张道真实用英语语法学习笔记 第二章 构词法 44页

第2章构词法2.1.1英语的主要构词法英语主要有下面三种构词法：1)转化(Conversion)即由一个词类变为另一个词类：water水（名）—^water浇水(动）2)派生(Derivation)——通过加前缀和后缀构成另一个词：happy—-►unhappy(加前缀）happiness(加后缀）3)合成(Compounding)由两个或更多词构成一个词：wood木+cut刻►woodcut木刻happy+go+lucky►happy-go-lucky无忧无虑1.2—些次要的构词法英语还有一些次要构词法，如：1>截短法（Clipping)——即把一个词的一部分去掉，构成一个新词•.bicycle►cycle2>混合(Blending)—-把两个词各取一部分，混合成一个新词：Europe+Asia—►Eurasia欧亚大陆3>缩写(Abbreviation)——把几个词的首字母连在一起：BritishBroadcastingCorporation^BBS英国广播公司4)反转构词法(Backformation)把带词尾的名词去掉词尾构成动词: editor编辑（名）一-^edit编辑（动）2.1.3掌握构词法的重要性要学好英语，掌握构词法至关重要。它的主要好处是：1)帮助辨认词类一一通过一些词尾(即后缀)或词头(即前缀)辨别某些词的词类：careful(带形容词词尾）细心（形）carelessness(带名词词尾）粗心大意（名）belittle(带动词词头）贬低（动）2)帮助了解词义——不少词头有特別意思，可以举一反三：kilogram千克，公斤—►kilometer公里，kilowatt千瓦impossible不可能►impolite不客气，immoral不道德digestible好消化^permissible容许的，collapsible可折叠的3)帮助扩大词汇——掌握几千基础词后，通过构词法，可以比较容易地把词汇量扩大到一万以上。4)把有关词组合在一起，形成词群，就像单个人组成一个家庭似的，如:carecarefulcarelesscarefullycarelesslycarelessnesscarefulnesscouragecourageouscourageouslyencourageencouragementdiscouragediscouragement这对记住这些词和使用这些词都有帮助。 5)建立清楚的词类概念，每学一个词都要知道它的词类，并掌握与它相关的词，左引右联，很容易形成一个词汇网，这是掌握英语的第一步。8)建立词与词的联系，大多数词都可用于几个不同的词类，如果知道各种词类的用法，语言能力会得到更大的发展。2.2转化1-2.1动词转化为名词1)大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大的变化：我来试一试。Letmehaveatry我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。Westoppedthereforaswim我能看看你的论文吗？CanIhaveareadofyourpaper?我们听到呼叫声就跑到那里。Weheardashoutandrantothespot.听了这悲惨的消息她哭了一顿。Shehadacryaboutthesadnews.我们出去蹓了蹓。Wewentforastroll.她吻了那女孩一下。Shegavethegirlakiss. 咱们休息一会儿。Let’stakeabreak.你可以猜一猜。Youcouldmakeaguessatit.她长叹了一声。Shegavealongsigh.1)有些动词转化为名词时意思有些变化：他们是同样身材。Theyhavethesamebuild.门钩坏了。Thecatchonthedoorisbroken.这是一着聪明棋Itwasaclevermove.我买了一包鸟饲料。Iboughtabagofbirdfeed.父亲有最后的发言权。Thefatherhasthefinalsay.球赛打成了平局。Thegameendedinadraw.我们队领先两球。Ourteamhasaleadoftwogoals.我将同意你留下。 I’llgiveyouleavetostay.她一下子就通过了测试。Shepassedhertestatthefirstgo.他的心跳越来越微弱。Hisheartbeatsweregettingweaker.3)可以转化为名词的动词很多，常见的如：appealbeatbitebreakcallchangechargechatcrydancedreaddreamfallfeelfightgigglegringroanguesshugkickkissjogjumplaughleadlielooklovepullpushquarrelreadremarkrespectrideringrunscreamsearchshaveshoutsighsipsleepsmilesmokesqueezestartstaystrollswimtalktastetrywalkwash2.2.2名词转化为动词1)许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，意思也随着有些改变：她在飞机上订了三个座位。Shehadbookedthreeseatsontheplane.引座员让我们在前排坐下。Theusherseatedusinthefrontrow. 委员会由李将军任主席。ThecommitteeischairedbyGeneralLee.他把通知訂在黑板上。Hepinnedthenoticeontheblackboard.探险队将绘制南极的地图。TheexpeditionwillmaptheSouthPole.警察把小偷抓到了。Thepolicemanbaggedthethief.你怎么能忍受她的侮辱？Howcanyoupocketherinsults?实验的结果列成了表放在书后。Theresultsoftheexperimentsaretabledatthebackofthebook•设想你处于他的地位。Pictureyourselfinhissituation.1)表示身体某部分的名词也可用作动词：他的名字列在名单之首。