1-1大学英语语法、重点分析、串讲、最新练习 80页

大学英语语法--系动词与实意动词在解答词汇和语法结构题时，可用以下几种方法：　　1.看准就选的直接选择法　　"词汇与结构"考试的题型由题句和四个备选答案组成。在四个答案中，只有一个是正确的，其余三个都是干扰项。考生在答题时，首先应当运用直接选择法，也就是在做题时找出题句中与备选答案相关的词，利用语法规则--一般为固定搭配或习惯用法，直接选出答案。一旦看准，就不必再往下看，这样既能节省时间，又能提高正确率。　　例：1994年1月四级第45题:  　　Thepoliceseta________tocatchthethieves.　　a.planb.devicec.trapd.trick　　本句意思为：“警察设了一个陷阱来抓小偷。”“设圈套”的一般表达“setatrap”，是一个习惯搭配。　　例：1994年1月四级第62题:  Medicalresearchhasshownthatthewidespreaduseofcigarettescontributes________theincreaseofcancers.　　a.towards　　b.for　　c.with　　d.to本句涉及固定词组contributeto,意为“有助于”“促成”，填入空格中，题句语义连贯。  　　例：1999年6月四级第51题　　Tonyisverydisappointed________theresultsoftheexam。　　A)for　　B)toward　　C)on　　D)with　　本题考查词组的搭配，bedisappointedwith意思是“对……失望”，大部分考生对此词组都很熟悉。　　2.逐个排除法　　在答题时，如果不能从四个备选答案中根据词组的固定搭配或习惯用法直接选出答案的话，就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑，通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析，或通过词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除，确定三项都有错误，以便推论不知意思的项为正确答案。　　例：1999年月四级第50题　　Beingapopstarcanbequiteahardlife，________withalotoftravellingheavyschedules.　　A)asto　　B)inrelationto　　C)owingto　　D)withregardto　　选项C)owingto的意思是“由于”。符合题意“由于时间很紧……”。选项A)asto意思是“至于，关于”。选项B)inrelationto意思是“关于，涉及，与……相比”。而选项D)withregardto意思是“关于”。A)、B)、D)三个选项在意思上都不符合题意。　　例：1995年6月四级第48题　　Whilepeoplemayrefertotelevisionforup-to-the-minutenews,itisunlikelythattelevision________thenewspapercompletely.　　A)replaced　　B)havereplaced　　C)replace　　D)willreplace　　本句的意思是“虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息，但电视不大可能完全取代报纸”。句中unlikely表示说话人认为某事将来不大可能发生，或者认为不大可能成为事实，因此应当用陈述语气将来时。选项A)replaced为一般过去时，从全句意思来看，显然不合适。应予以排除。选项B)havereplace违反了主谓语一致的原则，应予以排除。选项C)replace与单数主语television在数上不一致，也违反了主谓语一致原则，应予以排除。因此，本题答案为D)willreplace。 　　再如：　　Aloneinadesertedhouse，hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefelt________lonely.　　A)nothingbut　　B)anythingbut　　C)allbut　　D)everythingbut　　nothingbut（除……只有），allbut（几乎），everythingbut不是惯用短语，若填入，意思就成了“除了孤独外，什么都感到了”。这样，在逻辑上就不通了。因此A，C，D均与文意不符，故排除。只有anythingbut（除……以外任何事；根本不……）符合文意，所以答案是B。　　3.按动词的适当形式选择　　在英语的各类词性中，动词是变化最多、应用最广的词类。考生除了熟练掌握谓语动词的时态、语态，以及非谓语动词在句中的不同作用之外，在答题时，首先要根据题句中的时间状语来判断谓语动词的时态；其次，按照语法规则（包括习惯搭配）选择出动词的适当形式，同时，还应考虑到题句中时态的前后呼应和题句本身的意义。　　例：1990年1月四级第57题　　Themanagerpromisedtokeepme________ofhowoutbusinesswasgoingon.　　A)tobeinformed　　B)oninforming　　C)informed　　D)informing　　全句意思是：“经理答应让我不断了解我们的业务进展情况”。“keep＋名词＋分词”表示“让……(保持)”。由于inform是及物动词，me是它的动作对象，所以要用过去分词informed。答案是选项C)informed。keepon是一个短语动词，表示“继续做”，keep和on之间不能插入宾语，所以选项B)oninforming不对。我们可以说keepondoingsth.，但不能说keepsb.ondoingsth.。如果keep后面用现在分词，则keep的宾语是分词动作的主题，这与本题不符，所以D)选项也不正确。　　4.概率确定法考生做选择题时，在备选答案中遇到生词是难免的，这时候，不能一见到生词就不知所措，而是应该认真推敲认识的词，同时利用概率论的知识，比较准确地选择答案。如果能够认识四个备选答案中的一个、两个、或三个，可以做出以上的考虑；如果四个都不认识，这是虽用不上任何接题技巧，但也要利用构词知识根据上下文猜一个答案，这样至少会有25%答对的可能性。总之，一定要答题，不能空着。此外，需要强调的是，考生在答题时，对判断不准的答案，不能太犹豫不决，而应该当机立断做出选择。以上几种答题方法，只是基本的常用方法。在答题时要全面考虑问题，不要顾此失彼4.形近动词辨析　　例：1997年6月四级第38题　　Theoldcoupledecidedto____________aboyandagirlthoughtheyhadthreeoftheirown.　　A)adapt　　B)bring　　C)receive　　　D)adopt　　本句的意思是：“这对老夫妇自己已经有了3个孩子，但还是决定……一个男孩和一个女孩。”空格中显然应填入一个表示“收养”意思的词。所以答案是D)adopt。选项A)Adapt和adopt形状相似，但意思截然不同。前者表示“（使）适应”，后者表示“收养”。其它两个选项也都没有“收养”的意思，都不可能是正确答案。　　例：1997年6月四级第36题　　Ihatepeoplewho_________theendofafilmthatyouhaven"tseenbefore.　　A)revealB)rewriteC)reviseD)reverse　　在4个选项中，reveal的意思是makepeopleawareofsomething （让人知道某事），常译为“泄露、揭露”，在本题中可译为“讲出来”，填入句中全句的意思完整。所以答案是A)。选项B)rewrite（改写）和C)revise（修改）。虽然可以与theendofafilm搭配，但本题显然不是说对修改或改写电影结局的人感到讨厌，因为本题指已经摄制完成并公演的电影。所以都是错误的。选项D)reverse的意思是“颠倒”，虽然词形与reveal相近，但与本题意思出入太大，也不可能是答案。　　例：1998年6月四级第63题（六级）　　It"sapleasureforhimto_______hisenergyandevenhiswifetoresearchwork.　　A)dedicate　　B)dictate　　C)decorate　　D)direct　　答案是A。dedicateoneself(sth.)tosth.意为“将（自己，时间，精力等）奉献给（崇高的事业或目的）”。全句的意思是：将自己的力量甚至使自己的妻子奉献给研究事业，对他而言是个乐趣。其它选项的意思是：dictate“口授，指使”；C)decorate“装饰，装修”；D)direct“指向，指导”。　　5.易混词及词组辨析　　例：1995年6月四级第69题　　Acompletelynewsituationwill_______whentheexaminationsystemcomesintoexistence.　　A)arise　　B)rise　　C)raise　　D)arouse　　本句的意思是：新的考试制度实行以后，就会_____一种崭新的情况。空格中应填入一个表示“出现”之类的词，因此答案是A。选项B)rise和arise的词形和读音相近，而且又都是不及物动词，但是两者词意不同，arise做“出现、发生”解，相当于happen，appear。rise则是一个多义词，在不同的上下文中，可译作“升起、上升、起立、上涨”等。题句谈论的是acompletelynewsituation（一种崭新的情况），与之连用的只能是arise，而不是rise。选项C)raise和D)arouse，都是及物动词，raise是个多义词，最常见的意义有“举起、引起”等；arouse则意为“引起、唤醒”。　　6.短语动词的用法　　例：1996年1月四级第46题　　Alovemarriage,however,doesnotnecessarily_____muchsharingofinterestsandresponsibilities.　　A)takeover　　B)resultin　　C)holdon　　D)keepto　　本句空格前的意思是：“然而，恋爱结婚未必_____”，该空格后的意思是“共同分享利益，共同承担义务”。结合选项看，空格中应该是表示“导致”之一的词，因此答案是B)resultin。全句的意思是：“恋爱结婚的结果未必就能保证双方共同分享利益，共同承担义务”。其他三个选项的意思分别是：A)takeover“接管、接收”；C)holdon“紧握，等一会儿”；D)keepto“遵守，坚持”。　　例：1996年1月四级第50题　　Thesportsmeet,originallyduetobeheldlastFriday,wasfinally____becauseofthebadweather.　　A)setoff　　B)brokenoff　　C)wornoff　　D)calledoff　　本句的意思是：“原定于上星期五举行的运动会，由于天气不好，最终_____”。空格中应该是表示“取消”意思的词。因此答案是D)calledoff（取消）。其他三个选项：A)setoff（出发，启程）；B)brokenoff（中止，中断）。C)wornoff是不及物动词，意为“逐渐减少、逐渐消失”，相当于causesomethingtodisappearorberemovedgradually。7.同一动词搭配不同的介词或副词，组成意义不同、用法不同的动词词组，这类动词词组的词义辨析，也是历年考点之一，最常见的是：make，take，count，go，cut，get，have等等。 　　1)动词make的搭配　　例：1999年1月四级第64题　　Whenherealizedthepolicehadspottedhim,theman___theexitasquicklyaspossible.　　A)madeoff　　B)madefor　　C)madeout　　D)madeup　　本句句意：“当意识到警察盯上他事，他立即______出口处”。该空格处应填入“朝……走去”之类意思的词。选项B)madefor有“走向”的意思，所以答案是B。选项A)madeoff（离开，逃走），C)madeout（理解，了解，辨认出），D)都不合题意。　　2)动词take的搭配　　例：1991年6月四级第54题　　Importantpeopledon"toftenhavemuchfreetimeastheirwork________theirtime.　　A)takesaway　　B)takesover　　C)takesup　　D)takesin　　本句的意思式：“大人物不是经常都有很多自由支配的时间，因为他们的工作________了他们的全部时间”。该空格中应是表示“占去，占用”这类意思的词，因此答案是C)takesup（占去）。takeaway意为“拿走”，takeover意为“接管，接收”。　　例：1997年1月四级第27题　　Thenewappointmentofourpresident________fromtheverybeginningofnextsemester.　　A)takeseffectB)takespart  　　C)takesplaceD)takesturns　　本句空格前是：“我们校长的新任期”，空格后是“从下学期一开始”。从4个选项看，答案是表示“生效、起作用”的A)takeseffect。B)takespart意为“参加”；C)takesplace表示“发生、举行”；D)takesturns表示“轮流、依次”。　　3)动词go的搭配用法　　例：1995年6月四级第61题　　Thenthespeaker_____thevariousfactorsleadingtothepresenteconomiccrisis.　　A)wentafter　　B)wentfor　　C)wentinto　　D)wenton　　本句的意思：“接下来演讲人____了导致目前经济危机的各种因素”。空格中应该是表示“谈论”这一意思的词。4个选项都是“go＋介词”构成的短语动词。其中选项C)wentinto的意思是“谈论、叙述”，是本题的答案。其他选项的意思分别为：A)wentafter（追求、设法得到）；D)wenton（进行）；  　　B)wentfor（袭击）。　　4)动词cut的搭配用法　　例：1989年1月四级第70题　　Whenthewholeareawas______bytheflood,thegovernmentsentfoodtherebyhelicopter.　　A)cutaway　　　　　　B)cutdown  　　C)cutup　　　　　　　D)cutoff　　本句的意思是：“当整个地区被洪水时，政府派直升机讲食品运送到那里”。从所给的4个选项看，空格中应该是表示“隔绝、受阻”之意的词。因此答案是D)。A)cutaway“匆匆跑掉；逃走”B)cutdown“砍倒、削减”；以及C)cutup“切碎”。　　5)动词count的搭配用法　　例：1996年1月四级第32题　　Themanagerneedsanassistantthathecan_____totakecareofproblemsinhis absence.　　A)counton　　B)countin  　　C)countup　　D)countout　　从句子前后内容及所给4个选项看，空格中应填入表示“依靠”的动词。所以答案是A)counton，意为“依靠、指望”，相当于dependon，expect。其它选项意思分别是：B)countin“把……计算在内”；C)countup“把……加起来”；D)countout“不把……算在内”。　　6)动词have的搭配用法　　havesbdosth：要某人做某事　　have＋名词＋动词过去分词：使……被……　　have＋名词＋动词现在分词：表示分词的动作正在进行。　　例：1989年1月四级第53题　　Mysister"sprofessorhadher_____herpapermanytimesbeforeallowinghertopresentittothecommittee.　　A)rewritten　　B)torewrite　　C)rewrite　　D)rewriting　　havesbdosth意思是persuadeorordersbtodosth（要某人做某事）。全句的意思是：“我妹妹的教授让她把论文改写了多次后，才同意她把论文提交委员会”。因此答案是C)rewrite。少数考生选了B)torewrite。但是因为动词have不能用带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以不对。7)动词give的搭配用法　　例：1990年1月四级第56题　　Theengine______smokeandsteam.　　A)givesup　　B)givesin　　C)givesaway　　D)givesoff　　这是一个简单的“主语＋谓语＋宾语”结构的句子。主语是theengine（发动机），smokeandsteam（烟和蒸汽）是宾语。词题中的四个选项giveoff，giveup，givein，giveaway是一组由“动词give＋副词”构成的短语动词，他们的意义不相同。答案是D)givesoff（释放、放出）。其它选项的意思分别是：A)givesup（向上排放）；B)givesin（让步、屈服）；C)givesaway（赠送、泄露）。　　8)动词turn的搭配用法　　例：1993年1月四级第56题　　TheFrenchpianistwhohadbeenpraisedveryhighly_______tobeagreatdisappointment.　　A)turnedup　　B)turnedin  　　C)turnedout　　D)turneddown　　从所给的四个选项看，空格中应填入选项C)turnedout。turnout有几个不同的意思，其中之一是“结果是，（最后）证明是”。全句意思是：“那个曾经受到很高评价的法国钢琴家结果却使人们大为失望”。其它选项的意思是；A)turnedup出现，开大（收音机等）；B)turnedin交还；D)turneddown拧小（收音机音量，水龙头等），拒绝。turnout与turnup是不及物动词短语，而turnin与turndown为及物动词短语。　　9)动词break的搭配用法　　例：1995年6月四级第59题　　Whenafire________attheNationalExhibitioninLondon,atleasttenpricelesspaintingswerecompletelydestroyed.　　A)brokeoff　　　B)brokeout  　　C)brokedown　　D)brokeup 　　本句的意思是：“当伦敦国家展览馆大火时，至少10幅珍贵的画被完全烧毁”。空格中应该是表示“发生”这意意思的词。题中的4个选型都是“break+副词”构成的短语动词。答案是B)brokeout，意思谓“爆发，突然发生”。其它选项的意思是：A)brokeoff“停止，中断”；C)brokedown“毁坏，失灵”；D)brokeup“散，中止”。英语一串讲第一部分单元重点句型和常考句子UnitOne1.主语+find+it+形容词+todosth.　　Somepeoplewhoareveryintelligentandsuccessfulintheirfieldsfinditdifficulttosucceedinlanguagelearning.（line2）　　Theyfinditeasytopracticeusingthelanguageregularlybecausetheywanttolearnwithit.(line38)2.Itis+形容词+forsb.+todosth.　　Itis+形容词比较级+todosth.+than+todosth.　　Itisnecessaryforthemtolearnthelanguageinordertocommunicatewiththesepeopleandtolearnfromthem.（Line36）　　Itismoreimportantforthemtolearntothinkinthelanguagethantoknowthemeaningofeveryword.(Line32)3….shows/showedthat从句　　Languagelearningresearchshowsthatsuccessfullanguagelearnersaresimilarinmanyways.（Line14）4.Languagelearningisdifferentfromotherkindsoflearning.(Line6)5.Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain,theytrytofindthe  patternsandrulesforthemselves.(Line19-20)6.Ontheotherhand,ifyourlanguagelearninghasbeenlessthansuccessful,youmightdowelltotrysomeofthetechniqueoutlinedabove.UnitTwo1.…spend+(时间、钱等)onsth.在…上花费时间、钱等　　…spend+(时间、钱等)indoingsth.花费时间、钱等做..　　Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms.（L35）　　他们说政府在一些没有用处的、不切实际的项目上花钱太多。2.Taxesconsistofthemoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.(L5)3.Thepercentagevariesfrompersontoperson.(L11)4.Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,whenthefederaltaxesaredue.(L14)5.Otherstateshaveasalestax,whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitemwhichyou buyinthatstate.(L20)6.AlthoughAmericanshavedifferentviewsonmanyissues,theytendtoagreeononesubject:taxesaretoohigh.(最后一行)UnitThree1.表示倍数的句型：倍数+as+形容词+as　　TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacific.大西洋只有太平洋的一半大。2.so+形容词that从句/such+形容词+that从句表示如此…以至于…　　ThereissomuchwaterintheAtlanticthatitishardtoimaginehowmuchthereis.　　大西洋里有如此多的水，以致于很难想象到底有多少。　　Wenowhavesuchfastwaysoftravelingthatthisbigoceanseemstohavegrownsmaller.　　如今我们有许多如此之快的旅行方式，以致于大西洋几乎变得渺小了。3.Ittakessb.+时间+todosth.花费某人（多长）时间做某件事　　Itwouldtaketheoceanabout4,000yearstodryup.大西洋的水大约4,000就会干涸。4.ForcenturiesitkepttheAmericasfrombeingdiscoveredbythepeopleofEurope.　　几个世纪以来大西洋使美洲没有被欧洲人发现。5.oceancurrentsaffecttheclimatesofthelandsnearwhichtheyflow.　　洋流影响着它所流经地区附近陆地的气候。UnitFour1.Psychologicalresearchhasfocusedonanumberofbasicprinciplesthathelpmemory.(Para.1)2.Informationthatdoesnotmakeanysensetoyouisdifficulttoremember.(Para.2)3.Howusefulwouldalibrarybeifthebookswerekeptinrandomorder?(Para.3)4.Categorizingisanothermeansoforganization.(Para.3)5.Needlesstosay,thesecondlistcanberememberedmoreeasilythanthefirstone.(Para.3)UnitFive1.Somesavagetribesbelievedthateatingenemiesthathadshownbraveryinbattlewouldmakethembrave.2.Man-eatingmayhavestartedbecausepeoplewereeagertobecomeasstrongandbraveastheirenemies.3.Fishisgoodbrainfoodjustasitisgoodmusclefoodandskinfoodandbonefood.4.Washingfooddownwithwaterasasubstituteforchewingisnotagoodidea.5.Itisjustasfoolishtosaythatoneshouldnevereatmeatandpotatoestogetherasitistosaythatoneshouldnevereatbreadordrinkmilk. UnitSix1.Inthe1600"s,travelersfromEurope_______(bring)backdiamondsfromIndia.(00.4)　　答案为brought。考点是一般过去时，bring是不规则动词，过去式是brought.2.Thereareonlyfourareas______verymanydiamondshavebeenfound.(02.10)　　A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which　　答案为B。考点是定语从句。先行词为areas，因此用where引导定语从句。3.Inthe1720"s,diamonds_______(discover)inBrazil.(02.10)　　答案为werediscovered。考点是一般过去式的被动式，因为Inthe1720"s是明显的过去时的时间状语。4.Therealdifferencebetweenplantsandanimals______inwhattheydo,andnotinwhattheyseemtobe.(01.10)　　A.islaidB.islainC.laysD.lies　　答案是D。考点是liein在于。Lie的词型变化为lie,lay,lain5.Wenowknowthatabout______allthekindsofseaweedareanimals.(01.10)　　A.onefourthB.onefourthofC.onefourofD.theonefourth　　答案为B。考点是四分之一的表达，并且根据本句的意思还要加上所属格of.此句的意思为"我们现在知道了在各种海草中约有四分之一是动物。6.Animalscanliveonlyon______plantshavealreadyturnedforminorganictovegetablematter.(01.10)　　A.thatB.whichC.whatD.how　　答案是C.此句的意思是动物只能靠植物将无机物转换成植物性物质来生活。What引导宾语从句做on的介词宾语。7.Thefirst______(know)areawasinIndia,wherediamondswerefoundthousandsofyearsago.（01.10）　　答案是known。考点是过去分词做定语。TextB1.Yourfirstthoughtmightbethataplanthasleavesandrootsandflowers,whichananimalhasnot.2.StudentsofNaturearenotsatisfiedwithguessing.大自然的研究者不满足于猜测。3.Theyseemanythingsmostpeoplewouldfailtosee.他们看到了大多数人看不到的许多东西。4.Besidesthewater,ittakesupsuchpartsofthesoilasaredissolvedinthewater.　　此句是as引导的定语从句。可以翻译为"植物还吸收土壤中那些溶于水的东西。"5.Herethen,youseeinwhatwaysthefoodoftheplantisdifferentformthatofanimals.　　现在，你就可以明白植物的食物与动物的食物在那些方面有区别UnitSeven 1.Generally,thechildrenstayinthenuclearfamily______theygrowupandmarry.　　A.althoughB.asC.untilD.where　　答案是C.until：表示直到…才2.Traditionally,allthemembersofan_______(extend)familylivedinthesamearea.　　答案是extendedextended。extended在这里是形容词，表示展开的，延伸的。3.汉译英：大多数单亲父母发现独自照顾家庭很困难。　　Mostsingleparentsfinditdifficulttotakecareoffamilyalone.TextB1.Inaddition,thetraditionalhusbandusuallymadethebigdecisionsaboutspendingmoney.2.Also,thetraditionalhusbanddidnothelphiswifewiththehouseworkormealpreparation.　　Helpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事3.Theirmotherisbusygettingreadyforwork,sotheymayevenhavetomaketheirownbreakfast.UnitEight1.Bythemiddleofthecentury,bothradioandtelevisionhadbecomeestablishedmeansoftransmittingsoundsand/orpictures.2.Satellitesarecapableoftransmittingnotonlytelevisionbroadcasts,buttelephonecallsandprintedmaterialssuchasbooksandmagazines.3.Thesatellitealsodemonstratedhowitcouldprovidehelptopeoplelivinginisolatedareaswheretransportationisdifficult.4.Anotherworryisthattelecommunicationsystemsmayisolatepeoplefromeachother.UnitNine1.Therearethosewordswithwhichwebecomefamiliarinordinaryconversation.2.Ontheotherhand,ourlanguageincludesalargenumberofwordswhicharerelativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.　　Ontheotherhand另一方面;alargenumberof大量的，修饰可数名词　　Used过去分词作状语。3.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedperson.4.Thedifferencebetweenthemandpopularwordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflanguage.　　be+of+名词=be+形容词;　　操练：相互理解对于友谊是至关重要的。　　Understandingeachotherisofgreatimportancetofriendship.5.Differentopinionsmaycomeupastotheclassificationofanyparticularword.　　操练： 如果形势变坏，可能出现严重问题。　　Seriousproblemsmaycomeupifthesituationbecomesworse.UnitTen1.Therearescientificwaysinwhichmansolvesproblems.人们可以以科学的方法来解决问题。2.Problemsariseinavarietyofways.问题出现的方式有多种方式。3.Problemsarearisingfromnewdiscoveriesinthefieldsofnuclearphysics,biologicalengineeringandmicroelectronics.问题多产生于核物理、生物工程和微电子领域的新发现。4.Thedevelopmentofindustryhasalsobroughtaboutlargenumbersofproblemswhichhavetobesolved.工业的发展也带来了大量的必须解决的问题。5.Oftenthismeansgoingtothelibraryandstudyingbookswhichcontainaccountsofman"sexperienceandknowledgeoftheproblem.　　Means后面接动名词作宾语，表示"意味着"。后面接动词不定式表示"企图，打算去做…"。英语一串讲第一部分单元重点句型和常考句子UnitEleven1.Sortingthroughtheirpossessions,theycameupwithsome1,500old,unwanteditems.2.Eagerbuyersboughtallbut50oftheitemsinoneweekend,leavingthefamily$442richer.3.Garage-saleitemsusuallyarepricedataverysmallpartoftheiroriginalcost.4.Onepsychologistsuggeststhatpeoplearefedupwiththecomputerizationoftheirlives.Theyspendtheirweekendsgoingfromsaletosale,hopingtorunacrossarealtreasure.UnitTwelve1.Forstudents,almostallstudyinginvolvesreading.对学生来说，差不多所有的学习都涉及到阅读。involve后接动名词作宾语。2.Thepurposeofscanningistogetaquickunderstandingofwhattoexpectfromthereading,sothatyouwillknowwhatyouarereadingasyougoalong.(para.4)浏览的目的是迅速了解能从阅读中获取什么，这样你就在阅读过程中清楚你读的内容。3.Theexpression"hastemakeswaste"doesnotapplytoreading.“欲速则不达”这个说法并不适用于阅读。4.Remember,nothinghurtsconcentrationmorethanreadingtooslowly.要记住，没有什么比读得太慢更能影响注意力集中了。 5.Byalwaysreadingatyourtopspeed,youchallengeyourunderstandingandmakeiteasierforyourmindtoconcentrateonthematerial.通过始终以最快速度阅读，你向你的理解力提出挑战，从而使你的思想更容易集中在你的阅读材料上。6.Themorewordsyouarefamiliarwith,thelessyouareawareofreadingwordsandthemoreyouareawareofcontentandmeaning.你认识的单词越多，你越不觉得你是在读词，而越觉得你在理解内容和意义。扩大词汇会帮助你读得更快，效果更好。7.Manypeoplesimplyskipoverwordstheydonotunderstand.很多人对不理解的单词只是单纯地跳过去。8.Otherpeoplestopateachnewwordandlookitupinthedictionary,butthismethodcanslowdownyourreading,affectingconcentrationandcomprehension.9.Butyoucanbuildyourvocabularywithoutusingadictionaryeachtime.10.Thekeytothemethodistobealerttonewwords.