基于贝尔曼理论下《远大前程》两个译本的比较分析 50页

ACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTWOVERSIONSOFGREATEXPECTATIONSBASEDONBERMAN"STHEORY基于贝尔曼理论下《远大前程》两个译本的比较分析作者姓名吴青学位类型学历硕士学科、专业英语语言文学研究方向翻译导师及职称唐军副教授2013年4月 M.AThesisACOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTWOVERSIONSOFGREATEXPECTATIONSBASEDONBERMAN"STHEORY基于贝尔曼理论下《远大前程》两个译本的比较分析ByWuQingSubmittedinPartialFulfillmenttotheRequirementsFortheDegreeofMasterofArtsEnglishLiteratureandLinguisticsUndertheSupervisionofTangJunPostgraduateProgramSchoolofForeignStudiesHefeiUniversityofTechnologyApril,2013 AcknowledgementsIamgreatlyindebtedtomysupervisor,AssociateProfessorTangJunforherconstantguidanceandsuggestionsduringthewritingofthisthesisaswellasthewholeperiodofmypostgraduatestudy.IamalsogratefultoalltheprofessorsintheForeignLanguagesInstituteatHefeiUniversityofTechnologyfortheirthought-provokinglecturesonvarioussubjectsduringthepastthreeyears.Ialsowouldliketoexpressextraordinarythankstomyparents,whosecareandsupportneverceasetoencourageme.Ialsowanttoextendmygratitudetoallmybestfriendsfortheirgeneroushelpandencouragementduringmyhardwork.i 摘要翻译理论来自于翻译实践，而又反过来服务于实践，并且指导着实践。翻译理论的不断发展为文学翻译活动提供着行之有效的理论指导。在翻译实践中，不同的译者会遵循不同的具体翻译标准，这必然会导致他们采取不同的的翻译策略。GreatExpectations作为狄更斯的代表作之一，已经家喻户晓。该作品深刻地揭示了当时的社会百态，同时通过对主人公匹普酸甜苦辣的生活进行深刻入微地刻画，中下层阶级的生活状况跃然纸上。但对于其译本的研究存在着一定的局限性，前人的研究是从人物性格及心理地刻画、小说中的意象与象征、叙事手法、人生观、道德观这些方面进行了分析。从翻译角度来叙述的比较少，更没有将作品置于某个理论下进行分析。安托瓦纳.贝尔曼的论文《翻译及对异的考验》于2000年被美国著名翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦努蒂译介到英语世界，使其在英语译届广为人知，同时贝尔曼的翻译理论也为后来的翻译研究提供了更广阔和客观的视角。但是关于其理论在文学翻译中的可行性却少有人问津。本文以贝尔曼的翻译理论作为框架，选取具有代表性的GreatExpectations两中文译本，通过分析其理论在两译本中的应用，阐述该理论是如何在翻译过程和翻译作品中体现和影响的。具体来说，基于贝尔曼提出的翻译理论及其“对异的考验”，本文主要通过翻译过程中容易出现的“十二种变形”，比较全面地分析了两译者在翻译GreatExpectations的不同策略。通过分析，发现译者在翻译过程中之所以会选择不同的策略，是由于受到翻译理论的影响和制约。用贝尔曼的翻译理论来研究GreatExpectations两中文译本，不但丰富了原作中文译本的研究，又从一定程度上论证了贝尔曼的翻译理论在实际中的运用。关键词：贝尔曼，翻译理论，十二种变形倾向，《远大前程》，《孤星血泪》，比较分析ii AbstractTranslationtheorycomesfromtranslationpracticeandinturnservesusguidancefortranslationpractice.Thedevelopmentoftranslationtheoryprovidesmoreandmoreusefulandeffectiveguidancetoliterarytranslationactivities.Intranslationpractice,differentconcretecriteriadifferenttranslatorsgoafterwouldleadtodifferenttranslationstrategiestheytake.AsoneofDickens"famouswork,GreatExpectationsiswidelyknowninChina.Itrevealsthetrueaspectsofthesocietyandthelifeofthelower-classthroughthenarrationanddescriptionofPip’swholelifethatisfullofbitternessandhappinessaswell.ButtheresearchesofthisChineseversionmainlyinfigure"scharacterandpsychology,theimagesandsymbols,narrativetechnique,outlookonlife,moraloutlook.Fewofthemstudiedinthelightofatranslationperspective,evennoneofanalysisisbasedonsometheory.AntoineBerman"s"TranslationastheTrialoftheForeign"wastranslatedandintroducedtotheEnglish-speakingworldbyafamoustranslationtheoristLawrenceVenutiin2000,andthismadehistheorywellknown.Meanwhile,Berman’stheoryprovideswiderandmoreobjectiveperspectiveforsubsequenttranslationresearchesandmakesgreatcontributionstodescriptivetranslationstudy.Butjustfewpeopleareinterestedinhistheoreticalfeasibilityofliterarytranslation.TakingBerman’stheoryoftranslationasthetheoreticalframework,thisthesischoosesthetwoChineseversionsofGreatExpectationsthatarequiterepresentativetocomparativelyanalyzehistranslationtheoryintheprocessoftranslatinganddiscusseshowBerman"stheoryembodyandinfluenceinthetranslationandprocessoftranslation.Specifically,basedonBerman’stranslationtheoryand"thetrialoftheforeign",thisthesisanalyzesthedifferentstrategiesoftranslatingofthetwotranslatorsfromtheperspectiveoftwelvedeformingtendencies.Byanalyzing,theauthorhasbeenfoundthatdifferenttranslationtheorygovernchoicesofthetwotranslatorsindifferentstrategies.ThisthesisnotonlyprovidessupplementtothedescriptiveresearchonChineseversionsofGreatExpectationsbutalsoillustratesBerman’stranslationtheorypracticallyinsomedegree.KeyWords:AntoineBerman,translationtheory,12deformingtendencies,GreatExpectations,comparativeanalysisiii CONTENTSAcknowledgements…………………………………....