英语语法(完整版) 29页

九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485第一讲时态一、英语各种时态构成表（以play为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现playisplayinghasplayedhasbeenplaying在playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplayingareplaying过playedwasplayinghadplayedhadbeenplaying去wereplaying将shallplayshallbeplayingshallhaveplayedshallhavebeenplaying来willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying过shouldplayshouldbeplayingshouldhaveplayedshouldhavebeen去playing将wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayed来wouldhavebeenplaying二、各种时态的功能1.一般现在时1）表示习惯的、永久性的反复发生的动作Weoftenplaytogether.Shealwaystakesawalkintheevening.2)表示特征、能力或状态Heresembleshisfather.Contradictionsexisteverywhere.3)表示普遍真理、事实，也用在格言中Theearthmovesaroundthesun.Waterboilsat100℃.Pridegoesbeforeafall.4)用在时间、条件、比较等状语从句中表示将来I’lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.IshallhaveagoodtimewhetherIwinorlose.Thenesttimeyoucome,hewillbeagrown-up.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.5)表示现在瞬间，用以描述动作的完成于说话的时间几乎是同时的情况，常用于体育运动的实况报道、戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词Ideclarethemeetingopen.Now,look,Iopenabox.6）表示强硬语气、严厉警告和指点道路Youfinishtheworkbeforeteno’clock.Eitherheleavesoryouleave.Youtakethefirstturningahead,thencrossabridgeandyouseethecitylibrary.1 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，137079294857)表示将来时间，表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件，或者事先安排好的动作，多表示非个人的计划，且很难变动，具有永久性。(现在进行时态也可表示将来时间，它一般表示说话人自己打算要干什么)Thetrainleavesatseveno’clock.HeisleavingChinainafewweeks.2.一般过去时表示过去某个特定的时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。TheforeignguestsvisitedNanjinglastspring.Heneversmoked.他以前从不吸烟。3.一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态Hewillgraduatefromthiscollegenextyear.表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作ThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthisterm.本学期学生每周将要上5节英语课。4现在进行时1）表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情Thekettleisboiling.ShallImakethetea?SheislearningEnglishatcollege.2）表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作或即将开始的动作Heismeetingthemanagertomorrow.他明天要跟经理见面。Iampublishingabookthisyear.我计划今年出一本书。Iamchangingmyhotel.我打算换旅馆。3）动作动词与always,forever,constantly,continually等连用，表示重复的动作，这种动作可以使人感到厌倦或觉得不合情理。Mybossisalwaysfindingfaultswithme.Jimisalwayscominglateforclass.一般现在时与现在进行时的区别一般现在时具有经常性、持续性、永久性，只陈述事实，不带有感情色彩，而现在进行时具有暂时性、短暂性，具有感情色彩。Westartourworkat8o’clock.(经常性);Forthisweekwearestartingourworkat9o’clock.(暂时性)Thebusisstopping.(持续性,渐渐地停下来）;Thebusstops.(短暂性,迅速地停下来）HelivesinNanjing.（永久性）；HeislivinginNanjing.（短暂性）Janeisdoingfineworkatcollege.（赞扬）；Janedoesfineworkatcollege.（事实）5过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.Theywerebuildingadamlastsummer.2 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，137079294856将来进行时表示将来某个时刻正在进行的或持续的动作Whatwillyoubedoingatthistimetomorrow?7现在完成时表示到目前为止某个动作或状态已经完成。Shehaslostherwallet.Since1991,hehasworkedtherefortwentyyears.Uptonow,wehavereceivednonewsfromher.8过去完成时表示在过去某个动作或具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作或情况。TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.过去完成时常用在有hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner..than（一…就）等副词的句子中。Shehadhardly(scarcely)gonetobedwhenthebellrang.（先上床）Nosoonerhadtheyleftthebuildingthanabombexploded.（先离开）9将来完成时表示到将来某个时间之前已经完成的动作。Theywillhavefinishedtheirhomeworkbytomorrowmorning.10.现在完成进行时表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能继续延续下去的动作。Ihavebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn’tcome.表示动作刚刚结束。Wherehaveyoubeen?Ihavebeenwateringflowersinthegarden.11.过去完成进行时表示在过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingathesisbeforeIcamein.她说在我进来之前她一直在打一篇论文。12.将来完成进行时表示某个已经开始的动作到将来某个时间仍在进行。Hewillhavebeenwritingthatthesisbytheendofnextmonth.13.过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态Hesaidthathewouldwaitforusatthebusstop.Shehopedthattheywouldmeetagainsomeday14.过去将来进行时表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作HeaskedmewhatIwouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.3 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485他问我当他第二天来的时候我会在干什么。.15.过去将来完成时表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno’clock.他说他们在七点钟前就会到达的。ShetoldmethatshewouldhavefinishedtypingtheletterbeforeIcameback.16.过去将来完成进行时表示从过去某个时间看某个已经开始的动作到将来某个时间仍在进行。Hesaidthathewouldhavebeenwritingthatthesisbytheendofnextmonth.他说到下个月底他将还在写那篇论文。第二讲被动语态一、英语被动语态各种时态构成表（以ask为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态现在isaskedisbeingaskedhasbeenaskedamaskedambeingaskedareaskedarebeingaskedhavebeenasked过去wasaskedwasbeingaskedhadbeenaskedwereaskedwerebeingasked将来shallbeaskedshallhavebeenaskedwillbeaskedwillhavebeenasked过去将来shouldbeaskedshouldhavebeenaskedwouldbeaskedwouldhavebeenaskedForexample:1.Englishisspokenintheworld.2.Thebridgeisbeingbuilt.3.Alotofquestionshavebeenasked.4.Mywatchwasstolenyesterday.5.Atthattime,mycomputerwasbeingrepaired.6.Fivemenhadbeenarrestedbeforehecamein.7.Don’tworry.Helpwillbegiventoyouatanytime.8.Threebookcaseswillhavebeenmadebythetimeyoucameback.9.Hesaidthattensetsofair-conditionerswouldbesoldfivedayslater.10.TheyreportedthatanewstationwouldhavebeenbuiltbythetimeyoucametoShanghaiagain.二、被动语态使用要点1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态HermotherisresembledbyJane.(Janeresembleshermother.)4 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，137079294853.有些动词的进行时也可表示被动语态，如：bake,owe,cook,print,bind等。Thecakesarebaking.蛋糕在烘烤。Themoneyisstillowing.那笔钱仍欠着。Themeatiscooking.肉在煮着。Thedictionaryisbinding.词典在装订。4.主动形式表示被动意义Thedishtastesdelicious.Thistypeofrecordersellswell.Themeatcutseasily.肉容易切。Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thecoatrequiresmending.大衣需要补。5.be+不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构Theguestsarearrived.=Theguestshavearrived.Thesunisset.=Thesunhasset.Theleavesarefallen.=Theleaveshavefallen.6.祈使句的被动语态肯定祈使句的被动语态为：let+宾语+be+过去分词；否定祈使句的被动语态为：Don’tlet+宾语+be+过去分词=let+宾语+not+be+过去分词Movethetableintothecorridor.→Letthetablebemovedintothecorridor.Don’tforgettowatertheflowers.→Don’tlettheflowersbeforgottentobewatered.=Letitnotbeforgottentowatertheflowers.7.双重被动句，即句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子主语既是谓语动词的承受者，又是不定式动作的承受者Sheofferedtobuyawatchforme.→Awatchwasofferedtobeboughtforme.Iwantthetreestobeplantedthisafternoon.→Thetreesarewantedtobeplantedthisafternoon.Ithinkthatshehasreadthebook.