专门为中国人写的英语语法(三) 33页

洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm专门为中国人写的英语语法3第七章问句(Questions)7§1答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题有些问题，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。原来句子问句Iamaboy.AmIaboy?Hehasacar.Doeshehaveacar?Igavehimthreebooks.DidIgivehimthreebooks?Hecannotwork.Canhework?Hehasnotseenme.Hasheseenme?Theylikeyournovel.DoTheylikeyournovel?Thesunsetsinthewest.Doesthesunsetinthewest?Theyaregoodteachers.Aretheygoodteachers?Hewillnotgotoaconcerttonight.Willhegotoaconcerttonight?Heisgoingtoswim.Ishegoingtoswim?Theymusteatvegetables.Musttheyeatvegetables?Theyhavetogo.Dotheyhavetogo?Iwalkedtwokilometersyesterday.DidIwalktwokilometersyesterday?Itisrainingnow.Isitrainingnow?根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则：(1)凡动词是verbtobe的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。例子：原来句子问句 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmYouareagirl.Areyouagirl?Hewasateacher.Washeateacher?Theywereallold.Weretheyallold?Thissongisbeautiful.Isthissongbeautiful?Peterisagoodstudent.IsPeteragoodstudent?(2)动词不是verbtobe，也没有助动词，改成问句时，必须加助动词do或他的变形，这个助动词必须在主词的前面。例子：原来句子问句Ilikemusic.DoIlikemusic?Helikessports.Doeshelikesports?PeterwenttoAmerica.DidPetergotoAmerica?Heatethreeappleslastnight.Didheeatthreeappleslastnight?Hermothercallshereveryweek.Doeshermothercallhereveryweek?(3)句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。例子：原来句子问句Hedidnoteat.Didheeat?HehasgonetoAmerica.HashegonetoAmerica?Shecandance.Canshedance?Iwillseeyoutonight.WillIseeyoutonight?TheyaregoingtoWashington.AretheygoingtoWashington? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm我们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问：你不喜欢音乐吗？他不是你的弟弟吗？你从未见过他？英文句子也可以如此，例如：Don’tyoulikemusic?Doesn’theplaypiano?Aren’tyouhisbrother?Isn’theagoodstudent?Didn’thegotoschool?Hasn’thelivedhere?Won’theleavetomorrow?注意，这时not通常和动词连在一起了。有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你：你不喜欢音乐吗？而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说：是，我不喜欢音乐。也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢，我们同意他的说法，所以前面加一个〝是〞。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说：不，我喜欢音乐。可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，与问句的问法无关，而对应了回答的事实。举例来说，我们的问句也许是：Don’tyoulikemusic? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm你如不喜欢音乐就回答说：No,Idon’tlikemusic.你如喜欢音乐，就回答说：Yes,Ilikemusic.再举一例，有人问：Isn’theChinese?他是中国人就回答：Yes,heis.他如不是，就回答：No,heisn’t.反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关。【练习二十五】将以下句子翻译成英文问句：1.你喜欢他吗？2.他是美国人吗？3.你昨天有没有去教堂？4.他曾经到过日本吗？5.你要去台北吗？6.他不喜欢体育吗？7.你从未去过日本吗？8.他有一个妹妹吗？9.他们都是学生吗？ 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm10.你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？7§2回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no，以下的问句都是例子：Wheredidyoubuythisbook?Wheredidyouseehim?HowdoyoulikeAmerica?Whomdoyoulike?Whichcakedoyouwant?Whosebookisthis?Whatkindofmethodisthis?Whichcountrywereyoubornin?Whichdoyouwant,anappleoranorange?Whomdoyoulikemost,yourbrotheroryoursister?Wheredidyougolastnight?Whendidyoumeetyourfather?Whendidyoureadthisbook?Whomdidyougivethisbookto?以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：Whogaveyouthiscar?Whowrotethisletter?Whotookmypenaway?Whowantstogowithme? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmWhocansingthissong?【练习二十六】将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：1.你在哪里买这本书的？2.他什么时候到美国去的？3.他爸爸的名字是什么？4.这是谁的书？5.你从哪里来的？6.你要哪一本书？7.这个孩子是谁？8.他最喜欢谁？9.他叫什么名字？10.你昨天到哪里去了？11.这是谁的狗？【练习二十七】填空1.didyougolastnight?2.bookdoyoulike?3.isyourbrother?4.ishisname?5.wrotethisletter?6.didyougivethisbookto? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm7.gaveyouthisbook?8.caristhis?9.dogisthis?10.moviedidyousee?11.canspeakEnglish?12.didyouspeakto?13.kindofcaristhis?14.fruitdoyoulikemost?15.doesnotswim?第八章被动语气(PassiveVoice)8§1及物动词和不及物动词任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词1.Hewasateacherbefore.2.Hewenttoschoolyesterday.3.Hehitadog.4.Isawyouyesterday.5.Hewalkstoschooleveryday.6.Hesentthisbooktome.7.Theyaregoodstudents.8.Hewrotetwonovels.9.Theyatealloftheapples.10.Heswimseverymorning. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitiveverbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：句子主词及物动词受词Hehitadog.HehitdogIsawyouyesterday.IsawyouHesenthisbooktome.HesenthisbookHewrotetwonovels.HewrotetwonovelsTheyatealloftheapples.Theyatealloftheapples一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（activevoice）改成被动语气（passivevoice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。8§2没有助动词的被动语气在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：主词＋动词＋受词所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：（1）原有受词变成名词（2）动词变成verbtobe＋过去分词（pastparticiple）（3）原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是Isawacat.被动语气就成了 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmAcatwasseenbyme.最重要的是，verbtobe的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verbtobe也是过去式。除此以外，verbtobe也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：Isawtwocats.改成被动语气以后，句子是：Twocatswereseenbyme.以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verbtobe的形式：主动语气（activevoice）被动语气（passivevoice）Mr.Joneshitthedog.ThedogwashitbyMr.Jones.Mybrothersawyouyesterday.Youwereseenbymybrotheryesterday.Hesentthebooktome.Thebookwassenttomebyhim.Dickenswrotethosetwonovels.ThosetwonovelswerewrittenbyDickens.Theyatealloftheapples.Alloftheappleswereeatenbythem.Janewrotethatsong.ThatsongwaswrittenbyJane.Mymotherlovesme.Iamlovedbymymother.【练习二十八】将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动：1.Hesawthatmovielastnight.2.Hewrotethatlettertome.3.HeteachesthoseEnglishclasses.4.Godlovesyou.5.Theyboughttwohouses.6.Ipaintedthisroom. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm7.Hegrowsthoseroses.8.Hehelpshisstudents.9.Isoldthehouse.10.Myuncleboughtthiscar.【练习二十九】将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气：1.Thepolicemanwasseenbyme.2.Thosetwobookswerewrittenbyme.3.Thesesentenceswerecorrectedbymyteacher.4.Hewashitbyacar.5.Hisdoorwaslockedbyme.6.Hishousewasbuiltbymyfather.7.Hisboatwasgiventomebymyfather.8.Thisbirdisrarelyseenbypeoplehere.9.Heislikedbyeveryone.10.Theyweregiventendollarsbytheirfriends.11.Thispicturewastakenbyhim.12.Toomuchwinewasdrunkbytheyoungmen.13.IwastaughtbyMr.Wang.14.Hewashelpedbyhisfather.15.Theywereservedbythatwaiter.16.Hisfoodwaspreparedbymymother. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm17.Histoywasmadebymysister.18.ThebookwasreturnedtomebyJim.19.Thatsongwaswrittenbymybrother.20.Iwasinvitedbyhimtoaparty.8§3有助动词肯定句子的被动语气在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子：主动语气被动语气现在进形式Iamwritingthisletter.Theletterisbeingwrittenbyme.