………..……………………iAbstract(Chinese)…………….......………………………………..………....………iiAbstract(English)…………………………………………………..………....………iiiChapterOneINTRODUCTION........................................................11.1Researchbackground...........................................................................................11.2Theobjectivesandsignificanceofthisresearch..................................................21.3Thestructureofthethesis....................................................................................3ChapterTwoLITERATUREREVIEW...............................................42.1PreviousresearchesonGreatExpectationsabroad.............................................52.2PreviousresearchesonGreatExpectationsathome...........................................52.3PreviousResearchesonTwoChineseVersions...................................................6ChapterThreeTHEORETICALFRAMEWORK................................83.1TheoverviewofAntoineBerman"stheory...................................................................83.2Twelvedeformingtendencies........................................................................................10ChapterFourANALYSISOFTHETWOCHINESEVERSIONSINLIGHTOFBERMAN’STHEORY.....................................................154.1BriefIntroductiontoTranslators........................................................................154.1.1WangKeyi................................................................................................164.1.2ZhuWan...................................................................................................174.2Introductionoftranslations................................................................................174.3ComparisonoftheTwoChineseVersionsbasedonBerman"stheory...............174.3.1DetailedAnalysisofSentenceStructure..................................................184.2.2DetailedAnalysisoftheTranslationStyle...............................................214.2.3DetailedAnalysisofLanguageandExoticization...................................27ChapterFiveCONCLUSION..........................................................365.1Findingsofthisresearch....................................................................................365.2Limitationsofthisresearch................................................................................37iv Bibliography..............................................................................................38v