→Sheisthoughtbymetohavereadthebook.Or:Thebookisthoughtbymetohavebeenreadbyher.三、被动语态的使用范围1.不知道或不必指出动作的执行者Theglassisbroken.Theaudienceisaskedtokeepsilence.2.强调动作的承受者Asubwaywillbebuiltinthecity.Mr.Liwaselectedchairmanofthecommittee.3.出于策略、婉转、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者。Anysuggestionorcriticismisheartilyappreciated.Aboutthatproject,muchhasbeensaidbutlittlehasbeendone.4.避免变更主语，以求行文通顺ShegavealectureonmodernAmericanpoetryandwasattentivelylistenedto.比较：Theoldprofessorwheeledhimselftotheplatformandthestudentswarmlyapplauded.(不简洁)Theoldprofessorwheeledhimselftotheplatformandwaswarmlyapplaudedbythestudents.(简洁、连贯)5 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485第三讲动词的不定式一、构成与特征动词的不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，由“to+动词原形”构成，在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留动词的一些特征，可以带宾语或状语。其具体构成如下：语态主动语态被动语态时态一般式towritetobewritten进行式tobewriting完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行式tohavebeenwriting二、功能1.作主语Tohesitatemeansfailure.犹豫不决意味着失败。Tohaveknownyouisaprivilege.认识了你真是荣幸。Itisverydifficulttodriveinthemountains.2.作表语Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.Theregulationsaretobeobserved.Sheistoblame.3.作宾语Iprefertocalloffthemeetingonaccountofourdirector’sabsence.Ican’taffordtotakeflyinglessons.Ifinditdifficulttoworkwithhim.Hethoughtitagreatpitynottohaveinvitedher.4.作宾语补足语Iwrotehimtocomeatonce.Sheaskedmetoanswerthephoneinherabsence.(比较：Iwasaskedtoanswerthephoneinherabsence.)5.作定语Heisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.Sheboughtabookshelftoputherbookson.Heaskedforapieceofpapertowriteonandapentowritewith.Theconferencetotakeplacenextmonthisboundtobeagreatsuccess.不定式作前置定语:amuch-to-belonged-forplacethenever-to-beforgottenexperienceadifficult-to-solvepuzzleawake-upcall6.作状语1）表示目的其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般放在句子后部，但如要表示强调，也可位于句首，前面可加inorder,但不能用soas。其否定式不能用not+不定式，必须用inordernot+不定式，或soasnot+不定式Thewholefamilywenttobeachtospendtheirweekend.Tosavethechild,helaiddownhislife.6 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Theycamenottosaveus,buttoconquerus.（此处是强调对比，所以每个不定式前重复to，通常是当几个不定式具有同样的功能时，to只用在第一个不定式前。如：HedecidedtosettledowninSwitzerlandandcontinuehisfictionwriting.）Let’shurrysoasnottobelateforthemeeting.（不能说Let’shurrynottobelateforthemeeting.）在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，而不用for+动名词：Weeattolive.(不用forliving)Shehasphonedtosaythatshewillresign.(不用forsaying)比较以下两句：Toopenthewindow,shesawabirdflyingover.（错误，不定式可以位于句首或句尾，作目的状语，但不能作时间状语）Openingthewindow,shesawabirdflyingover.（正确，分词无论位于句首或句尾，都不能作目的状语，但可作时间状语）A:Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?B:___newofficials.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.Forselecting2)表示结果Afewdayslater,hecamebackonlytofindthatthatthetroopshadleft.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.Heisgeneroustolendusalargesumofmoney.3)表示原因Shegrievedtohearofthesadnews.听到那不幸的消息，他非常悲痛。（不定式动作在先发生）Youarefoolishtobelievehim.Heisrudetobehavelikethat.4)表示说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分Totellyouthetruth,thisisallGreektome.说实话，我对此一窍不通。Tobebrief,wecannotagreetodoit.5)表示条件Tolookather,youwouldthinkherayoungwoman,butsheisinfact47yearsold.(Tolookather=Ifyouweretolookather.)Onewouldbecarelessnottoseethemistake.=ifoneshouldnotseethemistake.6)表示伴随情况，常以独立结构形式出现Theydividedthework,JohntowashthevegetablesandMarytocookthemeal.Anumberofstudentssataroundtheprofessor,sometoaskquestions,sometodiscussamongthemselves.7)表示方面或方式Heisslowtomove.表示方式Heislikelytogobackonherwords.可能性也是表示方面7.不定式的逻辑主语Itisquitepossibleforyoutocatchupwiththeminashorttime.I’lltrytoarrangeitforyourhusbandtobethefirsttospeak.IsenthimsomepicturesforhimtoseewhatParisislike.8.用of还是用for表示人物特征的形容词后用of:7 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485ItisverythoughtfulofhertocometoseemewhenIwasill.Itwasnasty（卑劣的）ofJimtobehavelikethatthat.表示事物性质的形容词后用for:Itiseasyformetoseethoughhistrick.Itisagoodthingfortheretobesomanypeoplepresent.比较以下两句：Itisfoolishofhertobuythepicture.强调她人傻Itisfoolishforhertobuythepicture.强调她此次行为傻三、不定式的时态和语态意义其构成如下：语态主动语态被动语态时态一般式towritetobewritten进行式tobewriting完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行式tohavebeenwriting主动语态：Thousandsofpeoplearelearningtoski.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Heissaidtobewritingapreface（前言）tothebook.Iintended（本打算）tohavecometoseeyou.Ihoped(本希望）tohavefinishedtheworkearlier.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.比较：Sheseemstodancewell.指现在Sheseemedtohavedancedwell.指过去Hewashappytohavebeenstayingwithhisuncle.Helookedtooyoungtohavebeenpublishingbooksforsixyears.被动语态：Thedoctorrecommendedtheroomtobeaired.Shefeltabitpuzzledtobeaskedsuchaquestion.Therearethebookstobedistributedamongthestudents.Iamgladtohavebeengivenachancetovisityourcountry.Theseflowersweresaidtohavebeenwatered.Hewasreportedtohavebeenarrested.Shewassaidtohavebeenkilledbyherhusband.第四讲动名词一．构成与特征动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加“-ing”构成，与现在分词同形。动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和作用，其动词特征表现在可以带宾语、状语或表语。其具体构成如下：时态主动语态被动语态8 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485一般式doingbeingdone完成式HavingdoneHavingbeendone二．功能1.作主语Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.他到这儿来将大有帮助。It’sterriblenotbeingallowedtosmokeatall.2.作表语Herjobwaskeepingthehallascleanaspossible.她的工作是尽量使大厅保持整洁。3.作动词宾语Headmittedtakingthewatch.他承认拿了手表。Iappreciateherdevotingherselftothecauseofeducation.我非常钦佩她献身教育事业的精神。Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsideredgoingaway.4.作介词宾语Hebribedthebossintotakinghim.他贿赂老板留用了他。Heleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous.5.作定语Thatisashopdealinginwalkingsticks.那是一家出售手杖的商店。Nooneisallowedtospeakinthereadingroom.6.与介词连用作状语虽然动名词本身不能作状语，但放在介词后，可以起状语作用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等Aftergettingupinthemorning,hewentoutforawalk.（时间）Jimwaspraisedforhavingbrokenarecord.原因Withallhisboasting,Henryachievedverylittle让步Theywenttothefrontbyridingatruck.方式Hewenttherewiththeobjectofwinningherfavor.目的注意此句型：Shewasalongtimereplyingtomyletter.这种句型可看作动名词前省略了in,可译为“花了……干某事”，此句可译为“她拖了很长时间才给我回信”。Hewasawholemonthwritingthepaper.他写这篇论文花了一个月时间。Thecommitteewerenotlongreachingtheconclusion.委员会不久就作出了决定。三．动名词的复合结构动名词也可以有逻辑主语。一般规则是：①逻辑主语是有生命名词时，用名词或代词所有格（作主语时，其逻辑主语只用所有格，若作宾语，逻辑主语也可用通格）；②逻辑主语是无生命名词或抽象概念名词时，只用通格；③逻辑主语是以s结尾的名词或是一个以上名词构成的词组，只用通格；④逻辑主语是数词、指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anyone时，一般用通格。