使用这个方法的关键是特别留意生词。UnitThirteen1.TheAmericanconsumeroftenfeelsconstantlydisturbedbyinsuranceagents.(para.1)2.Threereasonswhyweareunwillingtodiscussinsurancecanbesuggested.(para.3)reason后面定语从句的关系副词由why来引导。beunwillingtodosth.表示"不愿意做…"3.Ineffect,theypayasmuchfortheinsuranceastheydoforthecaritself.(para.3)Ineffect实际上，本句意思是：实际上，他们买保险付的钱和买汽车付的钱一样多。4.Insurancealsoremindsusthatweliveinanunsafeworld.(para.4)保险也提醒我们生活在一个不安全的世界里。5.Wewouldrathertalkaboutfootballortheweatherorwhatwehadforlunch.(para.4)Wouldrather宁愿，更愿，后接动词原形。Hewouldratherjoinyouinthisworkthanstayathome.他宁愿和你们一起参加这项工作，而不愿呆在家里。有时wouldrather后可跟一个名词从句，这时从句中的动词要用虚拟语气形式，从句谓语动词用过去时。例如：Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowthantoday.我宁愿你明天来。Iwouldratheryoudidn"ttellhimnow.我宁愿你现在不告诉他。6.Wefeelinadequateandtrytohideourignorancebyavoidingdiscussionsofinsurance. (para.5)7.Wedon"tdependentirelyonsalespeoplewhenwebuyacar,ahouse,orasuitofclothes.Neithershouldwedependentirelyontheagentwhenwebuyinsurance.(para.6)dependentirelyon完全依赖于8.Theintelligentconsumerlooksproblemsintheface.(para.7)9.Althoughinsurancecanbecomplex,itsbasicconceptsareneitherdifficultnorimpossibletolearn.neither….nor既不….也不10.Insurancefundamentalscanbeunderstoodbythosewillingtostudythem."Willingtostudythem"是those的定语。UnitFourteen1.Thisiswhatmannersareabout:actinginacivilizedwaytoavoidmisunderstanding,friction,andconflict.(para.1)avoid后面要接动名词作宾语。2.Yetwecannotinteractwithotherswithoutsomerulesofbehavior,rulesthataresetbysomeformofsocialconsensus.(para.2)interactwith与….打交道3.Rudepeoplearethosewhosebehaviorshowslittlerespectfortherulesthatthemajorityfollow.(para.2)某些人的行为很少尊重大多数人所遵从的准则，他们就是粗鲁的人。4.Theyarenotevenawarethatthishabitwillbothertheothermembersoftheaudience.(para.2)注意此句的翻译beawarethat表示意识到…..他们甚至意识不到这种习惯会影响其他观众。5.Itisbettertoremainunknownthantomakepeoplehateyou.(para.3)"make"后面接省略to的不定式作宾补。6.Kidswhohavenoideawhatbeingpolitemeanswillpaythepricesoonerorlater.(para.4)不知什么叫礼貌的孩子们迟早要为此付出代价的。7.Sincegettingajobisusuallybasedonmakingtherightimpression,itisalwaysagoodideatobekindandpolite."bebasedon"建立在…基础上；on是介词后面要接动名词。UnitFifteen1.Formorethanaquarterofacentury,evidencehasbeenincreasingthatchildren"sexposuretoviolenceontelevisionhaslong-lastingeffectsontheirbehavior.(para.1)2.Childrennaturallyoftenwantthetoysshownonandadvertisedduringtheseprograms.(para.3)Shownon与advertised都是过去分词作定语修饰toys。3.Childrensimplyimitatethebehaviorobservedduringtheprogram,thusundermining boththeimaginativeandtheexpressivefunctionsofplay.(para.3)observed是过去分词作定语修饰behavior.4.SomeresearchevensuggeststhatchildrenapplythebehaviorsobservedonTVprogramstotheirreal-lifesituations.(para.3)"apply…to…"把…应用到….上5.Itisagoodideaforparentstomonitortheamountaswellasthekindoftelevisiontheirpreschoolchildwatches.(para.4)父母监督学龄前儿童所看电视的数量及种类，这是一个好主意。6.Manypreschoolteachersdonotliketohavecommerciallymadetoyweaponsbroughtintotheclassroomandwelcomehearingyourconcernsaboutthismatter.(para.6)7.Lookforotherparentswhoshareyourviews(para.6)还可以找找与你们持有同样看法的其他父母。UnitSixteen1.Thedeathratefromthediseasehasbeenincreasingatanalarmingspeedforthepastthirtyyears.(para.1)2.Westernhealth-caresystemsarespendinghugesumsofmoneyonthesurgicaltreatmentofthedisease.(para.1)3.Theemphasisontreatmentisclearlyassociatedwiththetechnologicaladvancesthathavetakenplaceinthepasttentofifteenyears.4.Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingthatthereisaconnectionbetweenheartdiseaseandthewaytheylive.5.Manyarepayingmoreattentiontoreducingstressintheirlives.UnitSeventeen1.Frightenedbythethoughtthatshewashavingaheartattack,Annescreamedforhelp.(para.1)2.MoreandmoreAmericansnowadaysarehavingpanicattacksliketheoneexperiencedbyAnnePeters.(para.2)3.Apersonseizedbyapanicattackmayshowallorasfewasfourofthesesymptoms.(para.4)4.Therehasbeenalotofexplanationsastothecausesofpanicattacks.(para.5)5.Itisreportedthatthereareatleastthreesignsthatindicateapersonissufferingfromapanicattackratherthanaheartattacks.(para.6)6.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapanicattackdoesnotdirectlyendangeraperson"slife.UnitEighteen1.Theoldestknownmapintheacceptedsenseofthewordwasdrawnabout3,800BC. (para.1)2.ItwasnotuntilmanycenturieslaterthattheancientGreeksplacedthescienceofmap-makingonasoundfooting.itwasnotuntil….that直到…才3.Giventhestateofknowledgeofthosetimes,hegotthingswrong;forexample,hisestimateofChinaandtheAtlanticOceanwasfarfrombeingaccurate.Given鉴于，考虑到；farfrom远远不…4.NorthatthetopremainedtheacceptedarrangementuntiltheearlyMiddleAges,whentheChurchbegantointerfereseriouslywiththeadvanceofscience.UnitNineteen1.Ananimalspeciesbecomesextinctwhenitfailstoproduceenoughyoungineachgenerationtokeeppacewiththedeath-rate.(para.1)2.Anumberofexamplescanbegivenofthewayinwhichnaturalenvironmentarebeingrapidlychanged-Amazonia,forinstance.(para.2)3.Oftenthenumbersaresogreatthehuntersmaynotrealizethedanger.(para.2)4.Itisimportanttorealize,though,thatanimalsaresometimeskilledoutoffear.(para.2)5.Manypeopleareconcernedaboutanimalsandwildlifeconservation.(para.3)UnitTwenty1.Inthesamewaythatdiseaserangefromthecommoncoldtofatalformsofcancer,crimesvaryindegree.(para.2,TextA)2.Inadditiontobreakingthelawthemselves,peopletoleratevariouslevelsofcrime.(para.3)3.Itmaybethat,byseeingothersdosomething,weacceptitmoreeasily.(para.3)seesb.dosth.看见某人做某事，省略to的不定式。4.Forinstance,mostpeoplewillfinditeasiertospeedonahighwaywheneverybodyelseisdrivingoverthespeedlimit.(para.3)5.Webecomeusedtoseeingbloodonthenewsontelevision,orinfullcolorinnewspapersandmagazines.(para.4)6.Yet,whenitcomestorespectingtherightsofamassofanonymousindividuals,wemightnotbesoresponsible.UnitTwenty-one1.Uncertaintyspreadsthroughourlivessothoroughlythatitdominatesourlanguage.(para.1)2.Oureverydayspeechismadeupinlargepartofwordslikeprobably,many,soon,great,little.(para.1)UnitTwenty-two 1．Heassuredusthathewouldbenobetterservedbyafitnessprogramthanbylearningtoplybridge.(para.1)2.Thisstudenthasseenbeingphysicallyfitasanendratherthanthemeansweknowittobe.(para.2)see…as把…看作…3.I"malreadyfit,andwithmyschedule,I"llhavenodifficultystayingthatway.(para.4)havedifficulty(in)doingsth.做…有困难4.Keepinmind,however,thatallpeoplearedifferentandsomemayprogressfasterthanothers.(para.12)UnitTwenty-three1.Whensomeoneissayingsomethingwithwhichheagrees,theaverageEuropeanwillsmileandnodapproval.2.Inthiswayyousignalyourreactions,andcommunicatethemtothespeakerwithoutsayingaword.3.Ireferredamomentagoto"theaverageEuropean",becausebodylanguageisverymuchtiedtoculture,andinordernottomisunderstand,ornottobemisunderstood,youmustrealizethis.4.AsmilingChinese,forinstance,maynotbeapprovingbutsomewhatembarrassed.5.QuitealotofworkisnowbeingdoneonthesubjectofNVC.6.Infact,non-verbalcommunicationcan,asthesayinggoes,speakvolumes.UnitTwenty-four1.Accordingtomanyscientists,theburningofrainforestsisalsodirectlycontributingtotheso-calledgreenhouseeffect.(para.3)2.Thecountriesinwhichtherainforestsarelocatedareallquitepoorandoverpopulated.(para.6)3.Oneofthem,Brazil,hasapopulationof140million,abouthalfofwhomarelivinginabsolutepoverty.(para.6)4.Thegovernmentoftenhavenochoicebuttoturnablindeye.(para.6)5.Thelocalpeoplecouldalsobetaughttoearnmoremoneybycuttingtheselectedtreesandmakingthemintofurnitureonthespot.(para.8)UnitTwenty-five1.Americanmendon"tcrybecauseitisconsiderednotcharacteristicofmentodoso.(para.1)2.Cryisa"weakness"characteristicofthefemale,andnoAmericanmalewantstobeidenticalwithanythingintheleastweakorfeminine.(para.1)3.Inalandsodevotedtothepursuitofhappinessasours,cryingreallyisratherun-American.(para.1)4.Adultsmustlearnnottocryinsituationsinwhichitispermissibleforachildtocry.(para.1)5.Womenbeingthe"weaker"and"dependent"sex,itisonlynaturalthattheyshould cryincertainemotionalsituations.(para.1)6.SogoestheAmericanbeliefwithregardtocrying.(para.1)大学英语高自考应试技巧及复习建议为便于同学们更好地进行复习，并在考试中取得好成绩，现结合高自考英语（一）的考试题型，介绍应试技巧并提出复习建议，供同学们参考。　　I.词汇和结构选择填空题(VocabularyandStructure)　　一、题解　　　　顾名思义，“词汇和结构”，那肯定是考查语法结构和词语用法搭配。在本题中，语法题约占一半，它主要考查关联词、介词和代词的应用。当然此题中也可能有考查动词、形容词和副词的形态变化的内容，以及词义选择方面的内容。　　1．经常考查从句：　　句法：重点是各种从句以及倒装句、强调句的用法。考前要重点复习第15、16、17、19、20单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。　　主语从句：what,that区别　　定语从句：引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；that,which的区别;　　例：Thereareonlyfourareas_____verymanydiamondshavebeenfound.　(02.10)　　A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which　　答案：B.　　Itisimportanttorealizethatthesametechnology_____helpsusmayalsoharmus.　　A.asB.thatC.whatD.when　　同位语从句：注意先行词经常是fact,evidence,idea,thought,belief,　　Afewyearsagothebeliefbecamegenerallyaccepted_____orangejuiceandmilkshouldneverbedrunkatthesamemeal.(01.102.4)　　A.whichB.thatC.howD.why　　答案：B　　状语从句：引导各种从句的关连词。　　Thechildrenstayinthenuclearfamily_____theygrowupandmarry.　　A.becauseB.onceC.afterD.until　　答案：D.　　Thedifferencebetweenthebabytwinsissosmall_____itisevenhardfortheirMumtotell.　　A.asB.thatC.sinceD.if　　答案：B.　　宾语从句：一般用that,what,where,which,how等等引导。注意宾语从句的语序是倒装语序。例：　　Studieshaveshown______teenagersoftensufferfromdepression.(02.4)　　A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.inthat　　答案：A　　Shedecidedtodo______alotofothergirlsweredoingthosedays.(02.10)　　A.howB.whyC.whichD.what　　答案：D 倒装句：倒装句的几种形式　　强调句：注意强调句的句型。　　Itwas______manycenturieslaterthattheancientGreeksplacedthescienceofmapmakingonasoundfooting.　　A.notB.untilC.notuntilD.untilnot　　答案：C　　二．词汇搭配：　　１.Theburningofrainforestsisdirectly_____totheso-calledgreenhouseeffect.　　A.contributingB.attributingC.constitutingD.associating　　2.Onewaytopreservespecies______threatofextinctionistoremovethemtozoosandparksandbreedthemthere.　　A.forB.withC.underD.beyond　　3.Sciencebegantodeveloprapidlywhenmanlaid_____hiswrongbeliefsandbegantoseektrueexplanations.　　A.outB.downC.asideD.outside　　词义选择：1.Tomatoeswereoncecalledloveapplesandweresupposedtomakethosewhoatethem____inlove.　　A.fellB.feelC.fallD.felt　　2.Remember,nothinghurtsconcentration______readingtooslowly.　　A.ratherthanB.aswellasC.morethanD.insteadof　　3.Heartsurgerycausesthecostsofgeneralhospitalcareto_____.　　A.raiseB.ariseC.riseD.arouse　　名词主要考察名词的数　　3．代词：重点代词的考查　　either…or，neither…nor搭配;few,afew,little,alittle的区别；other,another,theother,others,的区别；　　other指另外的人或物；others泛指别人，可与some连用；theother指两个中的另一个，常和one连用；theothers表示其余所有的人或物；another则泛指另一个。　　Somepupilsarereadingthetextloudly,othersaredoingtheirhomework.　　Mrs.Clarkhastwobeautifulhats.Oneisred,theotherisblue.　　Thissuitdoesn’tfitme.Wouldyoupleaseshowmeanotherone?　　4．数词：序数词、分数的表达　　序数词：thefirst,thesecond,thethird,theforth.…..　　分数：三分之二，twothirds;四分之三，threefourths;　　onehundred;twohundred(正)，twohundreds(误)；hundredsof(正)，twohundredsof（误）；　　例：Wenowknowthatabout_____allthekindsofseaweedareanimals.　　A.onefourthB.onefourthofC.onefourofD.theonefourth　　答案：B.　　Theatmosphereconsistsofanoceanofgases_____mileshigh.　　A.hundredsB.hundredsofC.ofhundredsD.ofhundredsof 　　5．形容词和副词：比较级、最高级，以及比较句式　　A.对于单音节和少数如以-er,-ow,-le,-y结尾的双音节词变化规则为：　　比较级：原级+词尾-er;最高级：原级+词尾-est；词尾若为字母e,可直接加-r和-st。large–larger–largest;narrow–narrower–narrowest;　　B.词尾以“辅音+y”结尾时，先将y改成i,再加-er和-est.例如：happy–happier–happiest;busy–busier–busiest;　　C.单音节词尾为“短元音+辅音”时，双写结尾辅音，再加-er和-est。例如：big–bigger–biggest;fat–fatter–fattest　　D.多音节词和大多数双音节词构成比较级和最高级时分别加more和most.例如：active–moreactive–mostactive;carefully–morecarefully–mostcarefully　　少数形容词和副词的变化是不规则的：　　原级比较级最高级　　good,wellbetterbest　　bad,badly,illworseworst　　many,muchmoremost　　littlelessleast　　farfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest　　oldolder,elderoldest,eldest　　farther与further都是far的比较级和最高级，但是farther指具体含义的“更远”，further指抽象含义的“更远”，有“进一步”的意思。Elder与eldest也是old的比较级和最高级，主要表示兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。比较结构：　　1).…as+形容词、副词原级+as…　　Thetreeisastallasthebuilding.　　Heisasbusyasbefore.他还是像以前那样忙。　　2)…as+形容词+(a)+名词+as…　　We’llgiveyouasmuchhelpaswecan.　　HewantstobeasgreatascientistasNewton.　　3)表示倍数：倍数+as+原级+as　　Freshfruitcoststwiceasmuchascannedfruit.新鲜水果的价钱比罐头水果贵一倍。　　4)…notas/so+原级+as…　　I’mnotsoexperiencedasyouthink.　　Ihaven’tmadeasmuchprogressasIshould.我没有取得应有的进步。　　Idon’tsingpopularsongshalfsowellasyou.我唱流行歌曲还没有你一半好。　　5)比较级+than　　Thisbedismorecomfortablethantheother.这张床比那张要舒服。　　Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.鲸和马同样不是鱼。　　Shegoestoschoolearlierthantheotherclassmates.她上学比其他同学都早。　　注意：比较级前可加表示程度的状语，如：alittle,abit,slightly,alot,byfar,somewhat等。　　Thisroomisfar/muchcoolerthanthatone.这间屋子比那间要凉快得多。　　6)the+形容词比较级…，the+形容词比较级表示越…就越…　　Actually,thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.事实上，他越忙越高兴。　　6．介词：主要掌握介词与某些其他词的固定搭配关系，如：动词+介词（belongto,insiston等）；名词+介词（keyto,searchfor等）；形容词+介词（fondof,similarto等）；介词+其他词构成的习惯用法，如：beforelong,atfirst,ofcourse等。常考的介词搭配如：asto,asfor,substitutefor,layaside,intermsof,besureof,succeedindoingsth.,remindsb.ofsth.;protect…from,resultin,resultfrom,asaresult of,concernedabout,dependon,relyon,liveon,liein,consistof,besatisfiedwith,lookup,inadditionto,serveas,regardlessof,despite,inspiteof,contributeto,atleast,spend…onsth.　　三．词汇学习要注意用法和固定搭配，特别是各类词与介词的搭配。考前要重点复习第12单元的语法讲解和语法练习。书后所附的词组表也是复习的重点。　　四．本题所用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的。其中70％句子选自课文、课文注释或课文练习，30%选自语法讲解部分的例句或语法练习。所以必须将教材学好学通。II．完型填空题(ClozeTest)　　一、题解　　按考纲规定，完形填空题的考查重点是语法，包括一致关系、动词时态、语态，名词的数，代词，形容词和副词的级，连词，介词等。从最近的几次考试看，完形填空题的语法重点仍在连接各种从句的关联词上，除此之外，也有一部分题是考查介词和代词的。　　完形填空的选择项可能是名词、动词、形容词、介词、副词或连词。　　二、应试技巧　　完形填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。做完形填空题，考生必须具有扎实的语法基础、比较牢固的词汇基础以及良好的语感。　　1．做题步骤　　1)通览全篇，分文体，定结构，知大意。　　做完形填空题，答题的关键在于准确理解短文的大意。要做到这一点，就要分清文章的文体与行文结构．本题的短文多为说明文或议论文，结构较紧凑，往往开门见山地提出主题，然后逐点说明或评议，最后小结。所以做题前应浏览全篇，重点是首段、尾段以及每段的首句、尾句。　　2）初选答案，理脉络，顾前后，忌恋战。　　在掌握文章大意的基础上，根据上下文所提供的搭配、结构、语义等线索来初选答案。初选时，要着眼空格所在的完整句子，瞻前顾后，重点解决与结构、搭配有关的小题。对于个别词汇的考题，如果一时难以抉择，不要恋战，而是继续往下进行，往往进行到下文，对前边的问题就会有了主意。　　3）复读全文，核答案，句通顺，意要畅　　题目做完后，要通读“完形”后的全文，核查自己所选的答案能否使文章连贯，语法正确。如果你发现你所选的某个答案放在句中读起来很别扭，那么你的语感在提醒你对此答案要三思。　　2．判断技巧　　做完形填空题时，在遵循以上三个步骤的同时，还要注意解题思路或技巧。　　1)搭配判断法　　根据对以往考试的分析，搭配型题目在完形填空题中占的比例最重。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动诃和介词的固定搭配。 　　2）结构判断法　　结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完型填空题目中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完型填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：　　A.转折、让步：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but,still,yet,however,though,although,nomatter,inspiteof，anyway,evenif,等。　　B.因果关系：表原因的连词或词组有：because(of),dueto,owingto,thanksto,since,for,as,等。表结果的词或词组有：so,therefore,then,asaresult,inconsequence,consequently,thus,等。　　C.表示递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。常用的词、词组有：moreover,likewise,besides,inaddition,also,too,notonly…butalso,apartfrom,what’smore等。　　D.表示对比、比较关系：对比表示观点或事物间的差异性，比较表明观点或事物间的同一性。表示对比的词或词组有：incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,conversely,unlike,oppositely等。表示比较的词或词组有：like,incomparison,compare…with,as,justas等。　　3）词义判断法　　词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项‘遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断。III.阅读理解题(ReadingComprehension)　　一、题解　　阅读理解题由三篇短文构成。每篇短文的平均长度，为300词左右，其难度相当于教材后半部分的课文，三篇短文共15个小题,每小题2分，共30分。从最近几次考试的命题中可以发现，阅读理解题的短文既不是纯文学的，也不是纯科技性的，而是一般性的社会、文化、经济、．科普和日常生活方面的内容。对大多数考生来说，在专业上没有不能理解的内容，但由于短文大部分取自英文原文，因此在语言上存在一定的难度。　　阅读理解题主要测试考生：1.把握文章主题思想和大意的能力：2.对文章中的重要情节和主要事实的理解程度；3.对文章的格调、作者的观点态度等的推理判断能力。　　二、应试技巧　　1．两种方法　　方法一：先看文章后做题。主要针对简单易懂的文章，时间又较充裕的情况。　　方法二：先看题目后读文章再做题。这种方法在时间紧、文章长的情况下更为实用。，这样可以带着问题去阅读，文章中的内容与考题有关系时仔细阅读，与题目无关时，可以置之不理，很快跳过去。还有一些题目涉及一般常识或科普知识，可以在未阅读文章之前自己先行判断，在阅读时只要对自己的判断进行验证就可以了。　　2．三个侧重 　　除了题目本身所要求查找的细节外，阅读时一定要注意不要逐字逐句地死抠，而要有所侧重。　　1)侧重首段、尾段，首句、尾句、　　因为这些部分往往是作者所要谈及的论点、主题或中心思想，抓住了主干，那么细节问题就会迎刃而解。　　2）侧重语篇标志词。　　语篇标志词。语篇中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间就是通过这种词语连接起来的，把握住这些词语就等于把握了句与句、段与段之间的关系，对于获取所需信息、准确答题至关重要。语篇标志词主要表示：（1）例解:如，forinstance,forexample,（2）列举(3)比较；(4)转折和对比；(5)原因；(6)结果；(7)方式手段；(8)时间；(9)地点；(10)目的；（11）分类；（12）补充；（13）强调；（14）条件；（15）结论。　　3）侧重长句、难句。　　因为英语表达多以冗长著称，论理性很强的文章更是如此。通过较长的句子来表达复杂的思想内容，从而使文章更具有说服力。所以，我们在阅读时，必须重视长句、难句，认真分析句子，把握关键。事实上，不少问题就是针对这些长句、难句而设置的。　　3．阅读理解题的题型。　　1)主旨题：　　这类问题主要测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力。主要形式有：　　a.Themainideaofthispassageis________.　　b.Thepassagemainlydiscusses____________.　　c.Whatisthepassageprimarilyconcernedabout?　　d.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?　　e.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?　　f.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_________.　　作者的态度、写作目的与主题和中心思想关系密切，可以看作主旨题的延伸。主要形式有：　　问写作目的：　　g.Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlyto_______.　　h.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis_________.　　问态度：　　i.Theauthor’sattitudetowards…is_________.　　j.Thetoneofthispassagecanbedescribedas___________.　　2)细节题：　　这类问题测试考生把握文章细节的能力，主要与文中的考点相联系，如：最高级、唯一性、其他对比、数字年代、原因等。主要形式有：是非题：（三正一误或三误一正）　　a.WhichofthefollowingisTrue?　　b.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTrue?　　c.WhichofthefollowingisNotmentionedinParagraph…?　　例证题　　a.TheauthorgivesanexampleinParagraph..mainlytoshowthat______.　　其他具体细节题 　　a.Fromthepassage,itcanbeseenthat….　　b.Themainreasonfor…is_________.　　3)推理题　　这类题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上，根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论，进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。　　主要形式有：　　a.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat________.　　b.Thepassageimplies(suggests)that________.　　c.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________.　　d.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.　　e.Formthepassagewecaninfer(drawtheconclusion)that_________.4)词义题　　这类问题主要测试考生使用词语搭配和根据上下文判断词义的能力。主要形式有：　　a.Theword“…”inline(Paragragh)..mostprobablymeans______.　　b.Inparagraph…,theword“…”refersto(standsfor)_______.　　c.Theword“…”inParagraph…canbebestreplacedby________.　　词汇题考查的词汇主要是熟词僻义或生词　　4.猜字的几种技巧。　　在阅读过程中，经常会遇到一些生词、难词，考试中又不允许查字典，这就需要利用猜字的技巧了。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一，下面重点介绍如何通过上下文线索来猜测词义。　　1)利用词根、词缀构词法　　2)直接定义　　作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：thatis(tosay);e．g．；or，inotherwords；toputitinanotherway等。例如：　　Sheisbilingual．Inotherwords，shespeaksEnglishandFrenchequallywell.（bilingual：会说两种语言的）。　　3）近义复述　　同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。例如：　　Itisdifficulttolistallofmyfather，sattributesbecausehehassomanydifferenttalentsandabilities，（attribute：特质；才能）　　4）对比和并列　　利用上下文中的对比或并列表达猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词（尤其是偏词、难词）的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以提示。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however；ontheotherhand；nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：Ifyouagree，write"yes"；ifyoudissent，write"no"，(dissent：不同意)　　5)根据常识　　有些生词看似很难，但根据语境，根据读者的经历或常识，很容易猜出词义。如果所读的材料是考生熟悉的内容或在自己专业知识范围内，生词就更易化解了。　　其实，猜词的方法并不限于以上这些，大家在阅读中要多动脑筋，善于总结，还能总结出一些更适合白己的技巧和方法来。IV．单词汉译英(WordSpelling)　　一、题解　　本题共10分，一共20个单词，每个单词0.5分，填错（或少写、漏写）字母不给分。本题主要考察书中出现的常用词。　　二、应试技巧　　熟练掌握单词拼写是英语学习的基本功。为帮助同学们做好这道题，特提复习建议如下：　　1．熟练掌握构词法 。通过掌握构词法，可以减轻记忆的负担，增强记忆的效果；要通过构词法的知识来分析每个生词的构成，可以加深印象，温故知新。　　2.单词学习以理解为基础。既要掌握单词拼写，又要了解词义、词性。最重要的是结合课文和典型的例句来学习，加强对生词的理解和记忆。　　3.记忆单词要日积月累。学完一课，要掌握一课的单词。同时，根据遗忘规律，及时巩固、复习学过的单词，保持长久的记忆。V.词形变化填空题（wordForm）　　一、题解　　这个题型主要考查动词的形态变化，也就是说，根据句子的实际情况将动词的原形变为适当的形式。还包括少量的试题考查形容词或副词的比较级或最高级的形式变化，尤为重要的是几个不规则变化的形容词和副词。还可能考查名词和代词的词形变化，名词主要考查变复数的规则、不规则变化；代词有人称、性、数和格的变化，如何变化，要看代词所代替的名词的性质及该代词在句中担任的成分而定。　　动词：动词是考试的重点。主要包括：动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。　　a)动词的时态：重点是动词的过去时、完成时。　　例如：Inthe1720’s,diamonds_____(discover)inBrazil.　　werediscovered　　Sometimesinformationinthelong-termmemory_____(be)hardtoremember.　　Is　　You_____(notchange)muchsincewemetlastyear.　　haven’tchanged　　Ourregion_____(make)greatadvancesoverthepast10years.　　hasmade　　专家们整个上午都在讨论这个话题。　　Theexpertshasbeentalkingaboutthequestionallmorning.　　Bythetimewegottotheairporttheplane_____(take)off.　　hadtakenoff　　b)动词的语态：主要掌握各个时态的被动式。　　Hewasthefirsttodrawamapthat______(base)onallavailableknowledge,ratherthanguessorimagination.　　wasbasedon　　Garage-saleitemsusually_____(price)ataverysmallpartoftheiroriginalcost.　　arepriced　　Sometimesoceancurrents______(call)“riversinthesea”.　　arecalled　　c)动词的语气：　　A.掌握非真实条件句中，谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。　　Ifwe_____(nothave)air,therewouldbenosound.　　didn’thave　　IfI______(leave)alittlebitearlier,Iwouldhavecaughttheplane.　　hadleft　　Butforthetrafficjam,we_____(arrive)ontime.　　wouldhavearrived　　B.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“紧迫性”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，由“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”构成。　　Isuggestthatthemeeting______(hold)atsomeothertime.　　Shouldbehold　　C.动词wish、wouldrather(sooner)后的虚拟语气。　　Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI______(be)there.　　hadbeen　　d)动词的非谓语动词形式：　　A.动词不定式：主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语补足语等的用法。还要注意动词不定式的被动式与完成式。　　Hewantedtheletter_____(mail)atonce.　　tobemailed;　　In1964,theOlympicgamesinTokyobecamethefirstprogram_____(transmit)viasatellite.　　tobetransmitted　　Theprimitivepeoplethoughtthateatingdeerwouldmakethem _____(run)asfastasthedeer.　　run　　B.分词：主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词与过去分词的区别。另外，还有现在分词的被动式与完成式的形式。　　a.分词做定语：　　Asagenerally_____(accept)mediumofexchange,moneyrulesouttheneedforthedirectexchangeofoneitemforanother.　　accepted　　Traditionally,allthemembersofan______(extend)familylivedinthesamearea.　　extended　　Thepartofthemoon______(face)awayfromthesunappearsdark.　　Amodernhusbandsharesimportantdecisionswithhis______(work)wife.　　working　　Since_____(freeze)foodsrequiresolittletimetocook,theyhavenaturallybecomeverypopulareverywhereinthecountry.　　Frozen　　ｂ．分词作宾补　　Manypreschoolteachersdonotliketohavetoys_____(bring)intotheclassroom.　　brought　　C.动名词做宾语：　　Webecomeusedto_____(see)bloodonthenewsontelevision,orinfullcolorinnewspapersandmagazines.　　Themostcommonuseoftelecommunicationsatelliteshasbeenfor____(transmit)telephonecalls.　　transmitting　　Themanagerinsistedon_____(treat)asanordinaryemployee.　　beingtreated　　形容词副词比较等级：　　Well-organizedmaterialis_____(well)rememberedthanjumbledinformation.　　Well　　Pleasesendusthegoodsatyour______(early)convenience.　　Earliest　　词型转换：　　Experimentshavetobemadeunder_____(care)controlledconditions.　　carefully　　Itisgenerallyagreedthatapanicattackdoesnotdirectly_____(danger)aperson’slife.　　Endanger　　Theyfoughtfornational_____(free)　　名词的数　　Aplantthatgrowsmorethanthree_____(foot)isunusualinthatarea.　　feet　　二、应试技巧　　1．熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。注意：动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式，如时态、语态及语气（直陈、虚拟）等，虚拟语气为重点，几年来的考题中都有这方面内容；也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时，首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后再作相应的变化。　　2.认真学好并熟悉课文。本题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的，其中多数来自课文，所以熟悉教材十分重要。　　3.认真钻研相关的语法讲解 ：主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词比较等级、情态动词、虚拟语气等部分。VI.汉译英(TranslationfromChineseintoEnglish)　　一、题解　　本题主要测试考生主动运用英语的能力。通常每个句子包含一个或一个以上的语法重点，如时态，被动语态，非谓语动词，复合句，虚拟语气，强调句，倒装句或某个常用词组。它共有五个汉语句子，要求译成英语，每句3分，共15分。　　按考纲规定，汉译英题中的句子是根据教材中的句子编写的。由于教材课文中的句子大多数都比较长，所以实际考试的句子一般比原文的句子简短，有的句子是根据教材中的语法、课文或词汇的练习题编写，还有的则是教材以外的句子。　　它的评分，参照如下标准：译文理解正确，表达通顺，无语法大错，可给3分；译文理解正确，表达大部分通顺，有1个语法大错，可给2分：译文理解正确，表达基本通顺，有2个语法大错，可给1.5分：译文理解基本正确，表达一般，有较多的语病，可给1分；比第四等级更差的译句，不给分；拼写错误、用词错误等因素进行综合考虑，每句酌情扣0.5一1分。　　二、应试技巧　　1．事先筹划，再来做题　　在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划：先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。　　然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注意一些细节问题：1)仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组；2)名词的复数形式，动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性：3)单词的拼写，标点符号，大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。　　2、灵活处理，提高把握　　在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写，这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字去替代。对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等等。　　3、注意书写和卷面整洁　　这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来，一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i”“l”,不分……，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢分。在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英’这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。　　考察重点：　　1．固定词组　　2．强调句：那天她正是用这种方法掩盖自己的感情。　　Itwasinthiswaythatshehidherfeelingsthatday.　　正是这些孩子需要心理治疗。　　Itisthesechildrenwhoneedpsychologicaltreatment.　　3.虚拟语气：万一他失败了，我们会鼓励他再试一次。　　Ifheshouldfail,wewouldencouragehimtotryitagain.　　如果当初你听从我的劝告就不会陷入困境。　　Youwouln’thavegotintotroubleifyouhadtakenmyadvice.　　4.定语从句：要找到与你观点相同的学生并不容易。　　Itisnoteasytofindstudentswhoshareyourviews.　　他有个朋友过去常常吸毒。VI.英译汉（TranslationfromEnglishIntoChinese)　　一、题解　　英译汉题是一篇短文，要求将其译成正确、通顺的汉语。从最近的几次考试来看，短文的长度，英语（一）平均为120多个词，其难度英语（一）相当于教材后半部分课文。一般认为在七个考题中，本题得分要相对容易一些。所以考生一定要留出足够的时间认真做好此题。　　本题主要考查考生的英语阅读理解能力以及正确的汉语表达能力。　　二、应试技巧　　I．准确理解　　一 I)了解英汉表达手段的重大差别　　A)英语习惯用被动语态，而汉语习惯用主动语态。汉语句子时常没有主语，而英语句子除了个别特殊情况（如祈使句、感叹句）以外，不能没有主语。所以，在翻译时，－定要把握英汉两种语言的不同表达习惯，既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的表达习惯。VI.英译汉（TranslationfromEnglishIntoChinese)　　1．准确理解：　　例如：Somethingmustbedonetoprotectourenvironmentfromfurtherpollution．（必须采取措施，使我们的环境免受进一步的污染。）B)英语习惯用从句（长句），而汉语习惯用单句（短句）。在考试中要善于运用分译法，用汉语的短句来表达英语长句的内容。　　例如：Aspiriteddiscussionspringsupbetweenayounggirlwhosaysthatwomenhaveoutgrownthejumping--on-a--chair-at-the--sight-of-a-mouseeraandamajorwhosaysthattheyhaven"t．（席间，一位年轻的女士与一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻女士认为，妇女己大有进步，不象过去那样一见到耗子就吓得跳到椅子上去。少校则不以为然。）　　C)英语习惯用名词表示行为动作，汉语则往往相反。　　例如：HepaidavisittoanexhibitionofadvancedscienceandtechnologyonSunday．（星期天他参观了一个高科技展览。）　　D)表达时间、空间时，英语习惯先小后大，汉语则往往相反。　　例如：Hewasborninanout-of-waymountainvillageinSouthChinaat2a．m．onMay6，1968，（他于1968年五月六日凌晨两点出生于中国南部一个偏僻的小山村里。）　　2）通过语境吃透全文　　词语的理解离不开上下文，这是我们在翻译中必须时刻牢记的一条。英语中一词一义的情况极为罕见，只有通过上下文才能了解单词的确切的含义。在翻译中，要特别注意以下三个问题：　　A）认真把握多义词在语境中的特定含义　　例如：Whatyousaidsoundreasonable．（你的话听起来有道理。）　　Hisfathergavehimasoundbeating一（他爸爸痛打他一顿。）　　B)注意习惯用语的理解　　英语历史悠久，拥有极为丰富的习语，对习语的掌握程度往往决定一个学习者的真实语言水平。因而，考试经常涉及这方面的内容。，例如：　　IknowthisfellowfromAtoZ．（这家伙我非常了解。）　　C)确定代词在上下文中的指代关系　　代词的理解更是离不开一定的语境。代词、代名词或者代动词在句中指代的是什么只有在特定的语境中才能确定。对于代词的考查是英译汉常考之内容。在翻译中，有时代词只是照字面译为“这、那”是远远不够的，须将起代替的部分加以重述。　　Wehave365daysinayear．（一年有365天。）　　Abignationhaditsproblems，asmallnationhasitsadvantages．（大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的有利条件。）　　2．翻译技巧　　1)词类的转译　　名词、动词、形容词往往根据需要转译为其他词类。例如：　　Myadmirationforhimgrewmore.（我对他越来越敬佩。）(n.-v.)　　Heactedasifhewereateacher.（他的举止像个教师。）（v.-n．）　　Mandiffersfromanimalsinthatheisabletospeak．（人类与动物的区别在于他会讲话。）（v．-->n．）　　Thenewtreatywouldbegoodfortenyears．（新条约有效期为十年。）（adj-n．）　　Afraidofdogs，thelittlegirlkeptawayfromit，watching（由于害怕狗，那个小姑娘离得远远地张望。）（adj.-v）　　2）词的增补　　在翻译过程中，经常遇到这种情况：英文原文中某些词语，无法用一般字典中相对应的汉语释义表达出来。翻译时考生应根据原文的意思，活用字典，用地道的汉语表达出来。有时要根据英语动词时态形式增补时间修饰语，有时要增补原文中的省略部分，有时要把代词还原为所指的对象，有时要增补连接词以加强修辞效果。例如：　　Theyareworkingonmybike．（他们正在修理我的自行车。）　　Heremainedthoughhewasbadlyill．（虽然病得很重，但是他还是留了下来。）　　Wefoundhimathisbookinthelibrary．（我们发现他在图书馆看书。）　　3）定语从句的翻译 　　英语和汉语的定语都有前置、后置之分。但不同的是：英语以定语后置为主：汉语则以前置为主，极少用后置。所以在翻译过程中，后置定语的翻译是一大难题，尤其是定语从句的翻译。通常有两种译法：一是译作前置定语；一是采用分译法。限制性定语从句一般可按前置修饰语译作“...的”。　　例如；Thisisthereasonwhyanairplanesometimesmusttaxialongwaybeforetakingoff．（这就是为什么飞机在起飞之前有时必须滑行一段长路的原因。）非限制性定语从句大多在句中起补充说明的作用，翻译时不改变其语序，而是根据其作用区别处理，有时通过重复先行词将定语从句译为并列句或独立句，有时加＿卜连接词语，译为转折、目的、结果、原因、让步．、条件、时间等状语从句。　　例如：InSouthernFranceasolarfurnacehasbeenbuilt，wheretemperaturereachmorethan3,000centigrade（在法国南部己经建造了一座太阳炉，炉温高达摄氏3000度以上。）　　Copper，whichisusedsowidelyforcarryingelectricity，offersverylittleresistance．（铜的电阻很小，所以非常广泛地用来输电。）　　3．做题步骤　　考生要遵循三个基本要求，即“忠买、通顺、易懂”。译文要力求忠实原文，能直译则直译，也就是说如果直译出来的汉语通顺就直译：不便于直译的英语句子在处理时，要力求在忠实于原文的基础上做到通顺、易懂，避免十足的“英语调”。英译汉做题的步骤应该是：　　1)了解段落大意．　　通过把握主题段或主题句快速了解短文的主题思想，这对于理解和翻译短文是相当重要的。有的考生往往是拿到试卷就开始翻译，“只见树木不见森林”，等译不下去了再回读，那样做既费时间又影响情绪。　　2)理解和表达．　　这是英译汉应试中的实质性阶段。鉴于试题具有一定的难度，尤其是长句的翻译，要在准确理解的基础上，按照汉语的表达习惯，用地道的汉语表达出来。　　3)校改　　校改是一个不可或缺的环节。考试过程中，考生不能像平时那样从容不迫，初译时往往侧重于理解，容易忽视译文的连贯性，从而译出英语式的汉语句子。所以，译完后要回过来看一看译文是否通顺连贯。还有一个不可忽略的问题是书写，一份整洁的答卷会取悦于判卷老师，也等于成功了一半。　　总之，高自考的考试是有一定的难度，但决不是高不可攀、毫无成功的希望。只要我们平时认真学习、认真完成各项作业和训练，及时复习、掌握，再加上本文的提示，期末进行系统的复习，大家是能取得好成绩的。英语(一)(二)试卷结构•单选10分语法词汇•完型填空10分语法词汇,•阅读3篇30分•单词20个10分•语法填空10分•中译英5句15分•英译中一段15分•英语(一)(二)在语法要求上没有太大的区别.英语(二)主要是词汇和阅读理解能力的加深.英语(一)试卷结构2003年4月份•单选完型语法12分词汇8分•语法填空语法10分•翻译语法约20分词汇约10分•-------------------------------------------------------•语法42分词汇18分 •阅读30分有一些题相对简单•单词10分英语(二)试卷结构2003年4月份•单选完型语法13分词汇7分•语法填空语法10分•翻译语法约20分词汇约10分•------------------------------------------------------•语法43分词汇17分•阅读30分有一些题相对简单•单词10分考试重点语法虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1.      简单句和并列句主谓,主谓状Istudyhard.情态动词+实意动词构成谓语.Ishallgo.主谓宾,主谓介宾IstudyEnglish.Ilookattheblackboard.主系表Iamastudent.Theleavesturnred.主谓双宾Igivehimapresent.主谓宾宾补Iletyoudoit.Iaskyoutodoit.定状语Aredbook.Workhard.并列句Iworkedandstudied(x)Iworkedandhestudied.2.主从复合句(1)宾语从句IstudyEnglish.Ithink(that)…Ithinkthatsheisagoodstudent.Imadeitclearthatheobjectedtotheplan.Iaskedwhether/ifhewasagoodstudent.Idon’tknowwhetheritisraining.Iaskedwhathehadstudied.HegavemewhatIneed.Youarewronginthatyoutookeffectforcause. (2)主语从句Thatthesunmovesaroundtheearthisthetruth.(itisthetruththat..)Whetheritisrainingisnotknown.Itisnotknown--computerswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.A.whetherB.ifC.thatD.　howItgoeswithoutsayingthatwearenotlivinginatraditionalsociety.Whowillcometothemeetingremainsunknown.翻译题:Inasense,whathesaidamountstothreat.(3)表语从句Yourgreatestfaultisthatyouarecareless.Theproblemiswhatweshoulddotohelphim.(4)形容词补语从句Wefeelproudthatourteamhaswoneverymatchthisyear.Hewasn’tsurewhetherheshouldstayorleave.Areyoucertainwhoheis?(5)同位语从句(fact,news,idea,opinion,concern,hope,theory,decision,discovery,conclusion,report,order,question,problem,belief,truth,answer,statement,promise,possibility.)Thenewsthatheintendedtocomegaveusmuchpleasure.(6)状语从句•时间状语从句WhenIstudied,thebellrang.Shewasgoingupstairswhensuddenlythelightwentout.Hehadnosoonerdiedthan/hehadhardlydiedwhenthefamilyargumentsbegan.•地点状语从句Helivewhereheliked.•原因状语从句Hewaslatebecausehemissedthebus.Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremember.I’minaslightlyawkwardposition,inthatmysecretaryisonholidayatthatmoment.•目的状语从句Wehavesoarrangedmattersthatoneofusisalwaysonduty.BringitclosersothatImayseeitbetter.•结果状语从句Hebroughtabighouseso(that)hehadmorespacetopaintin.Hemadesuchagoodspeechthathewonwarmapplause.翻译题:Thebrotherslookssoalikethatitisdifficulttotellthemeachother•条件状语从句IfImakeapromise,Ikeepit.I’lllendyouthemoney,as/solongasyoutakemyadvice.Thesemessageswillbecomerubbishunlesssomemeasureshavebeentaken.•让步状语从句Although/thoughhewasSpanish,hespentmostofhislifeinGermany.Whatever/Nomatterwhathappens,youmustbecalmandquiet. However/nomatterhowloudlyyoushout,youwon’tbeheard.•方式状语从句Ihavechangedtheplanasyousuggested.Asif(asthough)•比较状语从句(重点)SheisastallasTom(is)Iarrivedasearlyasyou(did)Marywasolder/morecarefulthanTom(was)Maryworksharder/morecarefullythanTom(does)BillspeaksFrench----(badly)thanhewritesit.The–(far)awaywegetfromtheearth,thethinnertheairbecomes.further进•(8)定语从句在从句中成份+连词Sheisabeautifulgirl.Ilikethegirlwhoisbeautiful.(who主语)ThisisthefilmthatIsee.Thisistheboywho(whom)(--)youmetyesterday.(主语)TellmesomethingaboutthemanforwhomIshallbeworking/(whom)Ishallbeworkingfor.Ireadthebookwhosecoverisred.YouarestillthesamepersonasIknewtenyearsago.Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetold.Thisisthedaywhen(onwhich)Ijoinedtheleague.Thisisthehousewhere(inwhich)Ilive./ThisisthehouseIlivein.•非限定性定语从句:HemetMary,whoinvitedhimtodinner.IgavethebooktoTom,whom/whoIfoundafterthemeeting.Herdoctor,whoseofficewasnewlydecorated,startedtochargehigherfee.Hislatestplay,whichwaswellreviewedbythecritics,hasbeenagreatsuccess.Icalledhimbythewrongname,forwhichmistakeIapologized.Prof.Emery,aboutwhomeveryoneistakingthesedays.Thereareonlyfourareas____verymanydiamondshavebeenfound.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’llgototheplace(whereIlive)I’llgowhereverworkconditionsaredifficult.•定语从句和同位语从句的区别Thenews(thatourteamhadwon)wasknowntoall.Thisisthefilmthat(Isee).考题:Suchpeople–youdescribearerarenowadays.a.asb.thatc.whod.whichAnyone---(want)tounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutIT.[whowant]WhowantsManyofusvisitedtheindustrialexhibition,---,toourdisappointment,wesawveryfewhigh-techproducts.a.whereb.whichc.asd.that3.并列复合句Hesaidthathewouldgiveupsmoking,butnobodybelieveit. Ineversawabusierpersonthansheseemedtobe;yetitwasdifficulttosaywhatheshedid.动词的时态和语态Ishouldhavebeendoing(/)Ishouldhavedone(/)Ishouldbedoing(/)Ishoulddo过去将来Ishallhavebeendoing(/)IshallhavedoneIshallbedoingIshalldo将来IhavebeendoingIhavedoneIamdoingIdo现在IhadbeendoingIhaddoneIwasdoingIdid过去完成进行完成进行一般重点语法——动词的时态和语态•时态的呼应Ithoughttheexperimentwasgoingonnow.Shesaidthisapparatuswouldbeavailablenextweek.