Hisnameheadedthelist•他把那杯啤酒递给了爷爷。HehandedtheglassofbeertoGrandpa*他的许多朋友都支持他的计划。Manyofhisfriendsbackedhisplan.男孩掮着那筐水果。 Theboyshoulderedthebasketoffruits.他让我们别摸西红柿。Heaskedusnottofingerthetomatoes.一位警察怀疑地瞧着他。Apolicemaneyedhimsuspiciously.我不能容忍这种行为。Ican’tstomachsuchbehavior•他推挤着来到我们站的地方。Heelbowedhiswaytowherewestood.小狗嗅我的手臂。Thepuppynosedatmyarm.我们没搭上汽车，因此我们得步行去。Wehavemissedthebus,sowe^llhavetofootit.1)表示一类人的名词也可用作动词：丽迪亚对她的表哥一直怀有抱怨情绪。Lydiahadalwaysnursedagrievanceagainsthercousin.不要胡混了，干点有益的事。Stopfoolingaboutanddosomethinguseful他受警方雇用来监视其他学生。Heispaidbythepolicetospyonotherstudents.他窜改了他护照上的内容。Hedoctoredtheinformationonhispassport. 他发明了许多东西。Hefatheredmanyinventions.在汹涌的水域中领航是困难的。It’shardtopilotaboatinroughwaters.他们探察了西北地区。TheypioneeredtheNorthwestTerritory.大孩子欺压小孩子。Theolderboyslorditovertheyoungerones.她生了两个孩子，又领养了一个。Shemotheredtwochildrenandadoptedathird.1)一些其他实物名词也可用作动词：这个图书馆藏书60万册。Thelibraryhouses600,000books•他和我的朋友史密斯一起住。HeisroomingwithmyfriendSmith.櫻桃树早春时开花。Cherrytreesflowerintheearlyspring•拳击师把对手击倒在地。Theboxerflooredhisopponent,他们在那条河上筑了一道坝。Theyhavedammedthatriverup,这笔钱应当可以帮你度过困难维持到下个月。 Thismoneyshouldbridgeyouovertillnextmonth。他站起身把裤子上的尘土掸掉。Hegotupanddustedhistrousers.她在身上擦了防晒油。Sheoiledherselfwithsuntanlotion•我饿得狼吞虎咽地吃饭。IwassohungrythatIwolfeddownmymeal.不要瞎摆弄机器。Don’tmonkeywiththemachinery•1)甚至某些抽象名词也可用作动词：这事的不公平使他气愤。Theinjusticeofthisangeredhim.我渴望得到你的消息。Iamhungeringfornewsfromyou,那枚炸弹定时在午夜爆炸。Thebombwastimedtogooffatmidnight.他渴望获得知识。Hethirstedforknowledge.我们计划在意大利过冬。WeplantowinterinItaly.我们在日内瓦湖畔避暑。WesummeredbyLakeGeneva, 然后我们在克努餐馆吃午饭。ThenwelunchedattheConnaughtRestaurant•我明天将和他一起吃早饭。Iamgoingtobreakfastwithhimtomorrow.敌人猛攻城堡。Theenemystormedthecastle.客人有一百多。Theguestsnumberedmorethanahundred.形容词等转化为动词〗）有些形容词可以转化为动词：城市又平静下来。Thecityquieteddownagain•雪莱没法使她平静下来。Shelleywasunabletocalmherdown•他在十字路口慢了下来.Hesloweddownatthecrossroads.请把冷肉热一下。Pleasewarmupthecoldmeat•在强烈的阳光下她只得眯上眼睛。Inthebrightsunlightshehadtonarrowhereyes.他们浪费了两小时什么也没干。Theyidledawaytwohoursdoingnothing• 他假装忙着写东西。Hepretendstobusyhimselfwriting•不要把你的新衣服弄脏了。Don’tdirtyyournewdress.我们必须降低开支。Wemustlowerourexpenses.居住条件改善了许多。Livingconditionshavebetteredagreatdeal。2)还有少数其他词类也可用作动词：他们把他的信件转寄到他的新地址。Theyforwardedhismailtohisnewaddress*这会有助于发展科学Thiswillhelptofurtherthesciences,公司的雇员都罢工了。Thefirm’semployeeshavedownedtools,他们提高了汽油价格。Theyuppedthepriceofpetrol真相总有大白之日。Truthwillout.我赞成这项任命。Isecondthenomination. 2.2.4—些其他转化的情况〗）有些形容词可以转化为名词：我喜欢农村的恬静。Ienjoythequietofthecountry.她在灾难前的冷静态度令人惊讶。Hercalminthefaceofdisasterisamazing*气温达到了新的高度。Thetemperaturereachedanewhigh.本月的利润降到了新低点。Profitshavereachedanewlowthismonth.我认为你是对的。Ithinkyouareintheright。请给我一张去伦敦的单程票。AsingletoLondon,please•这座城市有四千华裔居民。Thereareabout4,000Chinesenationalsinthecity。