Tom’scomingiswhatwehaveexpected.有生命,作主语Motherdislikedme(my)workinglate.有生命,作宾语Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?无生命Itwasquiteunexpectedthestudentsfinishingtheexamsosoon.s结尾.Idon’tlikeJakeandHenryspeakingillofeachother.一个以上名词构成的词组Inspiteofthefourtellingthesamestory,Icouldn’tbelieveit.数词9 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485HedisapprovedofthatbeingsaidaboutJane.指示代词Hewasawakenedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.不定代词现在分词作宾补时，只能用宾格，比较以下两句：Iheardhimsinginginthegarden.正Iheardhissinginginthegarden.误动名词的逻辑主语用作介词with的宾语时，应该用通格Itwasacozyroomwithafanspinningoverhead.Hefeltlonelywithhiswifebeingdead.四．动名词的时态和语态意义时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式HavingdoneHavingbeendoneIamapprovedofhistakingpartinthisproject.Oncominginshelaidafileofdocumentsuponthetable.(介词on,upon与动名词连用时，表示谓语动词的动作是紧跟在动名词动作之后的，此句译为：“她走了进来，把一夹文件搁在桌上”。)Theyregretnothavingbeenabletoinformyouofthefact.Heconfessed(承认)havingcommittedmurder.Shedoesn’tlikebeingflattered.Nowadaysbeingkilledintrafficaccidentsisacommonoccurrence.Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethecoachoftheteam.Hewasafraidofnothavingbeentoldthefact.比较以下两句：Helikesriding.泛指，普遍性Helikestoridethelittlewhitehorse.特指，特殊性动名词与名词化的动名词的主要区别：1)名词化的动名词具有名词特征，可以有复数，可以用形容词、限定词(his,some,that等)等修饰，而动名词则不能。Idon’tcareabouttheircomingsandgoings.名词化的动名词Itisclearthattheyhaveasecretunderstanding.名词化的动名词Shehassomewashingtodothismorning.名词化的动名词2）如果动词有同根名词或同根形容词，通常用其同根名词或同根形容词，而不用名词化的动名词Theywillimprovethemanagementofthefactory.（不用managing）Whatisthereasonforhisrefusaloftheinvitation?（不用refusing）名词化的动名词与名词的主要区别：名词化的动名词表示未完成的、持续的动作且动作意味强，常具有描写性，而名词表示表示已完成的、一次性的动作，不具有描写性Working（工作）；work（作品）collecting（收集）；collection（收藏品）rowing（划船）；arow（划一次船）swimming（游泳）；aswim（游一次泳）flooding（洪水泛滥）；flood（水灾、泛滥）struggling（持续斗争）；struggle（斗争）10 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485第五讲分词一、构成、种类及特征分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，分为两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的形式是“动词原形+ing”，其否定式是在现在分词前加not；过去分词的形式是“动词原形+ed”。分词具有动词的部分特征，又具有形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。二、现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间的概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。Thestoryismoving.主动Heismovedbythestory.被动theboilingwater动作正在进行theboiledwater动作的完成作前置定语的现在分词可以表示动作正在进行中，可以表示动作不在进行中表示动作正在进行中settingsun落日ragingflames熊熊烈火barkingdogs吠叫的狗表示动作不在进行中neighboringcountry邻国runningwater自来水burningquestion燃眉之急过去分词作前置定语既可表示已完成的被动动作，也可表示已完成的主动动作。不管是及物动词还是不及物动词，凡是“已经完成了的”动作或被动动作，作前置定语时，一律用过去分词，而不用现在分词被动式，原则上是语态服从时态。已完成的主动动作escapedprisoner逃犯retiredgeneral退休的将军已完成的被动动作armedforces武装部队cannedfood罐头食品比较：amovedaudience正abeingmovedaudience误abrokencup正abeingbrokencup误三、功能分词具有动词的部分特征，又具有形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。1.定语1)单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语则放在被修饰词之后，往往可用定语从句代替。但完成式的现在分词短语不能用作定语。11 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Abarkingdogseldombites.吠犬不咬人。Abanquetwasgiveninhonorofthedistinguishedguests.为贵宾举行了宴会。Thesuggestionsenttothecommitteewasadopted.2)有些单个分词（尤其是过去分词）作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。比较：Theauthoritiesconcerned有关当局Aconcernedexpression忧郁的神情3)单个分词和动名词都可作前置定语，但分词往往表示被修饰的词所发出的动作，即分词动作的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词；而动名词则不然，它所修饰的词不能充当其逻辑主语。scorchingheat=Theheatthatisscorching.灼人地热气(分词)sleepingcar=carforsleeping卧车（动名词）4)分词作后置定语应注意的问题1）现在分词的时间意义现在分词作后置定语要么表示一个现在正在进行或将来要发生的动作，要么表示某个经常性的动作或状态Canyouseethestarmoving(thatismoving)inthesky?正在进行Thereisapianostanding(whichstands)inthecorner经常性的动作Doyouknowthenumberofpeoplecoming(whowillcome)totheparty?如果现在分词短语作后置定语所表示的动作在时间上同谓语动词所表示的动作不符合上述条件时，不能使用现在分词，而应使用定语从句。Iwanttoseethemanbreakingthewindow.误Iwanttoseethemanwhobrokethewindow.正Doyouknowanyonehavinglostmoney?误，因为完成式的现在分词短语不能用作定语Doyouknowanyonewhohaslostmoney?正Isthereanyonesettlingtheproblem?误Isthereanyonewhocansettletheproblem?正2）过去分词的时间意义过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前Isthisthebookwritten(whichwaswritten)byHenryJames?Halfoftheguestsinvited(whohadbeeninvited)tothereceptionwereforeignambassadors.过去分词表示的是与谓语动词相应的经常性动作Thesetruckscarrygoodsexported(whichareexported)toforeigncountries.2.作表语现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词则表示主语所处的状态。分词和动名词都可用作表语，分词作表语对主语加以描述，而动名词作表语则表示一个行为动作。Themusicismuchpleasingtotheear.音乐优美悦耳。(表示主语所具有的特征)Theyaresatisfiedwiththeirpresentjob.(表示主语所处的状态)Thegameisveryexciting.(相当于形容词)Themostimportantthingisgivingthenewgenerationagoodtraining.(表示行为)3.作宾语补足语用在感官动词和使役后，现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。Shesmeltsomethingburning.Shefeltagreatloadtakenoffhermind.12 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Heheardhisnamecalled.分词也可作主语语补足语：Somethingwassmeltburning.Thefirewasreportedcontrolled.make后的分词宾语补足语只能用过去分词，不能用现在分词。set后的分词宾语补足语通常是现在分词，不用过去分词。另外，setsb.todosth.=makesb.dosth.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfbelieved.Herwordssetmethinkingdeeply.Theteacherseteverystudenttowriteanessayof2,000words.Theteachermakeeverystudentwriteanessayof2,000words.seesb.doingsth./seesb.dosth.Isawasoldiergettingonthetrain.表示动作正在进行，不是全过程Isawasoldiergetonthetrainanddisappeare.表示动作的完成，是全过程4.作状语分词可作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等状语。1)作时间状语Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforshanghai.Seenfromthepagoda,thesouthfootofthePurpleMountainisaseaoftrees.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagain.(分词作时间状语时，若两个动作同时发生，可在分词前用when或while表示强调。)Onenteringtheroom,shefoundthemanlyingdeadonthefloor.(on=assoonas)Indoingthework,shemetalotofdifficulties.(in=intheprocessof)2)作原因状语Beingalayman(由于是个门外汉)inmattersofculture,Iwouldliketostudythem.Overcomewithsurprise,shewasunabletoutteraword.Therebeingnothingtodo,shewenthome.Thedoctor,notwantingtomakethepatientnervous,didnotexplaintheseriousnessofhisillness.3)作伴随状语Hewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.（=Hewalkeddownthehillandsangsoftlytohimself.）Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.4)作条件状语Turningtotheright,youwillfindapathleadingtohiscottage.（小屋）Givenanotherchance,Iwilldoitmuchbetter.Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.5)作结果状语通常放在句子的后半部分，分词前面往往有副词thus,thereby（因此）或only等，并有逗号同前面的句子成分隔开，常可译为“于是、所以、因而”。