ChapterOneINTRODUCTION1.1ResearchbackgroundSincecomingintoitsexistence,literarytranslationhasalwaysplayedakeyrole,inpromotingnotonlyinterculturalexchangebutalsotheunderstandingamongpeoplesofdifferentculturalbackgrounds,anditisstillplayinganimportantroleinthemodernsociety.ThetranslationofliteraryworksisdevelopingrapidlyinChinaalongwiththedevelopmentofothertypesoftranslation,especiallythewesternliteraturemasterpieces.ManyforeignliteraryworksarebeingtranslatedorretranslatedintoChinese,theworksofCharlesDickenshasbeenparticularlystudied.CharlesDickensisafamousEnglishwriterandoneofthemostpopularwritersinthehistoryofliterature.InTheBiographyofCharlesDickens,XieTianzhensaid,"DickensisthemostinfluentialnovelistinBritishliterature"(Xie14).CertainlynoEnglishauthorissowellknownandsowidelyread,rememberedandtranslatedasCharlesDickens.Hisnovelscontainvastsocialperspectivesandstrongpassionforthelowerclasses.GreatExpectationsiswidelyknowninChina,itisalsoagoodsampleoftheeventsofthenovel.Itrevealsthetrueaspectsofthesocietyandthelifeofthelower-classthroughthenarrationanddescriptionofPip’swholelifethatisfullofbitternessandhappinessaswell.GreatExpectations,oneofthemostimportantworksbyCharlesDickens,describesadisillusioneddreamoftheprotagonistPiptobecomeagentlemanintheuppersociety.Ontheaspectofcharacterization,theauthorofthenovelputallhissympathyintothecharacterslikePip,etc.Thisnovelhasplayedanimportantrolenotonlyinliteratureandart,butalsointhefieldofsocietyandpolitics.ThereismorethanoneChineseversion,andeachversionhasitshighlightsandshortcomings.Intheprocessoftranslation,differenttranslatorswillbeinfluencedbytheethical1 conceptsoftheirowninevitablyandadoptdifferenttranslatingstrategiesintheirtransitionwork.AsaFrenchtranslatorandtheorist,AntoineBermanisregardedasthefirstprolocutorofthetranslationofethics.In1981,heproposedanewpointofview--the"translationofethics"andstressedontheresponsibilitiesofintersubjectivity.Healsocalledfortherightsfortherespectoftranslators.Berman’stheoryprovideswiderandmoreobjectiveperspectiveforsubsequenttranslationresearchesandmakesgreatcontributionstodescriptivetranslationstudy.ThisthesischoosesthetwoChineseversionsofWangKeyi"sandZhuWan"s,andadoptsBerman"sanalyticframeworkasitsframework,especiallyits12deformingtendencies,makingafairlydetailedcomparisonoftwoChinesetranslatedversionsofGreatExpectations.1.2TheobjectivesandsignificanceofthisresearchTherearetwoobjectivesofthisthesis:firstly,thisthesischoosesthetextoftwoChineseversionsofanoutstandingEnglishnovelGreatExpectationsastheobjectofstudyandanalyzeitfromtheperspectiveofBerman’stranslationtheory.ThisprovidesanewperspectiveforthestudyofChineseversionsofthisnovel.Secondly,thisthesisisnotonlytocomparethequalityofacertainversionbutalsotoanalyzehowthesetwoChineseversionsabidebyBerman’stranslationtheory.Throughtheanalysis,theauthorfindsthatZhuWan"sversionismoresmootherandconformtotheculturalbackgroundoftheoriginaltext,whichBermanemphasizesit;moreover,itdiscusseshowhistheoryinfluencestranslatorsandtranslationactivities.Recently,manyscholarsareinterestedindoingresearchesonBerman’stranslationtheory.However,thereisstillsomeroomtobeimprovedintermsofresearcheswhichcombinesanalysiswithnovelsinChina.ThisthesisbasedonthenovelofGreatExpectationsanalyzesthedifferencesbetweentwoversionsattemptingtooffersomehelpinpromotingthecombinationofBerman’stheoryandthenoveltext.AsNewmarkclaimsthat"translationcriticismisallessentiallinkbetweentranslationtheoryanditspractice".Itisobviouslythattranslationtheory,translationcriticism,anditspracticearerelatedandinteractionalclosely.Translatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontotheculturalbackground,thewritingfeaturesoforiginalauthorandretainthe2 