这是古代人的一种习俗。Thiswasacustomamongtheancients.他决赛输了。Hefailedhisfinals.很少白人住在西非。FewwhitesliveinWestAfrica. 2)有些形容词可以转化为副词：鹰飞得很高。Theeagleflieshigh。她头垂得低低的。Herheadwasbentlow。她极其疲意。Shehadgonedeadtired。住在小些的城市里费用低些。Youcanlivecheaperinthesmallertowns.他的货物卖得很贵。Hesellshisgoodsverydear*这一拳正打在他脸上。Theblowstruckhimfullintheface.春天日益临近。Springdrawsnear•走近一些，让我能看见你。ComeclosersothatIcanseeyou.他车开得真慢！Howslowhedrives!你会待久吗？Areyoustayinglong？3)还有一些其他转化情况： 他们让他再表演一次。（动一形）Theyaskedhimtogivearepeatperformance.她是一个很大胆的年青女子。（副一形）Shewasaveryforwardyounglady.在战争期间我们得实行灯火管制。（形一动）Duringthewarwehadtoblackoutallourwindows.我们把消息告诉她时，她脸都白了。（形一动）Shepaledwhenwetoldherthenews.他朝北走。（名一副）Hewalkednorth.我开车送你回家。（名一副）I"lldriveyouhome.2.2.5转化中语音的变化〗）大多数词转化时语音没有变化，但有些词转化时重音有变化：动词(重音多在后面）名词(重音多在前面)accent/absent/重读/•aekssnt/重音combine/kam"bain/合并"kombam/康拜因(收割机）compress/kamipres/压紧/丨kmnpres/止in势布conduct/k^dAkt/指挥/ikoiKtokt/行为conflict与…冲突/•konflikt/冲突contest/kai^test/争夺，竞争/■kDntest/比赛contrast/ksn丨traest/形成对比/•kontraest/对比 convict/ksnVikt/定罪/•konvikt/囚犯digest/dai"dsest，di-/消化"daid3est/摘要，文摘discount/dislaunt/打折扣/•diskaunt/折扣escort/is丨kart/炉送/eskal/护送人export/ekSpa%ik-/出口/■ekspoit/出口(商品）extract/ikstraekt/提取/iekstraekt/提取物ferment/fs^ment/发酵/■f3:m3nt/酵素import/im"pyt/进口，输入/•impat/进口misprint"mis^pnnt/印错/misprint/印错处increase/nVkri:s/增加Ankri:s/增加insult/infSAlt/侮辱广insAlt/侮辱perfume/p^VQum/洒香水/p^Qum/香水，香气permit/poGyimt/允许/•p3:imt/许可证present/piVzent/赠送，上演"prezsnt/礼物produce/pridji^s/生产/iprodjius/农产品progress/prigres/前进，进展/ipraugres/进步，进展protest/protest/抗议/*pr如test/抗议(行动）rebel/nbel/造反，反抗/•rebl/造反者，判乱者record/r^kDxi/记录，录音/Vekidy记录，唱片refill/nYiI/力口(油）/ttfil/笔心 refiise/n"Qmz/拒绝^reQuis/垃圾reject/r?d3ekt/拒不接受/fri:d3ekt/不合格产品survey/s^vei/斟查，考察/•s3:vei/斟查f考察suspect/s^spekt/怀疑，疑心/"SAspekt/嫌疑犯torment/to?ment/折磨/丨tament,-mant/折磨transfer/traens^:/转(学)，调往/•traensf3:/转学，调动transport/traen’sp：):"运送"traenspwt/运输也有个别词作形容词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后:absent/aebssnt/缺席，不在abstract/ibstraekt/抽象的perfect/lp3:fekt/完美的个別双音节词作两种词类时重音不变，如：comment/koment/contact/’kontaekt/debate/di’beit/2)另外有些词转换词类时，词尾读音有变化，有时拼法也有变化作名词abuse/ibjuis/辱骂advice/sdVais/劝告belief/bi1i:f/信仰excuse/ik’skju:s/借口grief/gri:f/悲痛half/ha:f/—半house/haus/房子abuse/^bjuiz/辱骂advise/sdVaiz/劝believe相信excuse/ik"skjuiz/原谅grieve/gri:v/感到悲痛halve/ha:v/分为两半house/hauz/提供住所 close/kbus/近close/kbuz/关上张道真实用英语语法2.3派生2.3.1构成名词的后缀1)构成名词的后缀很多，常见的有下面这些例词-abilitystabilityavailabilityadvisabilitycapability•ageshortagemarriageleakagedrainage-aldenialbetrayaldismissalwithdrawal•anAmericanRussianAsianAfrican-anceattendanceguidanceperformanceassistance-antapplicantconsultantimmigrantparticipant■arydictionarymissionaryboundarycommentary-atedoctorateconsulateelectoratedirectorate•ationexaminationeducationdecorationtemptation-cyaccuracyefficiencyprivacybureaucracy-domfreedomkingdomwisdomboredom-eeemployeeabsenteerefugeetrustee-eerengineermountaineerauctioneerprofiteer—eucedifferenceexistencepreferencediligence•erdriverwriterreporterdancer -erybriberyembroiderymockerymachinery-eseChineseJapanesePortugueseVietnamese-essactressprincessgoddesshostess■fulhandfulspoonfulbagfulbusful-hoodchildhoodneighborhoodmotherhoodknighthood-ian，magicianmusicianhistorianmathematician-ibilitypossibilityvisibilityresponsibilityflexibility•ingfeelingshoppingreadingsightseeing-ionactiondecisioncollectioncreation-ismMarxismsocialismpessimismheroismAstcapitalistcommunistracistnovelist-ityprosperityequalityformalitymajority-letpigletbookletstarletbracelet-manfiremanpolicemanchairmanEnglishman-mentarrangementgovernmentdevelopmentassignment-nesshappinesssadnessweaknessbitterness-oractorsailordirectorvisitor■ryjewelryslaverybriberybravery-shipfriendshipleadershipownershipsportsmanship■tyloyaltysafetycrueltypenalty -urefailuredeparturepleasurepressure-waresoftwareglasswaresilverwarehardware-workhouseworkschoolworkneedleworkpaperwork-ymodestydifficultydiscoveryinquiry2)还有一些次要的构成名词的后缀:后缀例词-aholic，oholicbookaholicworkaholicchocoholic■archyanarchymonarchyhierarchy-arianlibrarianvegetarianhumanitarian-cidesuicidehomicidegenocide-craftaircrafthovercraftspacecraft-ettecigaretteusherettekitchenette-folkmenfolkcountryfolktownsfolk-gramdiagramtelegramkilogram-graphautographparagraphphotograph•handfarmhandfactory-handgarage-hand-headspearheadbridgeheadletterhead-ialdenialburialmemorial-idsarthritishepatitisappendicitis-loguedialoguemonologuecatalogue -maniaegomaniakleptomaniamegalomania-mateschoolmateroommateplaymatefriendlyorderlycostlyleisurely-ouscourageousftiriousnervousdangerous-sometroublesomelonesometiresomequarrelsome-wideworldwidenationwidearea-widecompany-wide-worthytrustworthypraiseworthynoteworthyrespect-worthy-yrainywindydirtymuddy2)还有一些次要的构成形容词的后缀：后缀例词-basedmarket-basedclass-basedhome-based-boundduty-boundwestboundLondon-bound-consciousself-consciousclass-conscioussafety-conscious-foldtwofoldeight-foldtenfold-freecarefreetax-freepollution-free-headedhot-headedclear-headedmuddle-headed-madehand-mademan-madeUS-made-mindedopen-mindedabsent-mindedliberal-minded-mostinnermosttopmostforemost-ologicalbiologicalecologicalideological-poornutrient-pooroxygen-poorresource-poor■proofwaterproofsoundproofbullet-proof-relatedjob-relateddrug-relatedrace-related -richcarbon-richfibre-richprotein-rich-sidebedsidefiresideriverside-sizedapple-sizedfist-sizedpostcard-sized-strickenpanic-strickenhorror-strickenpoverty-stricken_ularmusculartriangularmolecular2.3.3—些构成其他词类的后缀1)构成副词的后缀：后缅例词-lyclearlyfinallygraduallysuddenly-downheaddownbelly-downface-downpalm-down -firsthead-firstnose-firstfeet-firstheel-first-ward(s)homewardonward(s)westward(s)backward(s)-wiselikewiseclockwiselength-wiseanticlockwise2)构成动词的后缀：后缀例词-ateactivateoriginatemotivatehyphenate-enwidensharpenbrightensweeten-ifysimplifypurifynotifyjustify-izeapologizeemphasizecriticizemodernize3)构成数词的后缀： 后级例词■teenthirteenfourteenfifteensixteen-tytwentythirtyfortyfifty-thfifthtwelftheighththirtieth2.3.4—些较为常见的前缀1)可用来改变词类的前缀：a_加在名词前构成形容词或副词:asleepaboardasideashoreablazebe-加在名词或形容词前构成动词：befriendbewitchbeheadbelittlebedimem-加在名词等削构成动词：embarkembedembodyempowerembitteren-加在名词前构成动词：endangerencourageenrageenforceenslaveen-加在形容词前构成动词：enrichenlargeennobleendearenableout-加在名词或形容词前构成动词: 2)有些前缀可用来构成反义词：de-de-emphasizedecentralizedemilitarizedemobilize (非…）decolonizedepoliticizedehydratedeclassifydis-dislikedisbelievedistrustdisagree(构成动词）disapprovedisobeydispleasedisappeardis-disbeliefdiscontentdisorderdishonour(构成名词）discomfortdisobediencedisrespectdisadvantagedis-disloyaldishonestdisinteresteddisorderly(构成形容词）discourteousdisreputabledissimilardisproportionateil-illegalillogicalilliterateillegitimateim-impatientimpoliteimpossibleimmaturein-incapableinformalinadequateindependentinabilityinjusticeinadequacyinsecurityir-irresoluteirresponsibleirresistibleirregularmal-malnutritionmaladjustedmaltreatmentmaladministrationnon-non-essentialnon-economicnon-profitnon-residentnon-smokernon-specialistnon-violentnon-competitiveun-unableuncertainuntidyunsafe(构成形容词）unconsciousunfortunateunluckyuncomfortableun-uncertaintyuntidinessunhappinessunwillingness(构成名词）unacceptabilityunfairnessunpleasantness unbelievabilityun-unwillinglyunconsciouslyunfairlyunfortunately(构成副词）uncertainlyunluckilyunofficiallyuntidilyun-undressunbuttonuntieunlock(构成动词）unpackuncoverundounwrapun-unexpectedunfinishedunpreparedunprecedented(构成分词）unchangingunhesitatinguninvitinguntrusting3)—些表示特定意思的前缀大部分前缀都表示特定意思，较常见的有:前缀意思例词all-純，全是all-woolall-steelall-femaleall-new各个all-ageall-seasonall-purposeall-weatheranti-反，抗anti-fascistanti-racistanti-waranti-abortionanti-aircraftanti-canceranti-pollutionanti-inflationantibioticantibodyantidoteantisepticarch-大的archdukearchangelarchbishoparchdeacon 头号的arch-enemyarch-rivalarch-villainarch-traitorauto-自动的automaticauto-timerauto-recordauto-reverse自己的autobiographyautographautonomousautonomy汽车的automobileauto-industryautoworkautosportbi-双，二bilingualbilateralbigamybifocalsbio-生物的biochemicalbiologicalbiologistbiotechnologycenti-百分之一的centimetercentigramcentilitercentigradeCO-共同(做某事）co-authorco-chairmanco-pilotco-founderco-directco-operateco-existco-editcounter*反counter-measurecounter-attackcounter-strikecounter-revolution