto(_______).⑸—Areyouateacher?—No,butIwanttobe.⑹—Hehasn’tfinishedthetaskyet.—Well,heoughttohave.〖规则2〗在口语中，为了避免重复，_____可以省去和句子前面重复的动词，只保留不定式符号to，可省略不定式作宾语的动词有：hope,wish,like,want,expect,mean,intend,refuse,try,need等。但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have:3.⑴Hetoldmetositdownand(to)waitforamoment.(表示并列)⑵Youarefreetostayortoleave.(表示对比和选择)〖规则3〗当两个或多个不定式并列时，后面的不定式通常_____不定式符号to;但如果表示_____或_____关系，后面不定式中的to要_____。4.⑴Isawtheboyfalldownfromthetree.⑵Theboywasseentofalldownfromthetree.⑶Theslaveowners____________________(让黑人们工作)morethan16hoursaday.⑷Theywereheard_____(唱了)anEnglishsong.【难点1】某些_____动词或_____动词(如see,hear,notice,observe,make,have,let等)后接不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要_____；但他们使用被动语态时，不定式符号to要__________。三、并列句中的省略5.⑴Johnpickeduphispenciland(he)startedtodraw.⑵Myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.⑶HissuggestionsmadeTomhappy,__________(但他的建议使玛丽很生气).197 ⑷Istudyatcollegeand__________.(我妹妹在高中读书)〖规则4〗在并列句中，省略是常见的语法现象。在不引起歧异的情况下，后一句与前一句__________部分都可以省略。四、复合句中的省略6.⑴As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastore-keeper.⑵_______________(当他还是个孩子的时候)，hehadnomoneytoschool.⑶Sheadvisedmenottosayanythinguntil(Iwas)asked.⑷YoumustpracticespeakingEnglishwhenever(itis)possible.〖规则5〗在时间(如as表“当…时候”)，地点，条件，方式和让步状语从句中，如果谓语动词是be或含有助动词be,从句的主语和谓语要_____；或者从句主语为it,谓语动词是be,常把从句的主语和谓语动词(或助动词)be省略掉。7.⑴(I’m)Sorrytohearyouareill.⑵(It’sa)Pitythathemissedsuchagoodchance.〖规则6〗在一些固定用法中，主句中主谓被省略。8.⑴—Ishecomingbacktonight?—Ithinkso.⑵—Shemustbebusynow?—Ifso,shecan’tgowithus.⑶—Isshefeelingbettertoday?—I’mafraidnot.⑷—Doyouthinkhewillattendthemeeting?—Iguessnot.〖规则7〗用so,not省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义。这种用法常见的有：Howso?Whyso?Isthatso?Ihopeso.Hesaidso.及Isuppose/believe/hopenot.五、虚拟语气中的省略(见虚拟语气中的第二)197 Module15构词法一语中的英语构词法是学生应该具备的一项基本技能。主要有合成、转化和派生三种构词法。整装待“发”1.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethundering,cloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.(派生法)2.Undoubtedly,theAmberRoomwasstolenbysomeGermanNazisduringthewar.(派生法)3.Ittookhourstofreethevictimsfromtheruins.(转化)4.What’stheone-wayfaretogetthere?(合成法)知识回顾，精讲剖析1.Afterheinvestedandmadeseveralfilms,hebecameaprofessional_____.(电影制作人)2.Thechildinheritsgoodlooksfromhisparentsandisreally__________.(好看)3.Modernfacilitiesaremassivelyproducedtomakelifemoreenjoyable.Canyouimagineadistantfutureinwhichrobotsare__________(大量生产)？4.Iwentupthestairssecretly,becausemomwassleeping__________(在楼上)5.Hechangedhisjobforabetter__________(收入).6.Itookpartinthe__________(1,500米)raceintheschoolsportsmeet.7.They’rehavingabig_______________(聚会)tocelebratethesuccess.〖规则1〗合成法一般由两个或以上的词合成，主要包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。