呼伦贝尔草原土壤.doc 5页

ThehulunbuirGrazinglandsoil1.summarizeThehulunbuirgrazinglandislocatedinthenortheastedgeofMongolianplateauhulunbuirplateauplain,elevationbetween500~800m,morepotentialrelativelysmooth.Inthisbelongstotemperatezonecontinentalsemi-aridclimate,belongstothemonsoonregion.Drylong,coldwinter,thespringwind,summerisshortandwarmer.呼伦贝尔草原位于蒙古高原东北缘的呼伦贝尔高平原上，海拔多在500～800m之间，地势比较平坦。该区属中温带大陆性半干旱气候，属于非季风区。冬季漫长而寒冷干燥，春季多大风，夏季短暂且比较温暖。Theareaofsoiltypesincludingchernozem,chestnutsoil,meadowsoilandwindsand,saltandalkalisoil,swampsoil,etc.此区土壤类型包括黑钙土、栗钙土、草甸土、盐土、碱土、沼泽土和风沙土等。Vegetationintheareamainlyincludegramineaeandlegumeforages,bythebaikals.grandis,chinensis,lineYeJu,s.grandis,grams.grandis,roughimplicitgrass,artemisiafrigida,etc,inthesoutheast,hailaerrivermiddleandlowerreachesanditsdistributionofpinussylvestrisvar.Mongolicainsouthofthetributaries.Animalsintheareaofcattle,camels,antelope,Wolf,etc.,butwithalargenumberofhumanaremoved,nowrelativelyrarewildanimals.该区植被主要包括禾本科和豆科牧草，由贝加尔针茅、羊草、线叶菊、大针茅、克氏针茅、糙隐子草、冷蒿等组成，在东南部、海拉尔河中下游及其南面各支流沿岸地区分布有樟子松林。该区动物由牲畜、骆驼、黄羊、狼等，不过随着人类的大量迁入，野生动物现在较稀少。2.SoilerosionSoilerosionissoilanditsparentmaterialinthehydro,wind,freezingandthawingorbattalionforceundertheactionofgravitythereof,aredestroyed,erosion,transportationanddepositionprocess.土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在水力、风力、冻融或重力等外营力作用下，被破坏、剥蚀、搬运和沉积的过程。WaterersionThehulunbuirprairiewatererosionmainlyincludessurfaceandtheerosionofthetrench.Planarisverycommon,wheretherainfall,andcanproducerunoff,togenerateplanarerosion.呼伦贝尔草原的水蚀主要包括面状和沟状侵蚀。发生面状是非常普通，凡是降雨、并且能够产生径流的地方，就是产生面状侵蚀。WindersionThehulunbuirprairieisclassifiedtopotentialwinderosionanddesertificationareas,winderosionisthemainerosiontypesinthisarea.呼伦贝尔草原被划分地潜在风蚀沙漠化地区，风蚀是本区最主要的侵蚀类型。 Includingthecorrosionandabrasion包括吹蚀和磨蚀Theaverageparticlesizeofsoilparticles,thegreaterthewindspeed,thegreatertheabilitytomakeparticlesmove土壤颗粒的平均粒径越大，风速越大才能使颗粒移动颗粒起动和吹扬风速（ms-1）windvelocityofgrainsbeginningtomoveandbeingliftedup（ms-1）风速颗粒粒径（mm）0.010.10.251.01.52.0起动风速3.653.834.576.627.658.57吹扬风速3.725.416.610.7113.4116.25呼伦贝尔草原黑钙土表层的机械组成（%）topsoilmechanicalcompositionofChernozeningrasslandofHuLunBeiEr亚类土种2-0.20.2-0.020.02-0.002<0.2<0.02<0.002黑钙土薄黑灰土5.0723.0842.6694.9371.8529.19黑钙土厚黑黄土4.7235.2540.1795.2660.0119.84黑钙土薄黑黄土0.5641.5637.4499.3457.7820.34石灰性黑钙土火黑黄土203.266.18076.810.7草甸黑钙土中锈黑黄土6.7541.7237.7993.2551.5313.743.Grasslanddesertification(1)thebasicconditions,climatedrylittlerainPoordroughtclimate,surfacewater,riverlow-developmentwatereffectisweak,thephysicalweatheringandwindeffectsignificantly,thusformingvastgobianddesert.①基本条件——气候干旱少雨气候干旱，地表水贫乏，河流欠发育，流水作用微弱，而物理风化和风力作用显著，因此形成大片戈壁和沙漠；(2)materialconditions-looseontheground,assandy sedimentBecauseofdroughtduetoclimate,sparsevegetation,soildevelopmentispoor,thegroundmoreloosesandysediment;②物质条件——地面疏松，为沙质沉积物由于由于气候干旱，植被稀少，土壤发育差，平地多疏松的沙质沉积物；(3)dynamicconditionsofwinddaysandmoreconcentratedStrongwinddays,andconcentratedinthewinterandspringinthesevereseasonofdrought,wouldhavecreatedfavorableconditionsforthesand.③动力条件——大风日数多且集中大风日数多，且集中在冬春干旱的季节，从而为风沙活动创造了有利条件。