double-双double-deckerdouble-barrelleddouble-breasteddouble-bed哄骗double-crossdouble-dealingdouble-talkdouble-dealerdown-往下downhilldownward(s)downriverdownstairs恶化downturndownfalldowngradedowncastever-一i,不断ever-presenteverlastingever-wideningevergrowing越来越everstrongerever-bolderever-greaterever-fasterex-以前的ex-presidentex-husbandex-loverex-wifeextra-特别的，超extra-brightextra-strongextra-largeextra-thin以外的extra-curricularextra-muralextra-maritalextra-territorialfore-前部的foredeckforeheadforelegforearm预见的foresightforetellforecastforesee free-自由的free-flowingfree-movingfree-floatingfree-runningfull-完全full-scalefull-speedfiill-grownfull-strength全部，整个full-timefull-yearfull-sizefull-pagehalf¬半half-asleephalf-finishedhalf-circlehalf-payhalf-moonhalf-emptyhalf-Frenchhalf-sisterhand-用手的hand-madehand-operatedhandwrittenhand-wash手提(推)的handbaghandcarthandbaggagehandbookhydro-水力的hydro-powerhydro-electrichydro-energyhydrophobiaill-不好的ill-healthill-humourill-luckill-willill-temperedill-naturedill-manneredill-bred 不适宜的ill-timedill-informedill-educatedill-choseninter-之间的internationalinter-cityinter-racialintercontinental相互的interchangeinteractinterlinkinterrelatekilo-千kilogramkilowattkilometrekilohertzmal-不良的maladjustedmalnourishedmaladroitmalformedmalfunctionmalnutritionmalpracticemaldistributionman-由人，人man-mademan-devisedmanpowermankind对人man-killerman-eatingmanhuntmanslaughtermid-中间(指时间）middaymid-summermidnightmid-century中部(指空间）midairmid-Europemidoceanmid-WalesmilU-千分之一milligrammillimetermillilitermilliamp mini-小的，微型的minicabminibusmini-computerminiskirtmis-错误地misjudgemisusemisunderstandmisprint错误的misconceptionmisinformationmismanagementmisunderstandingnew-新近newbornnewfoundnew-weddednew-bakednews-新闻newscastnewsletternewspapernews-standover¬过分地overeatover-reachover-dooverestimate过于over-anxiousover-eagerover-cautiousover-confident过量的overdoseoverchargeoverweightoverwork压倒overcomeoverpoweroverthrowoverrule其他意思overseeoverseasoverlookovercoatpost-…之后的post-electionpost-medieval post-liberationpost-renaissance邮(政)的postmarkpostcardpost-boxpostcodepre-…之前的pre-warpre-birthpre-maritalpre-revolution预见，在前prejudgepreviewpredeterminepredecease预先…的pre-arrangedprepaidpre-plannedprefabricatedpro-亲…，支持…的’pro-governmentpro-communistpro-Westpro-abortionre-重新re-openrewrite4remarryrebuild再次reappearreconsiderrediscoverreviewself-自我…的self-educatedself-appointedself-employedself-imposed自(我)的self-defenceself-criticismself-analysisself-control自己…的self-lockingself-cleaningself-windingself-regulatingsemi-半…的semi-automaticsemi-naked