自考英语语法笔记11_第十一章_并列和从属 3页

河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）第十一章CoordinationandSubordination并列和从属11.0IntroductionCoordination:由并列连接词（coordinator）把同一等级的单位连接起来；Subordination:由从属连接词（subordinator）把不同等级的单位连接起来，从属从句提供背景信息支持主句.E.g.:　PeterandSusan.(Coordination)考点1We’llhavepicnicifit’sfinetomorrow.(Subordination)11.1.1CoordinatorsCentralCo.中心连接词CorrelativeCo.关联并列连接词Semi-Co.半并列连接词Quasi-Co,边际并列连接词把同一级别的词连在一起连接2个类词的单位做连词用可做并列，从属连接词及介词And,Or,ButBoth…and,either…or,not…but,Neither…nor,notonly…butalso,Nor,so,yetAswellas,asmuchas,Ratherthan,morethana.And&relatedcoordinatorsAndIgaveheracupofteaandsomebiscuits.把两个类似，平行的词组合在一起，本身没有多大意义。Both…andBothmywifeandIwillbecomingtoseeyou.加强了两个词组在一起的程度，Notonly…butalsoSheisnotonlyprettybutalsointelligent.强调递增，notonly+lesserimportant，butalso+被强调的内容.AswellasHegavememoneyaswellasadvise.强调递减，AaswellasB,A被着重强调。Not..orHedoesn’tlikefootballorbasketball.与“and”作用相同。Not…norNotaflynoramosquitowastobefound.与“both…and”作用相同。Neither…norHeneithersmocksordrinks强调程度最强。b.OrandrelatedcoordinatorsOrWhichdoyouprefer?Teaorcoffee?表示选择性，”alternative”Either…orEitheryoudoit,oryouwillbefired.表示2种可能性，着重强调or后面的可能性。c.ButandrelatedcoordinatorsButTheyarepoorbut/yetproud.Heisnotbravebutbold.1.But连接同一等级的词组。2.一般情况下可用于yet互换，除了在but接not时，表示对已经说过话的否定。 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）YetI’mobjectingtohismoral,nottohismanner.WhileWhile/Whereastheywantahouse,we’dratherliveinaflat.While，whereas接从句；but,yet接词组While，whereas可在句首使用，but,ye1t只可以在句中做连词whereasYoulikesports,whereas/while/but/yetI’dratherread.11.1.2Punctuationbetweencoordinators并列连词间的标点如果只有2个unit需要连接的话，一般中间加个连接词就好，…AandB如果有3个或者以上的单位需要连接，一般在最后一个单位前加连接词，其他的都用逗号隔开。A,BandCExceptionHedidn’tplayfootball,basketballorvolleyball.但是也可以有以下情况，A,B,C./AandBandCForlinking2ormoreadjectives:1.当adj.在副词位置的时候，往往在最后一个adj.前加andHewastall,darkandhandsome.2.当adj.在修饰位置的时候，表示中心词的特征时，往往用逗号隔开。Atall,dark,handsomeman3.当adj.为不可分级形容词时，首先要判断这些adj.是否是同一等级的词，如果是，则要在他们中间加上逗号和并列连接词。Thecountry’ssocial,economicandpoliticalcrisis如果不是，则不要加标点或者连接词。AcertainfunnyretiredmoviestarOtherpunctuationcanstandbetweenunits1.Semicolon,不仅可以把单位连接在一起，而且比逗号更好的显示了词之间的等级分组。Thebreakfastmenuconsistedofjuiceorcereal;aboiled,fried,orpoachedegg;toastandsalad.2.Colon,意义相当于forexample,namely,thatis…引出句子的第二部分并详加说明。Shehadbeensickforseveraldays:thiscouldexplainherpoorperformanceatthetest.11.2Subordination从属不像coordination,subordination从属是指将两个unit，一般是两个不同级别的从句连接起来组成一个复杂的句子，考点211.2.1Subordinators从属连词SimpleSubordinatorsWh-words:what(ever),when(ever),where(ever),why,how(ever),who(ever),whether,which,whom,whose…After,although,as,because,before,for,if,once,since,that,though,till,unless,until…ComplexSubordinatorsWiththat:Assuming(that),butthat,considering(that),except(that),forall(that),given(that),grated(that),inthat,inorderthat,insofarthat,now(that),provide(that).Savethat,seeing(that),suchthat,supposing(that)… 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）Withas:accordingas,asfaras,aslongas,assoonas…Others:asif,asthough,incaseCorrelative关联SubordinatorsAs…as,as…so,barely…when,hardly…when,scarcely…when,more…than,less…than,nosooner…than,so…as,so…that,such…as,such…that,themore…themore,wether…orMarginal边缘SubordinatorsEvenif,ifonly,justas,onlyif,everytime(that),theinstant(that),themoment(that),duetothefactthat,forthereasonthat,byreasonthat,forfearthat,inspiteofthefactthat,inthelightofthefactthat,onaccountofthefactthat,onthegroundthat,regardlessofthefactthat…当边缘名词可以被简单的从属连接词或者介词代替时，就不要用比较复杂的边缘连接词。11.2.2Subordinateclause根据其功能作用分为3类：relativeclause关系分句，adverbialclause状语分句，nominalclause名词分句根据其形式分为3类：Finiteclause限定从属分句，non-finiteclause非限定性从属分句，verblessclausea.Finitesubordinateclause限定从属分句(从句有时态语态限制)Function:havetheirrelationswiththemainclausemadeclearRelativeclause关系分句that,when,where,which,who(m),whose…Ithinkshetoldmeallthatsheknew.Adverbialclause状语分句mostofsubordinatorexceptthat,which,who,whose…Weshallmakeitifitshinestomorrow.Wheneverheis,hemakesalotofnoise.Nominalclause名词分句That,wh-wordsWhathedoesisoftenatvariancewithwhathesays.(subject)Idon’tliketheideathatweriskcheating.(appositive)b.Non-Finitesubordinateandverblessclause非限定从属分句（从句时态与不定式一致）InfinitiveclauseTo-不定式从句Asif,asthough,inorder,soas,Wh-wordsIwaswonderingwhethertopunishhimornot.Shestoodupinordertoseebetter.-ingparticipateclause-ing不定式从句Although,asif,asthough,evenif,once,though,unless,until,when(ever),while,whetheror…Althoughhavingalotofconnections….-edparticipateclause-ed不定式从句Asif,assoonas,asthough,evenif,if,once,though,unless,until,when(ever),where(ever),while,whetheror…Workharduntiltoldtostop.Assoonasdismissedfromhisposition,hestartedhisownbusiness.