英语语法大全之状语 11 11页

济南沃尔得国际英语Ⅳ．副词的修饰语1．副词（短语）副词可由副词（短语）、不定式和状语从句修饰。但修饰它们最多的是副词（短语），通常放在副词的前面：Helivescompletelyalone．（程度副词或短语）Hewritesmuch（orfar，alot，agreatdeal，abit，atrifle，adegree，alittle）fasterthanI．Manyplaneswereflyingrightover．Wewaitedway（=far）（口语用法）behind．Hestoodwellback．Hepusheditrightup（orback，through，across，in）．Hepulledit（only）justup（orback，etc．）．Doyouseethatbridge？Rightbesidestandsmyschool．Muchbeyondisthechurch．“Istheshowallthatgood？”“Yes，butitendsalltoosoon．”Hecomesheremost（=almost）（口语用法）everyday．Heisalmostentirelyforgottenbyhisrelatives．Heworksapparently（orprobably，really）harderthanhisbrother．（肯定副词或短语）HespeaksEnglishremarkablywell．（方式副词或短语）Herunswonderfullyfast．Ithasrainedextrahardandterriblylong．Thingsaregettingalongastonishinglywell．Helefttwoweeksago．（时间副词或短语）1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Twomonthspreviouly（orearlier，later，after）Isawher．Ishallleaveamonthhence（=inamonth）．HestudiedtwoyearslongerthanI．Hearrivedfiveminutes（too）late．Heflewthousandsofmetershigherthanotherplanes．（地点副词或短语）Thesign－boardhangstenfeetabove．Manyanimalsliveathousandfeetbelow．Helivesfaraway（oroff，below，above）．Astrangerstoodclosebehind（orhardby，nearby）．Istoodinhereandhesatoutthere．Achurchstoodalittlewaybefore．Helivesmanymilesaway．Theystoodafewfeetapart，wayback．方式副词可以（但不经常）由一个特别的介词短语修饰，这个短语通常放在副词后面：Helivedindependentlyofanybody．（Cf．Hislivingisindependentofanybody．）Hefoughtloyallytohisking．（Cf．Hewasloyaltohisking．）Hedidnotactcompatiblywithreason．（Cf．Hisactionisnotcompatiblewithreason．）Hedecidedfavourabletoourinterest．Hekneweverythingpreviouslytotheevent．Helivedcontentedlywithhislot．注：这种方式副词连同一个特别的介词也可看作一个整体，看作一个介词短语。2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语2．不定式Too，enough，sufficiently以及so…as这几个副词可由不定式修饰：a．too+形容词+不定式：Heistoooldtostudy．（=Heissooldthathecannotstudy．）Heistooexcitedtospeak．（=Heissoexcitedthathecannotspeak．）Theboatistooclumsytosailfast．Thismanistoowell－informednottoknowit．（=Thismanissowell－informedthathemustknowit．）Heistooangrynottosaysomething．Theimpressionistoodeeptobeforgotten（被动形式），ortoodeeptoforget．（不定式的主动形式，以主语impression作它意义上的宾语。）Thestoryistoopainfultoberepeated（=sopainfulthatitcannotberepeated），ortorepeat（=thatonecannotrepeatit）．Thisdogistoovicioustobekept，ortokeep．Yourstepsaretooquickforthem（不定式意义上的主语）tofollow（=soquickthattheycannotfollowyoursteps）．Thestoneistooheavyforanysinglepersontoraise．Heistoofickletodependupon．（不及物动词+介词=及物动词）．Thisboyistoonaughtytocarefor．Thebookistoomonotonoustoamuseoneselfwith（及物动词+名词+介词=及物动词）．Thechildistoonaughtytotakecareof．但是：Hecannotbetoooldtostudy；或heisnevertoooldtostudy．（=Heisnottooold，andhemaystudyyet．）3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Iamonlytoo（=very）gladtohelp．Youaretooreadyto（=liableto）criticizeothers．Itistoo（=very）kindofyoutosaythat．b．too+副词+不定式：YouspeaktoofastforJohntofollow（=sofastthatJohncannotfollowyou）．Hearrivedtoolateforustowait．Youspeaktooloudlyformetounderstandyou．Heistoodeeplyabsorbedtoseeme．c．形容词+enough+不定式；sufficiently+形容词+不定式：Heisyoungenoughtostudy．（=Heissoyoungthathecanormaystudy．）Heishonestenoughtotellallthetruth．Sheissufficientlycareful（=carefulenough）toavoidthemistake．Heiskindenoughtolendmehistruck．Heisintelligentenoughtobespeciallytrained．