semi-officialsemi-liquid半semi-circlesemi-annualsemi-conductorsemi-darknesssub-次…，下一级的subcontinentsubcommitteesubdivisionsub-heading下面的，潜subwaysubconscioussubmarinesub-current不…够的subnormalsubfertilesubstandardsub-literacysuper-极…的super-cleversuper-cheapsuper-friendlysuper-sensitive超级的superpowersupermarketsuperstarsuperman超…的supersonicsupernaturalsupernormalsupemational其他意思superfluoussuperstitionsupervisesuperstructuretele-远距离的telephonetelescopetelevisiontelecommunicationtrans-从…到transporttransfertransplanttransmittranslatetransform transcribetransition穿越transAmericatransatlantictrans-Siberiantrans-Alaskaunder-不足的under-developedunder-financedundernourishedunderestimate下面的undergroundunderwearunderlineundersigned下一级的undergraduateundersecretary2.3.5一些用得较少的前缀还有一些用的较少的前缀，它们也各有自己的意思，如：前缅意思例词aero-空中的aeroplaneagro-农业的agrologyante-在…前的anteroomastro-太空的astronautaudio-听觉的audiovisualcardi-心脏的cardiacchron-时间的chronic aerodynamicaeronauticsagronomyagrochemicalantechamberantecedentastrologyastrophysicsaudio-tapeaudio-cassettecardiologistcardiogramchronologychroniclecontraceptivecross-harbourdecilitereco-technologyelectrodeEuroparliamentfresh-madegeophysicshomonymhyper-alert megastarmicrocomputermock-sadnessmonogamymulti-purposeneo-Nazismneurosurgeononce-popularpan-Europeanparamilitaryparaglidingphonographpolygamypseudonymquadrupedquasi-religioussociolinguisticsurpasssynchronizetechniquethermoelectrictrilogy ultravioletvideo-recorderG2!4合成)1合成名词1)合成名词数量最多，其中大多数由名词+名词构成:airconditioner空调机 alarmclock闹钟assemb丨yline装配线bankaccount银行账户blooddonor献血者bookcase书柜braindrain人才流失busstop公共汽车站carpark亭车场corporalpunishment体罚creditcard信用卡estateagent地产经纪人generationgap代沟healthcenter医疗甲心heartfailure心力衰竭incometax所得税labourmarket劳动市场mailorder邮购定单mother-tongue母语newsbulletin新闻公报penfriend笔友policestation警_分局signlanguage手语 soundbarrier音障teabag袋泡茶telephonenumber电话号码imemp丨oymentbenefit失业救济金X-rayX先airraid空袭armsrace军备竞赛baby-sitter看孩子的人birthcontrol节制生育bloodpressure血压bookmark书签v’卞哭burglaralarm防盗警报器canopener开器contactlens隐形眼镜cottonwool药棉deathpenalty死刑fancydress(ball)化装舞会greenhouseeffect温室效应heartattack心脏病发作hirepurchase分期付款labourforce劳动力letter-box信椿minemlwater矿泉水nailvarnish指甲油packagehoiiday—揽子度假计划pocketmoney零用钱postoffice邮局sodawater苏打水T汽水 tabletennis兵兵球tea-table茶几toiletpaper卫生纸welfarestate福利国家youthhostel青年旅舍2)也有不少合成名词由形容词+名词组成:3)有些合成词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成，如: 4>还有些合成名词以其他方式或三个词构成:2.4.2合成形容词〗）合成形容词很多由过去分词或带-ed词尾的词构成，如: kind-hearted心肠好的light-hearted心情轻松的low-paid工资低的middle-aged中年的narrow-minded心胸狭窄的old-fashioned老式的panic-stricken惊慌失措的remote-controlled遥控的short-handed人手短缺的short-sighted近视的，眼光短浅的silver-plated镀银的2>也有不少合成形容词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成:4)还有一些其他形式的合成形奔i»1, a.动丨司t副词：broken-down破旧不堪的built-up盖满房子的(地区）drive-in开车进去的（电影院）run-down年久失修的b•副1^]+名词：off-budget预算外的off-guard失去警惕的off-hour休息时间out-door户外的a.