英语语法基本概述 7页

英语语法基本概述一、词法英语中的词根据其形式特征、词义以及句法作用，分为十大类，即名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。前六类词可以在句子中独立充当成分，称为实词；后四类词不能在句中独立充当任何成分，称为虚词。词类定义例词实词名词表示人或事物名称的词market,pilot,water,land代词代替名词或名词所有格的词it,we,them,all,nothing动词表示动作或状态的词work,live,study,eat形容词表示人或事物的性质、特征的词happy,busy,young副词表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度的词hard,well,always,very数词表示数目或顺序的词one,two,first,thousand虚词冠词冠于名词前，说明名词含义的词a,an,the介词用于名词或代词之前，表示该词与其他词的关系的词in,on,after,between连词连接词与词、词组与词组、句与句的词and,but,so,if,when,as感叹词表示说话时的情感的词ah,oh,well注意：动词分类v.vt.及物动词，后须加宾语wantapresent…vi.不及物动词，后不能直接加宾语look(forthemissingboy)aux.情态动词，后加动词原形candosth…linkverb连系动词1）be动词，如：is，am，are等2）get,become,turn,grow,smell,taste,feel,sound,look,remain,stay第6页 实词与句子成分成分充当词例句主语(表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象。)名词LangPingwashiredasaheadcoach.Theboybeganpianolessonsattheageofthree.人称代词Sheturneddowntheoffer.物主代词Yourideaisgood,butmineisbetter.指示代词Thosewhoaretiredofthismayleavenow.疑问代词Whatisthemostimportantthing?不定代词Nothingisdifficultifweworkhardatit.基数词Eightandthreeiseleven.序数词Thesecondisevenmorebeautiful.the+形容词Theoldaretakengoodcareofinourcountry.Thewoundedhavebeenrushedtothenearesthospital.不定式Toseeistobelieve.Itisnecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguage.动名词Helpingotherscanbringushappiness.Itisnousearguingwithhimaboutthismatter.主语从句Thatyoufailedthisgamemademeverydisappointed.Whatislostisthemostvaluable.谓语(表示主语的动作或状态)行为动词Weplantedmanytreesthisspring.Theyoungoughttorespecttheold.连系动词WeareChinese.Themusicianbecamedeaflater.表语(说明主语的特征、类属、状态或身份)名词Hebecameafamousactor.形容词Themountainsaregreenandthewaterisclean.副词Timeisup.指示代词WhatIwantisthat,notthis.疑问代词Iwonderwhotheyare.不定代词Itisnothingserious.基数词Twoplustwoisfour.序数词Motherisalwaysthefirsttogetupinthemorning.不定式Myjobistocleantheroad.动名词Herhobbyiscollectingstamps.介词短语Thewatchisjustunderyournose.现在分词Theresultwasdisappointing.过去分词Weweredisappointed.表语从句ThatiswhatEQmeans.宾语(表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容)名词NowmanyforeignersarelearningChinese.人称代词Hefooledusall.反身代词Believeinyourselves.指示代词Ithinkyouwilllikethis.疑问代词Whoareyouwaitingfor?不定代词Theygoteverythingtheywanted.物主代词Heisanoldfriendofhers.相互代词Youshouldlearntorespecteachother.第6页 动名词Weenjoyplayinggames.不定式Wedecidedtogototheparty.介词宾语Iamafraidofthemice.宾语从句HehastoldmethathewillgotoBeijingtomorrow.定语(用以修饰名词或者代词)形容词Nowtheworldisjustlikeasmallvillage.副词Thenativesthereareveryfriendly.名词Heworksinacarfacotry.物主代词Theirinventionwonthenationalprize.指示代词Thesewildplantsarewellprotected.疑问代词Whichriveristhelongestoneintheworld?不定代词Boththeirparentsaredoctors.基数词Theorganizationcontainseightcountries.序数词Hewasthefifthplayertoreceivethehonour.介词短语Manysecretsinspaceremainunknown.不定式SoIhavenothingtosayformyself.动名词Iboughtawalkingstickformygrandmother.现在分词Tomgotinjuredbyafallingtree.过去分词Theyreachedanoldhousebuilt200yearsago.定语从句Thosewhodrinkwaterwillneverforgetthepeoplewhodigthewell.宾语补足语(用于宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作或状态)形容词Thatwillmakehermad.副词Letmeshowyouaround.名词WechosePaulourhead.介词短语Susanfoundherselfinastrangeworld.