英语语法简答题(50题) 7页

英语语法简答题英语语法简答题，共50题，由模拟考卷整理出来的。1.Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions?TheyarethetypeofYES-NOquestions,e.g.A:Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?B:Tea,please.AndthetypeofWH-questions,e.g.A:Whatwouldyoulike,teaofcoffee?B:Tea,please.2.Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext?Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.3.Explainthesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliarywithexamples.Thesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliaryisclearinthefollowingtwosentences:1)Hecan’thavebeenthereyesterday.2)Hecouldn’tbethereyesterday.Thetwosentencesrevealtwoquitedifferentusesofthemodalauxiliary.Thefirstsentence,wherethepredictivecan’trelatestoimpossibilityandthemainverbismarkedforpasttimereference,referstothespeaker’spresentdenialofpossibilityofapastevent.Inthesecond,themodalauxiliaryitself,innon-predictiveuse,ismarkedforpasttense,referringtolackofabilityinthepast.4.What’sthefunctionofrelativepronoun?Therelativepronounservesasa“link”betweentherelativeclauseanditsantecedent.Itperformstwofunctions:showingconcordwithitsantecedentandindicatingitsfunctionwithintherelativeclause.5.Provideexampletoillustratenominal,verbalandcausalellipsis.1)Nominalellipsis:Whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?Ionlyaskedforone.2)Verbalellipsis:--Haveyouseenhimbefore?--Yes,Ihave(seenhimbefore).3)Causalellipsis:--AreyouOK?--Yes(,IamOK). 6.Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?Whentensepointstothetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect“reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime”.7.Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaNoquestionperform?Theymayberegardedasthespeaker’sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumptions.Theyarelikeimperatives.Forexample:Won’tyoucomein?Won’tyousitdown?Theycanalsobelikeexclamations:Isn’titlovely?Aren’tyousilly?8.Listthetypesofantecedents.Theantecedentisdividedintonominalantecedentandnon-nominalantecedent.Nominalantecedentsfallintodifferentsubclasses:theymaybecommonnounsorpropernouns,personalpronounsordemonstrativepronouns.Non-nominalantecedentcanbesubdividedintothreetypes:clause,verbphrase,predicativeadjective.9.Provideexamplestoillustrateresult-adjunctsandpurpose-adjunctsthatareintroducedbysothat.Heworkedharder,sothathemanagedtopasstheexaminations.(result)Heworkedhardersothathecouldpasstheexaminations.(purpose)10.Provideexamplestoillustratethethreedegreesofcomparison.Mybrotherisastallasme.(positivedegree)Mybrotheristallerthanmyfather.(comparativedegree)Mybrotheristhetallestinthefamily.(superlativedegree)11.Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,whatareitscharacteristicuses?Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,itissuitableforthegeneraltimelessstatementsortheexpressionofso-called“eternaltruths”.Atthesametime,italsodenotesthepresentexistenceorstateofaffairs.Besides,itcanexpressregularrecurrencesuchasahabit,anditisalsofoundinthepresentationofaneventthathappenssimultaneouslywithspeech.12.Underwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa.Whennounsrefertopeople,andtherelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition,classification,etc.genitivesarepreferred.Whennounsrefertoinanimate,lifelessobjects,andtheheadwordsofnounphrasesareclassifyingadjectives,of-phrasesareclassifyingadjectives,of-phrasesarepreferred. 13.WhatistheprimaryofaWH-question?TheprimaryfunctionofaWH-questionistoaskforinformationconcerningwhat,when,why,whose,whichandhow.14.Whatarecontingencyadjuncts?Howmanytypesofcontingencyadjunctshavewerecognized?Contingencyadjunctsareanadverbialcategorythatincludesadjunctsdenotingsomekindofcause-effectrelation.Theycanbedividedintosubclasses:reason-adjuncts,result-adjuncts,purpose-adjuncts,concession-adjunctsandcondition-adjuncts.15.Explainthedifferencesbetweenadoublerelativeclauseandanembeddedrelativeclause.Indoublerelativeclauses,therearetworelativeclauses,oneenclosingtheother,whereasinembeddedrelativeclausethereisonlyonerelativeclausewhichitselfisembeddedinaclause.16.Provideexamplestoillustratesomedifferenttypesoftimeadjuncts.1)When-adjuncts:soon,onFridaymorning,now,etc.2)Duration-adjuncts:fortenyears,verylong,sincewemet,etc.3)Frequency-adjuncts:daily,weekly,often,etc.17.Whatkindofrelativeclausedowenormallyusetomodifyanon-nominalantecedent?Wenormallyusenon-restrictive-relativeclausetomodifyanon-nominalantecedent.e.g.1)Herhusbandismybrotherandmywifeishersister,whichmakesusdoublein-laws.2)Shedancewell,whichIdon’t.3)Nickistall,whichIwillneverbe.18.Wherearegiveninformationandthenewinformationlocatedinthesentence.Generallyspeaking,thegiveninformationisofferedatthebeginningineachsentencewhilethenewinformationisconsistentlyfoundinthepredicatewhichnormallyconstitutesthelatterhalfofsentence.19.Explaintherelationshipbetweentenseandtime.Timeandtensearenotthesamething:timeisconceptandtenseisagrammaticaldevice.Differenttensescanexpressthesameperiodoftime,suchasthepresent.20.Whataretwomajortypesofexclamations?ThetwomajortypesofexclamationsareWHAT-exclamationsandHOW-exclamations.Theformerisfollowedbyanounphrase,thelatterisfollowedbyanadjectiveoradverb.21.Whatisthepseudo-passive?Apseudo-passivesentenceispassiveinformbutactiveinmeaning.Itsed-participleisadjectivalzedsothatitbecomesasubjectcomplementintheSVCstructure.Asanadjective,therefore,itcanoccurinacomparativeconstruction,withavarietyof prepositionalphrasesotherthanby-phrase,andwithotherlinkverbsbesidesbeandget.22.Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestion.Whenapositiveanswerisexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestions,suchas:Istheresomenewsforme?Issomebodywaitingforme?Andinaffirmativesentencesinwhichthereareifclauses,putativeshould-clauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused,suchas:Ifanyonecallsme,itmustbeJohn.It’soddthatheshouldsayanythinglikethat.Heisbetterthananyoneelseinthisclass.23.Listthemajortypesofpostponement.Postponementisgenerallyrealizedbyactive-to-passivetransformation,byextrapositionofaclauseelement,bydiscontinuityofadjacentelements.24.Provideexamplestoillustratereferenceasrealizedbypronouns,demonstrativesandcomparison.1)Referencebypronouns:Lookattheman.Ithinkhe’sthepersonwantedbythepolice.2)Referencebydemonstratives:Theyfinallyarrivedatanagreementtostopfire.Thatagreementsavedthecountryfromwar.3)Referencebycomparison:Johnisbothstupidandlazy.Hisbrotherisnobetter.25.Provideexamplestoillustratenominal,verbalandclausalsubstitution.1)Nominalsubstitution:IknowIneedagoodcar,butIcan’taffordone.2)Verbalsubstitution:--Haveyoufinishedalltheessays?--Ihavedoneone.3)Clausalsubstitution:--Ishetherightpersonforthejob?--Isupposeso.26.What’sthemajorfunctionofpreposition?Andlistthetwotypesofpreposition.Themajorfunctionofprepositionistoconnectwordsofnounsverbsandadjectivestootherpartofthesentence.Wedivideprepositionsintotwotypes:simpleprepositionandcomplexpreposition.27.Provideexamplesofpartialinversionandcompleteinversion.Partialinversion:Undernocircumstancescanyouunderestimateyourrival.Completeinversion:Thedoorburstopenandinrushedalargeangrycrowd.28.Whatisaunifiedtext?Theunifiedtextisonethatisnotonlystructurallywell-integratedbutalsosemanticallycoherent.29.Asafuturetimeexpression,whatspecialmeaningdoesthesimplepresentimpart? Whenthereissomethingweconceiveasunalterableandwecanbeasconfidentofasweareofthegivenfacts,weusethesimplepresenttorefertothefuturetime.Somethingthathappensoncalendarortimetablefallsintothiscategory.30.Whataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswith?Whatistheirsharedsemanticfeature?Theverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithare:think,believe,suppose,imagineandexpect.Theyaretheverbsthatexpress“opinion”. 31.Whatarethethreeprincipleofconcord?Thethreecomplementaryprinciplesofconcordarethegrammaticalprinciple,thenotionalprincipleandtheprincipleofproximity.32.Whatorderdothedifferenttypesofplaceadjunctsfollowwhentheyco-occur?Whenplaceadjunctsofdifferenttypesco-occur,theyusuallyfollowthisorder:distance+direction+source+goal+position.33.Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix?Thefunctionofaprefixtendstobesemanticallyoriented.Thatis,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.Mostofprefixesdonotchangewordclasseswhileonlyafew(likea-,be-,em/en-etc)changewordclasses.Suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes.Theychangenounstoverbs,adjectives,orchangeadjectivestonouns,verbs,oradjectivestonouns,verbs,oradjectivestoadverbs.34.Whatarethefourmajortypesofsentencesandwhatdiscoursefunctionsaretheynormallyassociatedwith?Thefourmajortypesofsentencesaredeclaratives,interrogativesimperativesandexclamatives.Thesefourtypesarerespectivelyassociatedwithgivinginformation,requiringinformation,requiringactionsandexpressingthespeaker’simpressionofsomething.35.Whyisthepasttenseoftenusedforpoliteness?Becausethepasttensecanmakeaquestionorastatementorasuggestionlessdirect.Itismorepolitetousethepasttenseonthepartofthespeaker.36.Dowealwaysusethesingularverbwithaclausalsubject?No.Generally,aone-clausesubjecttakesthesingularverbandatwo-clausesubject,thepluralverb.Thenotionalprincipleofconcordappliesifthecontextsuggeststhepluralityofaone-clausesubject.37.Provideexamplestoillustratethethreemajortypesofnon-finitesubordinateclause.1)Infinitiveclauses:Hedidn’tknowwhattodowithhisenemy.2)–ingparticipleclauses:Shekeptnoddingherheadfromtimetotimeasthoughunderstandingeverywordofhislecture. 