其他形式：all-out全力以赴的ever-victorious常胜的out-and-out彻头彻尾的third-floor三层楼上的two-year-old两岁大的2.4.3合成动词及合成副词1)合成动词主要有下面儿类:a•名词+动词：baby-sit看孩子ghost-write为别人代写sleep-walk梦游tape-record用磁带录下来b•副词+动词：overcharge超额收费overhear听见(别人说话）undergo经历uphold维护c.形容词或副词+动词：back-pedal往后退缩black-list列入黑名单ill-treat虐待short-circuit发生短路d.其他形式的合成动词：blow-dry吹干deep-fry炸pooh-pooh认为愚蠢可笑stir-fry翻炒 2)合成副词为数不多，大多用作状语:Shealmostdidallthissingle-handed.Hereturnedhomeempty-handed.Theyranhelter-skelterdowntheroad.Fileswerescatteredhiggledy-piggledyabouttheoffice.散落在办公室里。〔注1〕在构成合成词时，是否加连字号，是一个麻烦问题。有的需加连字兮，如word-formation，丨etter-writing，boat-ride;有时不加连字号，如washingmachine，dancehall,bookreview;有时甚至连写，如handwriting，haircut，inpuU有时不同字典会有不同处理法，总的说来，美国英语中连字号比英国英语用得少，比较现实的办法是注意观察和多杳字典。丨t|三个以I:词构成的合成阗一般都加连字号，如astate-of-the-artaircraftdesign(最新式的飞机设计)。〔注2〕有一种词，前后两部分声音很近似，称为叠声词（Reduplicatives):zigzag弯弯曲曲（形）chit-chat闲聊（名）walkie-ta丨kie步话器（名）dillydally磨赠，粍费时间（动）wish-washy淡而无味（形）shilly-shally犹犹豫豫（动〉hotch-potch大杂烩（名）higgledy-pigg丨edy乱七八糟（形，副)criss-cross纵横交错（形）fiddle，faddle胡闱（动） helter-skelter慌乱地（副）tittle-tattle无聊闲谈（动）tip*top极好的（形）goody-goody假正人君子（名，形〉39第2章构词法._____.L....“■■■■wni2:5-些次涵构谒法）2.5.1截短语1)截短语可以截去前面一部分，如:telephonephone电话violincellocello大提琴aeroplaneplane飞机helicoptercopter直升飞机omnibusbus公共汽车bicyclecycle自行车2)也可截去后面一部分：advertisementad广告expositionexpo博览会gentlemen’sgents男厕所publichousepub酒店professor-prof教授stereophonicstereo立体声的mathematicsmath数学professionalpro职业的co-operativeco-op合作社preparatoryprep预料的examinationexam考试laboratorylab实验室memorandummemo备忘录taxicabtaxi出租车televisiontelly电视机submarinesub潜水艇rubber-shoesrubbers胶鞋zoologicalgardenzoo动物园kilogramkilo公斤veterinarysurgeonvet兽医有个别词前后各截去一部分，如： refrigeratorfridge冰箱influenzaflu流感有时几个词合成一个词，如：aprefabricatedhouseprefab预制房屋apopularsongsingerpop-singer流行歌手2,5.2混合混合是从两个词中各取一部分，混在一起构成一个新词:newsbroadcast►newscast新闻广播parachutetroops^paratroops伞兵televisionbroadcast——►telecast电视播送elector+execute——^electrocute上电刑处死transfer+resistor►transistor半导体travelcatalogue^travelogue旅游影片，游记张道真实用英语语法40^.一—也•»*•—-•—InternationalCriminalPolice►Inteipol国际刑警组织motorist’shotel►motel汽车旅馆teleprinterexchange►telex电传breakfastandlunch^brunch早午餐，早饭午饭一起吃 AmericanIndian►Amerind美国印第安人medicalcare►medicare美国老人医疗保险smokeandfog*smog烟雾biographicalpicture►biopic传记片psychologicalwarfare►psywar心理战multi-university►multiversity综合大学UFO/"jiKfcu/不明飞行物，即飞碟（亦可读作/juief1如/)UNESCO/jiVneskw/联合国教科文组织BASIC或Basic/"beisik/计算机初学者通用符号指令码第2章构词法.•••••SSSS<••<•••<•<••••<•••••»■2.5.4反转构词法通常是先有词根，再加词尾(后缀)。而有少数词，先有名词，再去掉词尾构成动词，这和通常构词的步骤相反，称为反转构词法（Backformationh例如：先有名词去词甩构成动词editor编辑television电视typewriter打字机sleep-walker梦游者day-dreamer做白日梦的人housekeeper管家 window，shopping逛商店sightseeing观光游览mass-production成批生产dry-cleaning干洗edit编辑televise电视播送typewrite打字sleep-walk梦游day-dream做白日梦housekeep管家window-shop逛商店不买东西sightsee观光游览mass-produce成批生产dry-clean干洗