不定式Donotforcemetodoanything.现在分词Don"tkeepmewaitingtoolong.过去分词Theyranawayandlefttheworkunfinished.状语(用以修饰动词、副词、形容词、从句及全句)形容词Thetravellerscameback,safeandsound.副词Thesonoftenwritestohisparents.不定式Motherwenttobuysomethinginthesupermarket.名词LiMingisoneyearolderthanI.介词短语Fromspacetheastronautsawablueglobe.现在分词Hestoodup,lookingatthebosscoldly.过去分词Ledbyanative,wefoundtheoldcastle.状语从句Wherethereissmoke,thereisfire.独立主格结构Weatherpermitting,we’llgoforapicnic.同位语(说明前面名词或代词的具体内容)名词MissWu,ourEnglishteacher,iskindtous.代词TheyeachhaveaPC.数词I’vepreparedabigdinnerforyoutwo.同位语从句We’vegotthenewsthatourteamwonthematch.第6页 注意：1、谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征,通常由动词的各种形式来充当。1）一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词短语来充当。Shegothereatsix.（动词）Helookedatme.(动词短语)2）有些谓语由“情态动词+动词原形”构成CanyouspeakFrench?Wemustbecareful.3）助动词+动词的适当形式Sheiswritingaletter.Maryhaswrittenanewbook.MarywillgotoNanjingnextweek.2、表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。常见的系动词有:（1）表示感官：look,smell,taste,sound,feel(摸起来)（2）表示保持，仍然remain,stay,keep（3）表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,fall,come,grow(4)其他:be,seem,appear,come，fall，prove等注意：系动词属于不及物动词，因此没有被动语态。3.宾语：表示动作、行为的对象，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。位于及物动词或介词后（由名词，代词，动名词，不定式，句子充当）1）跟在动词或动词短语后面，表示动作的承受者-----动词宾语例：ThemanfollowedTom.Thefiremenputoutthefire.2）跟在介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介词宾语例：Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.(1)Thechildrenareflyingkites.(2)Callmeanytime.(3)Weenjoylisteningtomusic.(4)Herefusedtocometoourparty.(5)Ifindit(形式宾语)hardtolearnEnglishwell.（真正宾语）(6)Canyouimaginewhatlifewillbelikeintwentyyears’time?3）跟在能接双宾语的动词后-----间接宾语和直接宾语此类结构通常能加“to”或者是“for”转化例：Hegavemeabookyesterday.（me：间接宾语，abook:直接宾语）Heboughtmeabike.（me：间接宾语，abike:直接宾语）常能跟双宾语结构的动词有：bring,give,lend,offer,pass,pay,send,show,teach,tell,ask,buy,call,find,get,make,第6页 二、句法A.句子的种类（按功能划分）类别例句陈述句肯定句Youthisastateofmind.TheicecreamwasfirstinventedinChina.否定句Ican’tagreewithyou./Itdoesn’tmatter.疑问句一般疑问句DidItalywintheWorldCup?/Isthereanythinginteresting?特殊疑问句What’son?/WhowillbetheMVPof2007?选择疑问句Areyouateacherorastudent?Doyoulikefootballorbasketball?反意疑问句Itisafinedaytoday,isn’tit?Nooneacceptedyouroffer,didthey?祁使句Don’ttakeeverythingforgranted./Followme,please.感叹句Whatabeautifullakeitis!/Howbeautifulalakeitis!注意：1、祈使句(1)Openthedoor,please.Don’tbelateagain.(2)祈使句的强调式:Dobeontime.Neverbelateagain.(3)Alice,youcloseyourbook,willyou?(4)---Let’sgoswimming,shallwe?我们去游泳，好吗？---Letusgoswimming,willyou?请你让我们去游泳，好吗？(5)祈使句+and/or+简单句祈使句表示“条件”Thinkhard,andyouwillfindabetterway.Givemebackmymoney,orI’llringthepolice.有时可能不用连词，而用破折号：Turndowntheradio—thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.2.感叹句What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主谓结构What+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主谓结构How+形容词或副词+主谓结构How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主谓结构Whatalovelydayitistoday!Howcleveraboyheis!Whatnicemusicitis!Howhardtheworkersareworking!第6页 B.句子的种类（按结构划分）类别例句简单句(五种基本句型)1.主语+不及物动词Thesunrisesintheeast.Aterribleaccidenthappenedjustnow.2.