Theoldscientistdiedallofasudden,leavingtheprojectunfinished.13 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Heturnedoffthelamp,(thereby因此)seeingnothing.Anumberofnewmachineswereintroducedfromabroad,thusresultingin(=whichresultedin)anincreaseinproduction.6)作让步状语相当于although,though,evenif等引导的从句。Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasn’ttriedherbest.四、分词的逻辑主语、悬垂结构和分词独立结构1.一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果分词短语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这样的分词短语就是悬垂结构，也就是悬垂分词，是病句。比较:Turningaround,anoldmanwasseenwalkingtowardstheriver.误,悬垂分词Turningaround,wesawanoldmanwalkingtowardstheriver.正Seenfromthehilltop,hewasdelightedtoseeawonderlandofavalley.误，悬垂分词Seenfromthehilltop,thevalleylookedlikeawonderland.正Whenusingthismachine,theinstructionsmustbereadfirst.误，悬垂分词Whenusingthismachine,you(orWe)mustreadtheinstructionsfirst.正2．悬垂但不致病的从句结构如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语或宾语相同，则可将从句的主语及相关的动词（尤其是be动词）省略，这种结构似乎悬垂，但都是合乎逻辑的正确句子。Heenjoyedswimmingwhenayoungman.(hewas)Hefoundthiskindoftreewhileonanexpeditiontotherainforest.(hewas)Theriverissmoothwheredeep.(itis)Planttreeswhereverpossible.(itis)Althoughinhisteens,hehasalreadymadesomediscoveries.(heis)Oneshouldnotboastaboutone’sachievements,howevergreat.(theymaybe)Thatisuseless,sinceimpossible,proposal.(itis)Shedidnotcareaboutittilltoolate.(itwas)Don’tsayanythinguntilasked.(youare)Aliceismoreshythanunsocial.(sheis)Sheishealthierthanever.(shehas…been)Hisdeepthinkingcanbemoreeasilyconceived(构想)thandescribed.(itcanbeeasily)Shewrotethepaperasrequested.(shewas)Thewoundedsoldiermovedhislipsasiftosaysomething.(heweregoingto)Comeatfive,ifnotearlier.(=ifyoucan’tcomeearlier)Nevergiveadviceunlessasked.(=unlessyouareasked)3.分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.This(being)done,helefttheroom.Everythingtakenintoconsideration,hisplanseemstobemoreworkable.Herarmhavingbeenbadlyhurt,shehadtogotothedoctor.14 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485五、分词的时态意义若分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生（几乎同时发生），或表示正在发生，用分词的一般式。若分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，就要用分词的完成式，或用过去分词（当分词作定语时）。Whenleaving,sheweavedtoeveryoneofus.Themanplantingtreesinfrontofthebuildingisourdean.Havingfinishedhiswork(不能用finishinghiswork),hewentouttoplay.Nothavingtriedhisbest,hefailedintheexam.Theideaputforward（不能用havingbeenputforward）arousedgreatinterestamongus.六、分词的被动语态形式如果分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用分词的被动式。一般被动式表示正在进行的动作，完成被动式则强调分词所表示的动作先发生。Thequestionsbeingdiscussedareofgreatimportance.Inthosedaystheyoftenwenttothewharftowatchtheshipsbeingloadedandunloaded.Havingbeenwarnedabouttyphoon,thefishermensailedforthenearestharbor.七、go+现在分词go后面可以跟表示娱乐或运动的动词的现在分词作状语，已构成一种固定搭配。gofishing;gohunting;goplaying;gocamping第六讲虚拟语气一、三种语气简介1.陈述语气表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当做事实表达出来。Theyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind.秋风中黄叶纷飞。2.祈使语气表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。Letushelpyou.Dodropintoseeus.务必来坐坐。Keepoffthegrass.勿践草地。3.虚拟语气把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当作客观现实中的真实事件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝福等。MothertoldmetoputonmysweaterlestIshouldcatchacold.二、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中。包括虚拟条件句、推测条件句和错综时间条件句等。1.虚拟条件句条件从句结果从句与现在事实相反主语+动词过去式（be动词主语+would(should,could,的过去式一律用were）might)+动词原形与过去事实相反主语+had+过去分词主语+would(should,could,might)+have+过去分词与将来时间相反⑴:主语+动词过去式（be动词的过去式一律用were）15 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485⑵：主语+were+to+动词原主语+would(should,could,形might)+动词原形⑶：主语+should+动词原形IamsorryIamverybusynow.IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothecinemawithyou.Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagetothepeopleifwehadn’tbuiltsomanyreservoirs.Theconferencewouldn’thavebeensosuccessfulifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations.Ifitsnowed(weretosnow,shouldsnow)tomorrow,Ishould(would)stayathome.Shouldyouhaveanearlydelivery,youshouldmakepayment2.推测条件句对未来的事情进行推测，在讲话人心目中，虽然不认为推测条件的实现违背事实或绝对不可能，但却认为可能性是极小的。这种怀疑和推测要用虚拟语气表示。条件从句结果从句⑴:主语+动词过去式（be动词的过去式一律用were）⑵：主语+were+to+动词原主语+would(should,could,与将来时间相反形might)+动词原形⑶：主语+should+动词原形IfIweretoseehim,Iwouldspeaktohimaboutit.Iwouldnotbelieveit,unlessIshouldseeit.3.错综时间条件句虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，要根据各自不同的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.4.无“条件”的虚拟语气句子Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavesucceeded.Theywouldn’thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatcommonground.如果没有共同立场UndersuchcircumstancesIwouldprobablyhavedonethesame.Shewasn’tfeelingverywell.Otherwiseshewouldn’thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.三、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用1.用在动词wish后与现在事实相反，用were或动词过去式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词：与将来事实相反，用would(should,could,might)+动词原形Iwishshewerehere.Iwishhehadtakenmyadvice.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.2.用在ifonly或wouldthat(要是…就好了)后Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.WouldthatIwereyoungagain.16 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，137079294853.用在suggest,propose,request,demand等动词的宾语从句中；用在advice,demand,order等名词后的宾语从句和表语从句中；用在important,necessary,recommendable等形容词后的从句中，从句谓语动词用(should+)动词原形Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby10percent.Heissuedtheorderthatthetroops(should)withdrawatonce.他命令部队马上撤退。Itisnecessarythatsomeimmediateeffort(should)bemade.必须立即采取行动。5.用在Itis(high,about)timethat…句型中,谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事了”Itishightimethatwewenttobed.Itistimethatsomebodytaughtyoutaughtyoutobehaveyourself.6.Wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldassoon,justassoon后的句子用虚拟语气：A)接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择I’dratherdoitnow.He’dsoonerdiethansurrender.He’drathernotgodancingtonight.B)接“have+过去分词”，表示过去的某种选择不恰当：I’drathernothavetoldherthenews.Sheissuchagossip.I’dratherhavestayedathomethanwenttothedullfilm.比较：Infact,shewouldratherleaveforSanFrancisco__B_inLosAngeles.A.tostayB.thanstayC.thanstayingD.thanhavestayed.Infact,shewouldratherhaveleftforSanFrancisco__C_inLosAngeles.A.tostayB.thanstayC.thanstayedD.thanhavestayed.(Isawasoldiergetonthetrainanddisappear.)C)接从句，用虚拟语气，用一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望：I’dratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself.指现在Iwouldsoonershepaintedthewallgreennexttime.