3)–edparticipleclauses:Workharduntiltoldtostop.38.Whatarethetypicalexpressionsofthefuturetime?Thefuturetimecanbeexpressedbywill/shalldosomething,begoingtodosomething,presentprogressive,andsimplepresent.39.Whataresomeoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto?Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitivealmostalwaysreferstopersons,nevertoobjects.Andthefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereference(typicallypremodifiedbytheindefinitearticle)andthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite.40.Distinguishroot,stemandbaseasmorphologicalterms.“Root”,“stem”and“Base”mayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferentfromeachotherinthat:Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved;Arootisnotfartheranalyzableinmorphologicalforms;Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved;Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.41.Explaintheprincipleofproximityofconcordwithexamples.Theprincipleofproximitydenotes“agreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject”.Forexample:NeithermywifenorIamcomingtotheceremony.Notonlythelayersbutalsothecoachwasresponsibleforthedefeat.42.Listthetypesofsubordinateclauses.Subordinateclausesareusuallydividedintothreetypesbytheirfunction:relativeclauses,adverbialclausesandnominalclauses.Inform,subordinateclausesmayalsobedividedintofiniteclausesandverblessclauses.43.Explainthedifferencesbetweenatagquestionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone.Witharisingtone,thequestionexpressthespeaker’sneutralexpectationofthehearer’sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Withafallingone,thespeakerasksforthehearer’sconfirmationofthestatement.Itcanberegardedassimilartoanexclamation.44.Whataregenericreferenceandspecificreference?Genericreferenceandspecificreferencearethetwousesofarticles,Genericreferenceindicatesthewholespeciesorkind,whilespecificreferenceindicatesonespecificpeopleorthing. 45.Giventhepresenttimeasitsmostimportantmeaning,whatisspecialaboutthesimplepresentwhenitisusedtorefertothepastandthefuture?Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepast,itbringsthepasteventsorstatestothepresenttimeasiftheywereactuallyhappeningatthemomentofspeech,itisusedinnarrativewritingtoachievevividness.Itcanalsobefoundin1)Newspaperheadlines2)Photographiccoptions3)Statedirectionsand4)Utteranceswithverbsofcommunication(say,hear,tell,etc).Simplepresentreferringtothefutureiscommonindependentclauses.46.Whatconcordprincipledowenormallyapplytotheexistentialsentence?Concordintheexistentialsentencenormallycomplieswiththenotionalprinciple.Theverbagreeswiththenotionalsubject.47.Whatarerestrictiveadjectivesandnon-restrictiveadjectives?Arestrictiveadjectivehelpsidentifythereferentofthenounbydescribingitsdistinctivequalities.Whereasanon-restrictiveadjectivemerelyprovidesomeadditionalinformationwhichisusuallynotessentialfortheidentificationofthereferent.48.Pointoutinstancesofthestativeanddynamicusesofprepositionswithreferencetospatialrelations.Thecarwasparkedinfrontofthebuilding.(Infrontofindicatesastaticlocation)Hejumpedintotheriver.(Intoindicatesthedirectionofamovement)49.Whatarethedifferencesbetweendeterminersandadjectives?Determinersandadjectivesaredifferentinfiveways:1)Determinersusuallyprecedeadjectivesinpremodification;2)Thechoiceofdeterminersisoftendeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadjectives;3)Adjectivesdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristics,butdeterminersdeterminetheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying;4)Adjectivescanpostmodifytheheadword,butnotdeterminers(exceptthough);5)Adjectiveshavecomparativeforms,inflectionalorperiphrastic,butnotdeterminers(exceptfew,little,manyandmuch).50.Whataresomeofthetypicalsemanticcomponentsofthepresentprogressive?Someofthetypicalsemanticcomponentsofthepresentprogressiveare:duration,simultaneity,temporariness,incompleteness,vividness,emphasis,etc.