（=Heissointelligentthathemaybespeciallytrained．）Heisnotoldenough（=tooyoung）tobesenttocollege．Heisnotsufficientlyrecovered（=tooweak）togotowork．Heisconsideredtobegoodenoughtobeourleader．Hebecameasufficientlyfamousmantobeinterviewedbyreporters．Itisnotausefulenoughbooktojustifyreading．Thechildisintelligentenoughtotraininmusic．（及物动词不定式以主语作它意义的宾语）4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Thebedisbigenoughforthreefatmentolieon．Heiskindenoughforustomakefriendswith．Heisfool（=foolish）enoughtospendsomuch．Heisgentleman（=gentlemanly）enoughtopardonme．Theyarephilosophersenoughtokeepcold．d．副词+enough+不定式；sufficiently+副词+不定式：Heactedcarefullyenoughtoensuresuccess．Johnbehaveshonestlyenoughforustobelieveinhim．Hewillgetupearlyenoughtocatchthetrain．e．so+形容词+asto：Hewassokindastolend（=sokindthathelent［不是couldlend］）hismotorbiketome．Shewassosillyastomarry（=sosillythatshedidmarry［并不是mightmarry］）aplayboy．Thebuildingissohighastoreachtheclouds．Heisnotsodogmaticastorefusemyadvice．Heissounfortunateastobegonthestreet．（＝Heissuchanunfortunatemanastobegonthestreet．）（如果形容词后面跟有一个名词，则so应由such代替。）Heissodaringastobekilledinaduel．（=Heissuchadaringsoldierastobekilledinaduel．）Cf．Thisissuchanovelastointerestme．（＝Thisnovelissuchastointerestme．Such在这里用作代词，表示“suchanovel”．）Heissostrongastolift（=thathedoeslift）thisstone．（错句）Heisstrongenoughtolift（=gostrongthathecanlift）thisstone．（正确）5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语f．so+副词+asto：Herisessoearlyastobeintimeforschool（＝thatheisintimeforschool），thoughheusedtoriselate．Heplayedsoskillfullyastowinmuchapplause．（结果）Heplayedskillfullysoasto（=inorderto）winmuchapplause．（目的）Heworkedsohardastogetpromoted．（结果）Heworkedhardsoasto（=inorderto）getpromoted．（目的）3．状语从句As，notso，副词的比较级，more，less以及the这几个副词，都可由as，than，that及the引起的状语从句修饰，这种从句都放在副词后面：Sheisasprettyasthemoon（is）．Maryisnotsoprettyashersister．Heworksashardasabuffalo（does）．Hedoesnotearnsomuchashisbrother．Atortoisewouldrunfasterthanyou（run）．Hearrivedearlierthanwe．Heismorediligentthanhisclassmates．Heislessactivethananyoneelse．Heissosatisfiedthathedoesnotneedanythingmore．Hearrivedsolatethatthepartyhadbeenoverwhenhearrived．Themorebeautifulawomanlooks，themoreunfortunatesheis．Thelongeryouliveinthecity，thelessyoulikeit．6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Ⅴ．介词的修饰语介词（或介词短语）可由副词或副词性短语修饰，它们都放在介词前面。1．副词a．程度副词：Theynumberalittleoverathousand．Hefailedjustbecauseofhisbadluck．Thecatjumpedallatonce（orofasudden）．Thestonefellalmostonmyhead．Hecanswimrightacrosstheriver．Youcanplayanywherefrom50to100dollars．Don"tletchildrengetanywhereneartheelectricwire．Itiscleanagainsttherule．Theyhaveadvancedclearacrossthefrontier．Heradviceisdeepwithinmysoul．I"llpayyoudowntothelastfarthing．Thiserrorisentirelythroughyourneglect．Sheisfarpastsixty．Weweredrivinghalf（orhalfway）throughthelongtun－nelwhenthecarbrokedown．Hegotmarriedquiteagainsthiswill．Theygotmarriedmuchtomysurprise．Thisvictoryispartlyduetoyourpatience．Thismarriageisratheragainstherwill．7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Wewerewaitingrightoppositethechurch．Iamrightathomeinanyforeigncountry．Thelakeliessomewhattothewest．Sheiswellonthewaytosuccess．What（＝Partly）withthreats，andwhatwithentreaties，hefinallyconqueredher．