指将来I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.指过去D)Wouldrather…than和would…ratherthan结构中，than后的从句要用“should+动词原形”，且than从句后的that可以省略：Iwouldratherdiethan(that)heshouldknowthesecret.He’ddoanythingthan(that)heshouldlivewithsuchashamelesswoman.7.用在其他句型中Ididn’tmeanthatyoushouldcomesoearly.表示态度Imaginethatwewereonadesolate（荒芜的）islandnow.表示非现实情况的臆想Shelooksasifsheweresick.对现在Hetalksaboutpyramidsasthoughhehadseenthemhimself.对过去Itlooksasifitmightrain.对将来Thougheveryonedesert(疏远)you,IwillnotWhateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty.Whetherheberightorwrong,he’llalwaysgohisownway.Beittrueornot,Iwillseemyself.Betheycommonpeopleorhigh-rankingofficials,theystandequalbeforethelaw.17 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Iwouldratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself.指现在Iwouldrathershehadn’tdonethat.指过去Iwouldsooneryoupaintedthewallgreennexttime.指将来Iwouldratherdiethan(that)heshouldknowthesecret.此处than后的从句要用should+动词原形Loveme,lovemydog.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!Godblessyou!第七讲定语从句一、引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,that,which,whose：功能用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制作用性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语Whose(=ofwhom)Whose(=ofwhich)Heisamanwho(that)meanswhathesays.Thepeoplewhom(that)youmetinthecampusyesterdayarefromEngland.Isthereanyoneinyourdepartmentwhosefatherisapainter?Theyoungmanwithwhom（次处不能用which）ItravelledcouldspeakEnglish.Thebookwhich(that)youarereadingiswrittenbyacontemporaryAmericannovelist.Thebicyclethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.二、引导定语从句的关系副词有when(=at/in/on/duringwhich),where(=in/atwhich),why(=forwhy)关系副词被代替的先行词在从句中的作用when=at/in/on/duringwhich表示时间的名词时间状语where=in/atwhich表示地点的名词地点状语why(forwhich)只有reason原因状语Hewillalwaysrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)hisfatherreturnedfromAmerica.Thiswasthetimewhen(=onwhich)sheleftforBeijing.Thebook-storewhere(=inwhich)hissisterworksisthelargestoneinNanjing.Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hedidn’tcometothemeetingyesterdaymorning.三、As和but在定语从句中的用法：1.As有“为人所知，显然”的意思，可指人或物，作主语、宾语或表语，可用于限制性和非限制性定语从句中：Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable.指人，作主语SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.指物，作宾语I’dliketousethesametoolas(that)isused.指物，作主语I’veneverseensuchatalentedyoungmanasheis.指人，作表语As(不能用which)mightbeexpected,Johnwasadmittedtotheuniversity.（as作主语，指Johnwasadmittedtotheuniversity）18 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485MoreAmericanstroopsarebeingsenttotheMiddleEast,as(which)Ihaveleantfromthenewspaper.Thematerialiselastic（有弹性的）,as(不能用which)showninthefigure.（因为as后若为is或was+过去分词构成的被动语态，is或was可以省略，而which后的is或was再同样情况下则不能省)）Asisreported(不能用Asitisreported),aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.（因为as指“aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity”引导定语从句，同时作主语，it是多余的）Asapoetpointsout(不能用Asapoetpointsitout),lifeisbutadream.（因为as指“lifeisbutadream”引导定语从句，同时作宾语，it是多余的）2.but同具有否定意义的主句连用，可指人或物，只用于限制性定语从句中，在意义上等于“that…not,who…not,which…not”Therewasnotasinglestudentinmyclassbut(whodidnot)learntalotfromhim.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。Therewasnotonehousebut(whichwasnot)wasburntdown.所有的房子都被烧掉了。Notadaywentbybut(whichdidnot)broughtusgoodnews.没有一天不给我们带来好消息。Nothingissohardbut(thatdoesnot)itbecomeseasybypractice.任何事情通过练习都变得容易。第八讲名词性从句名词性从句一律都用陈述语序一、引导名词性从句的关联词1.连接词that,whether和if连词that本身无意义，有时可以省略；whether和if本身有意义，均不能省略。That和whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句和主语从句，且不能位于句首。Thathesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.主语从句Whether(此处不能用if,if不能位于句首)hecomesornotmakesnodifference.Ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhether(此处不能用if，if不能作介词宾语)I’lllendhimthemoney.宾语从句Hedidn’tknowwhether(此处不能用if，if后不能接不定式)togetmarriedortowait.Thequestionwhether(此处不能用if，if不能连接同位语从句,且同位语从句通常由that引导)heshouldjointheteamhasnotbeendecidedupon.Thequestioniswhether(此处不能用if，if不能连接表语从句)itisworthtrying.Hewillwriteyouwhether(此处不能用if，if后不能直接跟ornot或orno)ornothecandoit.状语从句HewillleaveforParistomorrow,whetherorno.他明天无论如何要动身去巴黎。状语从句2.关系代词关系代词有who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever(=nomatterwhat,anythingthat),whichever(=nomatterwhich,anythingwhich),whoever(=nomatterwho,anyonewho),whomever(=nomatterwhom,anyonewhom)Whowillpreside(主持)atthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.主语从句HeaskedwhomIborrowedthemoneyfrom.宾语从句Hedoesn’tknowwhosebookitis.ThepictureremindedmeofwhatIhadeverseennearalake.Whichteamhaswonthegameisnotknownyet.Whateverisworthdoingshouldbedonewell.Pleasechoosewhicheveryoulike.19 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Sheofferedarewardtowhoeverwouldfindherlostring.Hewillgivethebooktowhomeverhelikes.3.关系副词引导名词性从句的关系副词有when(=thetimewhen),where(=theplacewhere),how(=thewayinwhich),why(=thereasonwhy)Whenwecanbegintheexpeditionisstillaquestion.That’swhereheusedtolive.Howheisgoingtodoisamystery.Wedidn’tknowwhyshedidn’tcome.第九讲比较结构1.as…as/notas(so)…asJohnbehavesaspolitelyasBob(does).Heisnotas/sobrightasGeorge.=HeislessbrightthanGeorge.Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.这姑娘既漂亮又聪明。Sheisnotsowittyassheispretty.她相貌美丽但不风趣。Thisswimmingpoolisn’ttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.这个游泳池的宽度并没有那个游泳池长度的两倍。Hisunclewasasbase（卑鄙的）andunworthy（没有优点的）ashisfatherhadbeenuprightandhonorable.他的叔叔卑鄙龌龊，不像他父亲那样正直可敬。Ihaven’tseenasoldacarasthisforyears.我有多年没见过像这样老的车了。2.more…than/less…thanThiscarrunsfasterthanthatone.Thisparcelislessheavythanthatone.Georgeismoreintelligentthanaggressive.与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。Thepresentcrisisismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.当前的危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机。Itwasn’tsomuchhisappearanceIdislikedashispersonality.与其说我喜欢他的外表不如说我喜欢他的为人。（相比于less…than）Itwasn’tsomuchthatIdislikedasthatIjustwasn’tinterested.与其说我不喜欢她，不如说我对她不感性趣。（相比于less…than）第十讲句子结构一、英语基本句型有七种：1.SVC主动补Thatcarismine.Theseflowerssmellfragrant.2.SV主动Ironrusts.Everybodylaughed.3.SVO主动宾Iwantareturnticket.Nobodycouldanswerthequestion.4.SVoO主动宾宾Davidshowedhertheway.20 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Hegavemeawatch.5.SVOC主动宾补Thedirectorsappointedhimsalesmanager.Wemadehimourspokesman.6.SVA主动状IliveinBeijing.Thetrainleavesatsix.7.SVOA主动宾状Hetreatedhervilely.Iputthedocumentsinfronthim.二、英语句子分为简单句，复杂句，并列句，并列复杂句1.