主要类别例词197 合成名词myself,newspaper,bus-driver,pain-killer,shortwave,highway,get-together,reading-room,grown-up,passer-by,looker-on合成动词self-guard,overcome,overthrow,ill-treat合成形容词man-made,cold-blooded,peace-loving,left-hand,well-known,light-blue,two-year-old,cooler-blind合成副词however,whenever,wherever,someway,anyway,sometime,meanwhile,upstairs,forward,eastward(s)8.Thedish_____good.Ithasagood_____.(taste)9.She__________herroomeveryday,soit’svery_____andtidy.(clean)10.Thecouple_____intheirdonation,andleft_____in_____.(hand)11.Thereisa_____onhisforehead.Hegotit_____inaterriblefightagainstthepoliceinwhichthenumberofthe_____reached17.(wound)〖规则2〗转化法由一种词性转化成另一种或几种词性。转化形式例词备注动词，情态动词，过去词，形容词转化为名词look(v.)→havealook(n)good(adj)→good(n)益处will→will(n)意志，遗嘱theinjured受伤的人the+形容词，或the+过去分词表示“一类…的人”名词，形容词转化为动词water(n)水→water(v)浇水calm(adj)镇定的→calm(v)使镇定better(adj)较好的→better(v)改善12.Thesegoldringsare________whilethoseglassonesare________.(value)13.Helosthiskeys.He’s________,butI’msurehe’llbe________witheverythingfromnowon.(care)14.Hisdaughterisoldenoughto________and________herself.(dress)15.________________(self)isavirtueofChinesepeople.197 16.AtthebeginningtheBlacksintheUShasnorighttovote.Itwas________.(fair)17.Itis________(legal)tohuntrareanimals.18.Myfatherusedtosmokealot,butheisa________(smoke)now.19.Hispooreyesightwasa/an________(convenient)tohim.〖规则3〗派生法由一个词根加上________或________构成另一个词。前缀主要该变词意例词备注常见的否定句前缀in-(不，非)invisible,incomplete以r或l开头的形容词变成反义词分别加前缀ir-或il-im(不，非)imperfect,immoralir-(不，非)irregular,irresistibleil-(不，非)illegal,illogicalun-(不，非)unfair,unhealthynon-(无，没有)nonsense,noneffctivedis-(不，无)disagree,disadvantagemis-(误解，坏)misunderstand,misleading后缀主要改变词性例词一些动词变成该动作或职业的名词时加-or。有：actor,director,visitor,governor,sailor,survivor,inventor,operator等。口诀：学(有学问的人才能作部长197 director)海(一个参观者visitor掉进海里，多亏水手sailor相救成为幸存者survivor)无(operator无线电接线员)涯(谐音演员actor)苦(征服者的征服过程辛苦conqueror)作(制作创作发明者inventor)舟(governor)州长名词-an/-ian(人，家)American,musician-tion/-ation(动作，状态)determination,decision-ence/ency(抽象名词)dependence,frequency-ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee,refugee-eer(人)engineer,volunteer-er/-or(人或物)fighter,actor-ar(人)beggar,liar-ess(女性)actress,waitress-ism(主义，…教)communism,Buddhism-ist(主义者，家)dentist,physicist-ment(表行为，机构等)argument,government-ship(表关系，身份)friendship,citizenship-ty(表状态，性质)difficulty,anxiety-ure(表结果，状态或实物)pressure,pleasure-al(表结果)survival,arrival形容词-able/ible(能够)valuable,responsible-al(…的)natural,cultural-an/-ian(人，地方)American,Russian-en(由……制成)wooden,woolen,golden-ern(表方向)northern,southern-ful(充满…的)useful,careful-ic/-ical(有…性质的)economic,political-ish(似…的，…国家的)selfish,childish,British-ive(有…倾向的)attractive,creative-less(无，不)careless,useless-ly(像…的)friendly,manly-ous(有…性质的)nervous,dangerous-ward(向…)downward,backward-y(有…性质的)noisy,snowy-free(无…的)carefree,dustfree,fat-free动词-en(使变得，使成为…)lengthen,harden,strenghthen-fy(使…化)satisfy,beautify,simplify-ize/ise(使…，变成…)realize,industrialize副词-ly(…地)carefully-ward(s)(向…)forward,downwards,upwards197 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