主语+及物动词+宾语Manyfamilieskeeppets.3.主语+连系动词+表语Chinaisadevelopingcountry.MyfavouriteattractionistheGreatWall.4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Janesentmeane-mailyesterday.Yesterdayhetoldmethewonderfulnews.5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语Theparentstoldtheboytocomebackearly.Wholeftthewindowopen?Wealltrytomakeourclassaunitedandharmoniousone.并列句MarxwasborninGermanyandlaterhewenttoEngland.Themedicineisbitter,butitisgoodforyourhealth.Theriverwasdry,sotheyhadtomoveagain.复合句名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句Whatyousaidistrue.Youknowthatbeautyshouldbenatural.That’swhereIstudied.Hemadeapromisethathewouldcomeontime.定语从句限制性定语从句Doyouknowtheboywhoisplayingthere?ThisistheresultthatIwanted.That’sthehotelwhereIstayed.非限制性定语从句Theoldmanhasason,whoisasoldier.Asyouknow,sheisafamousartist.状语从句时间状语从句条件状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句地点状语从句让步状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句We’dfinishedtheworkbeforetheycame.Ifitrains,wehavetostayathome.Shewasabsentbecauseshewasill.Hestartedoutearlyinorderthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.Tomwassotiredthathefellbehind.LucyfoundtheMP3whereshelostit.ThoughI’mpoor,I’mhappy.DoitasIdo.YouarestrongerthanI(am).简单句定义:只包含一个主谓结构的句子（可以有并列主语或谓语）1、主语+谓语（不及物动词）2、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语3、主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语+间接宾语S+V+O+O4、therebe句型Therearemanybeautifulflowersintheschoolgarden.(1)therebe句型与各种情态动词连用。Theremustbesomethingwronghere.(2)thereseemto/usedtobeTheredoesn’tseemtobemuchhopeofourbeatingthatteam.第6页 (3)therebe句型中的谓语动词be被一些不及物动词代替，如live，stand，exist，remain等，用来表示"静止、存在、有"。Therelivesafamilyoffiveinthevillage.Infrontofthecave,theregrowsatallpinetree.Thereexistdifferentopinionsonthisquestion.并列句由并列连词将两个或两个以上平等关系的简单句连接在一起构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。一、联合并列句常用的连词有and(同，和),when(=andjustatthistime就在这时，然后),notonly…but(also)…(不仅……而且……),neither…nor…（既不……也不……）等。如：Thedogdiedandweallfeltsad.Theoldmanhasthreesonsandallofthemaredoctors.Therainlastedabout10daysanditdidgreatharmtoourcrops.Henotonlygaveusalotofadvice,butalsohelpedustostudyEnglish.Iwasjustleavingwhenthetelephonerang.。Wewereabouttosetoutwhenitbegantorain.二、选择并列句常用的连词有or(或者，否则),otherwise(否则),orelse(否则),either...or(不是……就是)。如：Hurryup,or(else)you’llbelate.快点，否则就会迟到了。Willhestillbethereorwillhehavegoneaway?Youmustgoearly,otherwiseyouwillmissthebus.。EitheryouleavetheofficeorIwillcallthepolice.三、转折并列句常用的连词有but(但是，可是，只是因为),while(而、却),yet(可是)等。如：Iliketeawhileshelikescoffee.。Shesaidshewouldbelate,yetshearrivedontime.。Shelooksveryyoung,butsheisalreadyinher30’s.。此处，还有副still(仍然），however(然而)也表示转折关系。Heisgood-natured;stillIdon"tlikehim.。Thebookisexpensive;however,it"sworthit.注意：but,while不与although连用，但yet,still可与although连用。Althoughshefeltill,shestillwenttowork.她虽然感觉不舒服，但她仍然去上班。四、因果并列句常用的连词有for（因为）和so（所以，因此）等。Thedaymusthavebrokenforthecockisringing.ThemanagerwasillsoIwentinherplace.复合句1、定义：包含一个从句的句子叫复合句。2、从句类型：1.定语从句2.名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）3.状语从句第6页