现在完程序Ihavewrittentheletter.Theletterhasbeenwrittenbyme.过去进形式Iwaswritingtheletterwhenyoucame.Theletterwasbeingwrittenbymewhenyoucame.过去完程序Ihadwrittentheletterbeforeyoucame.Theletterhadbeenwrittenbymebeforeyoucame.未来式Iwillwritetheletter.Theletterwillbewrittenbyme.未来完成式Iwillhavewrittenthisletter.Thisletterwillhavebeenwrittenbyme.未来式Iamgoingtoseeyou.Youaregoingtobeseenbyme.以下是更多的例子：主动语气被动语气Ihaveseenhim.Hehasbeenseenbyme.Heisgoingtohelpyou.Youaregoingtobehelpedbyhim.HewillteachEnglish.Englishwillbetaughtbyhim.Hehashelpedmeallmylife.Ihavebeenhelpedbyhimallmylife. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmHehadcalledmebeforeyoucame.Ihadbeencalledbyhimbeforeyoucame.Hewascallinghismotherwhenwewentthere.Hismotherwasbeingcalledbyhimwhenwewentthere.助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、hasto等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verbtobe和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：主动语气被动语气Icanplaythepiano.Thepianocanbeplayedbyme.Imayusethisroom.Thisroommaybeusedbyme.Hemustgivethebooktome.Thebookmustbegiventomebyhim.Youshouldhelphim.Heshouldbehelpedbyyou.Youhavetowritethisletter.Thisletterhastobewrittenbyyou.Heoughttowritethisreport.Thisreportoughttobewrittenbyhim.【练习三十】将以下的句子改成被动语气：1.Hehaswrittenthreenovels.2.Hewillwritethatletter.3.Theywillsingthesesongstomorrow.4.Hewillgivethespeech.5.Theyarepaintingthehouse.6.Ihavegivenhimthreebooks.7.Icandothisjob.8.Hehadtoldmethatstorybeforewewentthere.9.Teachersshouldhelpthestudents. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm10.Heiswritingthereportnow.11.Thestudentsmustreadthisbook.12.Ihavetogivethislettertomymothertonight.13.Allcitizensoughttoobeythelaw.14.Hehaseatenallofthecakes.15.Thereportersweretakingpictureswhenthestormstarted.16.Hehadfinishedtheworkbeforefiveo"clocklastnight.17.Peterwillwritethatletter.18.Johnhasreceivedmyletter.19.Millionsofpeoplesawthemovie“Gonewiththewind”.20.Hehasprovedthattheorem.【练习三十一】将以下句子改成主动语气：1.TwobookshavebeenwrittenbyJoseph.2.FootballisbeingplayedbyJohn.3.Heshouldbegiventhatlecturebyhisfather.4.Thatreportwillbewrittenbyhim.5.TheletterhasbeenreceivedbytheKing.6.Thismovieshouldbeseenbyeveryone.7.Thisbookoughttobereadbyeverystudent.8.Theyarebeinghelpedbyme.9.Themovieisgoingtobeseenbyallofus. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm10.Thiscakecanbeeatenbykids.8§4否定句子的被动语气将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下：（1）将此句子改成肯定句子（2）将此肯定句子改成被动语气（3）将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子现在举一个否定的例子：Ididnottakethispicture.对应的肯定句子是：Itookthispicture.改成被动语气：Thispicturewastakenbyme.再改成否定句子：Thispicturewasnottakenbyme.下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气：1.Theydidnotlikethemusic.(a).Theylikedthemusic.(b).Themusicwaslikedbythem.(c).Themusicwasnotlikedbythem.2.Ihavenotwrittenthatletter.(a).Ihavewrittenthatletter.(b).Thatletterhasbeenwrittenbyme. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm(c).Thatletterhasnotbeenwrittenbyme.3.Youcannoteatthatcake.(a).Youcaneatthatcake.(b).Thatcakecanbeeatenbyyou.(c).Thatcakecannotbeeatenbyyou.4.Hedoesnotplaymusic.(a).Heplaysthatkindofmusic.(b).Thatkindofmusicisplayedbyhim.(c).Thatkindofmusicisnotplayedbyhim.5.Iamnotgoingtoseeyou.