intentionandcontextofthesourcetextasthemeasureoftranslation,sotheycanavoidthe"twelvedeformingtendencies"toachievefidelityortransmigrationoftranslation.Hopefully,thisthesiscanfurthertheunderstandingofBerman"stheoryandmasteritspracticalapplicationofmethodsforthetranslatorinthetranslationofliteraryworks,andalsoprovideapracticalbasis,toimprovethequalityofthetranslation.1.3ThestructureofthethesisBasedontheBerman"stheory,thisthesisfocusesontheanalysisofthetwoChineseversionsofGreatExpectation,todiscusseshistheoryintheapplicationofliterarytranslation.Thisthesisconsistsoffivechapters:TheintroductiongeneralizesandsummarizestheresearchbackgroundofGreatExpectation.Alsointhispart,thecentralsignificanceandthestructureofthethesiswillbeputforward.Chaptertwofocusesonpreviousresearchesonthenoveltoconstructthereviewoftheliterature.Atthesametime,relativeresearchesonGreatExpectationathomeandabroadareclassifiedandconcludedfromdifferentperspectives.Inaddition,theplotofthenovelwillbesummarized.ChapterthreeexpoundsonAntoineBerman’stheoryandthetwelvedeformingtendencies,providingabriefoverviewaboutthecurrentresearchesonthistheoryabroadandinChina.ItstartswiththeoverviewofAntoineBerman.ThenBerman"stranslationethics,opinionsandthetwelvedeformingtendenciesarefullyillustrated.BasedonBerman"stheory,Chapterfouristhecasestudyofthisthesis,whichconsistsoftwoparts.Thesetwopartsanalyzethetwotranslations,asthisisacomparingworkdonebetweentwoChineseversionsonBerman"sAnalyticFramework,itwouldbeclearertoputthedetailedstudyofthemrespectivelyintwoparts.Basedonthecomparison,ChapterFourfinallybringscommentsofBerman"stheoryforLiteraryTranslationfromChineseintoEnglish.Itpointsoutthatthetwoversionstakedifferenttranslatingstrategies,whichareresultedfromthedifferenttranslatingintentionsanddifferentsocialbackgroundsofthetranslators.Theconclusionpartpointsoutthemajorfindingsandlimitationsoftheresearch,andofferssomesuggestionsorexpectationsoffutureresearch.3 ChapterTwoLITERATUREREVIEWGreatExpectations,oneofthemostimportantworksbyCharlesDickens,describesadisillusioneddreamoftheprotagonistPiptobecomeagentlemanintheuppersociety.Itrevealsthetrueaspectsofthesocietyandthelifeofthelower-classthroughthenarrationanddescriptionofPip’swholelifethatisfullofbitternessandhappinessaswell.Ontheaspectofcharacterization,theauthorofthenovelshowedallhissympathyforthecharacterslikePip,etc.ThestoryisdividedintothreephasesofPip"slifeexpectations.Inthefirstexpectation,Piplivesahumbleexistencewithhisill-temperedoldersisterandherstrongbutgentlehusband,JoeGargery.Pipissatisfiedwiththislifeandhiswarmfriendsuntilheishiredbyanembitteredwealthywoman,MissHavisham,asanoccasionalcompaniontoherandherbeautifulbuthaughtyadopteddaughter,Estella.Fromthattimeon,Pipaspirestoleavebehindhissimplelifeandbeagentleman.ThesecondstageofPip"sexpectationshasPipinLondon,learningthedetailsofbeingagentlemen,havingtutors,fineclothing,andjoiningculturedsociety.Whereashealwaysengagedinhonestlabourwhenhewasyounger,nowheissupportedbyagenerousallowance.ButwhenJoecomestovisitPip,PipisembarrassedaboutJoe"sunlearnedways,despitehisprotestationsofloveandfriendshipforJoe.Attheendofthisstage,Pipisintroducedtohisbenefactor,againchanginghisworld.ThethirdandlaststageofPip"sexpectationsaltersPip"slifefromtheartificiallysupportedworldofhisupperclassstrivingsandintroduceshimtorealitiesthatherealizeshemustdealwith,facingmoral,physicalandfinancialchallenges.Helearnsstartlingtruthsthatcastintodoubtthevaluesthatheonceembracedsoeagerly,andfindsthathecannotregainmanyoftheimportantthingsthathehadcastasidesocarelessly.4 