简单句指只包含一个主谓结构且各个成分均由词组构成Theboycanstayintheroomonlyforafewminutes.ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.2.复杂句指某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示Thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard.Whathesaidisnottrue.3.并列句指两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他手段连接起来的句子MissLindstormcametotheparty,butMr.andMrs.Shermandidnot.Mostofuswereinthehall,thedoorshadbeenclosed,andthelatecomershadtowaitoutside.4.并列复杂句Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldnotseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroken.Itwouldbedarkbeforehecouldreachthevillage,andheheavedaheavysighwhenhethoughtofencounteringtheterrorsofDameVanWinkle.第十一讲英语长难句分析1.Therecanbenodoubtthatthesecond50yearsofpoweredflight（动力飞行）holdsachallengemoreforbidding（严峻的）,thoughnolessinteresting,thanthefirstbutthesuccessachievedwillnotbemeasuredbymanlandingonthemoonbutbywhetherintheprocesswehavelearnedwisdomandindoingsohavestoredthefreeexchangeofknowledgewithinandbetweenallcommunities（社区，共同体）onthesurfaceoftheearth.Therecanbenodoubtthatthesecond50yearsofpoweredflight（动力飞行）holdsachallengemoreforbidding（严峻的）,thoughnolessinteresting,thanthefirstbutthesuccessachievedwillnotbemeasuredbymanlandingonthemoonbutbywhetherintheprocesswehavelearnedwisdomandindoingsohavestoredthefreeexchangeofknowledgewithinandbetweenallcommunities（社区，共同体）onthesurfaceoftheearth.主句是存在句：Therecanbenodoubt.（there是形式主语，nodoubt是真正主语）同谓语从句：that…onthesurfaceoftheearth并列句：由but引导21 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485并列句中的两个分句：1）thesecond50yearsofpoweredflight（动力飞行）holdsachallengemoreforbidding（严峻的）,thoughnolessinteresting,thanthefirst2）thesuccessachievedwillnotbemeasuredbymanlandingonthemoonbutbywhetherintheprocesswehavelearnedwisdomandindoingsohavestoredthefreeexchangeofknowledgewithinandbetweenallcommunities（社区，共同体）onthesurfaceoftheearth.(在“andindoingso”中，and后省略了bywhether)毫无疑问，动力飞行的下一个50年所面临的挑战会比最初的50年更为严峻（尽管同样有趣）；不过，所取得的成就也将不是用人类登月来衡量，而是用人类是否在这个过程中学到智慧，并且是否在这样做时丰富了在地球上各组织内部及其彼此之间进行自由交流的知识宝库这一点来衡量。2.Sofarasstabilityisconcernedthereisnoinherentreasonwhythemethodswhichhavebeenappliedtotheinvestigationoflongitudinalstabilityshouldnotbeappliedwithequalsuccesstothelateralmotion,withtheprovisothatcertainlimitsinmodeldesignandflightplanareimposedtoavoidunduecomplicationoftheanalysisfromtherolleffects.Sofarasstabilityisconcernedthereisnoinherent（固有的）reasonwhythemethodswhichhavebeenappliedtotheinvestigationoflongitudinalstability（纵向稳定性）shouldnotbeappliedwithequalsuccesstothelateralmotion（横向运动）,withtheprovisothatcertainlimitsinmodeldesignandflightplanareimposedtoavoidunduecomplication（过度复杂化）oftheanalysisfromtherolleffects（滚转效应）.句首的状语从句：Sofarasstabilityisconcerned主句是存在句：thereisnoinherent（固有的）reason.定语从句：why…tothelateralmotion定语从句：由which引导，“themethodswhichhavebeenappliedtotheinvestigationoflongitudinalstability”介词短语作条件状语：由withtheproviso引导同位语从句：由that引导，“withtheprovisothatcertainlimitsinmodeldesignandflightplanareimposedtoavoidunduecomplication（过度复杂化）oftheanalysisfromtherolleffects（滚转效应）”.就稳定性试验而言，并不存在任何固有的原因，认为不能将已经运用于纵向稳定性试验研究的那些方法同样成功地应用于横向运动研究，条件是在模型设计和飞行计划安排方面加上一定的限制，以免由于滚转效应而使数据分析过于复杂化。3.Becausetheyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsareadmiredbyothers.Becausetheyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishments（成就）areadmiredbyothers.句首原因状语从句：Becausetheyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges主句：teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidence定语从句：由that引导，“theconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishments（成就）areadmiredbyothers.”（knowing前省略了from）22 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485宾语从句：由that引导，“knowingthattheiraccomplishments（成就）areadmiredbyothers.”（knowing前省略了from）因为青少年总是要适应新的身体状况以及智力和情感方面的诸多挑战，他们的自我意识特别强，而且需要信心，这种信心源自于获取成功以及知道自己的成就被他人欣赏。4.SmartCards,whichcancarryasmuchas80timesmoreinformationonthemthanconventionalcardswithamagneticstripe,arealreadywidelyusedinEuropeancountrieswherecentralizedbankscanrolloutnewservicesonanationwidebasis.SmartCards,whichcancarryasmuchas80timesmoreinformationonthemthanconventionalcardswithamagneticstripe(磁条),arealreadywidelyusedinEuropeancountrieswherecentralizedbankscanrollout(铺开)newservicesonanationwidebasis.主句：SmartCardsarealreadywidelyusedinEuropeancountries非限制性定语从句：由which引导定语从句：由where引导智能卡能够负载的信息量是普通磁条卡的80倍，已在欧洲各国得到了广泛应用，其实现中央化的银行能在全国范围内展开新型的服务。5.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomaketoitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomaketoitsscientificestablishment（科研机构）cannotgenerallybeforeseen（预见）indetail.主句：ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar定语从句：由when引导，duringtheSecondWorldWarwhenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthat…indetail.同位语从句：由that引导,theconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomaketoitsscientificestablishment（科研机构）cannotgenerallybeforeseen（预见）indetail定语从句：由that引导,thespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomaketoitsscientificestablishment这种趋势始于二战期间，当时一些政府得出结论，政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。6.Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.23 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinch（匿乏）willmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashion(方式)thatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields（高产）.主句：Thiswillbeparticularlytrue原因状语从句：由since引导,“sinceenergypinch（匿乏）willmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashion(方式)thatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields（高产）.”定语从句：由that引导,“fashion(方式)thatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields（高产）.”这种情况将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匿乏将使农业很难以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去，而这种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。7.Itisforus,theliving,rathertobededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus;thatfromthesehonoreddead,wetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion;thatthisNation,underGOD,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom;andthatgovernmentofthePeoplebythePeopleandforthePeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.Itisforus,theliving,rather（“相当”，此处可译为“应该”）tobededicatedto（献身于）thegreattaskremainingbeforeus;thatfromthesehonoreddead（光荣的死者）,wetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasure（分量）ofdevotion;thatthisNation,underGOD,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom;andthatgovernmentofthePeoplebythePeopleandforthePeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.