(a).Iamgoingtoseeyou.(b).Youaregoingtobeseenbyme.(c).Youarenotgoingtobeseenbyme.6.Theywillnotseethatmovie.(a).Theywillseethatmovie.(b).Thatmoviewillbeseenbythem.(c).Thatmoviewillnotbeseenbythem.7.Theydidnothelpme.(a).Theyhelpedme.(b).Iwashelpedbythem.(c).Iwasnothelpedbythem.8.Ididnottellthatstory. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm(a).Itoldthatstory.(b).Thatstorywastoldbyme.(c).Thatstorywasnottoldbyme.在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个否定句子的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：主动语气被动语气Theydonotenjoysuchmusic.Suchmusicisnotenjoyedbythem.Hedidnottellthatstory.Thatstorywasnottoldbyhim.Theyhavenotwrittenthatstory.Thatstoryhasnotbeentoldbythem.Peterisgoingtoseeme.IamnotgoingtobeseenbyPeter.Hewillnothelpme.Iwillnotbehelpedbyhim.Johnwillnoteatthatcake.ThatcakewillnotbeeatenbyJohn.Icannotdrinkthatwine.Thatwinecannotbedrunkbyme.【练习三十二】将以下的否定句子改成被动语气：1.Thefarmersheredonotgrowapples.2.Hedidnotmeetmelastnight.3.Ihavenotwrittenthatletter.4.Johnisnotgoingtoseethatmovie.5.Ididnotwatchthatmovie.6.HedoesnotspeakEnglish.7.HewillnotspeakEnglish.8.Youshouldnoteatthatcake. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm9.Mymotherdoesnoteatthatkindoffish.10.Johnhasnotwrittenthatreport.【练习三十三】将以下句子改成主动语气：1.Thebookwasnotwrittenbyhim.2.Iamnotgoingtobehelpedbyyou.3.ThatbookhasnotbeenreceivedbyJohn.4.Thatsongisnotlikedbycollegestudents.5.JohnisnotlovedbyMary.6.Iwillnotbemetbymystudenttomorrow.7.Meatisnoteatenbyvegetarians.8.Thedoorwasnotopenedbyme.9.Thattendollarswerenotpaidbyme.10.Thecarwasnotboughtbyme.8§5问句的被动语气将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。例如：Doyoungkidsenjoyclassicalmusic?先改成肯定句子Youngkidsenjoyclassicalmusic.再改成被动语气 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmMusicisenjoyedbyyoungkids.最后改成问句Ismusicenjoyedbyyoungkids?为了使读者熟悉这些步骤，我们在下面举了很多的例子：1.Didyoueatthatcake?(a).Youatethatcake.(b).Thatcakewaseatenbyyou.(c).Wasthatcakeeatenbyyou?2.DofarmersinTaiwangrowapples?(a)FarmersinTaiwangrowapples.(b)ApplesaregrownbyfarmersinTaiwan.(c)AreapplesgrownbyfarmersinTaiwan?3.Haveyoufinishedthereport?(a)Youhavefinishedthereport.(b)Thereporthasbeenfinishedbyyou.(c)Hasthereportbeenfinishedbyyou?4.Whendidyouwritethatletter?(a)Youwrotethatletter.(b)Thatletterwaswrittenbyyou.(c)Whenwastheletterwrittenbyyou?5.Haveyouseenthatmovie?(a)Youhaveseenthatmovie. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm(b)Thatmoviehasbeenseenbyyou.(c)Hasthemoviebeenseenbyyou?6.WhendidStevensonwritethatnovel?(a)Stevensonwrotethatnovel.(b)ThatnovelwaswrittenbyStevenson.(c)WhenwasthatnovelwrittenbyStevenson?8.Ishepaintinghisroom?(a)Heispaintinghisroom.(b)Hisroomisbeingpaintedbyhim.(c)Ishisroombeingpaintedbyhim?在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个问句的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：主动语气被动语气Doeshehelphisstudents?Arehisstudentshelpedbyhim?Didhetellthatstory?Wasthatstorytoldbyhim?Hasshewrittenthatstory?Hasthatstorybeenwrittenbyher?WhomisPetergoingtovisit?WhoisgoingtobevisitedbyPeter?Whendidyoureadthatbook?Whenwasthatbookwrittenbyyou?Doesheenjoythatsong?Isthatsongenjoyedhim?Whydohisfriendsavoidhim?Whyisheavoidedbyhisfriends?Whomdidyousee?Whowasseenbyyou?Hashereadthatreport?Hasthatreportbeenreadbyhim?Ishewritingthatletter?Isthatletterbeingwrittenbyhim? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm【练习三十四】将以下句子改成被动语气：1.Ishewritingabook?2.Didhewritethatbook?3.Didyousignthatletter?4.Wheredidyouseethatmovie?5.Whendidyouseethatmovie?6.Hashefinishedthatjob?7.Didmothergiveyouthegift?8.Didyourmothervisityoulastnight?9.Dotheygrowroses?10.DotheyspeakEnglish?11.Didyouplaythatgameoftennis?12.WillyouteachEnglish?【练习三十五】将以下句子改成主动语气：1.Wasthecakeeatenbyyou?2.Ishelikedbyallofus?3.IsthatkindofmusiclovedbyeveryoneinJapan?4.Isfisheatenbyoldpeople?5.Areroseslovedbymostwomen?6.Washecalledbyyou? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm7.IssoccerplayedbyJohn?8.WhenwasthismusicwrittenbyMozart?9.Whenwasheseenbyyou?10.Weretheyseenbyyoulastnight?【练习三十六】将适宜的动词填入1.I(send)twolettersyesterday.(do)you(receive)them?Everyletter(write)byme.Please(write)backtomesoon.2.I(invite)toadancingpartylastweek.Themusic(be)sonoisy.I(leave)thepartyasearlyasI(can).3.Didyou(write)thatreport?Yes,it(write)byme.4.He(notlike)musicwhenhewasachild.Afterhe(get)intocollege,he(teach)byagoodmusicprofessor.Now,he(enjoy)musicverymuchand(listen)toclassicalmusiceverymorning.5.I(buy)aredcaryesterday.It(make)inJapan.Itwill__________(deliver)tometomorrow.6.I(notgo)toschoolyesterdaybecausemybicycle(steal).I(buy)anewbikeyesterday.7.Where(do)yougolastnight?I(can)not(find)you.You(see)bynoone.8.A:(do)he(smoke)?B:No,he(donot).Smokinghasnever(try)byhim.9.Wasthebook(write)byhim?10.I(buy)threebookslately.One(write)byGrahamGreene.I(finish)readingit.There(be)manyinterestingstoriesinit.【练习三十七】 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm改错：1.＊ThisisabookwhichwrotebyDickens.2.＊Arethemusicenjoyedbythoseelderlypeople?3.＊Whenareyouvisitedbyyourfatheryesterday?4.＊ThisbookwrittenbyJohn.5.＊Heisinvitedtocometomyhomebymyfatheryesterday.6.＊Thishouseisbuiltin1913.7.＊Thisletterwaswrotebyhim.8.＊Thisletterhasneverfinished.9.＊Wasyougivenabook?10.＊Ihavenevercalledbymyfather.Ialwayscallhimfirst.第九章动词如何转换成名词动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）9§1问题的来源对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当很名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说＊Singisgoodforyou.或者是＊Ilikesing.既然sing是动词，也没有一个〝sing〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定词（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。9§2动名词（Gerund）所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子： 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmIlikesinging.Playingbasketballisgoodforyou.Doyouenjoylisteningtoclassicalmusic?Istravelingaroundtheworldmeaningfultoyou?StudyingEnglishisnotdifficult.我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：1.动名词可用作主词，如Playingtennisisenjoyedbymanypeople.Takingdrugsisavoidedbymostpeople.Beingkindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.Respectingyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.2.动名词可以用作动词的受词，如IenjoystudyingEnglish.Hedoesnotmindwalkinglongdistances.Ihaveneverenjoyedbeingaloneinmylife.Helovesswimming.3.动名词可以用作介系词（preposition）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，at,in,about,of,on等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说onthetableinmyhomeaboutHitlerofmylife 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmonthisisland各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的受词。