•Am/is/are/+done.Thisroomiscleanedeveryday.Was/were+doneThisroomwascleanedyesterday.Willbe+doneThisroomwillbecleaned.Am/is/arebeingdoneThisroomisbeingcleanedatthemoment.Was/werebeingdoneThisroomwasbeingcleanedwhenIarrived.Have/hasbeendoneMycarhasbeenrepaired.HadbeendoneTheroomlooksmuchbetter.Ithadbeencleaned.•NosoonerhadIarrivedatthetheatrethanthefilmbegan.Hardly…..whenSomepeoplethinkthattherelationsbetweenpeoplehavedeteriorated-(deteriorate)somuchthatunderstandingandfriendshiparealmostimpossible.Nearlyaweekpassedbeforethegirlwasabletoexplainwhathadhappened(happen)toher.非谓语动词(1)          动词不定式•做主语Toseeistobelieve.WhattodonexthasnotbeendecideItisnoteasytorememberallthesewords.•表语Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.•定语Thisisabooktobewritten.•宾语Iwanttostudy.Hefounditimpossibletokeepsilentanylonger.•宾补Theywarnedmenottobelate.Iletyoudoit (make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,smell,listento,hear,perceive)•状语Yesterdayhecametoseeme.•独立成份Tobefrank,sheisnotmygirlfriend.•形容词补语Iamgladtohearthenews.•不定式的逻辑主语Forabridgetocollapselikethatisunbelievable.•不定式的时态和语态todo(be),tobe+p.p.tohavedone,tohavebeendone动名词•主,表语SeeingisbelievingTom’sgoingtherewon’tdoanyharm.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.•定语Thisisaswimmingpoor.(apoorforswimming)Thisisahidingplace(aplaceforhiding)•宾语Ienjoystudying(mind,keep,appreciate,can’thelp,consider,postpone,suggest,admitetc.)Doyoumindmysmokinghere?•介词+宾语Iusedtodoing.(confessto,lookforwardto,objecttodoingsth.)beinvolvein,consistof,befondof,etc.•动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词•状语WhenIsawthefilm,Ifeltsad=Seeingthefilm,Ifeltsad.BecauseitisSundaytoday,wehavenoschool.ItbeingSunday,wehavenoschool.Whenthejobwasfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.Thejobfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.•定语Theboystandingthereisaclassmateofmine.=Theboywhoisstandingthereisaclassmateofmine.Theusedcar.Abrokencupthequestioninvolved.•表语Thefilmisexciting.Allthewindowsarebroken.•宾补Ifoundthemwateringflowers.(Ifoundthattheywerewateringflowers.Ifoundtheflowerswatered.(Ifoundtheflowerswatered)•分词的时态和语态.(形同动名词)doing(being)beingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone______nothingtosay,theboyshieldwayformthecrowd.A.HavingB.HaveCHad.D.HavingbeingWhatdevelopedwasamusicreadilytaking(take)onvariousforms.Nothavinggot(notget)enoughhands,shehadgreatdifficultyinaccomplishingthetask.非谓语动词答题要点1.Anyonewanting(want)tounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.2．AFilipinomaidwasexecutedinSingaporeafterbeingconvicted(convict)ofmurder.3.Asresearchtechniquesbecomemoreadvanced,thenumberofanimalsused(use)inexperimentsmaydecrease. Nothavegot(not,get)enoughhandsshehadgreatdifficultyinaccomplishingthetask．Itisawell-knownfactthatapersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyestocontrol(control)hisdirection.AsI’llbeawayforayear，I’dappreciatehearing(hear)fromyounowandthen．Objectto,confessto,lookforwardto+doing.介词+doing.IfIhadremembered---thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.a.tocloseb.closingc.tohaveclosed.havingclosed.Begin,start,intend,continuetodo,doing的区别不大Thebabybegancrying.Thebabybegantocry.Trytodo.努力去做Trydoing尝试去做.Iwasverytired.Itiredtokeepmyeyesopen,butIcouldn’t.Ican’tfindanywheretolive.______,theybegantogetdowntobusiness.A.TheholidaysbeingoverB.TheholidaysareoverC.TheholidayswereoverD.TheholidayshadbeenoverV+ing及从句的固定用法It’snousedoingsth.It’snouseworryingaboutit.There’snothingyoucando.It’s(not)worthdoingsth.Havedifficultydoingsth.Spendtime(in)doingsth.Thereisnodoubtthat.强调句1.强调主语ItisIthat/whoamtoblame2.强调直接宾语ItwasaglassthatMarybroke.3.强调间接宾语ItwashimthatIgavethepento.4.强调介词宾语ItisthisroomthatIamlivingin.5.强调状语1)时间状语ItwaslastyearthatTomgraduatedfromhighschool.2)地点状语Itwasunderthebridgethatwefoundhim.3)原因状语ItwasforhisarrogancethatIdislikehim.4)目的状语ItwasforpleasurethatIreadit.不仅可以是陈述句,还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Wasityouthat/wholostawatchyesterday?Whatgreatprogressitwasthatyoumade.强调句可以是一个从句,被强调的部分也可以是从句.Iwastoldthatitwasbecausehehadn’treceivedtheinvitationthathedidn’tcomeItwasthere,thepolicebelieve,---shewasabletoactivatetherecordershekeptinherbag.A.thatB.untilC.whichD.when 虚拟语气Ø第一类型:见词就填:A.(should)do(should)be B.(should)be+过去分词第一类型虚拟语气AimportantImportance重要ArrangedArrangementarrange安排InstructionInstruct命令determinationdetermine决定Preferablepreferenceprefer宁愿commandcommand命令Decideddecisiondecide决定Orderedorderorder命令Recommendationrecommend建议RequestedrequestrequestDemanddemanddesireddesiredesireRequirementrequire要求insistentinsistenceinsist坚持suggestedSuggestionsuggestproposalproposeadvisableadviceadvise建议形容词名词动词第一类型虚拟语气B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent,necessary,important,possible,essential,incredible,natural,ridiculous,vital,imperative,crucial,critical,proper,compulsory,etc.•形容词带的从句:Itisimportantthateverymember(should)informhimselfoftheserules.•主语从句:Itisdecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponed.•宾语从句:Heinsistedthathisdaughter(should)come.•表语从句:Thedoctor’sadviceisthatthepatient(should)bekeptquiet.•同位语从句:Hegaveorderthattheguests(should)behospitablyentertained.考题:Theydemandedthattherighttovote----(give)toeveryadultperson.[(should)begiven]Forachildtogiveuplessmatureideaforamoresophisticateone,itrequiresthatthechild____psychologicallyreadyforthenewidea.A.isB.beC.wereD.wouldbeØ第二类型:if的非真实条件句(可能性小或没有可能)Ø注意:if可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气(时态到推的概念)主语+should+V.+would+V.+could+V.+might+V.If+主语.+weretodo/be+shoulddo/be与将来事实相反主语+should+have+p.p.+would+have+p.p.+could+have+p.p.+might+have+p.p.If+主语.+had+done+been与过去事实相反主语+should+V.+would+V.+could+V.+might+V.If+主语.+were+V.ed与现在事实相反主句If+从句 第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if的倒装were,had,should.Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildwouldhavebeensaved.Hadthedoctorbeenavailable,thechildwouldhavebeensaved.考题:_____foryourhelp,Iwouldnothaveovercomethepsychologicalpressuresandtensions.A.HaditnotbeenB.notbeenC.WithoutbeingD.nothavingbeen特殊虚拟•Evenif形式上与if相同•Wish形式上大体与if从句相同•从句谓语与Wish同时Wish+主语+V.ed/wereIwishIwereasyoungasyou.•从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+haddone(been)Iwishthathehadnotmadesomuchtrouble.•从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could)+v.IwishyouwouldstaywithmefarawhileIwishIcouldfly.•Itis(about.High..)timethat+从句(V.ed)Itishightimethatwebegantowork.•Incase,lest,forfearthat(should)+V.Themadmanwasoutinthepaddedcelllesthe---himself.A.injureB.hadinjuredc.injuredd.wouldinjure.•Wouldrather=hadrather,wouldjustassoon,wouldsooner,wouldprefer多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句•全部倒装IncameJack.Nowcomesyourturn.Amongthemweretwogirls.•部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barelyhadwegotonthebuswhenitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadheputdownthereceiverthanthetelephonerangagain. Notuntilmanyyearslaterdidthewholetruthbecomeknown.Notonlydidhewinthechampionshipintherace,buthealsobroketheworldrecord.NeithermysisternorIhavetraveledbyair.•Never,nowhere,nolonger,little,feww,not…(notasingleword)no.(atnotime,bynomeans,innoway,onnoaccount,under/innocircumstances)Onlyherecanyoubuyfresheggs.主谓一致要点Tobecomeactressesistheirambition.Noddingoftenmeansyousay”yes.”WhatIdidwastogiveherabook.NeithershenorIamwet.Manyastudentdoesn’tlikehavingtodotheirhomework.连词•连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever•连接副词when,how,why,where,whenever,wherever•并列连词and,but,or,so,therefore,yet,however,nevertheless,for,hence,aswellas,both..and,notonly..butalso,either..or,neither..nor,•从属连词after,when,before,as,while,since,until,till,although,though,if,evenif,unless,lest,because,than,that,whether,sothat,assoonas,aslongas,inorderthat,asif,asthough,incase,nowthat,so..that,such..that,as.as.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,---weshouldnotplayit.A.otherwiseB.insteadC.neverthelessD.either不定代词•Any,one,none,nothing,neither,either,both,all,anyone,anyone,some,any,much,manyAreyousuretherearenot---sharkshere?A.anyB.someC.manyD.much.Usedto,beusedtodoingFranklivesalone,.Hedoesn’tmindthisbecausehaslivedalonefor15years.Soheisusedtoit.Heisusedtolivingalone.ThesedaysIusuallystayinbeduntillate.ButwhenIhadajob,Iusedtogetupearly.词汇题常考动词搭配•Come,carry,take,go,get,cut,make,put,turn,bring.完型填空题型分析 •考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.•方法:先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构,语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空,最后在通读全文.注意顾全大局.•选的是最佳答案.•词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题—阅读的难点不是考试的重点不要死扣一句第一段和最后一段,段首和段尾句多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题•评分原则为：(1)主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。(2)非基本语法错误（如介词、代词、冠词、大写、标点等错误）以及不影响基本句意的用词错误两处扣1分。(3)拼写错误每错两处扣1分。拼写错误本大题总扣分不超过3分。•短文英译汉主要是读懂原文,注意一些修饰关系的翻译,如定语从句.•短文英译汉的评分标准按译文质量分为15-13分、12-10分、9-7分、6-4分和3-1分五个档次。各档次标准如下：（1）15-13分。全文翻译正确或基本正确，汉语表达通顺。（2）12-10分。全文主要内容翻译正确或基本正确，汉语表达通顺，但有少数语句翻译错误。（3）9-7分。全文不少于一半的内容翻译基本正确，汉语表达通顺，有一些语句翻译错误。（4）6-4分。少部分内容翻译基本正确，有较多的语句翻译错误。 （5）3-1分。仅译对个别句子。（6）全文译错或只译出零星单词或全文未译，不给分。（7）缺译的语句按完全译错处理。根据以上评分档次描述，评分可在相应的档次上下浮动。考试注意事项•重视语法.考试前用时间把书上的语法串起来复习.做书上的一些翻译练习.•练习阅读.找自己的常犯错误.英语（二）最新练习——客观题、主观题说明：本练习出自最新考试题库，每一专题的前三分之二的内容英语（一）适用。客观题部分选择题（共六部分习题）【习题一】1)Try          youmay,youwillneversucceed.A.though    B.asthough    C.as    D.asif2)        moretimetothinkaboutit.A.IfonlyIhad    B.Onlyiflhad    C.lflonlyhad    D.Onlyifhadl3)          ,thebasketballmatchwillberesumedonThursday.A.Weatherpermits    B.WeatherpermittingC.Weatherispermitting  D.Weatherpermitted4)Itwaslastnight          Marysufferedaterriblepanicattack.A.that  B.which  C.onwhich    D.when5)Weheardthenews          someAmericanbusinessmenwillvisitourfirm.A.what  B.that  C.which  D.when6)Usuallymanagershavetomakeabestguess          whatthefuturewillbe.A.of  B.for  C.at  D.to7)Themaidwasexecutedafterbeingconvicted            murderthoughherguilthadnotbeencompletelyestablished.A.for    B.with    C.of    D. by8)Someindividualsseemtobecapableoffreeingthemselvesfromoutsidedistractioninthe            ofthenoisiestcrowds.A.midst    B.middle    C.center    D.depth9)Mostviolence-relatedtoysjeopardizetheroleofplayinhelpingchildrenmakebetter          oftheirown            feelingandinterprettheworld.A.knowledge  B.realization    C.emotion    D.sense10)Theprofessorset          threedaysforhisstudentstoreviewtheirlessons.A.aside    B.out  C.down    D.up【习题一答案及分析】1)C  Tryasyoumay(不管你怎样努力)是一个让步状语从句。由as引出的这种从句要求用倒装语序。“动词原形+as+主语+may，might等”是其中的一种形式。不选A，though偶尔也可这样用，但不多见。2)A  ifonly用来表示一种愿望，意义上相当于wish。它和onlyif不同，后者引起一个条件状语从句，一般不能单独成句。3)B  weatherpermitting是分词独立结构，表示条件，相当于ifwheatherpermits。不要选A，没有连词它不能成为句子的一个成分。4)A  本句为强调句型，强调的是时间状语lastnight，其后应该用连词that。5)B  本句that引出的是一个同位语从句，指news的具体内容。不能选C，因为这里不是定语从句。6)C  名词guess后要求用at表示猜测的对象。7)C  动词convict后要求用of表示指控的内容。8)A  inthemidstof“在……之中”，意思与among相似。不能选B，inthemiddleof(在……中间)通常表示位置。9)D  makesenseof的意思是“理解，弄懂……的意思”。其余几个词不能用于这一结构。10)A  setaside是固定结构，此处意为“留出(时间)”。其余几个词和set不能构成这个意思。【习题二】1)        ,itwillhaveaneffectonthedrinker.A.  Howevermildwineseems      B.  EventhoughmildwineseemsC.  Providedthatmildwineseems    D.  Unlessmildwineseems2)Thedepartmentwas            twoyearsago.A.  doneawayoff  B.  doneawayby  C.  doneawaywith  D.  doneawayto3)Peterisbadlyinneedofasecretarythathecan~tosolvetheproblemsthatmayoccurinhisabsence.A.countfor  B.countto  C.countdown  D.counton4)Johnsaidthathedidnotdo      _paperwork.A.much  B.many  C.lotof  D.anumberof5)Idon"tliketheidea_    _gettingmarriedyet.A.to    B.on    C.of    D.in6)Thesingeranddancer_  _  our party.A.isattended  B.aretoattend  C.weretoattend  D.istoattend7)Theapartmentmanagerdemanded          immediately.A.Billtomoveout  B.thatBillmoveout  C.thatBillmovesout  D.thatBillmovedout8)Wewereallastonished__    _yourfailureintheexam.A.for  B.at  C.with  D.to9)Thefrontierguardswillshoot        anybodytryingtocross.A.at  B.to  C.towards  D.in10)ThephotographsofMarstakenbysatelliteare~thanthosetakenfromtheearth.A.clear    B.theclearest    C.moreclearer    D.muchclearer【习题二答案及分析】1)A  让步状语从句由however引导。这里however＝nomatterhow。2)C  doawaywith“去掉，废除”，固定搭配。3)D  counton指望，倚赖；countdown倒记时；countfor对…有价值/有利。4)A  work是不可数名词，而many，anumberof修饰可数名词；alotof／lotsof修饰可数、不可数名词均可；但无Iotof这一表达法。5)C  theideaofV—ing，“关于……的想法”固定搭配。6)D  thesingeranddancer是两种身份－歌者、舞者于一身的同一个人，因而谓语要用单数。而thesingeranddancer则指两个不同的人。归纳说，当名词十and十名词结构表示一种事物或一种概念时，应用单数动词做谓语。7)B  虚拟语气，主句谓语动词为demand，要求从句的虚拟语气用(should)十动词原形8)B  tobeastonishedat／by“对……感到惊讶”，固定搭配。9)A  shootat“向…开枪”，固定搭配。10)D  much对比较级clearer进行修饰，表示程度。习题三1)Thereweretwosmallroomsinthebeachhouse,            servedasakitchen.A.thesmallofthem  B.thesmallerofwhich  C.thesmallestofwhich  D.thesmallerofthem2)Ireallydonotknowwhetherwecansucceed,sodonotexpect            .A.ustoomuch  B.usoftoomuch  C.toomuchofus  D.ofustoomuch3)Ihad            herstateofmind.A.notideaof  B.noideaof    C.notideaabout  D.noideaabout4)Itistimehe          strongactionagainstthosegangsters.A.took  B.istaking  C.willtake  D.takes5)Peoplehavealwaysbeenverykind          me.A.to  B.with  C.for  D.at6)Johnsaidthatbedidnotdo            paperwork.A.much  B.many  C.lotof  D.anumberof7)ChildrenwithParentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclined            highlevelofself-confidence.A.topossess  B.possess  C.havepossessed  D.possessing8)Weandwillneverparticipateinsuchdirty business.A.haveneverB.hadneverC,  haveneverparticipatedD.  neverparticipate9)WewillexpecttohavemorerainintheweeksA.coming  B.tobecoming  C.tohavecome  D.tocome10)Pleasewriteouttheanswerstothequestionsattheendof          .A.SixthChapter  B.SixChapter  C.ChapterSix  D.ChaptertheSix【习题三答案及分析】1)B  句中逗号表明，正确答案应该是由which引导的非限定性定语从句；另外，还要求答案用特指的比较级。2)C  expect…of…表示“指望某人怎样”一类的意思。3)B  havenoideaof一点也不知道，固定搭配。4)A  句型Itistime后边的从句要用过去时，表示对现在的“虚拟”。  e.g.Itistimewewenttobed．我们该去睡觉了。Itishightimeyouhadaholiday．正是你该休假的时候了。5)A  bekindto，对……和蔼／友好，固定搭配。此外还有beniceto，bepoliteto，berudeto等。6)A  work为不可数名词。而B和D修饰可数名词，C的用法应为alotof或lotsof，故只能选A。7)A  beinclinedtodo是习惯用法，后接动词原形。8)C  时态或语态不同，并列谓语不能省略任何成分。9)D  tocome是不定式定语，修饰前边的theweeks．不定式用作定语时，通常置于其所修饰的名词或代词之后；它与其所修饰的名词或代词可能是主谓关系。如：ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork．下一列到达的火车是从纽约开来的。10)C  注意基数词与序数词的区别。“第六章”的表达成是ChapterSix或是TheSixthChapter。【习题四】1)Besidesbeingexpensive,thefoodinthecafeteriasmells              .A.bad  B.badly  C.morebadly  D.toomuchbad2)Itisapleasuretowatchthefaceof                baby.A.ansleep  B.asleep  C.aslept  D.asleeping3)Thisdiagramis            thatone.A.differentof  B.differentabout  C.differentfrom  D.differentwith4)There            thelastpieceofcakeandthelastspoonfulofice--cream.A.wego  B.goes  C.go  D.isgoing5)AlbertislookingforwardtovisitinghergrandmainHarbinattheendofthisSemester.Heisalwayssaying,thesummervacationcan"tcome            soon.A.so  B.very  C.rather  D.too6)Thisclub                morethan200members.A.consistsin  B.consistsfrom  C.consistswith  D.consistsof7)Thetwinbrothersaresoalikethatwecannottell            .A.whatiswhom  B.whoiswho  C.whoiswhom  D.whomiswho8)Heisill.Thataccounts                his absence.A.for  B.at  C.to  D.about9)I"mgoingtoseethevictim"sbrother.I"dratheryou              .A.don"t  B.didn"t  C.donot  D.do10)Thehigherthestandardoflivingandthegreaterthenationalwealth,the                    .A.greateristheamountofpaperused  B.greateramountofpaperisusedC.greatertheamountofpaperused    D.amountofpaperisusedisgreater【习题四答案及分析】1)A  系动词smell后接形容词。2)D  sleeping是现在分词做定语，修饰baby。3)C  tobedifferentfrom，固定搭配。4)B  在therebe／do句中，句子的主语采用就近原则。5)D  这是一个"can"t…too…"句型。Thesummervacationcan"tcometoosoon可以理解为”暑假来得越早越好。”6)D  consistof由……组成；consistwith与……一致。7)B  whoiswho做tell的宾语从句。两个who中，一个做宾语从句的主语，另一个做表语，都应该是主格。8)A  accountfor是……的原因，固定搭配。9)B  在wouldrather(宁愿)，wouldjustassoon(宁愿)等后边的宾语从句中，一般常用过去时态的虚拟语气。e.g.Iwouldjustassoonthatshewerenotmyex-wife.我宁愿她不是我的前妻。10)C  这里用了themore…themore…的递进比较句型。【习题五】1)"Howaboutgoingsailingwithustomorrow?"            