2.1PreviousresearchesonGreatExpectationsabroadAfterthepublicationofGreatExpectations,somescholarsabroadhavedonealotofresearchesfromdifferentperspectives.Recentstudiesofthisnovelhavetendedtoemphasizeitssymbolic,mythiccontent,linguistics,analysisofthecharacters,etc.InghamandGraham(2007)madeadetailedtextualresearchontheconceptsofsuperegoandnarcissisminthepapernamed"TheSuperego,NarcissismandGreatExpectations".Inthecourseofthepaper,theauthorssuggestedthatthenovelaffirm"thepsychoanalyticunderstandingthatemotionalgrowthandsomerecoveryfromnarcissisticdifficultiesnecessarilytakeplacealongsidemodificationofthesuperego,allowingforresponsibleknowledgeofthestateoftheobjectandthepossibilityofrealisticreparation"(InghamandGraham762).Byanalyzingthenovel,LawrenceJayDessner(1976)promptsapsychoanalyticapproachandconsiderationoftheliteraryuseofFreudianconceptsandofthecomplexrelationshipbetweenDickensandPip,dreameranddreaminhisthesis"GreatExpectations:TheGhostofaMan"sOwnFather”.Inthethesisof"LanguageandGestureinGreatExpectations",IanOusby(1977)examinesthewaythatthetwotypesoflanguage,ofwordsandofgestures,arejuxtaposedandcontrastedinGreatExpectations.JosephA.HyneshasspecifiedDickens’extraordinaryrelianceuponimageandsymbolinGreatExpectations,andattemptstoshowthatthisnovelis"constructedofsetsofimage-symbols"(Hynes260)inhispublishedbookofImageandSymbolinGreatExpectations."CharlesForkerEarlyStream-of-ConsciousnessWriting:GreatExpectations"byAnnB.Dobie(1971)and"StoriesPresentandAbsentinGreatExpectations"byEiichiHara(1986)aretwothesisthatdiscussedthenovelfromtheperspectiveofnarrativestudy.Otherthesissuchas"TheBadFaithofPip"sBadFaith:DeconstructingGreatExpectations"andEstella’s"ParentageandPip’sPersistence:TheOutcomeofGreatExpectations”mostlyfocusedonthepersonalityofcharactersinthisnovel.2.2PreviousresearchesonGreatExpectationsathomeAccordingtothedatabaseofChinaNationalKnowledgeInternet,therearenearly100piecesofpaperswithrespecttoGreatExpectations.Thesepapersresearchonthisnovelmainlyinfigure"scharacterandpsychology,theimagesandsymbols,narrativetechnique,outlookonlife,moraloutlook.Forinstance,thethesisof"TheAlienationinGreatExpectations"byWangYinsheng(2011)expoundshowDickensrevealsthealienationinthisnovel,throughtheanalysesofhispresentationofcharacters,arrangementofplotandsettings.Meanwhile,therewere5 someresearchesfromtheperspectiveofpsychology."AStudyonPsychologicalArchetypesofMissHavishaminGreatExpectations"waswrittenbyGuoRong(2008).Inthisthesis,GuoRongpresentsthequestionsfromtheviewofpsychology,whathascausedMissHavisham"stragedy?AndhowarethepsychologicalcharacteristicsandthepsychologicalactivitiesofMissHavishamdisplayedinthenovel?HeintendstoaddresstothequestionsthroughthestudyofMissHavlsham"stragicfatefromtheperspectiveofarchetypeinCarlGustavJung"spsychology.Inthepaperof"OntheMentalSpaceConstitutinginGreatExpectations"byXiongRongmin(2011),sheattemptstoapplythementalspacetheorytoanalyzethementalspaceconstructionanddiscussingthenarrativefunctioninGreatExpectations.WenHaididiscussesthecharacteristicsinGreatExpectationsbyhispaper-"StudyontheCharacteristicsinDickens"GreatExpectations"(2011),andputforwardsomeviewswhichdifferentwiththetraditionalviews.Besidesthesepapers,therearealsosomepapersresearchonthenovelinlightofatranslationperspective.Forexample,thereisapapernamed"TheMethodsofDomesticatingandForeignizingintheGreatExpectations"writtenbyXiaoLiliandZhangLan(2008).ThroughcomparingtwoChineseversionsofthisnovel,thispaperliststheadvantagesofthetwostrategiesaswellasdiscussestheappropriateapplicationoftheminaccordancewiththerequirementofspecifictranslationtasks.In"TheDifferencesofSyntacticStructureinLiteraryTranslationandItsImplicationstoCollegeEnglishTranslationTeaching——BasedontheComparisonbetweentheTwoVersionsofGreatExpectations",WuJingjing(2009)illustratesthedifferentstructuresbetweenChineseandEnglishthroughthecomparisonbetweenthetwoversionsofGreatExpectations,thusobtainingtherevelationofEnglishtranslationteachinginuniversity."InMyOpiniononOneTranslationinChineseVersionoftheGreatExpectations",YanHuijun(2003)takesasentenceasanexample,toshowheropinionthatintranslationactivities,differenttranslationstrategiesandmethodologiesshouldbetaken.However,allthesepapersdidnotuseatheorytoanalyzethisnovelsystematically,sotheresearchofthisworkislimited.2.3PreviousResearchesonTwoChineseVersions6 TherearenineChineseversionsofGreatExpectations,WangKeyiandZhuWan"sversionsaremorepopularinChina.AndaccordingtothedatabaseofChinaNationalKnowledgeInternet,thereareonlytwopapersthatstudiedthesetwoChineseversions.Oneofis"PointofViewandLiteratureTranslation——ACaseStudyofGreatExpectationsandItsChineseTranslations"byWangXiangmin,sheadoptstwoChineseversionsbyLuoZhiyeandWangKeyiandcomparesthesetwoChineseversionsbasedonnarrativeperspective,thenliststheconclusionthat"translatormustmakeanin-depthanalysisoftheoriginalworkatthediscourselevelandadoptthepointofviewintheoriginal"(Wang104).Theotheris"ThecomparativeanalysisoftagginginGreatExpectations".LiShujuanandLiWeilichoosedWangKeyiandLuoZhiye"sChineseversions,throughcomparativeanalysis,theyclaimedthat"culturalbackgroundisquiteimportant"(S.LiandW.Li165).Tosumup,thereisnoresearchbasedontheanalysisofWangKeyiandZhuWan"sversions.7 ChapterThreeTHEORETICALFRAMEWORK3.1TheoverviewofAntoineBerman"stheoryAsaFrenchtranslatorandtheorist,AntoineBermanisregardedasthefirstprolocutorofthetranslationofethics,andheiswell-knownashisphilosophystanceontranslation,whichledhimtorejectethnocentristapproachtotranslationasrepresentedbytransformationandadaptation.Hisbest-knowntheoreticalworkisL"epreuvedel"etranger,cultureettraductiondansl"Allemagneromantique(publishedinFrenchin1984andinEnglishasTheExperienceoftheForeign：CultureandTranslationinRomanticGermanyin1992)andPourunecritiquedestraductions,JohnDonne(publishedinFrenchin1995andpublishedinEnglishasTowardaTranslationCriticism:JohnDonnein2009).Ingeneral,hisworkhasbeenhighlyinfluentialtothetranslatorsandhasinspiredmanycurrenttheoristssuchasLawrenceVenuti.OneofthestrengthsofBerman"sworkisthathe"linkshisphilosophicalthoughttospecificcasestudiesoftranslation"(Baker415).AntoineBermanhastwoimportantbooks,L"épreuvedel"étranger,cultureettraductiondansl"AllemagneromantiqueandPourunecritiquedestraductions,JohnDonne,andseveralotherarticles,suchas"Latraductionetlalettreoul"Aubergedulointain"(1985).Hisworks,relativelysmallinquantity,buthasattractedmuchattentionandhasinspiredmanytheorists.InIntroducingTranslationStudies,AntoineBermanisintroducedasthetheoristswhonoticedtheissueof"assimilatetheforeigntexttothetranslatinglanguageandculture"firstly.Meanwhile,Berman"s"negativeanalytic"isaccountedinthisbookalongwithLawrenceVenuti"s"domesticatingandforeignizing"translationand"invisibilityoftranslation"strategies.AccordingtoJeremyMunday,theauthorofIntroducingTranslationStudies,Bermanisoneofthepioneerswhocallfora8 