动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如：Thisbookisabouttraveling.Heisresponsibleforcleaningthekitchen.Mybrotheriscapableofwritingprograms.Youjustkeepongoingstraight.在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。Insteadofswimming,hewalkseverymorning.Helikeswalkinginthewoods.Areyouinterestedinplayingtennis?Lovingistobekindtoothers.Readingisimportanttostudents.Inadditiontotraveling,healsolikesreadingnovels.Youwillbehappybyhelpingothers.Heisworriedaboutbeinglate.Ifinishedwritingthereportyesterday.Theythankedmeforlendingthemmoney.Hehasneverfinishedwritingthenovel.SheisinchangeofteachingEnglishinourschool.Myfatherobjectedtomygoingtothesummercamp.Pleasestopjokingaboutmybrother. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmIlookforwardtoseeingyou.Hehasneverenjoyedtraveling.Shewasexcitedaboutgoingabroad.Iconsidergamblingabadthingtodo.Ihaveneverdreamedofflyinganairplane.Hesuggestedtalkingtoourteacher.Ibelieveindoingsomekindofexerciseeveryday.Playingthepianoisnofunatall.Nancyisaccustomedtosleepinglate.Areyoutiredofdrivingforsolong?Youshouldforgiveothersfordoingwrongthings.Heinsistsongettingupearlyeverymorning.Thankyouforparticipatinginmyconcert.Heisusedtostudyingalone.TheyarenotusedtospeakingEnglish.Heisaccustomedtobeingpolitetoothers.Iobjecttoseeingdirtymovies.Youshouldtakeadvantageofstudyinginsuchagoodplace.【练习三十八】改正以下的错误1.＊Playtennisisfun.2.＊Ihateswim. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm3.＊Stoptalkaboutme.4.＊Inadditiontoreadinterestingbooks,youshouldalsowatchTVfromtimetotime.5.＊Iamnotinterestedinswim.6.＊HetalksaboutgotoAmerica.7.＊Ibelieveindoexerciseeveryday.8.＊Thecostoftransferastudenttoanotherschoolisveryhigh.9.＊Pleaseforgivemeformakethismistake.10.＊Swimkeepsmefromgettingcold.【练习三十九】填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。1.Iaminterested(listen)tomusic.2.Pleaseforgiveme(be)solate.3.Inaddition(study),youshouldalsohavesomeexerciseseveryday.4.Wetalked(build)ahousenextyear.5.Thankyou(help)me.6.Heisexcited(travel)toJapan.7.Iamlookingforward(meet)you.8.Heinsists(talk)tomepersonally.9.Ibelieve(exercise)everyday.10.Didyouparticipatethat(swim)match.11.Hewasnotused(listen)toclassicmusic.12.Mymotherobjected(visit)myaunttomorrow. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm13.Iamnotaccustomed(go)tobedsolate.14.Iaminterested(swim).15.Areyouresponsible(write)thisreport?16.Heisexcited(see)metomorrow.17.Heislookingforward(see)thatmovie.18.Iamnotused(hear)thatkindofnoise.19.Youshouldtakeadvantage(have)suchagoodfamily.20.Heisincharge(send)studentstootherschools.【练习四十】将以下中文句子译成英文句子：1.我不喜欢跳舞。2.你对游泳有兴趣吗？3.打蓝球是有趣的。4.我们昨天谈到（talkabout）教英文的事。5.我不习惯（benotusedto）抽烟。6.我反对（objectto）在公开场合哭泣（cryinpublic）。7.除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用inadditionto）。8.他可以（becapableof）每天跑一公里。9.他负责（beinchargeof）找寻一个好的地方。10.我已习惯了（beaccustomedto）早起。9§3不定词（Infinitives）不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如togo,tolove,toeat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子：Toloveistoforgive.Toforgiveyourenemieswillmakeyouhappy.Iliketoeatchicken.Iaskedmybrothertocomehere.Hecontinuedtoread.也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：＊Iaminterestedintoplaypiano.＊Heisworriedabouttogoabroad.＊Iaminchargeoftopreparefortheparty.如何将不定词用成名词呢？1.