verymuch."A.I"llliketo  B.I"dlike  C.I"dliketo  D.I"l1likeit2)Thegreateranobjectsmass,  themoredifficultitis              .A.thanspeedinguporslowingdown  B.thanspeedingituporslowingitdown.C.itspeedsuporslowsdown        D.tospeedituporslowitdown.3)Thecommittee        beendiscussingabouttheenvironmentalproblemsamongthemselvesforawholeday.A.have  B.has  C.couldhaye  D.canhave4)Hehasn"tenoughmoneyforfood,                amusements.A.letoff  B.leanagainst  C.letalone  D.leavealone5)Thepeopleweretoldthatthebus-stopwas        easyreachoftheirvillage.A.from  B.within  C.at  D.to6)Iamgettinganxious              money.A.at  B.on  C.for  D.about7)Iprefer                  .A.toasktobeasked            B.askingtobeingasked  C.askingratherthanbeingasked  D.toaskratherthanbeingasked8)  Sincethehighwayisclosedthismorning,itmust        therelastnight.A.snowed  B.havetosnow  C.snow  D.have snowed9)Unlessyouworkhard,              .A.youwillearnalotofmoney      B.youwillbeabletopasstheexamC.youwillnotbeabletogoabroad  D.youwillbeagoodscholar10)Idonotfeellikereadinganddoinghomeworknow.  But]knowthefasterwegetthishomeworkdone,  wecangoouttoplay.A.early  B.theearly  C.earlier  D.theearlier【习题五答案及分析】1）C  动词后的省略现象，省去重复动词，但要保留to。e.g.  Hemaygoifhewishesto.他可以走，如果他愿意的话。2）D  句中的it是形式主语，它替代的是后面的不定式。3）A  原句中themselves提示句中committee应当作复数。4）C  letalone更不用说；leanagainst靠在……上；letoff释放出；leavealone不管某人。5）B  表示在某范围内，用within。6）D  anxiousabout和worriedabout意思相同，表示对……着急/担心，固定搭配。7）B  preferAtoB，固定搭配，意思是较B而言，更喜欢A。8）D  musthavesnowed表示对过去的猜测。9）C  只有C在形式上和意义上都适合。10）D  这里用的是themore…,themore…的句型。【习题六】1)Theyarestillnotfullyabletodistinguishright          wrong.A.between    B.from    C.for    D.against2)          youareconsciousofitornot,youareusinghisinfluenceinyourownfavour.A.Whether    B.If    C.Nomatter    D.Though3)Oceancurrentsaffectstronglytheclimatesofthelandsnear          theyflow.A.that    B.what    C.where    D.which4)Innowaycancheatingonexamsbe          inschools.A.elevated    B.navigated    C.exaggerated    D.tolerated5)Noevidencehasbeenfound                tosupporthishypothesis.A.asyet    B.asfar    C.asmany    D.asmuch6)Themanleftinsilenceandnobody          hisabsence.A.tookchargeof  B.tookcareof  C.tooknoteof  D.tookadvantageof7)Thesoddenchangeofweatherresulted          thedeathofmanyyounganimals.A.from    B.in    C.to    D.on8)Iwanttobuyaskirtandapairofshoes,            .A.exceptforotherthings  B.exceptotherthings  C.ofotherthings  D.amongotherthings9)Thecriminaldoesn’tdaretoleavethehouse              heshouldbe recognized.A.innocase    B.inanycase  C.incase  D.insuchacase10)              asleepwhenaterriblenoiseawakenedme.A.ScarcelyhadIfallen  B.ScarcelyIhadfallen  C.Ihadfallen  D.Iscarcelyhadfallen【习题六答案及分析】1)B  动词distinguish在这个句子里要求与介词from连用。不能选A，  distinguish和between连用时，应写作distinguishbetweenrightandwrong。2)A  whether…or…在这里引出一个状语从句，表示“不管……还是……”。不能选B，if(是否)只有在间接引语里才能替代whether，它也不能用于句首，亦不能与or连用。3)D  nearwhichtheyflow是定语从句。不能选A，在定语从句中，介词后不允许用that。4)D  tolerated(容许，容忍)。其余几个词在意思上与上下文无关。5)A  asyet(到目前为止)常和表示否定的完成式连用。其余几项无论在意思上还是在结构上都与本句不相宜。6)C  tooknoteof的意思是“注意到，留意到”，tookchargeof(接管)，tookcareof(照料)和tookadvantageof(利用)都与上下文不合。7)B  resultedin(导致)。不能选A，resultfrom的意思是“由……引起”。8)D  among常和other(s)连用，表示“其中包括”。这句话的意思是：除了别的东西，我还要买一条裙子和一双鞋。不能选A，except表示：“不包括”，有排除的意思，它的后面跟明确制定的人或事物，不能跟other(s)。9)C  incase(以防)在句中起连词作用，用来谈论预防措施，其余3项没有这个意思，而且也不能用作连词引起状语从句。10)A  scarcely是否定句，用于句首时要求倒装句式。不能选C或D，scarcely可不放在句首，但这时的语序应是：Ihadscarcelyfallenasleep．完型填空【习题一】  AccordingtotheAmericanAutomobileAssociation,    1      1964allcarssoldintheUnitedSateshavebeenequipped  2  seatbelts(Thesearealsocalledsafetybelts.).  Manystudiesofautomobileaccidentshaveshownthatsafetybeltscansavelives.  Onestudyshowedthatfortypercentofthose    3      inautoaccidents    4      savediftheyhadbeenwearingseatbelts.  Unfortunatelybeltsarewornonlyby    5    percentageofdriversandpassengers—aboutfifteenpercentincities,andonlyninepercentinsmalltowns.Andsafetybeltscannotprotectpeoplewhodonotwearthem.  Advertisementshavebeenprinted        6        newspapersandmagazinesinordertoteachpeopletheimportanceofusingseatbelts.Buttheseadvertisementshavenothelped    7    .Somepeoplebelievethereshouldbealaw    8    driversandpassengerstousesafetybelts,  inAustralia,    9    thereissuchalaw,deaths    10    autoaccidentshavedecreasedtwenty-four percent.1)A.from  B.as  C.since  D.after2)A.of    B.with  C.to  D.at3)A.killed  B.killing  C.tokill  D.tobekilled4)A.mustbe    B.musthavebeen    C.couldbe    D.couldhavebeen5)A.small  B.asmall  C.large  D.alarge6)A.on  B.at  C.in  D.by7)A.very  B.many  C.lot  D.much8)A.require  B.required  C.requiring  D.torequire9)A.which  B.that  C.when  D.where10)A.in  B.of  C.from  D.outof【习题一答案及分析】1)C  since做介词／连词引导的词语(短语或从句)，常常与现在完成时连用表示持续。2)B  beequippedwith“装配有”，固定搭配。3)A  killedinautoaccident是过去分词短语修饰前面的those。4)D  虚拟语气。5)B  asmallpercentageof…“小部分的……”，习惯用法。6)C  “在报纸上”，译成英文必须说“innewspapers”。7)D  不定式much做宾语。  e.g.Mymothermeantmuchtome．8)C  现在分词短语做定语，修饰law。9)D  非限定性定语从句，由where引导。10)A  在第一段最后一句已提到thosekilledinautoaccidents。【习题二】Myformulaforstayingyoungissimple：Concentrate    1    thepartofyouthat"syoungandgrowing—yourbrain．Keepyourmindawakeandyou"llstayyoungallover．Theseareexcitingtimes．Takeaninterest  2theworldaroundyou，andmakeapoint    3    learningatleastonenewthingeveryday．    Regardless    4    yourage，it"snottoolatetomakeyourlifemoreinteresting.Iknowahousewifewithnopreviousknowledgewhomadeherself    5    anoutstandingindustrialdesigner;Iknowaretiredelectricalengineerwhohasbecomeahighlypaidartist.    6    thenotionthatyouareever    7    oldtogobacktoschool．Iknowamanwhoenteredmedicalcollegeat70.Hegothisdegreewithhonorsandbecameaneminentphysician．    8    manwenttolawschoolat  71  andisnowanactivelawyer．    9    years，stayingyoungiseasyforthesewholiveinthefuture.Youcandoitifyoucareenoughtotry.Keepyourmindawakeallactive；that"stheonlyyouthelixir(万灵药)    10    towork..1)A.in  B．on  C．to  D．at2)A.with  B.on  C.of  D.in3)A.with  B.at  C.of  D.in4)A.in  B.of    C.with    D. to5)A.into  B.to  C.as    D.for6)A.Getthrough    B.Getaround    C.Getover    D.Getoutof7)A.enough    B.so    C.such    D.too8)A.Another    B.Other    C.Theother    D.Others9)A.Inspite    B.Despiteof    C.Inspiteof    D.Indespiteof10)A.guarantee    B.guaranteeing    C.toguarantee    D.guaranteed【习题二答案及分析】1)B  concentrateon“集中精力”，固定搭配。2)D  takeaninterestin“对……发生兴趣”，固定搭配。3)C  makeapointof“特别注意”，固定搭配。makeapointoflearningatleastonenewthingeveryday意为“特别注意要每天至少学一样新东西”。4)B  regardlessof“不管”，固定搭配。5)A  make…into“使变为，使成为”。  e.g.workinginthekitchenmadehisboyintoagoodcook．在厨房工作使这个男孩成为好厨师。6)C  getover“忘掉”，固定搭配。7)D  这句话的意思是：忘掉这一说法——你太老了，不能再回学校上学了。8)A  另一个人anotherman。9)C  inspiteof“尽管”，固定搭配。10)D  guaranteedtowork，过去分词短语做elixir的定语。【习题三】Mr.RussellandhiswifeliveinIndianapolis,acityin    1    stateofIndiana.Mr,Russellseemshealthyandstrong.Theredoesn"tseemtobe    2    unusualabouthim.However,heisa    3    specialperson.Afewyearsago,Mr.Russellwasgivenasecondheart.  Youhaveprobablyreadsomethingaboutthiswonderfuldiscovery.      4      modernscience.Doctorshavediscoveredhowtogiveanewhearttopersonswhosuffer    5    heartdisease.Thenewheartistakenfromapersonwho    6    justdied.Itistransplantedimmediatelyintothebodyofsomeone    7    needsit.Theoperationisnotalwayssuccessful.Severalpeoplehavediedafterhearttransplantsbecause    8    bodiesrejectedthenewhearts.  Somepeoplewithhearttransplantsbecomestrongandhealthyagain,      9    Mr.Russellisoneofthoselucky    10    .1)A.a  B.this  C.that  D.the2)A.something  B.nothing  C.anything  D.everything3)A.much  B.verymuch  C.very  D.many4)A.of  B.with  C.at  D.for5)A.with  B.at  C.of    D.from6)A.have  B.has  C.had  D.(nowordisneeded)7)A.Which  B.who  C.where  D.when8)A.his  B.her  C.their  D.one"s9)A.moreover  B.asaresult  C.therefore  D.however10)A.ones  B.one  C.person  D.peoples 【习题三答案及分析】1)D  美国的州名前用定冠词the。如theStateofCalifornia。2)C  否定句中要用anything作不定指示代词；肯定句中用something或everything。3)C  英语的词序：副词放在所修饰的形容词前；本题只有very是副词词性，故只能选C。4)A  of表示所属，意为“……的”。thiswonderfuldiscoveryOfmodernscience意为“现代科学的惊人发现”。5)D  sufferfrom“忍受……”，固定搭配。6)B  定语从句修饰的是单数名词aperson，故答案A是错误的；本句的主句陈述的是现在发生的事实，因而从句也应是与现在有关的时态，故答案C也是错误的；排除A，C后，应辨析B，D从而选出最佳答案。B，现在完成时，表示刚刚发生过的动作，时间距离较近；D，一般过去时，表示过去发生的事情距今时间较远。根据上下文和常识判断，只有刚死去的人的心脏才可能被移植，故而本题最佳答案应选B。7)B  who引导的定语从句修饰前边的名词aperson。8)C  此处限定词应与主语的数一致，所以A，B，D均不对。9)D  however前带逗号并置于句尾，成为表示转折的连词。10)A  “那些”those后要加复数名词，故B，C不对。而D的意思是各种少数民族(“人”的复数是People)，所以只有A是正确答案。【习题四】Haveyoueverarrived  1  anewplaceandsaid,"I"veseen  2    placebefore"?Haveyouevermetsomeoneandsaid,"I"veseenthispersonbefore"?Mostofusgetthatfeeling  3  .  ManyyearsagoDanteGabrielRossetti,anEnglishPoet,wroteapoem      4    thisfeeling.InthepoemRossettitellsaboutmeetingawomanand  5  hehasmetherbefore.Hethinkshelovedheralongtime  6  .Herearesomelinesfromthepoem,whichhecalledSuddenLight:  I    7  herebefore,  ButwhenorhowIcannottell  Iknowthegrassbeyondthedoor,  Thesweetkeensmell,  The  8  sound,thelightsaroundtheshore.  Youhavebeen  9  before  Howlong    10    ,Imaynotknow…1)A.at  B.in  C.to  D.for2)A.it  B.this  C.that  D.its3)A.sometimes  B.sometime  C.sometime  D.sometimes4)A.on  B.for  C.about  D.at5)A.thinks  B.think  C.thinking  D.tothink6)A.before  B.since  C.ever  D.ago7)A.was  B.am  C.havebeen  D.hadbeen8)A.sighing  B.sigh  C.tosigh  D.besighing9)A.my  B.me  C.I  D.mineI0)A.before  B.ago  C.past  D.since 【习题四答案及分析】1)A  arriveat…到达……地方，固定搭配。2)B  指上句中的afewplace。3)D  sometimes副词，“有时”；sometime“某一时间段”，常与介词for连用；sometime“某一时刻”。4)C  apoemabout关于……的诗。5)C  谓语tellabout后有两个事实：meetingawoman和thinking…6)D  ago与before的区别：ago从现在算起的以前；before从过去某一时间起的以前，跟目前不发生关系。7)C  现在完成时表示“曾经”。8)A  现在分词singing修饰sound，意为“叹息之声”。9)D  物主代词mine，此句意思是“你曾经为我所拥有”。10)B  ago，注释见6）。短文阅读题【习题一】本题共有三段短文，每段短文后面有三至四道题，共计十道小题。每道小题都有四个选择项。找出你认为正确的答案。Passage1  Wheneverarthasfunction,thefunctioninfluencesandoftendeterminestheform.Thisisjustanotherwayofstatingtheobviousfactthatifanobjectismadeforacertainfunctionitshouldbemadeinsuchawaythatitcanperformthatfunction.Asthefunctionchanges,theformchanges,andiftherearemanyfunctiontherewillbemanforms.Takeanobjectofeverydayusesuchasaspoon.Therearespoonsforbabiesandspoonsforadults,spoonsforcooking,spoonsforeating,spoonsforserving,deepspoonsandshallowspoons,spoonswithlonghandlesandspoonswithshorthandles.Evenarathersmallhouseholdwillhaveavarietyofspoonsbecausethereareavarietyoffunctionstobeservedbythem.  Doorkeysofferanotherinterestingexamples.Keysarenowcarriedbymanyindividuals,andonepersonoftenhastocarrymorethanone;accordinglykeysaresmall.Butwhengatesanddoorswereinthechargeofspecialpersonswhoseresponsibilitywastowatchorguardthem,keyswerelargeandmassive;theywereinfactavisiblesymbolofthepowerandimportanceoftheplacetothelocked.1)Ifanobjectismadeforacertainfunction,（    ）.A.itshouldhaveasuitableform    B.itshouldhaveavarietyofformsC.itsformshouldnotbedefined    D.itsformshouldhavenothingtodowithfunction2)Becausepeoplecarrymorethanonekey,（    ）.A.formbecomesimportant        B.sizebecomesimportantC.functionbecomesimportant    D.qualitybecomesimportant3)Theauthorreferstospoonsandkeysbecausehewants（    ）.A.toshowthattheyarenotart        B.totellushowtousethem properlyC.togiveusexamplesofexceptions  D.toillustratehisdiscussion4)Inthepastlargekeysweremadesothattheycould（    ）.A.notfitintoalllocks    B.noteasilybelost    C.lookmoreartificial    D.symbolizesomeauthorityPassage2  GenerationsofNorthAmericanshavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatagoodbreakfastisoneoflife"sessentials.Havingbreakfastatthestartoftheday,theyhaveallbeentold，isasnecessaryasrefueling(加油)thefamilycarbeforestartingatrip.  Butformanypeoplethethoughtoftakingbreakfastinthemorningisbynomeansapleasure.Soinspiteofalltheefforts,theystillhavenobreakfast.Between1987and1993,thelatestyearsforwhichfiguresareavailable，thenumberofpeoplewhodidn"thavebreakfastincreasedby33percentfrom8.8millionto11.7millionaccordingtotheChicago-basedMarketResearchCenterofAmerica.  Forthosewhofeelguilty,aboutnohavingbreakfast,thereissomegoodnews.Severalstudiesinthepastfewyearsindicatethat,foradultsespecially,theremightbenothingwrongwithomittingbreakfast."Goingwithoutbreakfastdoesnotnegativelyaffectperformance,"saidArnoldBenderofQueenElizabethCollegeinLondon,"neitherdoeshavingbreakfastimproveperformance;"  Scientificevidenceconnectingbreakfasttobetterhealthorbetterperformanceissurprisinglyinadequate,andmostoftheresearchworkthathasbeendonerecentlyinvolveschildren,notadults."Theliteratureispoor,"saysoneoftheresearchers.5)ManyNorthAmericansdonothavebreakfast（    ）.A.becausetheybelievethatbreakfastwasnotimportantB.thoughtheythinkofbreakfastasimportantC.unlesstheycanaffordthetimeandthemoneyD.becausetheydidnotgetupearlyenoughtodoso6)Thepassagesuggeststhattheremightbenothingtoworryaboutif（    ）.A.adultsdonothavebreakfastB.childrendonothavebreakfastC.NorthAmericanshavechangedtheirattitudestowardsbreakfastD.NorthAmericanscontinuetothinkbreakfastisimportant7)Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthor（    ）.A.thinksitnecessarytodomoreresearchworknoadultsB.thinksitnecessarytodomoreresearchworkonchildrenC.believesthatitmakesnodifferencewhetherpeoplehavebreakfastornotD.believesthatNorthAmericansshouldchangetheirattitudestobreakfastPassage3  Ofallthepatientswhoareatriskofdying,some20percentpresentdifficultchoices–whethertokeepfryingtosavethelifeortopullbackandleftthepatientsdie.Eventhedefinitionofdeathhadbeenchanged.Nowthattheheart-lungmachinecantakeoverthefunctionofbreathingandpumpingtheblood,deathnolongeralwayscomeswhenthepatientbreatheshislastorwhentheheartstopsbeating.Thirty-onestatesandWashingtonD.C.havepassedbrain-deathlawsthatidentifydeathaswhenthewholebrainceasesto function.Morethanadozenstatesrecognize“livingwills”inwhichthepatientsleaveinstructionstodoctorsnottotrytoprolongtheirlivesbyanymethodsiftheirillnessbecomehopeless.TwentytothirtypercentofCaliforniadoctorsfollowtheinstructionsofsuchwills.Inthemeantime,themovementwhichplacesemphasisonprovidingcomfort-not-curetothedyingpatienthadgainedstrengthinmanyareas.Inspiteofprogressinsociety’sunderstandingofdeathanddying,problemsremain.Ontheotherhand,doctorssaythatpatients,justbecausetheyareoldanddisabled,shouldnotbedeniedlifesavingefforts.Peoplealsofearthatundertheguiseof（假借……的名义）medicaldecisionsnottotreatcertainpatients,deathmaybecometooeasy.8)Thosepatients（    ）arenowgenerallyregardedasdeadintheU.S.A.whosehearthasstoppedfunctioningB.whoselunghavestoppedfunctioningC.whosebrainhasstoppedfunctioningD.whoseheartandlungshavestoppedfunctioning9)Ifthepatientsleave“livingwills”todoctors，thedoctors（    ）.A.willletthemdieB.havetofollowthemC.mayormaynotfollowtheirinstructionsD.willcontinuetotrytocurethem10)Wecaninferfromthepassagethat（    ）.A.peopleunderstanddeathdifferentlyB.peoplefullyunderstanddeathC.peoplearenolongerafraidofdeathD.peopleareafraidofdeath【习题一答案及分析】1)A    见本文第1段第2、3句。这两句告诉我们，一件东西如果是为某一功能制造的，它的形状应便于实施这一功能，功能改变了，形状也要变。2)B  见第2段第2句。它告诉我们，由于人们常常要随身携带好几把钥匙，为了方便，钥匙的尺寸就做得小一些。3)D  本文谈到spoons时，作者说Takeanobjectofeverydayuse…，这里take作“以……为例”解；谈到keys时，作者又说doorkeysofferanotherinterestingexample。可见作者是拿它们作为例子来印证自己的观点的。4)D本文中最后一句……theywereinfactavisiblesymbolofthepowerandimportanceoftheplacetobelocked．5)B本文第1段说好几代美国人从小就受到教育认为早餐是必不可少的，第3段开头又说Forthosewhofeelguiltyaboutnothavingbreakfast…，说明那些人明知早餐的重要，并为不吃早餐而内心感到不安。6)A 见第3段第2句，这里特别提到foradultsespecially。7)B见最后一段，本段提到mostoftheresearchworkthathasbeendonerecentlyinvolveschildren，notadults，最后又提到一个研究人员抱怨：“Theliteratureispoor(文献资料太少)”．可知文章认为还应多研究一下早餐对成年人健康的影响。8)C见本文第2段最后一句：Thirty-onestatesandWashingtonD．C．havepassedbrain-deathlawsthat…9)C本文第3段说有十几个州认可了“livingwills"；又说在加利福尼亚州有20％—30％的医生遵照病人的指示做。就是说，病人虽有了停止积极治疗的要求，医生可能照办，也可能不照办。10)A本文第4段说，尽管人们对死亡的认识进了一步，但问题仍存在。最后一段又提出一些人对“放弃治疗”做法的不同意见和疑虑。这说明大家对这个问题的看法还没有一致起来。【习题二】本题共有三段短文，每段短文后面有三至四道题，共计十道小题。每道小题都有四个选择项。找出你认为正确的答案。Passage1  Amoment"sdrillingbythedentistmaymakeusnervousandupset.Manyofuscannotstandpain.Toavoidthepainofadrillingthatmaylastperhapsaminuteortwo,wedemandthe"needle"thatdeadensthenervesaroundthetooth.  Nowit"struethatthehumanbodyhasdevelopeditsmillionsofnervesandourbrain,whichisabundleofnerves,wewouldn"tknowwhat"shappening.Butwepayforoursensitivity.Wecanfeelpainwhentheslightestthingiswrongwithanypartofourbody.Thehistoryoftortureisbasedonthehumanbodybeingopentopain.  Butthereisawaytohandlepain.LookattheIndianfakir(苦行僧)whositsonabedofnails.Fakirscanputaneedlerightthroughanarm,andfeelnopain.Thisabilitythatsomehumanshavedevelopedtohandlepainshouldgiveusideasabouthowthemindcandealwithpain.  