(4)theclimateanomalycanbethefragileecologicalenvironmentimbalances,iscausingdesertificationdroughtHume.Belongtothetemperatecontinentalclimateinthisarea,itisoneofthemostimportantfeatureisthechangerateoftemperature,precipitation.Thechangeofrainfall,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofdesertificationplayacrucialrole.Rainyyeartoreducesandstormactivities;Littlerain,intensifieddesertificationprocess.④气候异常可以使脆弱的生态环境失衡，是导致荒漠化荒谟化进程。本区属于温带大陆性气候，它具有的一个重要特征就是气温、降水的变率大。雨量的变化，对荒漠化的发生和发展起到至关重要的作用。多年有雨有利于抑制风沙活动；少雨年加剧荒漠化过程。Artificialreason1.Populationexplosionpressureonecologicalenvironment人口激增对生态环境的压力2.Humanactivitiesonlandresources,inappropriate,excessiveuseandunreasonableutilizationofwaterresources人类活动不当，对土地资源、水资源的过度使用和不合理利用Adaptation1.therationalutilizationofwaterresources(1)inthefarmingareaismainlytoimprovefarmingandirrigationtechnology,topromotewater-savingagriculture,preventsoilsalinization;(2)inthegrassland,areductioninthenumberofWells,inordertoavoidalargenumberofcattledisorderlygrowth;(3)inthearidinlandareastoreasonableassigned,downstreamoftheriver,thewaterresources,thedevelopmentofbothupperandmiddlereaches,andtotakeintoaccountthedownstreamecologicalenvironmentprotection. ⑴合理利用水资源①在农作区主要是改善耕作和灌溉技术，推广节水农业，避免土壤的盐碱化；②在牧区草原，减少水井的数量，以免牲畜的大量无序增长；③在干旱的内陆地区要合理分配河流上、中、下游水资源，既考虑上、中游的开发，又要顾及下游生态环境的保护。2.useofbiologicalmeasuresandengineeringmeasurestoconstructingthesystemofprotectionTheoasisofaridregionIshallbecarriedoutontheedgeofthedesertoasisperipheryzoneYuCaosealingsand;IiintheoasisfrontierinconstructingJoe,shrubs,combinedwithsandbelts(positiveprotection,naturalbringingvegetationrecoveryanddevelopment)Iiiinoasisfarmlandprotectionforesttries,internalformamulti-levelprotectionsystem.(2)inthelackofwaterareaUsingmaterialssuchasstraw,branches,setthebarrierprojectinquicksandregions,interceptingsand,solidresistancequicksand,stopthedunesforward.⑵利用生物措施和工程措施构筑防护体系①干旱地区的绿洲地区ⅰ应在绿洲外围的沙漠边缘地带进行封沙育草；ⅱ在绿洲前沿地带营造乔、灌木结合的防沙林带（积极保护、恢复和发展天然灌草植被）ⅲ在绿洲内部建立农田防护林网，组成一个多层防护体系。②在缺乏水源的地区利用柴草、树枝等材料，在流沙地区设置沙障工程，拦截沙源、固阻流沙、阻挡沙丘前移。3.toadjusttherelationshipbetweenthelandforfarming,forestry,YiLinZeLin,oranimalhusbandry(1)theexistingforestlandshouldbeaspartoftheprotectionforest,notdestroyingforestagain.(2)oasisbringingzonebetweentheedgeofthedesertandoasis,cannotblindreclamation,mainlyusedforplantingtreesgrowgrass,forestryandanimalhusbandrydevelopment.(3)ontheplaceshascauseddesertification,returningfarmlandto forest,farmlandHaiMu.⑶调节农、林用地之间的关系——宜林则林，宜牧则牧①现有林地应该作为防护林的一部分，不能再毁林开荒。②绿洲边缘的荒地与绿洲之间的灌草地带，不能盲目开垦，主要用于种树种草，发展林业与牧业。③对已经造成荒漠化的地方，还应退耕还林，退耕还牧。4.totakeallmeasures,manywaystosolvetheproblemoftheenergythepastoralareasThewaytosolvetheproblemoffarmersandherdsmenenergy:suchasbuildfirewoodforestsandtobuildgaspool,thepromotionoffuel-savingstove,etc.⑷采取综台措施，多途径解决农牧区的能源问题解决农牧民的能源问题的途径：如营造薪炭林、兴建沼气池、推广省柴灶等。5.tocontrolpopulationgrowthControlrapiddevelopmentofpopulation,improvepopulationquality,establishacoordinateddevelopmentofpopulation,resourcesandenvironmentecologicalsystem,isofgreatsignificanceforpreventionandcontrolofdesertification.⑸控制人口增长控制人口过快发展，提高人口素质，建立一个人口、资源、环境协调发展的生态系统，对荒漠化的防治有着重要的意义。