不定词可以用作主词：如Toplaytennisisgreatfun.Toplaysafeinthestockmarketisnecessary.Tobekindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.Torespectyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词：Iliketoswim.Helovestolistentojokes.Mybrotherseemstobedifferent.Iagreetolendhimmoney.Doyouliketosing? 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下：动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive）例如：Itoldhimtoworkhard.Iaskedmybrothertocomebackhome.Heexpectshisfriendstohelphim.Myteachertoldmetowaitforhim.Iinvitedmysistertogotoseeamovie.4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：Hewastoldtoworkhard.Mybrotherwasaskedtocomebackhome.Hisfriendisexpectedtohelpme.Iwastoldbymyteachertowait.Mysisterwasinvitedtogotoseeamovie.以下是更多的不定词例子：Togiveismoremeaningfulthantoreceive.Ilovetoswimincoldweather.Heagreedtolistentomystory.Hedecidedtogoanyway.Itoldhimtobuymybook.Iinvitedhimtocometomyhouse.Iaskedhimtocookformetonight. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmStudentsareaskedtoworkhard.Heneedstoworkhard.Iwantyoutosendthislettertomyfather.Herequireseverystudenttoreadonenoveleveryweek.Everystudentisrequiredtoreadonenoveleveryweek.读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love,like,hate,start,begin,以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：EnjoyIenjoyeatinggoodfood.AppreciateIappreciateyourbeingkindtoothers.AvoidYoushouldavoidmakingmistakes.keeponKeeponworkinghard.keepKeepsinging.considerHeconsideredleavinghome.finishHefinishedwritingthisbook.suggestMayIsuggestdrinkingacupofcoffee?discussWediscussedtravelingtoNewZealand.以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词agreeIagreetosignthisletter.planHeplanstogoaway.wantTheywanttorentacar.decideHedecidedtoworkhard. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htmseemHeseemstobeveryhappy.appearHeappearstobeverysad.一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：stopsmoking指不再抽烟了stoptosmoke指停下来，开始抽烟9§4动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：Everyonelikestobeloved.Thiscupneedstobewashed.Beingtrustedisimportant.Itoldhimnottoleavethishouse.Heaskedmenottocry.Iwastoldnottofallasleepinclass.TobegivenagoodgiftonChristmasEvemakesmehappy.Beinginvitedtothatpartyisagreathonortome.【练习四十一】将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词1.Ienjoy(listen)torockandrollmusic.2.Iaskedhim(go)away.3.Hewasasked(leave).4.Isuggest(have)somefun.5.Heseems(be)akindperson. 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm6.Youappear(be)quitetired.7.Itoldhim(have)acupofwine.8.Iinvitedhim(come)over.9.Everyoneofyouisrequired(work)hard.10.Doyoulike(swim)?11.Iorderedhim(read)mybook.12.Iwasexpected(write)alettertoyou.13.Heaskedme(read)thislettertohim.14.Pleasekeep(talk)tome.15.Stop(drive)sofast.Itisdangeroustodrivetoofast.16.Ihate(smoke).17.(pass)thetestisimportant.18.(work)hardisthekeytosuccess.19.Mywifeaskedmeto(bring)someflowershome.20.Heavoided(tell)lies.【练习四十二】将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。1.我请（invite）他到我家来。2.我教（teach）他游泳。3.被人爱令人快乐。4.我讨厌（hate）抽烟。5.我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。 洛基英语http://www.englishvip.com/wenkxd.htm6.不要再（stop）抽烟了。7.每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。9§5不定词的简式不定词中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说＊Ilethimtoleave.而一定要说Ilethimleave.