Thebigthinginwithstandingpainisourattitudetowardit.Ifthedentistsays,"Thiswillhurtalittle,"ithelpsustoacceptthepain.Bystayingrelaxed,andbytreatingthepainasaninterestingsensation,wecanhandlethepainwithoutfallingapart.Afterall,althoughpainisanunpleasantsensation,itisstillasensation,andsensationsarethestuffoflife.1)  Thepurposeofthispassageismainlytotellus（    ）.A.thatpainisgoodforusB.tostoptakingthe"needle"atthedentist"sC.howtohandlepainD.howtoavoidtorture2)  Thepurposeofpainisto（    ）.A.letusknowwhat"sgoingonB.makeusopento tortureC.makeuspayforoursensitivityD.helpusgetmoresensations3)  Themostimportantthinginhandlingpainisto（    ）.A.dowhattheIndianfakirsdoB.welcomeitC.knowaboutitinadvanceD.treatitasaninterestingsensationPassage2  Thereisamytharoundthatsays,"youhadbetternotadmitthatyouarevulnerableorlonely,oryouwilllookweak."Themythisbacktofront.Othersknowwhenwearebeingopenandsincereandtheyloveusforit.Itisonlywhenwepretendthatnothinghappensthatwegetintotrouble.  itisironicthatthoseofuswhoarethemostdesperateforaffection,dothemostpretendingthatwedon"tneedit.Whenwearereallysoftandlonelyinside,wethenhavetodoanextragoodjoboflettingtheworldknowthateverythingisfine.  Loveisrespect,forourselvesandothers.Itisallaboutallowingpeopletobewheretheyareandlovingthemanyway.Themomentwesay,youdothisandthenIwillloveyou,thatisn"tlove-itismanipulation.  Loveisaboutlookingforthegoodinpeople,andifwecandothat,anddoitconsistently,thenourownhappinessisguaranteed.Asourlifeisareflectionofourselves,themoreloveandbeautythatweperceive,themorewearegrowingandthemorewearebecoming,andsoforallofus,loveiseverything.4).Themaintopicofthispassageis（    ）.A.love  B.respect  C.happiness  D.honest5)Whatdopeoplewhopretendthattheydon"tneedlovefeel?A.cheerful  B.lonely  C.unhappy  D.pleasant6)Whichofthefollowingweshoulddotoguaranteeourhappiness?A.Doingthingsconsistently.B.AllowingpeopletoacttheirownwayC.LovingpeoplethewayyouchooseD.Lookingforthegoodinpeople.Passage3  Itreflectsbadlyontheorderofprioritiesinoursocietythatschoolchildrencantellyouthemakeofmanycarsontheroadbutcannotidentifyanybutthemostfamiliartreesandwildflowers.Thisisbecause,generallyspeaking,theeducationalsystemoftheUnitedStatesissqueezedindoorstoadegreethatstifles(抑制)youngminds.Fewschoolstakeadvantageofthevastclassroomoftheoutdoorstoteachthethingsthatreallymatterthebasicsoflifeonathreatenedplanet.Childrenstudyinsectsinpapercupsinsideaclassroominsteadofhavingtheirknowledgefilledoutbyexaminingthecomplexenvironmentinwhichthesecreaturesactuallylive.  Thisisapity,becauseachildisnormallynature"smostavidstudent.Everyparentknowsthatsmallchildrentendtobringhomecaterpillars(毛虫),grasshoppers,toads,andothersmalllivingthings.Butparentsrarelyencouragethisinstinctiveattractionbyseparatingaknowledgeofnaturetotheirchildren.Toooften,theinterestofchildren inthenaturalworldisturnedasidebytheexampleoftheireldersintoaconcentrationontheinanimate(无生命)objectsthatmoneywillbuy.7)ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorthinkstheeducationalsystemoftheUnitedStatesistoo（    ）.A.strict  B.defensive  C.limited  D.experimental8)Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizestheauthor"smainpoint?A.Childrenshouldlearntofollowtheexampleoftheirelders.B.Childrenshouldlearnaboutfinancialresponsibilitybysavingforthefuture.C.Childrenshouldstudyindividualorganismsinschoollaboratoriesthatarebetterequipped.D.Childrenshouldbetakenoutsidetheclassroomtostudythenaturalsciences.9)Whydoestheauthormentioncatsinparagraph1?A.Toprovideanexampleofthetypicalmeansoftransportationforschoolchildren.B.Toemphasizethevarietyofautomobilesavailabletoday.C.Tocomparechildren"sknowledgeoftheautomobilewiththeirknowledgeofnature.D.Tocriticizetheautomobileasamajorsourceofpollutionofthenaturalenvironment.10)Theauthorindicatesthatchildrenimitatetheirparents"（    ）.A.pityforhelplesscreatures      B.choiceofprofessionsC.loveofknowledge            D.interestinmaterialpossessions【习题二答案及分析】1)C  从全文可以看出，整篇文章谈论的是人类对疼痛的反应以及如何对付疼痛。2)A  见文章第二段倒数第二、三句。3)D  见文章最后一段第三句。4)A  这篇文章讲述的是怎样爱别人和如何赢得爱。5)B  见第二段，文中讲假装不需要爱的人往往是内心最孤独的人。6)D  见最后一段第一句。7)C  见文章第一段。作者指出美国的教育体制把学生关闭在教室里，限制了他们的活跃思维，使他们不能真正认识活生生的自然界。8)D  文章主要观点是，应该让孩子们走出教室，学习生活中真正重要的东西。9)C  见文章第—段第一句。10)D  见文章第二段最后一句：孩子模仿父母，只注意物质追求。【习题三】本题共有三段短文，每段短文后面有三至四道小题，共计十道小题。每道题都有四个选择项、找出你认为正确的答案。Passage1  TheUnitedStatesisfullofautomobiles.Therearestillmanyfamilieswithoutcars,butsomefamilieshavetwoorevenmore.  However,carsareusedformorethanpleasure.Theyareanecessarypartoflife.  Carsareusedforbusiness.Theyaredriventoofficesandfactoriesbyworkerswhohavenootherwaytogettotheirjobs.Whensalesmenaresenttodifferentpartsofthecity,theyhavetodriveinordertocarrytheirproducts.Farmershavetodriveintothecityinordertogetsupplies.Sometimessmallchildrenmustbedriventoschool.Insomecitiesschoolbusareused onlywhenchildrenlivemorethanamilefromtheschool.Whenthechildrenaretooyoungtowalkthatfar,  theirmotherstaketurnsdrivingthemtoschool.OnemotherdrivesonMondays,takingherownchildrenandtheneighbors"childrenaswell.AnothermotherdrivesonTuesdays,anotheronWednesdays,andsoon.Thisiscalledformingacarpool.Menalsoformcarpools,withthreeorfourmentakingturnsdrivingtotheplacewheretheyallwork.Morecarpoolsshouldbeformedinordertoputfewerautomobilesontheroadandtouselessgasoline.Parkingisagreatproblem,andsoisthetrafficinandaroundcities.Toomanycarsarebeingdriven.Somethingwillhavetobedoneabouttheuseofcars.1)Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Carsareusedforpleasure.B.Carsareusedforbusiness.C.Mothersdrivetheirchildrentoschool.D.Mentaketurnsdrivingchildrentoschool2)Whichofthefollowingsituationscanbedescribedas"acarpool"?A.Schoolbusestakechildrentotheschool.B.Amotherborrowingherneighbor"scartogoshopping,C.Peopletaketurndrivingtowork.D.Farmersdriveintothecitytogetsupplies.3)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieves（    ）.A.menshouldnotdrivetotheplacewheretheyworkB.peopleshouldtaketurnsdrivingmoreoftenC.salesmenshouldgotodifferentcitiesbytrainD.childrenshouldwalktotheschool.Passage2Animalscannotbeconsideredequaltohumanbeingsbecausetheydonothavethesameintelligence.Therearephysicalactsthatanimalssharewithpeople,butanimalsperformtheseactsinstinctively;whereas,humanbeingsnormallyneedtolearnthem.Oneinstanceofthisisthewayanimalscarefortheiryoung.Amothercatinstinctivelywillbeginlickingthebabykittensassoonastheyareborn.Thehumanmotherhasfewerinstinctsaboutherbabyandoftenneedstoturntoothers,suchasherownmother,afriend,oraneighbortolearnhowtocareforababy.Somemothersaresoanxiousthattheyspendtheirentirepregnancyreadingbooksonthesubjectofcaringforinfants.Therefore,salesofbooksonpregnancyandcareofchildrenarealwayspopularinurbanbookstores.Otherdifferencesbetweenanimalsandpeopleareinsocialorganization.Peoplebuildhousesandliveinfamilygroups,tribes,villages,townsorlargercities.However,manyanimals,suchasbears,neverliveingroups,butonlycontactotheranimalsofthesamekindtomate.Anotherdifferenceisthatanimalslivebythelawsofnature,oftenkillingothersmalleranimalsforfood.Theyhavenofeelingsaboutkillingevenweakeranimalsoftheirownkindbecauseintheworldofnature,thereisconstantcompetitionbetweenanimals,andonlythestrongesttendtosurvive.Ontheotherhand,humanbeingsapplytheirintelligencetocreateworkingsocietiesandlawstopreventtheactofkillingother people.4)Animalssharesomephysicalactswithpeople（    ）.A.andbothanimalsandpeopleperformtheseactsbyinstinct.B.butanimalsperformtheseactsbyinstinctwhilepeoplelearnthemC.butpeopleperformtheseactsbyinstinctwhileanimalslearnthemD.andbothanimalsandpeoplelearnthem5)Booksaboutpregnancyandcaringforbabiessellwellbecause（    ）.A.somemothershavenoonetoturntoforadviceB.mothersareanxioustoknowwhattheirbabieswillbelikeC.mothersdon"thavemanyinstinctsabouthowtocarefortheirbabiesD.mothershavealotofsuchbookstochoosefrom6)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.AnimalandHumans  B.Instinct  C.Lifestyle  D.BestSellersPassage3  AfterXraysshowednobonesbroken,Istoppedforsometakeoutfoodandpulledontothehighway,worryingabouttheafternoon"sappointments.Ipassedacartonofmilkbacktomysonstrappedinhisbabyseatdirectlybehindme.  "Oh,Mummy,Ispiltit."MylefthandtightenedonthewheelasItriedtoconcentrateontheroadwhilehandinghimacoupleofnapkinswithmyrighthand.ThenIgavehimsomechicken,notseeingtheabandonedtruckontheroadside.  Suddenlytheworldexplodedintoaroaroftearingmetal.  Thenstillness.  Mycarhadturned180degreesandstopped.  Iwaslookingthroughacrackedwindshieldatthreelanesofoncomingtraffic.  Therightfrontcornerofthecarwasgone.  ThoughIhurtalloverandmymouthwasfullofblood,Iunbuckled(解开)myseatbelt,  jumpedfromthecarandgotmyson.  Hewasconsciousandshocked."Mummy..."hesaidsoftly.Igrabbedhimandrushedupthebank,whereIclungtohim,lookingatthewreckthathadbeenourfamilycar.  Wewerelucky.Wecameawaywithourlives.  Wewouldbearoundtomorrow.  Thateveningmypediatrician(儿科医生)  calledtoinquireaboutmyson"sleg.WhenIrecountedtheaccidentandmystupidityintendingachildat50milesanhour,shetoldmeofanothermotherwhohaddonethesamelastwinter.Forherandtwoofherthreechildren,therewasnotomorrow.7)WhentheauthorsaysthatXraysshowednobonesbroken,  sheisreferringto（    ）.A.thebaby  B.herself  C.herpatient  D.hercar8)Theauthorhadtheaccidentbecause（    ）.A.therewasachildrenontheroad    B.anexplosiondamagedthecarC.sheranintoatruck              D.somemetalinthecarwastornup9)Whentheauthorsays,"weshouldbearoundtomorrow",  shemeansthatthenextdaytheywould（    ）.A.comethereagain    B.takeanotherroadC.beallrightagain    D.gotoseethedoctor10)Inthelastparagraphthesentence"Forherandtwoofherthreechildren,therewasnotomorrow"means that（    ）.A.onlyoneofthemsurvivedtheaccident    B.oneofthemdiedC.noneofthemsurvivedtheaccident        D.allofthemwerewounded【习题三答案及分析】1)D  选项A，B，C能在文章前三段中找到相关的内容，只有选项D是文中没有提到的。2)C  根据文章第三段中对几位母亲轮流送孩子们去学校的描述，可以推断出“acarpool”指一种汽车共乘，轮流驾驶的情形。选项C就是这样一种情况。3)B  此题的推断依据是最后一段第一句。4)B  见文章第二段第一句。5)C  见文章第二段最后三句。6)A  全文讲的是人类与动物的区别，选项A最合适。7)A  见最后一段第一句。calltoinquireaboutmyson"sleg：打电话讯问我儿子的腿的情况。8)C  见第二段第三句。  notseeingtheabandonedtruckontheroadside：(只顾给孩子递鸡肉)没有看到路旁被人遗弃的大卡车。9)C  bearound起床；活跃。10)A  twoofherthreechildren：三个孩子中的两个。  Therewasnotomorrow：明天已不存在了(在车祸中丧生)。【习题四】Passage1  Governmentsmusttakeanactivepartinencouragingpeopletopreservetheenvironment.  Oneofthebestwayseveryonecanbecomeinvolvedisthroughrecycling.Recyclingisasafe,lesscostlysolutiontotheproblemofwastedisposal.  Itreducestheamountofsolidwastetakentolandfillsandtherebydecreasestheamountofwaterandairpollution.  Oneofthemostimportantreasonsforrecyclingistopreservenaturalresources.  Recycledmaterialscanbesubstitutedfornaturalmaterialsonesthatcomedirectlyfromtheearthandwouldreducesuchproblemsasdeforestation.  Productionofnaturalmaterialsalsousesmorefossilfuelsandotherresourcesthatcouldbesavedbyrecycling.  Contrarytopopularbelief,recyclingalsosavesgovernmentsandcitizensmoney.  Forexample,businessesandindividualscanreducetheirwastedisposalcostsbymorethan70percentbyusingarecyclingprogram.Also,individualsorcommunitiesreceivemoneyfromsellingrecyclablestorecyclingcompanies.  Sobusinessesarenotonlysavingmoney,theyareearningmoneyaswell.  Furthermore,productionusingrecycledmaterialsisusuallycheaperforacompanyandreducesthecostofpollutioncontrol.  Inaddition,therecyclingindustryprovidesemploymentforhundredsforthousandsofpeople.  Inspiteofallthesebenefits,however,recyclingisquitelimited.  Agreatereffortmustbeputforthtopromoterecycling.Governmentsmustbecomeenvironmentallyresponsibleandactquicklytosetrecyclinggoalsandimplementarecyclingprogram.1)AllofthefollowingarebenefitsofrecyclingEXCEPT（    ）.A.preservingnaturalresourcesB.gettingeveryone involvedC.savingmoney              D.creatingjobs2)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmanypeoplebelieverecycling（    ）.A.costsmoney  B.savesmoney  C.producesprofit  D.providesemployment3)Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Totellpeoplethatrecyclingpreservesnaturalresources.  B.TodiscussthebenefitsofrecyclingC.TosuggestpromotingrecyclingD.Topointoutthatrecyclingisstillquitelimited.Passage2  Weoftenhearpeopletalkingaboutagenerationgap.Thenameisnew,buttheideaisold.Youngpeopleandtheirparentsdon"tunderstandeachother.Theworldkeepschanging.Ithasalwayskeptchanging.DuringthesecondcenturyafterChristawisemansaid:"Burymeonmyfacebecauseinalittlewhileeverythingwillbeturnedupsidedown."  Therehasalwaysbeenagapbetweengenerations:butmorepeopletalkaboutitnow.OldMr.Ellisthinksheunderstandswhathashappened:  "WhenIwasaboy,Ithoughttheworldwasabeautifulplace.Mylifewasverypleasant.ButwhenIwasolder,Ilearnedaboutpeoplewhoweretreatedbadly,peoplewhodidn"thaveenoughtoeat.Iwantedtohelpthem,andImarriedagirlwhowantedtohelpthem,too.Wewenttomeetingsandtalkedalot,butitdidn"tseemtomakemuchdifference."  "Ourchildrengrewupinaworldatwar.Theydidn"tknowwhenthefightingwouldstop.Theywantedtheirchildrentohaveniceclothesandtoys.Theydidn"twanttothinkaboutthefuture.Theythoughtnothingcouldbedoneaboutit."  "NowIhavegrandchildren,andtheyhavetheirownideas.Theyaretryingtomaketheworldbetter.Theyaretryingtohelpotherpeople.They"remakingpeoplelistentothem.  Iamproudoftheirgeneration."4)Thewisemanmentionedinthepassagetoldpeopletoburyhimonhisfacesothatwheneverythingisturnedupsidedownhewill（    ）.A.lieonhisstomach  B.lieonhisback  C.standquietly  D.sitinpeace5)WhichgenerationdidNOTwanttodoanythingtomaketheworldabetterone?A.Mr.Ellis"generation    B.hischildren"sgenerationC.hisgrandchildren"sgeneration  D.noneoftheabove6)Whichgenerationis/wasmoreefficientinmakingtheworldbetterone?A.Mr.Ellis"generation    B.Hischildren"sgenerationC.Hisgrandchildren"sgeneration  D.NoneoftheabovePassage3  Ifpresenttrendscontinue,theworldin2000willbemorecrowded,morepolluted andlessstableecologically  (生态上)thantheworldweliveinnow.  Seriousstressesinvolvingpopulation,resources,andenvironmentareclearlyvisibleahead.  Despitegreatermineraloutput,theworld"speoplewillbepoorerinmanywaysthantheyaretoday.Forhundredsofmillionsoftheextremelypoor,  theoutlook(景况)forfoodandothernecessitiesoflifewillbenobetter.Formanyitwillbeworse.Whiletheeconomiesofthelessdevelopedcountriesareexpectedtogrowatfasterratesthanthoseoftheindustrializednations,  thetotalnationalproductperheadinmostlessdevelopedcountriesremainslow.  Thelargeexistinggapbetweentherichandpoornationswidens.Worldfoodproductionisprojectedtoincrease90percentfrom1970to2000.ThistranslatesIntoaglobalperheadIncreaseoflessthan15percentoverthesameperiod.  Thelargequantityofthatincreasegoestocountriesthatalreadyhaverelativelyhighperheadfoodconsumption.Meanwhileperheadconsumptioninthelessdevelopedcountrieswillscarcelyimproveorwillactuallydeclinebelowpresentinadequatelevels.  Atthesametime,realpricesforfoodareexpectedtodouble.Withtheexpectedpriceincrease,  manylessdevelopedcountrieswillhaveincreasingdifficultiesmeetingenergyneeds.  Fortheonequarterofmankindthatdependsprimarilyonwoodforfuel,theoutlookisnothelpful.Regionalwatershortageswillbecomemoresevere.  Inthe1970—2000periodpopulationgrowthwillcauserequirementstodoubleinnearlyhalftheworld.  Stillgreaterincreaseswouldbeneededtoimprovestandardsofliving.  Developmentofnewwatersupplieswillbecomemorecostlyvirtuallyeverywhere.Extinction(灭绝)  ofplantsandanimalspecieswillincreasedramatically.Hundredsofthousandsofspecieswillbeinevitablylostastheirnaturalsurroundingsvanish,  especiallyintropicalforests.7)Inspiteofincreasedoutputofgoods,（    ）.A.peoplewillhavesomedifficultyinfindingjobsB.theworld"sresourceswillbecomescarceinthenearfutureC.peoplewillbepoorerin2000thantheyaretodayD.thelivingstandardsofthegrowingpopulationwillbeimprovedatagreatrate8)Asthepricesforfoodincrease,（    ）.A.PeopleinlessdevelopedcountrieswillbefacedwithenergyproblemsB.theeconomiesoftheindustrializedcountrieswillhavetodeveloponendC.lessdevelopedcountriesaresuretoraisetheoutputoffoodproductionD.thelargegapbetweentherichandpoorremainsunchanged9)Inordertoimprovelivingstandards,itwouldbenecessary（    ）.A.tomakepopulationslowdownB.tocontrolpollutionimmediatelyC.tosavevariouskindsofplantsandanimalsurgentlyD.todevelopnewwatersupplies10)Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.KeepingtheBalanceofEcologyB.Visionsofthe FutureC.ExploitingResourcesoftheFutureD.AvoidingtheWorld"sEconomicCrisis【习题四答案及分析】1)B  选项B是作者认为政府应该做到的事，其它三个选项才是回收再利用的好处。2)A  文章第四段第一句话说：与一般想法相反，回收再利用可以省钱。由此可知，一般认为回收再利用是一件花钱的事。3)C  全文讨论了回收再利用的好处，但文章的重点句——第一句和最后一句——可以看出，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是倡导政府进一步加强回收再利用。4)B  智者感觉世界变化太快，过不多久就会发生翻天覆地的变化，所以让人把他脸朝下埋葬，这样整个世界颠倒个儿的时候，他就跟着翻了个个儿，变成脸朝上了。当然，这是一种幽默的说法。5)B  见文章后三段。6)C  从文章第三段和最后一段可以看出，Mr.Ellis那一代人虽然也去参加很多集会，进行宣传，但似乎没起到什么作用(itdidn"tseemtomakemuchdifference)；而他的孙子辈这一代人使人们听进了他们的宣传(They"remakingpeoplelistentothem)，因而他们比Mr．Ellis那一代人干得好。7)C  见文章第一段最后一句。8)A  见文章第五段第一句。9)D  见文章第六段第一至第三句。10)B  这是一道考标题的问题。