主句：Itisforus,theliving(此处it作形式主语)真正主语1：由不定式rathertobededicatedtothegreattaskremainingbeforeus;构成真正主语2：由thatfromthesehonoreddead,wetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion引导真正主语3：：由thatthisNation,underGOD,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom引导真正主语4：由andthatgovernmentofthePeoplebythePeopleandforthePeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth引导毋宁说，倒是我们这些还活着的人，应该献身于还留在我们面前的伟大任务，倒是我们应该从光荣的死者身上吸取更多的献身精神，来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业；我们要使我们这个国家在上帝的福佑下得到自由的新生，要使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。8.TheErtanprojectontheYalongjiangRiverinSouthernSichuan,willbeChina’sfirstsuper-hydropowerstation,rankingaheadoftheGezhoubaandLongyangxiastations,whichcurrentlyarethebiggestontheYangtzeandYellowRivers.TheErtanprojectontheYalongjiangRiverinSouthernSichuan,willbeChina’sfirstsuper-hydropowerstation（超级水电站）,rankingaheadoftheGezhoubaandLongyangxiastations,whichcurrentlyarethebiggestontheYangtzeandYellowRivers.主句：TheErtanproject（二滩工程）ontheYalongjiangRiverinSouthernSichuan,willbe24 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485China’sfirstsuper-hydropowerstation,现在分词短语：rankingaheadoftheGezhoubaandLongyangxiastations，作定语非限制性定语从句：whichcurrentlyarethebiggestontheYangtzeandYellowRivers,由which引导，修饰两座电站位于四川南部鸭砻江上的二滩工程，将超过当前长江上与黄河上的最大水电站葛洲坝水电站和龙羊峡水电站成为中国第一座超级水电站。9.Afully-automaticfactory,asweareabletoenvisageittoday,takesaformofacompletefactorywithonlyafewskilledengineerstokeepitinrunningorderandacontrolcommitteetodecideonthebroadoutlineoftheproductionplan.Afully-automaticfactory,asweareabletoenvisage(想象，设想)ittoday,takesaformofacompletefactorywithonlyafewskilledengineerstokeepitinrunningorderandacontrolcommitteetodecideonthebroadoutlineoftheproductionplan.主句：Afully-automaticfactory,takesaformofacompletefactory插入句：asweareabletoenvisage(想象，设想)ittoday,不定式复合结构作伴随状语：withonlyafewskilledengineerstokeepitinrunningorderandacontrolcommitteetodecideonthebroadoutlineoftheproductionplan.全自动化工厂，就我们目前能预见到的，是一种完全配套的工厂，仅有几位熟练的工程师来维持它的正常生产，加上一个管理委员会对生产计划的大轮廓作出决定。10.Columbia’smissionwasthreatenedshortlyafterlaunchbyacloggedcoolantline,butNASAdeclaredtheorbitersafe,settingthestageforfivespacewalksoverfiveconsecutivedaysthatthespaceagencycalledthemostchallengingandriskyinthe21-yaerhistoryoftheU.S.shuttleprogram.Columbia’smissionwasthreatenedshortlyafterlaunchbyaclogged（被阻塞的）coolant（冷冻剂）line,butNASA（美国宇航局）declaredtheorbiter（轨道飞行器）safe,settingthestageforfivespacewalksoverfiveconsecutivedaysthatthespaceagencycalledthemostchallengingandriskyinthe21-yaerhistoryoftheU.S.shuttle（航天飞机）program.NASA（=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration【美】美国国家航空航天局,美国宇航局,美国太空总署(是美国负责国家太空计划的一个政府部门)主句：由but引导的并列句现在分词短语作结果状语：settingthestageforfivespacewalksoverfiveconsecutivedaysthatthespaceagencycalledthemostchallengingandriskyinthe21-yaerhistoryoftheU.S.shuttle（航天飞机）program.定语从句：fivespacewalksoverfiveconsecutivedaysthatthespaceagencycalledthemostchallengingandriskyinthe21-yaerhistoryoftheU.S.shuttle（航天飞机）program.在发射后不久，哥伦比亚号的任务就因一条冷冻剂管道被阻塞而受到威胁。但是美国宇航局宣布轨道飞行器是安全的，从而为在连续五天里进行五次太空行走创造了条件。美国宇航局称其为美国航天飞机21年的飞行历史上最具挑战性和最危险的工作。11.Theconquestofthediseaseswhichoncedecimatedwholecontinents,andthepreventionandcureoftheinnumerablesicknesswhichoncemadeexistencemiserableandshort,havenotbeentheleastoftheachievementsresultingfromtheviewpointthatlivingprocessescanbeunderstoodandcontrolledthroughtheinvestigationoftheircausality.25 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485Theconquestofthediseaseswhichoncedecimated（毁灭）wholecontinents,andthepreventionandcureoftheinnumerablesicknesswhichoncemadeexistencemiserableandshort,havenotbeentheleastoftheachievementsresultingfromtheviewpointthatlivingprocessescanbeunderstoodandcontrolledthroughtheinvestigationoftheircausality.主句：Theconquestofthediseases…andthepreventionandcureoftheinnumerablesickness…havenotbeentheleastoftheachievements定语从句：thediseaseswhichoncedecimatedwholecontinents,定语从句：thepreventionandcureoftheinnumerablesicknesswhichoncemadeexistencemiserableandshort,现在分词短语作定语：theachievementsresultingfromtheviewpointthatlivingprocessescanbeunderstoodandcontrolledthroughtheinvestigationoftheircausality.同位语从句：theviewpointthatlivingprocessescanbeunderstoodandcontrolledthroughtheinvestigationoftheircausality.人类征服了一度毁灭过各大洲大部分人的疾病，并能够防治曾经使人生短促而痛苦的无数病痛。这些成就都是由下述观点出发获得的最为重大的成果，即生命过程可以通过对其因果关系的研究来加以了解和控制。12.Oneofhismost–quotedsayingishisowncriticismofhisdiscoveries;“Iknownotwhattheworldtodaymaythinkofmylabors,buttomyselfitseemsthatIhavebeenbutasachildplayingonthesea-shore;sometimesfindingsomeprettierpebbleormorebeautifulshellthanmycompanions,whiletheunboundedoceanoftruthlayundiscoveredbeforeme.”Oneofhismost–quotedsayingishisowncriticismofhisdiscoveries：“Iknownotwhattheworldtodaymaythinkofmylabors,buttomyselfitseemsthatIhavebeenbut（几乎，仅仅）asachildplayingonthesea-shore;sometimesfindingsomeprettierpebbleormorebeautifulshellthanmycompanions,whiletheunbounded（无垠的）oceanoftruthlayundiscoveredbeforeme.”主句：Oneofhismost–quotedsayingishisowncriticismofhisdiscoveries并列句：有but引导定语从句：Iknownotwhattheworldtodaymaythinkofmylabors(Iknownot=Idonotknow)主语从句：tomyselfitseemsthatIhavebeenbut（几乎，仅仅）asachildplayingonthesea-shore现在分词短语作伴随状语：findingsomeprettierpebbleormorebeautifulshellthanmycompanionsbut分句中的转折分句：whiletheunbounded（无垠的）oceanoftruthlayundiscoveredbeforeme他最喜欢引用的一句话，就是对自己的发现所作的评论：“我不知道世上的人对我的工作怎样评价，但我却这样认为：我好像只是个孩子，在海滨上玩耍，有时候比我的同伴找到一些更好看的石子，或是更美丽的贝壳，可是那无垠的真理海洋却展现在我面前尚待去发现。”12.BythetimeofAugustustheredpozzolanawasalreadyinuse,butstilltimidly,anditwasduringthenextcenturiesthatthiswasemployedforthemostdaringconstructions—thankstothegeniusofGreekororientalarchitectswho,inordertofulfilltherequirementsofRomanpatrons,masteredthehumblematerialstohandandexercisedduecareintheirchoice,preparationandmixture.BythetimeofAugustustheredpozzolanawasalreadyinuse,butstilltimidly,anditwasduring26 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485thenextcenturiesthatthiswasemployedforthemostdaringconstructions—thankstothegeniusofGreekororientalarchitectswho,inordertofulfilltherequirementsofRomanpatrons（主顾）,masteredthehumblematerialstohandandexercisedduecareintheirchoice,preparationandmixture.