b．肯定副词：Yourfailureisdecidedlythroughyourneglect．Hewentoutprobablybytheback－door．Hearrivedprecisely（orexactly）atten．c．时间副词：Hetoldmeshortlybeforetheevent．Hearrivedhomelongaftermidnight．Itrainedimmediatelyaftermyarrival．d．地点副词：Thechurchisnear（orhard）bythestation．Hesatclosebesideher，closeagainstthewall，closebehindmyseat．Johnlivesway（=far）（Am．）beyondthechurch．Sheiswayaheadofhisclassinmaths．2．副词性名词短语介词也可由表示时间、地点、金钱等的名词修饰，可称为副词性名词，它们前面常常加数词，通常放在介词前面：Hearrivedthreeminutesbeforemyarrival．8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hestillmissesheralongtimeafterherdeath．Ithasbeentwoyearsoutoffashion．Heleftonlyhoursbeforetheoutbreakofthewar．Hesattwometersbehindme．Thestationistwomilesdowntheroad．Hesattworowsofseatsbeforeme．AllthewayfromAStreettoFStreetareseenonlypedlars．Heistwohundreddollarsinpocket．Hewentdownstairstwostepsatatime．Heisoverheadandearsinlove（ordebt）．Heisindebtfivethousanddollars．Ⅵ．连词的修饰语连词（或状语从句）可由表示程度、肯定或时间的副词（短语）修饰，它们通常都放在所修饰的连词前面：Youcanunderstandthelessononlywhenyoustudyithard．Hestilllovedhereven（orright）aftertheyweredivorced．Hegotsicksimply（orentirely，all，partly）becauseheatetoomuch．Hecandoitjustashelikes．Hehasbeensickprobably（ordecidedly，ever）sincehedranksuchdirtywater．HearrivedlongafterIarrivedatthestation．Heknewitsometimebeforetheaccidenthappened．9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语IsawherinHongKongthreeyearsafter（orbefore）ImetherinNewYork．Ⅶ．名词的修饰语一般说来，只有形容词可以修饰名词。但是有些副词也可以“修饰”名词，只是修饰的方式有些特别：Heisasimple（形容词）child（=innocentchild）．Heissimply（副词）achild（=nomorethanachild，notagrown-up）．Theonly（形容词）son（=onlyoneson）ofDaviddidit．Only（副词）theson（=Nobodybuttheson）ofDaviddidit．Ineedaparticular（形容词）（=special）map．Ineedreferencebooks，particularly（副词）（=toagreaterdegree）amap．这类副词（短语）大多用在它们所修饰的名词前：Justtwodaysagothedeceaseddrankwithme．Merelybreadandwaterarenotenoughforchildren．Whatweneedissimplymoney，moneyandmoney．WhatIsayispurelyadvice，notathreat．ItwasonlyMarywhowasabletotellsuchastory．Weeatallkindsoffood，especiallyriceandfish．Allmyfamily，particularly（ornotably）mywife，likeroastduck．Themembersofthissociety，mostly（ormainly）Chinese，areenthusiasticaboutmahjong．Hishouseisfullofbooks，largelyEnglishdictionariesandencyclopedias．10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Heisinterestedinmanysubjects，principally（orparticularly）thehistoryofmankind．Iloveeveryone，evenmyenemy．Iloveneithermyenemy，normyfriend；Ilovemyself．有些可放在它们所修饰的名词后面：Sheliveshappilywithherdogalone．Oneoftheguests，inparticular，isatennischampion．Manypeoplebuyhouses．Iboughtahouse，too（oraswell）．Aseverybodycamealone，Ididn"tbringmywifeeither．Hehasfivehouses，andfivemistressesinaddition．另外有些副词（短语）可用在所修饰名词的前面或后面：Exactlywho（orWhoexactly）toldyouthisfunnystory？Exactlywhat（orWhatexactly）doyouwant？Youpayonlytwodollars（ortwodollarsonly）fortheshow．Hetoldeveryone，andalsoJohn（orJohnalso）．有些副词（短语）不仅修饰紧跟在后面的名词，还可修饰句子中的任何词（类）。在口语中，这种副词（短语）放在主语和谓语之间时，可以着重说明说话人强读的任何词。在JohnonlyspokesecretlytoMaryyesterday．这个句子中，如果强读John，则表示nobodyelsebutJohn．如果强读spoke，则表示didn"twrite，butspoke．如果强读Mary，则表示notJane，notanyothers，butMary．如果强读secretly，则表示notpublicly，butsecretly．如果强读yesterday，则表示notdaybeforeyesterday，notdaysago，butyesterday．但是在书面语中，这种副词（短语）多放在着重说明的词前面。11www.jnworld.cn