文章第一句topicsentence就是预测2000年世界的前景，后面各段都是具体展开，这与选项C“未来的景象／情况”相符。【习题五】Passage1  Untilrecentyears,  thechildrenofimmigrantswereforcedto"sinkorswim"andtolearnEnglishinAmericanschools.Butinthemid60"stheredevelopedanawarenessamongethnicgroupsthateveryAmericanhasaheritageandshouldbeproudofhisorherotheridentity.  Fornewimmigrantgroups,  thishasbecomeademandthattheirchildrenshouldbegintheireducationinthenativelanguageandlearnabouttheirfirstcultureintheschools.  BilingualProgramsprovideseparateclassesandcurriculaforstudentswhoneedtousetheirnativetongueinclassuntiltheyhavemadethetransitiontoclassesconductedinEnglish.  ThenumberoflessonstaughtinthenativelanguageorinEnglishdiffersfromprogramtoprogram.  Somebilingualprogramsusethenativelanguage90%ofthetime;othersare50%;whilestillothersbegininthenativelanguageandrapidlymovetocompleteuseofEnglishafterafewyears.  Today,287,000foreign--bornstudentsinAmerica—76%ofthemHispanic—aretaughtsome,  ifnotall,oftheirlessonsin70differentdialectsandlanguages.  TheideabehindthebilingualprogramistoeaseimmigrantchildrenintothemainstreamofAmericansociety.  Criticsarguedthatbilingualprogramsarebadlymanagedandinefficient,  andthatqualifiedforeign--bornteachersarehardtofind.  TheyfeelthatstudentswhospeakmostlytheirnativelanguageatschoolandspeaknoEnglishathomewillnotlearnenoughEnglishtocompeteinahighlytechnologicalsociety.SaysthedeputymayorofNewYorkCity,aPuertoRican:"WehaveplentyofJobsin Manhattanbusinesses;theproblemisthatourkidscan"tspell."1)Whatdoesthephrase"sinkorswim"insentenceImean?A.succeedorfailwithouthelpfromothers  B.learntoswimC.  learnEnglish  D.havedifficultyinlearningEnglish2)  Fornewimmigrantgroups,  theirchildrenaremadeto（    ）.A.learnEnglishfirstB.deserttheirowncultureC.beproudoftheirowncultureD.learnAmericanculture3)Thebilingualprogramintendsto（    ）.A.teachtheimmigrantchildrentwolanguagesB.maketheimmigrantchildrenmorecapableC.maketheimmigrantchildrenproudoftheiridentityD.helptheimmigrantchildrengetintothemainstreamofAmericansocietymoreeasilyPassage2  I"maverykeenreader,butselectingthebookwithanatural――historythemewhichhasinfluencedmemostwassomechallenge,untilIthoughtbacktomychildhood.Thenitwaseasy.  wherethebookcamefromisamystery,  andIhavenevermetanyonewhohasheardofit.  itisRitaRichie"sTheGoldenHawksofGenghisKhan.  IreaditwhenIwasabout10yearsoldandIremembertothisdaytheeffectithadonme.  Setin1218,itisastoryofrichboywhoseparentsaredead.  HeisgrowingupinthesplendidcityofSamarkandandhasafascinationforhawks,thosemagnificenthuntingbirds.  Thereisagreatdealofmysterysurroundinghispast,  butheisledtobelievethatabandofMongolskilledhisfathertostealararetypeofbird  —thegoldenhawk.  Determinedtogetthesebirdsback,herunsawayfromSamarkandandjoinsagroupofpeopletravelingtothecountryofMongolia.  WhatfollowsisagrandadventurecenteredonthecityofKarakorum,  wherethegreatMongolchiefGenghisKhanwasthenbased.Thebookcombinesadventure,  mystery,  honor,  friendship,  danger,  suffering－allseenthroughtheeyesoftheyounghero,Jalair.Istillfindthisfantasyathrillingread.Jalair"sgreatloveforthebirdswasenviableandinspiring.Butthebookgavememorethanhawks,horsesandadesireforwildplaces.Italsogavemeasetofvalues.TheMongolsinTheGoldenHawksweretotallyuninterestedinpossessions,acharacteristicthatisabsolutelyessentialforpeoplewhospenttheirlivestravelingfromplacetoplace.  Theywerenevermean.  Generosity,goodwillandoptimismwerehighlyvalued,  hardworkwasenjoyedandtherestwaspurefun.  Theysimplylovedlife.4)Whatdoes"It""  (paragraph1.sentence2)referto?A.thechoice  B.herchildhood  C.thebook  D.thetheme5)TheauthorsaysthebookTheGoldenHawksofGenghis Khan（    ）.A.wasrecommendedbyafriend  B.wasverypopularwhenshewasachildC.iRknowntoveryfewpeople    D.isoneofthemanymysterybooksshehasread6)Themaininterestoftheheroofthebookis（    ）.A.whathappenedtohisparents  B.thedesiretoseedifferentcountryC.thebeautyofhishomeland    D.hispassionforparticularbirdsPassage3  Duringthelastfewyears,therehasbeenanenormousincreaseinthenumberofshops,storesandsupermarkets,whichprovidefacilitiesforself-service.Theirgeneralpurposeistoprovidegoodsinperfectcondition,sothatthecustomercanserveherself,andthenpayforthegoodswithoutdelay.  Theorganizersofaself--servicestorehavetheirdifficulties.Theymustdisplayngreatnumberofgoodsinlimitedspacewithoutcoveringupanything.  Theymustdealwiththegoodswhichareeasytobecomerotten,andtheymustarrangenspeedyflowofcustomerspastthecashier"s.Forthepurposeofdisplayofgoods,manydevicesareusedsuchaslonglengthsofadjustableshelvestotakevarioussizesofpacks,rotatingcircularshelves,anddisplaystands.  Theproblemofquickpaymenthasbeensolvedbytheuseofmoderncashmachine,whichcanquicklyrecordthecostofeachitemandtotalsthebill.  Thenitalsotakesinthesumgiveninpayment,andshootsouttherightchangeintoacupnearthecustomer.  Someoftheadvantagesoftheself－serviceseemtobethatthereisnowaitingtobeserved;thereiswidevarietyofchoice,anditisclaimedthatready－mademealandvegetablesareveryclean.Shoppingissaidtobemoreefficientandmoreeconomical.  Neverthelessmanypeoplestillprefertobeservedbyasmallshopkeeperwhoknowsthempersonallyandwilldelivergoodstotheirhomes.7)Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Supermarketsprovidecheaperfood.      B.Thereislessdelayinpaymentinsupermarkets.C.Foodandmeataremorecleanandtasty.  D.Air--conditioningisatdifferenttemperatures.8)Theproblemoforganizersinsupermarketis（      ）.A.tokeepfoodsclean                  B.tokeeptheshelvesmovingaroundC.toprovideawidevarietyofgoods      D.properdisplayoffoodsandeasyflowofcustomers9)  Whichofthefollowingisnotthemainadvantageofself—service?A.Agreatervarietyofgoods    B.BetterserviceC.Efficiencyandeconomy      D.Morecleanfood10)Manypeoplelikethesmallshopsbecause（    ）.A.theyareveryclose    B.theyarecheaperC.theyarefriendly      D.theycansendgoodstotheirhomes【习题五答案及分析】1) A  这个短语的意思是：或沉或浮，放任自流。2)C  见文章第一段第二、三句。3)D  见文章最后第一段第二句。4)A  作者第一段说，要她选择自然历史方面对她影响最大的书对她而官不是件容易的事，直到她回想起重年，这时这件事就变得容易了。由此可知，“这件事”指的是作出选择。5)C  见文章第二段第一句。6)D  见文章第三段第二句。7)B  见第一段最后一句。8)D  第二段讲到了超市组织者面临的娃重要的问题是保证流通流畅，食品展台方便顾客。9)C  第四段中，"shoppingissaidtobemoreefficientandmoreeconomical．"一句暗示，作者或许并不认为自选超市更经济实惠，提高效率。10)C  从文中最后—句可以推测出，小食品商场更具有人情味。【习题六】本题共有三段短文，每段短文后面有三至四道题，共计十道小题。每道小题都有四个选择项。找出你认为正确的答案。Passage1  Neveruseanydrugunlessthereisagoodreason,especiallyinawomanwhoisexpectingababy.Askthepatientifhehashadpreviousdrugreactions:ifhehas,becautious(小心).Itisestimatedthatmorethanhalfoftheadversereactionsthatarereportedwouldbepresentedifthisweredone.  Askthepatientifheisalreadyreceivingotherdrugs.  Ifpossible,useadrugwithwhichyouarefamiliar.Ifyouuseanewdrug,bespeciallyonthewatchforadversereactions.  Reportseriousorunusualreactionssuspectedasduetoestablisheddrugs,andanyreactionhowevertrivial(轻微)thatmaybeduetoanewlymarketeddrug.1)Thisisasetofrecommendationsfor（    ）.A.drugcompanyrepresentatives  B.doctorsprescribingforpatientsC.scientistswhospecializeindrugsD.doctorstreatingdrugtakers2)Thepatientsshouldbeaskediftheyare（    ）.A.familiarwithdrugsB.cautiousabouttakingdrugsC.takingotherdrugsD.lookingfornewlymarketeddrugs3)Welearnfromthepassagethat（    ）.A.anyunexpectedeffectofnewdrugsisworthreportingB.establisheddrugshaveseriousadverseeffectsC.newlymarketeddrugshavetrivialeffectsD.fullreportsshouldbemadeofalltheeffectsofalldrugsPassage2  Researchershaveshownthatnoisecanadverselyaffecthumansinbothphysiologicalandpsychologicalways.Hearinglossesinparticularoccupationssuchasship-buildingandconstructionworkarewellknown,infact,however,weallfindhearingmoredifficult asweage.Youngearscandistinguishawiderangeofsoundsfromlowtoveryhighfrequencies,whileolderearslosetheabilitytodistinguishhigh-pitchedsounds(高音).Acomparisonofpeoplelivinginsomeindustrializedandnon-industrializedareassuggeststhat~hearinglossmaynotnecessarilyaccompanyoldage.  Furthermore,acloserinspectionofotherdatarevealseconomiceffects.Forinstance,anincreasedturnover(周转，易手)inpropertyhasbeenobservedinnoisyareasnearairports.Jobperformancecanbeadverselyaffectedbyloudnoise,especiallyifaccuracyandmentaleffortareinvolved.Theuseofoutdoor(户外)areasforconversationisnotpossibleforanestimated5to10millionpeoplewholiveorworkinurbanarea.Wheninterferencewithtelevisionorspeechorsleepisincluded,asmanyas22to24millionpeoplecanbesaidtohavelostpartoftheuseoftheirhomesandgroundsbecauseofnoise.  Thusnoisepollutionisaseriousenvironmentalconcern.Theindifferentattitudetowardnoiseshouldbeovercome；considerableeffortsshouldbemadetoalertpeopletothegraveeffectswhichmaystemfromanexcessivelynoisyenvironment.4)Wecanlearnfromthispassagethat（    ）.A.youngpeopleareabletodistinguishhigh-pitchedsoundsB.YoungpeopledistinguishlowfrequencynoisebetterthanoldpeopleC.highfrequencynoisecancausehearinglossinoldpeopleD.industrializedpeoplewillsufferhearinglosswhentheyareold5)Accordingtothetext,noisecaninterferewithsleep.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthisimply?A.Noisecancausedreams.B.Noisemakespeopleturnroundintheirsleep.C.Noisemakespeoplesleepmore.D.Noiseinterruptssleep.6)Thegraveeffectsofnoiseonhumansare（    ）.A.physiologicalonlyB.psychologicalonlyC.psychological,physiologicalandeconomicD.bothpsychologicalandphysiologicalPassage3  Everythingthatisneworuncommonraisesapleasureintheimagination,andbecauseitfillsthesoulwithapleasantsurprise,satisfiesitscuriosity,andgivesitanideawhichitdidnotpossessbefore.Wearetoomuchfamiliarwithonesetofobjectsandtiredoutwithsomanyrepeatedshowsofthesamethingsandwhateverisneworuncommoncontributesalittletovaryhumanlifewiththestrangenessofitsappearance:itservesusforakindofrefreshment,andtakesoffthatsatiety(厌腻)wetendtocomplainofinourusualandordinaryentertainments.Itisthisvarietythatgivesourmindsomethingnowandrelievesourattentionfromdwelling(滞留)toolongand  wastingitselfonanyparticularobject.Itisthis,likewise,thatimproveswhatisgreatorbeautiful,andmakesitaffordourmindandoubleentertainment.  Woods,fields,andmeadowsareatanyseasonoftheyearpleasanttolookuponbutneversomuchasinthebeginningofthespring,whentheyareallnewandfreshandnotyettoomuchaccustomedandfamiliartotheeye.Forthisreasonthereisnothingthatmakesaprospectmorefascinatingthanriversorspraysofwaterfromfountains,wherethesceneisconstantly shiftingandentertainingthesighteverymomentwithsomethingnew.Wearequicklyfiredwithlookinguponhillsandvalleys,whereeverythingremainsfixedandsettledinthesameplaceandmanner,butfindourthoughtsalittleexcitedandrelievedatthesightofsuchobjectsasareeverinmotionandslidingawayfrombeneathoureyes.7)Whichofthefollowingcontainsthemainideaofthepassage?A.Whateverisnewismoreworthwhilethanthatwhichisold.B.Newnessmakesathingfascinating.C.Wemustchangetheoldforthenewtoachievevariety.D.Wecannotevaluatetheworthofanitemuntilitisnolongernew.8)Whichofthefollowingdescribesthedevelopmentoftheideasinthispassage?A.Thethoughtmovesbyassociationfromoneaspectmanother.B.Thethoughtmovesfromahypothesistoanapplicationofthehypothesis.C.Thethoughtmovesfromageneralizationtoaseriesofobservationstoprovethegeneralization.D.Thethoughtmovesfromeventtoeventinthetimesequence..9)Theauthor"simpliedpurposeinthispassageisto（    ）.A.entertainthereader    B.preventthereaderfrommakingmistakesC.presentanalternativeviewD.improvethereader"ssenseofrightandwrong10)Theauthorfindsfountainsfascinatingbecause（    ）.A.ofthebeautyoftheirappearanceB.ofthefreshnessofthewaterC.ofthemovementofthewaterD.ofthebeautyofnature【习题六答案及分析】1)B  文中几次提到askthepatient…，还提到要注意药物可能引起的不良反应，对孕妇用药要特别小心等。可知是在告诫医生开处方时要谨慎。不要选D，  drugtakers是指吸毒者，不是一般病人。2)C  见第2段。本文在另一处也提醒要askthepatient，但询问的内容是以前有没有过药物反应，选择项中没有列入。3)A  见最后一段的最后一部分：…anyreactionhowevertrivialthatmaybeduetoanewlymarketeddrug.不要选D，文中只提到：Reportseriousorunusualreactionssuspectedasduetoestablisheddrugs，也就是说对现有的药物，要报告的只限于严重的、不寻常的反应。4)D  本文第1段提到…weallfindhearingmoredifficultasweage，意思是说：人们发现随着年龄的增长，自己的听力会逐渐衰退。这一段的最后一句说，比较生活在工业发达地区和工业不发达地区的人，发现听力衰退不一定和年龄的增长有关。它暗示，只有住在工业区的人们听力才会逐渐受到损害。不要选C，这一选项的意思是：高频噪声对老年人的听力有损害。从全段的意思看，这是不对的。老年人所以听力衰退，是长期(从年轻时起)受噪音污染的结果。5)D  句中interferewithsleep(干扰睡眠)和interruptsleep的意思相同．6)C  文中第1段首先提到噪音在生理和心理两方面对人有不利的影响，第2段第l句又说别的数据资料揭示在经济上也有影响。可知这种影响是三方面的。7) B  本文第1句提出了作者的观点，那就是新的、不寻常的事物能给人以愉悦、激发人们的想象力等等，这也是本文的主导思想。选项B是说新鲜感赋予事物以新鲜感，正是这个意思。不要选A，这一选项说凡是新事物都比旧事物有价值，本文不涉及价值问题。8)C  本文先提出作者的总观点，然后举例证明自己的观点。这种叙述方式正是C项所指的那一种。9)C  作者在文中列举的现象可能有各种解释，作者提出了自己的见解，让读者自己做出判断，哪一种解释最合理。这就是作者的目的，他没有说别的什么解释是错误的。10)C  作者在提到没有什么东西比河流或喷泉的景象更动人时说wherethesceneisconstantlyshiftingandentertainingthesighteverymomentwithsomethingnew.这里的shifting就是指水的流动。                                                                                      主观题英译汉专项练习【习题一】1  Whatiscolor?Whydosomeobjectslookred,othersgreen,  othersblue?  Coloriscausedbyreflectedlightrays.Weseecolorbecauseobjectsreflectlight.Somethingthatisredreflectsmostlyredlight.(Itreflectsalittlegreenofbluelight,too,butwedonotseeit.)Inthesameway,agreenobjectreflectsmostlygreenlight.WhiteobjectsreflectallcolorsoflightBlackobjectsdonotreflectanylight.  Whathappenstothecolorsoflightthatarenotreflected?Theyareabsorbedbytheobject.Thedarkerthecolor,thelesslightisreflectedandthemorelightisabsorbed.Lightthatisabsorbedisturnedintoheat.Forthisreason,dark-coloredclothesarewarmerinthesunlightthanlight-coloredclothes.2Thesumspentonbooksandmagazinesseemssmall.MostfamiliestakeatleastonedailynewspaperandaSundaypaper.Theymaytakeseveralweeklymagazines,usuallyincludingtheRadioTimes(《无线电节目报》).ThisgivesthemtheweeklyprogrammersoftheB.B.C.Thesmallsumspentonbooksdoesnotmeanthatpeopledoverylittlereading.Millionsofcheap,paper-backed(平装的)booksareboughteverymonth.Therearegoodpubliclibrarieseverywherefromwhichbooksmaybeborrowed.Overonemillionbooksaretakenoutfromtheselibrarieseveryweek-day.Insomehomes,however,thereislessseriousreadingnowthantherewasfiftyyearsago.Manypeopleprefertolistentotheradio,orlookatfilmsortelevision.Manypeopleseemtopreferpopularpicturemagazinestomagazinesthatcontainseriousreading.3  Astronomers(天文学家)cantelljusthowhotthesurfaceofthemoongets.Thesideofthemoontowardthesungetstwohundreddegreeshotterthanboilingwater.Thenightsidereaches243degreesbelowzero.  Intheeclipse(月食),theearth"sshadowfailsonthemoon.Thenthemoon"s temperaturemaydrop300degreesinaveryshorttime.Atemperaturechangelikethiscannothappenontheearth.Whydoesithappenonthemoon?  Astronomersthinkthatthesurfaceofthemoonisdust.Ontheearth,rocksstoreheatfromthesun.Whenthesungoesdown,therocksstaywarm.Butthedustofthemooncannotstoreheat.Sowhenthemoongetsdark,theheatescapesquickly.Themoongetsverycold.4  Waterisveryimportanttolivingthings.WithoutwatertherecanbenolifeonEarth.Allanimalsandplantsneedwater.Manalsoneedswater.Weneedwatertodrink,tocookourfoodandtocleanourselves.Waterisneededinoffices,factoriesandschools.Whereelseiswaterneeded?  WatercoversaboutseventypercentoftheEarth"ssurface.Thereiswaterisseas,rivers,lakes,springs(泉)andwells.Miranda  Waterisfoundalmosteverywhere.  Eveninthedriestpartoftheworldthereissomewaterintheair.Youcannotseeitorfeelitwhenitispartoftheair.Thewaterinoceansandlakesandstreamsisaliquid.Thewaterintheairisnotaliquidbutagas.Wecallitwatervapor.  Cloudsaremadeofwater.Theymaybemadeoftinydropsofwater.Theymayalsobemadeofsnowcrystals.Snowcrystalsaretinycrystalsofice.Iceisfrozenwaterorwaterthathasbecomesolid.【习题一答案】1颜色是什么?为什么有些东西看起来是红色，另一些是绿色，还有些是蓝色的呢?    颜色是由反射出的光线引起的。我们能看出颜色，是因为物体能反射光。红色物体主要反射红光。(它也反射一点绿光或蓝光，但我们看不见。)同样，绿色物体主要反射绿光。白色物体反射所有颜色的光。黑色物体不反射任何光。    那些没有被反射的光的颜色怎么样了呢?他们被物体吸收了。颜色越深，反射的光就越少，吸收的光也就越多。被吸收的光变成热。正因如此，在阳光下，深色衣服比浅色衣服更保暖。2    用于购买书籍杂志的钱看来很少，大多数家庭至少订一份日报和一份周日版的报纸。他们也可能订几份周刊，通常包括《无线电节目报》。这就可以使他们知道BBC每周的节目。在书籍上开销少，并不是说人们不怎么看书。每月都出数以百万计的平装廉价书。各处都有良好的公共图书馆，可以从中借书。这些图书馆每个工作日都借出一百多万册书籍。然而比起五十年前，有些家庭读书不那么认真了。许多人情愿听广播或者看电影或电视。许多人似乎情愿看通俗画报，而不看刊载严肃读物的杂志。3    天文学家能说出月球表面有多热。月球面对太阳的那一面要比沸水热200度。黑夜的那一面达到零下243度。    月食时，地球阴影落在月球上。月球温度可以在短时间内下降300度。    像这样的温度变化不可能发生在地球上．它为什么会出现在月球上呢 ?天文学家认为，月球表面上是尘埃。在地球上，岩石贮存来自太阳的热量。太阳落山后，岩石仍保持一定温度。但是月球的尘埃不能贮存热量。因此当月球变黑以后，热量很快消散。月球就变得非常寒冷。  4    水对生物来说是至关重要的。没有水，地球上就不可能有生命。一切动植物都需要水。人也需要水。我们要喝水，用水烧饭和洗澡。机关、工厂和学校也需要水。还有别的什么地方需要水呢?    水约占地球表面总面积的百分之七十。海洋、河流、湖泊、泉眼和井里都有水。    水几乎到处可见。即使在世界上最干旱的地方，空气中也有水。当水存在于空气中时是看不见摸不着的。海洋、湖泊和溪流中的水呈液态。空气中的水不是液态，而是气态，我们管它叫水蒸汽。云是由水形成的。它们可能是由小水滴形成的，也可能是由雪晶形成的。雪晶是细小的冰晶。冰是冻结的水或是已变成固态的水。【习题二】1  Findingenoughmeatwasaproblemforprimitiveman(原始人).Keepingitfortimeswhenitwasscarce（短缺的）wasjustashard.Threewayswerefoundtokeepmeatfromspoiling:salting,dryingandfreezing.  Peoplenearsaltywaterssaltedtheirmeat.Atfirsttheyprobablyrubbeddrysaltonit,butthispreservedonlytheoutside.Latertheymayhavepickled(腌制)theirmeatbysoakingitinsaltwater.  