主句是并列句：theredpozzolanawasalreadyinuse，andthiswasemployedforthemostdaringconstructions强调句：itwasduringthenextcenturiesthatthiswasemployedforthemostdaringconstructions破折号引出的原因状语：—thankstothegeniusofGreekororientalarchitectswho…定语从句：thegeniusofGreekororientalarchitectswho,inordertofulfilltherequirementsofRomanpatrons,masteredthehumblematerialstohandandexercisedduecareintheirchoice,preparationandmixture.在奥古斯都时代，红色火山石已经付诸使用，但人们任然十分谨慎。只是在以后的几个世纪里，人们才放心大胆地在建筑中使用这种材料—这要归功于希腊和东方建筑师的天才，他们为了满足罗马主顾的要求，掌握了手头的这些低级材料，精心挑选、精心准备、精心搅拌。13.Foronething,fasterinstrumentationisusuallyemployedwithintermittenttunnels,andevenifcontinuoustunnelsweretohavesuchequipment(forsomecuriousreasons,theyneverseemto),thetimelostpumpingthepressuretunnelsupanddown,bringingthedriveuptospeed,andstoppingitmayoffsettheadvantageofbeingabletorunforlongerperiods.Foronething,fasterinstrumentation（测量仪器）isusuallyemployedwithintermittent（间歇的，时断时续的）tunnels,andevenifcontinuoustunnelsweretohavesuchequipment(forsomecuriousreasons,theyneverseemto),thetimelostpumpingthepressuretunnelsupanddown,bringingthedrive（驱动系统）uptospeed,andstoppingitmayoffset（抵消）theadvantageofbeingabletorunforlongerperiods.主句是并列句：fasterinstrumentation（测量仪器）（测量仪器）isusuallyemployed，andevenif…thetimemayoffset（抵消）theadvantageof…让步状语：evenifcontinuoustunnelsweretohavesuchequipment(forsomecuriousreasons,theyneverseemto)此处theyneverseemto后省略了have定语：thetimelostpumpingthepressuretunnelsupanddown,bringingthedrive（驱动系统）uptospeed,andstoppingit（lost后面省略了in）首先，快速测量仪器往往只用在暂冲式风洞中；即使连续式风洞有了这样的设备（奇怪的是，从未看到连续式风洞使用此类设备），风洞冲压、卸压，使驱动系统达到运行速度和停止等所花费的时间，足可以抵消它能长时间运行的优越性。14.Thiswillnotonlybeforpoliticalpurposesbutwillalsoallowthemaclearerideaofwhereopportunitiesforjointproduction,technologicalassistanceandmarketinglie,notjustinthemilitaryfield,butinalltheadvancedtechnologicalareaswhichtheexhibitswillcover,includingcommunications,engineering,electronics,aeronauticsandsatellitetechnology.Thiswillnotonlybeforpoliticalpurposesbutwillalsoallowthemaclearerideaofwhereopportunitiesforjointproduction,technologicalassistanceandmarketinglie,notjustinthemilitaryfield,butinalltheadvancedtechnologicalareaswhichtheexhibitswillcover,includingcommunications,engineering,electronics,aeronauticsandsatellitetechnology.主句是并列句：Thiswillnotonlybeforpoliticalpurposesbutwillalsoallowthemaclearerideaof27 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485同位语从句：aclearerideaofwhereopportunitiesforjointproduction,technologicalassistanceandmarketinglie补语：notjustinthemilitaryfield,butinalltheadvancedtechnologicalareaswhichtheexhibitswillcover,includingcommunications,engineering,electronics,aeronauticsandsatellitetechnology.(补充说明whereopportunitiesforjointproduction,technologicalassistanceandmarketinglie)定语从句：theadvancedtechnologicalareaswhichtheexhibitswillcover,这不仅仅是为了政治上的目的，而且也将使他们获得一个较明确的概念，看看不只是在军事领域，而且在此次展品所覆盖的所有先进的技术领域，包括通讯、工程、电子、航空和卫星技术在内，联合生产、技术援助和市场等机会究竟在哪里。15.Theexperimentmadeitclearthatthesecondsparkwascausedbythefirstandthefactthattherewasnoconnectionbetweentheballsandtheringsuggestedthatthesparkfromthefirstapparatusmusthavebeentransferredthroughtheinterveningspacebetweenthetwopiecesofapparatusintheformofsomekindofwavespreadingoutwardsinalldirectionslikelight.Theexperimentmadeitclearthatthesecondspark（火花）wascausedbythefirstandthefactthattherewasnoconnectionbetweentheballsandtheringsuggestedthatthesparkfromthefirstapparatus（装置）musthavebeentransferredthroughtheintervening（介于中间的）spacebetweenthetwopiecesofapparatusintheformofsomekindofwavespreadingoutwardsinalldirectionslikelight.主句是并列复合句：Theexperimentmadeitclearthat…andthefactsuggested真正的宾语：thatthesecondsparkwascausedbythefirst同位语从句：thefactthattherewasnoconnectionbetweentheballsandthering宾语从句：thatthesparkfromthefirstapparatusmusthavebeentransferredthroughtheinterveningspacebetweenthetwopiecesofapparatusintheformofsomekindofwavespreadingoutwardsinalldirectionslikelight.这个实验说明了第二个火花是由第一个引起的，二金属球与金属环之间没有一处相连接的事实告诉我们，第一个装置产生的火花必定是以像光一样的某种波向四面八方散播出去的形式，越过介于两个装置之间的空间的。16.NowtheConditionoftheabove-writtenGuaranteeissuchthatiftheContractorshalldulyperformandobservealltheterms,provisions,conditionsandstipulationsofthesaidContractontheContractor’sparttobeperformedandobservedinaccordancewiththetruepurportintentandmeaningthereoforifondefaultbytheContractortheGuarantorshallsatisfyanddischargethedamagessustainedbytheEmployertherebyuptotheamountoftheabove-writtenGuaranteethenthisobligationshallbenullandvoidbutotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffectbutnoalterationintermsofthesaidContractororintheextentornatureoftheWorkstobeexecuted,completedanddefectsintheWorksremediedthereunderandnoallowanceoftimebytheEmployerortheEngineerunderthesaidContractnoranyforbearanceorforgivenessinorinrespectofanymatterorthingconcerningthesaidContractofthepartoftheEmployerorthesaidEngineershallinanywayreleasetheGuarantorfromanyliabilityundertheabove-writtenGuarantee.NowtheConditionoftheabove-writtenGuaranteeissuchthatiftheContractor（承包人）shalldulyperformandobservealltheterms,provisions,conditionsandstipulationsofthesaidContractontheContractor’sparttobeperformedandobservedinaccordancewiththetruepurport（主旨）intentandmeaningthereof（合同的）orifondefaultbytheContractortheGuarantorshallsatisfy28 九江恩波咨询电话：8586817，13707929485（履行）anddischarge（履行）thedamagessustainedbytheEmployerthereby（由此）uptotheamountoftheabove-writtenGuaranteethenthisobligationshallbenull（无效的）andvoid（无效的）butotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffectbutnoalterationintermsofthesaidContractororintheextentornatureoftheWorkstobeexecuted,completedanddefectsintheWorksremediedthereunder(根据（合同）)andnoallowanceoftime（时间宽限）bytheEmployer（业主）ortheEngineerunderthesaidContractnoranyforbearance（容忍）orforgiveness（宽恕）inorinrespectofanymatterorthingconcerningthesaidContractofthepartoftheEmployerorthesaidEngineershallinanywayreleasetheGuarantorfromanyliability（义务）undertheabove-writtenGuarantee.主句：theConditionoftheabove-writtenGuaranteeissuch表语从句：表语从句中有2个条件句和一个主语：…suchthatiftheContractor（承包人）shalldulyperformandobserve…orifondefaultbytheContractor…thenthisobligationshallbenull（无效的）andvoid（无效的）butotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffect，和一个由but引出的并列句：butnoalterationandnoallowancenoranyforbearance（容忍）orforgiveness（宽恕）shallreleasetheGuarantorfromanyliability（义务）.兹将履行上述书面保证书的条件规定如下：如果承包人能切实履行并遵守所签署的上述合同中规定的承包人一方按合同的真实旨意、意向和含义所应履行和遵守的所有条款、条件及规定，或者，如果承包人违约，则保证人应赔偿业主因此而蒙受的损失，直至到达上述保证金额，届时，本保证书所承担的义务即告终止，否则保证书任保持完全效力，但所签合同条款的改变或对工程的施工、完成及根据合同修补其缺陷的性质和范围的任何变更，以及业主或工程师根据上述合同给予的时间宽限，或业主方面或上述工程师方面对上述合同中事项或有关合同的事宜所做的任何容忍或宽恕，均不能解除保证人所承担的上述保证书规定的义务。29