Inhot,drylands,menfoundthattheycouldeatmeatthathaddriedwhileitwasstillonthebones.Theylaterlearnedtocutmeatintostripsandhangituptodryinthehotair.  Menincoldclimatesfoundthatfrozenmeatdidnotspoil.Theycouldleavetheirmeatoutsideandeatitwhentheypleased.2  Strangethingshappentotimewhenyoutravel,becausetheearthisdividedintotwenty-fourtimezones(时区),onehourapart.Youcanhavedayswithmoreorfewerthantwenty-fourhours,andweekswithmoreorfewerthansevendays.  Ifyoumakeafive-daydripacrosstheAtlanticOcean(大西洋),yourshipentersadifferenttimezoneeveryday.Asyouentereachzone,  thetimechangesonehour.Travelingwest,yousetyourclockback;travelingeast,yousetitahead.Eachdayofyourtriphaseithertwenty-fiveortwenty-threehours.  IfyoutravelbyshipacrossthePacific(太平洋),  youcrosstheinternationaldateline(国际日期变更线).Byagreement,thisisthepointwhereanewdaybegins.Whenyoucrosstheline,youchangeyourcalendaronefullday,backwardorforward.Travelingeast,todaybecomesyesterday;travelingwest,itistomorrow!3Volcanoeshavebeenerupting(喷发)ontheearthformillionsofyears.Morethanfivehundredsstillerupttoday.Thesearecalledactivevolcanoes.Volcanoesarelocatedinbeltsorchains.Theyarefoundwheretheearth"scrustisweak.Theweakspotsletthehotrockescapewhenthevolcanoerupts.  Manyvolcanobeltsaremountainrangesalongtheedgesofcontinents.OnepestrunsalongthewesterncoastofSouthAmericanupthroughtirewesternpartoftheUnitedStates.Othervolcanoesarefoundinoceanbasins(盆地).   Aboutthree-fifthsofallactivevolcanoesintheworldareinthePacificOcean(太平洋).Manyofthesevolcanoeseruptunderthewater.TheHawaiianIsland(夏威夷群岛)werebuiltbyvolcanoesthatbeganeruptingunderwaterandfinallyreachedthesurfaceoftheocean.4Inordertoprovideahome,foodandclothingforhimselfandhisfamily,everyworkerneedsajobatareasonablewage.Hejoinsatradeunion(工会)becausethetradeunionhelpshim.Animportantdutyofthetradeunionistohelptheirmemberswhentheyareunabletoworkbecauseofillness,oraccidentsatwork,andwhentheybecometoooldtocontinueworking.Intheearlydaysofthetradeunionmovement,beforetheStateprovidedhealthandunemploymentinsuranceandoldagepensions(养老金),thiskindofhelpwasmuchmoreimportantthanitistoday.  Everymemberofatradeunionpaysasmallsumofmoneyeachweek,calledhissubscription(会费).Thiscoversthecoastoforganizingtheunion,andprovidesthefoundtohelpthemembers.Fromthisfundmembersalsoreceivehelpiftheygoonstrikeagainsttheiremployers,orarelockedout(解雇)bythem.【习题二答案】1  对原始人来说，找到足够的肉食是一个问题。把肉食保存起来以备短缺之需同样困难。人们发现有三种方法可以使肉食不会变质：盐腌、风干和冷冻。    住在咸水域附近的人把肉腌起来。起初他们大概是把盐粒涂擦在肉上，但这只能保存肉的外层。后来，他们可能使用盐水浸渍的方法把肉腌起来。    在炎热干早的地区，人们发现可以吃到还带着骨头的已经风干的肉。他们后来又学会了把肉切成薄片，挂在炎热的空气中风干。    生活在寒冷气候下的人们发现，冻肉不会变质。他们可以把肉露天放置，随时使用。2    你旅行时在时间上会发生很多奇怪的事，因为地球分为24个时区，一区相差一小时。有些天可能多于或少于24小时，有些星期可能多于或少于7天。    如果你用五天时间横渡大西洋，你乘的船每天都进入一个不同的时区。你进入每一时区，时间就改变一小时。向西行，你把钟往后拨；向东行，则往前拨。你旅行的每一天都有25或23小时。    如果你乘船横渡太平洋，你就会越过国际日期变更线。根据协议，这是新一天开始的地方。你越过该线，就得把你的日历向后或向前改动—整天。向东行，今天变成了昨天；向西行，今天变成了明天!3    亿万年来，地球上的火山一直在喷发。至今还有五百多座火山在喷发。这些叫做活火山。火山是以带状或链状排列的。它们都处在地壳薄弱的地方。火山喷发时，这些薄弱的地点能使热岩喷出。    许多火山带都是沿各大陆边缘的山脉。有一处火山带是沿南美洲西海岸延伸，穿越美国西部。还有—些火山则位于大洋盆底。    世界上大约五分之三的活火山位于太平洋中。许多这样的火山是在水下喷发的。夏威夷群岛就是由火山形成的，它开始在水下喷发，最后达到大洋表面。4 为了给自己和家庭提供住房、食物和服装，每个工人都需要有一份报酬合理的工作。他参加工会，因为工会能帮助他。工会的一个重要职责是，当会员因病不能工作，或出了工伤事故，或年老失去劳动力时，向他们提供帮助。在工会运动的早期，国家当时还没有提供健康保险和失业保险，也没有发放养老金，那时工会的帮助比现在更重要。    每个工会会员每周缴付一小笔钱，称为会费。它包括组织工会的费用，并提供基金以帮助会员。会员如果举行反对雇主的罢工或被雇主解雇，他们也能从这笔基金中得到帮助。【习题三】1ForeverymanintheCivilWar(内战)whodiedinbattle,twoorthreemandiedofdisease,Doctorofthattimeknewverylittleaboutcausesofsicknessorwaysofpreventingit.Thousandsofmeninpoorhealthbecamesoldiers.Hundredsofothershadneverhadchildhooddiseases.Manyofthesesoldierscouldnotwithstandtheepidemics(传染病)ofmeasles(麻疹),mumps(流行性腮腺炎),andwhoopingcough(百日咳)thatwentthroughthecamps.  Armylifewashard.Soldiersgotfewfruitsorvegetables.Therewasnomilkunlesstheyhappenedtofindacow.Neithertheirclothesnortheirsheltersprotectedthetroopsfromrain,snow,andcold.Sicknessanddiseasewerespreadbyinsects,rats,andimpuredrinkingwater.Oftenthemendrankstraightfrommuddystreams.  Gunshotwounds(枪伤)wereserious,nsinanywar,buttheydidnotcauseasmuchdeathandsufferingasdiseasedid.2Inancienttimesnowomenallowedtotakepartinanysports.IntheVictorianera(维多利亚时代),peoplethoughtitwasunlady-likeforawomantobeinvolvedinanysportactivity.  Therehavebeenchangesintheviewofwomeninthemodernworld.Thesechangeshaveallowedmanymorewomentoparticipateinsports.Manywomennowtakepartinsportsandgamesofdifferentkindsandenjoydoingso.  Womenalsoaremoreactiveinsportsnowbecauseoftwochanges.First,intheearlytwentiethcentury,womenbegantocompeteregularlyintheOlympics.Also,thenumberofeventsforwomenintheOlympicshasbeengrowingquitesteadily.Inmorerecentyears,manywomen"scompetitionshavebeenonTV.SeeingwomeninprofessionalsportsonTVhasmadecertainsportsmuchmorepopularamongwomen,asamateurs(业余运动员)andprofessionals(专业运动员).3Canmachinesbeasintelligentashumanbeings?Thereisalotofdiscussionthesedaysaboutartificial(人工的)intelligencemachinesandtheirrelationtohumanintelligence.Peopleinmanydifferentoccupations(职业)areinvolvedinthisdiscussion.Theywanttoknowhowartificialintelligencewillimprovetheirlives.Theyalsowanttoknowhowartificialintelligencewillimprovetheirlives.Theyalsowanttoknowif"intelligent"machinescanbeharmfultothem.Theywouldliketoknowwhatscientistspredictfortheirfuture.  Humanbeingsareauniquespecies.Theyhavemorecomplexbrainsthananyotherbeings.Theyhavethegiftofspeechandcancommunicatetheirthoughts,ideas,andfeelings.Humanbeingsareinterestedinthepastandcanlearnfrompastexperiences.Theystudytheirpresentproblemscarefullyandtrytofindthebestsolutions.Theylooktothe futureandplantheirnextactivities.Theyinventtoolsandmachinestohelpthemintheirwork.4DoyouwanttosaywhatyouthinkinalettertothePresidentoftheUnitedStates?You"llgetareplyfromhim-writteninink,nottyped-afteronlyafewdays.  ThePresidentgetsabout4,000letterseveryweek.HeanswerseveryonewhowritestohimonspecialWhiteHouse(白宫)paper.Buthedoesn"tneedalotoftimeforit.Infact,heonlygives20minutesaweektolookingathispersonalcorrespondence.Hehasthemostmodernsecretaryintheworldtohelphim.  It"sacomputer,whichhasitsownroomsonthefirstflooroftheWhiteHouse.Ithasabankof(一堆，许多)electronicpenswhichwritelikethePresidentwrites,inhisfavoritelightblueink,EachletterthePresidentreceivesgetsanumber,accordingtothetypeofansweritneeds.Thepensthenwritethecorrectreplyforit,accordingtothenumber.Eachlettertakeslessthanasecondtowrite.【习题三答案】1    国内战争时，在战斗中每死亡一人，就有两三个人死于疾病。当时的医生不大了解病因或防病的方法。成千上万身体很差的人当了兵。还有成千上万的人从未得过幼儿多发病症。这些士兵中的很多人都忍受着军营中流行的麻疹，流行性腮腺炎和百日咳一类的传染病。    部队生话是艰苦的。土兵们几乎吃不到水果和蔬菜。也没有牛奶，除非偶尔找到一头母牛。不论是他们的衣服还是他们的住处都无法使部队避雨、避雪和避寒。疾病是由昆虫、老鼠和不洁的饮水引起的，土兵常常从泥泞的小溪中直接饮水。在任何战争中枪伤都是严重的，但他们并不像疾病那样引起那么多的死亡和痛苦。2    在古代，不许女人参加任何体育活动。在维多利亚时代，人们认为女人参加任何体育活动都有失大家闺秀的风范。    在当代世界，对女人的这种看法已有变化。这些变化允许更多的女人参加体育活动。现在有许多女人参加各种体育活动和竞赛，并且乐此不疲。    女人现在也更加积极地参加体育活动，这是由两种变化引起的。首先，在二十世纪初，女人开始定期角逐奥运会。其次，奥运会中女子比赛的项目一直在不断增加。近年来，许多女子竞赛项目已经在电视上播出。在电视上看到女子参加专业运动会，就使某些体育项目在女子中更加普及，不论她们是业余的还是专业的。3机器能象人一样聪明吗?近年来很多人探讨了人工智能机及其对人类智能的关系。各行各业的人都参与了这场讨论。他们想要知道人工智能机会怎样改变人类的生活。他们也想知道“智能”机是否与人类有害。他们还想知道科学家们对人类的未来有什么预言。    人类是独特的物种，他们有比其它任何生物都更复杂的大脑。他们有语言天赋，能交流思想、想法和感受。人类对过去感兴趣，而且能汲取过去的经验。他们仔细研究当前的问题并试图找到最佳解决方案。他们展望未来并计划下一步的行动。他们发明机器来帮助自己工作。    4你是否想给美国总统写一封信说说你的想法呢?过不了几天你就会收到他的回信——是用墨水写的，不是用打字机打的。     总统每周收到大约四千封信。他用白宫专用信纸给每个给他写信的人回信。但是他做这件事并不需要很多时间。事实上，他每周只抽出二十分钟来看一看写给他个人的信。他有世界上最现代化的秘书帮他做这件工作。  这就是一台计算机，它设在白宫第一层的专用房间里。它有许多电子钢笔，写的字和总统写的一样，用的是总统喜爱的那种浅蓝色墨水．总统收到的每一封信都编上号，编号是根据该信需要哪一类回复。然后这些钢笔就根据编号写出正确的回信。写一封信不到一秒钟。汉译英专项练习【习题一】1．原谅我打断你们的谈话。2．他一做起实验来就把别的事情全都忘了。3．至于心脏病的原因一直有许多解释。4．至于我，我没有什么反对的话要说。5．为了节省几块钱，汤姆步行上班。6．她不想讨论这个题目，我也不想。7．我们得尽最大努力使工作顺利进行下去。8．我发现要理解他说的话是很困难的。9．只要你保证十一点以前回来，你就可以出去。10．玛丽太骄傲了，以至于看不到自己的缺点。【习题一答案】1.Excusemeforbreakinginonyourconversation.2.Wheneverhemakesanexperiment,heforgetsallotherthings.3.Therehavebeenalotofexplanationsastocausesofheartdisease.4.Asforme,Ihavenothingtosayagainstit.5.Forthesakeofsavingafewdollars,Tomwalkstowork.6.Shedoesn"twanttodiscussthissubject.NeitherdoI.7.Weshoulddoourbesttokeeptheworkgoingsmoothly.8.Ifoundithardtounderstandwhathehadsaid.9.Youcangooutasyoupromisetobebackbefore11o"clock.10.Maryistooproudtoseeherownshortcomings.【习题二】1．大学生参加社会实践是非常重要的。2．原始人认为，吃鹿就可以使他们跑得像鹿一样快。3．这小孩把玩具拆开了，却不知道如何再组装起来。4．这两兄弟外貌十分相似，但性格却差别很大。5．她感到难以适应国外的生活．6．他有钱无处花，而我无钱可花。7．我知道我应该学习，但他却劝我去看电影。8．许多争吵都是由误会引起的。(come about)9．有些取得很大进步的人总还是对自己不满意。10．外宾对我们在那么短的时间所取得的成就感到惊讶。【习题二答案】1.Itisofgreatimportanceforcollegestudentstotakepartinsocialpractice.2.Primitivepeoplethoughtthateatingdeerwouldmakethemrunasfastasthedeer.3.Thechildtookthetoyapartbutdidn"tknowhowtoputittogether.4.Thetwobrothersarequitesimilarinappearancebuttheydiffergreatlyincharacter.5.Shefounditdifficulttoadaptherselftothelifeinaforeigncountry.6.Hehasnothingtospendhismoney,whileIhavenomoneytospend.7.IknewIshouldstudy,buthepersuadedmetogotothemovies.8.Manyaquarrelhascomeaboutthroughamisunderstanding.9.Somepeoplewhohavemademuchprogressareneversatisfiedwiththemselves.10.Theforeignvisitorswereamazedatourachievementsmadeinsuchashorttime.【习题三】1．夜间他们用受过特殊训练的狗看守羊群。(watchover)2.不要为你的儿子过分担心，他大了，可以照顾自己了。3．当他知道了外语的用处后，他就开始学习英语。(taketo)4．这男孩要求参加俱乐部，但因年级小而遭到拒绝。5．你们所谈得只是我们今天要解决的问题之一。6。他在学习上有些困难，但在老师的帮助下，他己跟上全班了。7．今年的钢铁生产在质量方面比去年如何?8．如果你束手无策，就听其自然好了。(leavealone)9．他花了很长时间才习惯了这一事实，即他失业了。(cometotermswith)10．他的痛苦多半是由于他对事物的价值认识上的错误。【习题三答案】1.Theyusespeciallytraineddogstowatchovertheirsheepatnight.2.Don"tworrytoomuchaboutyourson.Heisbigenoughtotakecareofhimself.3.Whenhelearnedoftheusefulnessofforeignlanguages,hetooktostudyingEnglish.4.Theboywantedtojointheclubbutwasturneddownbecausehewasunderage.5.Whatyou"vetalkedaboutisonlyoneoftheproblemswe"regoingtosolvetoday.6.Hehassomedifficultiesinhisstudy,butwithhisteachers"helphehaskeptupwiththeclass.7.Howdoesthisyear"ssteelproductioncomparewiththatoflastyearforquality?8.You"dbetterleavethingsaloneifyoudon"tknowhowtodealwiththem.9.Ithastakenhimalongtimetocometotermswiththefactthathewaswithoutwork.10.Hissufferingsarelargelyduetohisputtingafalsevalueonthings.单词拼写专项练习【习题一】1)目的，意图n.p______                    2)抗议，反对v.p______3)思考，考虑v.r_____                       4)原理，原则n.p________5)文明的，开化的a.c________              6)传下，遗传v.d______7)频道，渠道n．c_______                  8)时刻，场合n.o_______9)投递，递交v.d______                      10)主修，专攻v．m____11)抵触，冲突n．c_______                  12)限制，约束V．r_______13)得益v.b______                          14)部分地，不完全地ad．p________15)企图，试图v．／n．a______              16)活下来，幸存V.s______17)很可能，或许ad．P_______                18)姿势，手势n．g_____19)当地的，局部的a.l____                    20)  拉紧n.t______【习题一答案】1)purpose  2)protest    3)reflect  4)principle  5)civilized6)descend  7)channel  8)occasion  9)deliver  10)major11)conflict  12)restrict  13)benefit  14)partially  15)attempt16)survive  17)probably  18)gesture  19)local  20)tension【习题二】1)声明，陈述n.s________    2)问题，争论点n.i____3)供应，提供v.f______    4)组织v.o_______5)流行的，通俗的a.p______6)初级的，首要的a.p______7)元素，成分n.e______8)经常地，频繁地ad．f_________9)讨价还价v.b______    10)休假，假期n．v_______11)打扰，麻烦v.b_____    12)现实，实际n.r______13)恢复，痊愈v.r______  14)严重的，严格的a.s_____15)稳定的，严格的a.s_____16)旅游，观光n.t______17)可能地，潜在地ad.p__________18)评论n./v.c_____ _19)取消，删除v.c______    20)损伤，毁坏v.d_____【习题二答案】1)statement  2)issue  3)furnish    4)organize  5)popular6)primary    7)element  8)frequently    9)bargain    10)vacation11)bother  12)reality  13)recover  14)severe  15)steady16)tourism    17)potentially    18)comment    19)cancel  20)damage【习题三】1)责备，责怪v.b____2)智力的，脑力的a.m_____3)分担，分享v.s____4)特征，特色n.f______5)坚持v.i_____6)遥远的，偏僻的a.r_____7)抽象的，泛泛的，笼统的a.a_______8)宁可，宁愿ad.r_____9)保护，防护v.p______10)谋杀，凶杀v.m_____11)起源n.o_____12)孤独的，寂寞的a.l_____13)影响n./v.i________14)骄傲的，自豪的a.p____15)威胁，恐吓v.t_______16)质量，品质n.q______17)充足的，充分的a.a_______ 18)完美的，圆满的a.p______19)手术，操作n.o________20)突然的a.s_____【习题三答案】1)blame  2)mental  3)share  4)feature  5)insist6)remote    7)abstract    8)rather  9)protect    10)murder11)origin    12)lonely    13)influence    14)proud    15)threaten16)quality    17)adequate    18)perfect19)operation    20)sudden【习题四】1)学生，学者，大学生n.s______2)档案，卷宗n.f___3)陆地，地面n.l____4)法庭，法院n.c____5)战役，战斗，斗争n.b_____6)覆盖，总括n.c_______7)铜n.c_____  8)器官n.o____9)衣服，服装n.c______10)朋友n.f_____11)找到，发现v.f___12)呼喊，惊叫v.e______13)创造，致使v.c_____4)看，瞧v.l___15)学习v.s____16)醒来v.w___17)买，购买v.p_______18)薄的，细的，瘦的a.t___19)相互的，彼此的a.m_____20)在楼上，往楼上ad.u_______【习题四答案】1)student  2)file      3)land    4)court    5)battle  6)coverage  7)copper  8)organ9)clothes  10)friend    11)find  12)exclaim    13)create  14)look    15)study  16)wake17)purchase  18)thin    19)mutual  20)upstairs【习题五】 1)态度，看法n.a_______2)单元，单位n.u___3)暖和，温暖n.w_____4)田地，原野n.f____5)家庭n.h________6)偏见n.b___7)汗n.s____8)房间n.r___9)磨房，碾磨n.m___10)办公室n.o_____11)处理，对付v.h_____12)提名，任命v.n_______13)(使)溶解，(使)融化v.d_______14)要求v.d_____15)欺骗，诈取v.s_______16)取来v.f____17)播送，发射v.t_______18)奇妙的a.w_________19)白色的a.w____20)最近ad.l_____【习题五答案】1)attitude  2)unit  3)warmth  4)field  5)household  6)bias  7)sweat  8)room  9)mill  10)  office11)handle  12)nominate  13)dissolve  14)demand  15)swindle  16)fetch17)transmit  18)wonderful  19)white  20)lately【习题六】1．值得的a.w____2．认识：熟人n.a___________3．保证，担保n./v.g________4．挫败，使灰心v.f________5．足够的，充分的a.s_________6．分离，分离的v./a.s_______7．长久的，永久的a.p________8．耕作，培养v.c________9．然而，可是ad.h______10．最后的，结局的a.e_______11．证明，证实v.p____12．忍受的，宽容的a.t_______13．抵抗，阻力n.r_________14．现象，迹象n.p________ _15．显然的，表面的a.a_______16．使结合，使成一体v.i________17．无用的a.u______    18．变化，变更n.v________19．以前的，早先的a.p_______    20．不同，相异n.d_________【习题六答案】1.worth  2.acquaintance  3.guarantee    4.frustrate    5.sufficient  6.separate    7.permanent8.cultivate  9.however  l0.eventual  11.prove    12.tolerant  13.resistance    14.phenomenon15.apparent  16.  integrate  17.useless  18.variation  19.previous  20.difference【习题七】1)  因素，要素n.f_____2)石头n.s____3)自由n.l______4)膝盖n.k___5)燃料n.f___6)星期一n.M_____7)把…归因于，把…归咎于v.a________8)经历，遭受v.u______9)鼓励v.e________10)接受，接纳v.a_____11)饮，喝v.d____    12)彻底废除，废止v.a______13)获得v.o_____    14)有帮助的，有用的a.h______15)棕色的a.b____    16)古怪的a.f____17)足够的a.a_______18)快的，迅速的a.q____19)日本的a.J____    20)以某种方式，用某种方法ad.s______【习题七答案】1)factor  2)stone  3)liberty  4)knee  5)fuel  6)Monday  7)attribute8)undergo  9)encourage10)accept  11)drink  12)  abolish  13)obtain  14)helpful  15)brown16)funny  17)adequate  18)quick  19)Japanese20)somehow 【习题八】1)虫子n.b__    2)十八n.e_______3)湖n.l___    4)世界，地球n.w____5)其时，其间n.m_______6)篮，篓n.b_____7)庆祝v.c________  8)使确信v.a_____9)搬，转移v.t_______10)预防，防止v.p______11)量，测量v.m______    12)登上，安装v.m____13)想象，设想v.v________14)意识到，知道的a.a____15)阳光充足的a.s____16)著名的a.f_____17)贵重的a.p_______18)可行的a.f_______19)快乐的，愉快的a.h____20)更远，进一步地ad．f_____【习题八答案】1)bug2)eighteen3)lake4)world5)meantime6)basket7)celebrate8)assure9)transfer10)prevent11)measure12)mount13)visualize14)aware15)sunny16)famous17)precious18)feasible19)happy20)further  【习题九】1)物理，物理学n.p______2)生产，制造v.p______3)相等的，同样的a.e____4)守卫，防卫v.g____5)否则，不然ad.o________6)旅行，行程n.j______7)器官，风琴n.o____8)混淆v.c______9)程序n.p______10)平均n.a______11)发明v.i_____12)礼物，赠品n.g___13)改进v.i______14)方法n.m_____ 15)准备v.p______16)信号n.s_____17)相似的a.s______18)车库n.g_____19)介绍v.i________20)(一)帮，(一)伙n.g___【习题九答案】1)physics  2)produce  3)equal  4)guard  5)otherwise6)journey  7)organ  8)confuse  9)program  10)average11)invent  12)gift  13)improve  14)method  15)prepare16)signal  17)similar  18)garage  19)introduce  20)gang【习题十】  1)伴随，陪同v.a________2)永恒的，经久不变的a.c_______3)传统，惯例n.t________4)滥用v./n.a____5)国内的，本国的a.d_______6)发源v.o________7)批评的，批判的a.c_______    8)转移v.s____9)附加v.a    10)调节v.a_____11)航班n.f_____    12)把……分类v.c_______13)忽视，疏忽v.n______14)多数n.m_______15)替代，更换v.r______16)评论，议论v.r_____17)细节，详情n.d_____    18)反应，回答n.r_______19)非法的a.i______20)征服v.c______【习题十答案】1)accompany  2)constant  3)tradition  4)abuse  5)domestic6)originate  7)critical  8)shift  9)attach  l0)adjust11)flight    12)classify    13)neglect    14)majority    15)replace16)remark  17)detail  18)response    19)illegal  20)conquer 【习题十一】1)达到v.a_____2)全国性的a.n_________3)尽管，任凭prep.d______4)保证，担保v.e_____5)个人n.i_________6)被动的a.p______7)安装v.i______8)分析v.a______9)称心的，合意的a.d________10)滑动，滑过v.s___11)运输n.t________12)克服v.o_______13)无价值的s.w________14)追求，从事v.p_____15)剥夺v.d______16)流行，盛行v.p______17)面对，遭遇v.c_______18)效率高地ad.e__________19)使信服，使确信v.c_______20)经济学n.e________【习题十一答案】1)attain    2)nationwide    3)despite  4)ensure  5)individual6)passive    7)install    8)analyze    9)desirable    10)slip11)transport    12)overcome    13)worthless    14)pursue    15)deprive16)prevail    17)confront    18)efficiently    19)convince    20)economics