non-ethnocentrictranslation,whose"negativeanalytic"attackhomogenizationinthetranslationofliteraryprose.JeremyMundayalsopointsoutthatBerman"sworkis"soimportantinlinkingphilosophicalideastotranslationstrategies,withlotsofexamplesdrawnfromexistingtranslations"(Munday150).Theconceptof"translationethics"wasfirstlyproclaimedbyAntoineBermanataninternationalconferencein1981.Hepointsoutthat"translationethicsisaninterdisciplinaryfruitoftranslationandethics"(Berman,"interdisciplinaryfruit"12).Itbringsintotranslationstudiesideasofethicsandanewperspective.Heproclaimsthat"onthetheoreticallevel,theethicsoftranslationconsistsofbringout,affirming,anddefiningthepureaimoftranslationassuch.Translationethicsconsistsofdefiningwhat"fidelity"is"(Berman,"fidelity"5).Hisdiscussionofthe"translationethics"aswitnessedinlinguistic"deformation"oftargettextisofanotablecounterpointandspecialrelevancetoearlierwritingonliterarytranslation."Thepuretranslatoristheonewhoneedstowritestartingfromaforeignwork,aforeignlanguage,andaforeignauthor—anotabledetour"(Lefevere128).Bermanrevealstheveiledessenceofeverytranslationandadvocatestranslatorsshouldpayingmoreattentiontotheculturalperspective.AntoineBermanproposestoexaminethesystemoftextualdeformationthatoccursineverytranslationandpreventsitforbeinga"trialsoftheforeign."Andthisexaminewascalled"theanalyticoftranslation"whichhastwomeanings:notonlyadetailedanalysisofthedeformingsystem,butalsointhepsychoanalyticsense.Thesystemoftextualdeformationislargelyunconscious,presentedasaseriesofforcesortendenciesthatcausetranslationtodeviatefromitsessentialaim."Theanalyticoftranslation"isconsequentlydesignedtodiscovertheseforcesortendencies.Bermanpointsoutthatthe"negativeanalyticshouldbeextendedbyapositivecounterpart,ananalysisofoperationswhichhavealwayslimitedthedeformation,althoughinanintuitiveandunsystematicway".Heconsidersthat"thenegativeanalyticismainlyconcernedwithethnocentric,annexationisttranslationsandhypertextualtranslations(pastiche,imitation,adaptation,freerewriting),wheretheplayofdeformingforcesisfreelyexercised"(Berman,"negativeanalytic"4).Meanwhile,9 everytranslatorcannotavoidtheinfluencesoftheseforces.Inaddition,therearesomeunconsciousforcesexistingintranslator"sbeinganddeterminingthedesiretotranslate.Thetranslator"spracticemustsubjecttotheanalysisiftheywanttogetridoftheunconsciousimpacts.Sothatthetranslatorsmayfreethemselvesfromthesystemofdeformationthatburdenstheirpractice.Thissystemisa"cultivatedlanguage."Onlywhenlanguagesare"cultivated"translate,theycanbetranslatedwell,simultaneouslytheyaretheonesthatputupthestrongestresistancetotheruckusoftranslationandrestraintheunconsciousforces.What"smore,Bermandiscussesthedeformingtendenciesthatinterveneinthenovelandtheessaywhicharethedomainofliteraryprose.Literaryprosealwaysmobilizesandactivatesthetotalityof"languages"thatcoexistinanylanguage.Therefore,fromaformalpointofview,literaryprose,especiallythenovel,ischaracterizedbyacertainshapelessness,whichresultsfromthevastbrewoflanguagesandlinguisticsystemsthatoperateinthework.Bermanacknowledgesthattranslationisachallengingtask.Especiallythechaosandproliferationoflanguagesinnovelsposespecificdifficultiesfortranslation.Thefirstprincipaloftranslatingthenovelistorespectitsshapelesspolylogicandavoidanarbitraryhomogenization.Thedeformationsoftranslationaremoreacceptedinprose,fortheyoperateonpointsthatdonotrevealthemselvesimmediately.Thedeformingsystemfunctionsincompletetranquillity.That"swhyitisurgenttoelaborateananalyticforthetranslationofnovel.3.2TwelvedeformingtendenciesThisanalyticsetsouttolocateseveraldeformingtendenciesandtheyformasystematicwhole."Theyhaverelevancewithalltranslating,atleastinthewesterntraditionaltranslating"(Berman,"deformingtendencies"285).Thefollowingarethetwelve"deformingtendencies"ofliterarytranslation:1.Rationalization:"Thisbearsprimarilyonthesyntacticalstructuresoftheoriginal,startingwiththatmostmeaningfulandchangeableelementinaprosetext:punctuation.Rationalizationrecomposessentencesandthesequenceofsentences,rearrangingthemaccordingtoacertainideaofdiscursiveorder"(Berman,10 "rationalization"288).Itrisksarationalizingcontraction,whereverthesentencestructureisrelativelyfree.Theessenceofproseincludes"bushytreetrunks."Moreover,everyformalexcesscurdlesnovelisticprose,andthis"imperfection"isaconditionofitsexistence.Theshapelessnessindicatesthatproseplungesintothedepths,thestrata,andthepolylogismoflanguage.Butrationalizationdestroysallthat.Drivetowardconcretenessisanotherelementofprosewhilerationalizationmeansabstraction.Rationalizationmakestheoriginalpassfromconcretetoabstract.Thisconversionistypicalofethnocentrictranslationanditcausestheworktoundergoachangeofsign,ofstatus.Inaword:rationalizationdeformstheoriginalbyreversingitsbasictendency.2.Clarification:Wheretheoriginalhasnoproblemmovingintheindefinite,ourliterarylanguagetendstoimposethedefinite.Clarificationseemstobeanobviousprincipletomanytranslators,butitcansignifytwoverydifferentthingsintranslation:Ontheonehand,clarificationcanbethemanifestationofsomethingthatisnotapparent,butconcealedorrepressedintheoriginal.Thispowerofilluminationisthesupremepoweroftranslation.Ontheotherhand,clarificationaimstorender"clear"whatdoesn"twishtobeclearintheoriginal.3.Expansion:Makingthetargettextlongerthansourcetextbyoverstating.Expansionistheconsequence,tosomedegree,ofthetwoprevioustendencies.Itisoftencalled"overtranslation".Thisadditionaddsnothing,itmayrenderthetextmore"clear",butactuallyobscureitsownmodeofclarity.Moreover,thisexpansionisimpairstherhythmicflowofthework.Onthisoccasion,expansionaggravatestheinitialshapelessnessofthework,causingthetranslationtochangefromashapelessplenitudetoashapelesshollow.4.Ennoblement:Ennoblementmarkstheculminatingpointof"classic"translation.Thisdeformingtendencymeanssometranslatorstryandimprovethestyleandrewriteittomakethetranslationmoreelegantly."Inpoetry,itis"poetization";inprose,itis"rhetorization""(Berman,"rhetorization"290).Rhetorizationconsistsincreatingsome"elegant"sentencesbasedonthesourcetext.Thustheennoblementis11 onlyakindofrewriting,a"stylisticexercise"utilized—andattheexpenseof—theoriginal.Inordertoenhancethe"meaning",producestextsthatare"readable"and"brilliant",sotoabandontheiroriginalclumsinessandcomplexity.Infact,thisrewritingsimultaneouslyannihilatesbothoralrhetoricandformlesspolylogic.5.Qualitativeimpoverishment:Thisreferstoreplacetheterms,expressionsandfiguresintheoriginalwithtargettextequivalents"thatlacktheirsonorousrichnessor,correspondingly,theirsignifyingor"iconic"features"(Lawrence381).Andthispracticeofreplacementismostlycausedunconsciously,ifitisappliedtoanentirework,itinevitablyeffacesagoodportionofitsmodeofexpressionandsignifyingprocess.6.Quantitativeimpoverishment:Itreferstoalexicalloss.Everyworkinliteraryprosepresentsacertainproliferationofsignifiersandsignifyingchains.Thesesignifiersorsignifyingchainscanbedescribedasunfixed,especiallyasasignifiedmayincludeamultiplicityofsignifiers.Thisisquiteofteninagreatnovelisticprose.Thislosscoexistswithanincreaseofthequantityormassofthetextwithexpansion.Furthermore,theexpansionoftenworkstomaskthequantitativeloss.7.Thedestructionofrhythms:Thisdeformingtendencynotonlyexistsinpoetrybutalsoinnovels.Thedeformingtranslationcanconsiderablyaffectstherhythmbychangesinwordorderandpunctuation.8.Thedestructionofunderlyingnetworksofsignification:"Theliteraryworkcontainsahiddendimension,an"underlying"text"(Berman,"underlying"292),thissubtextthatcarriesthenetworkofword-obsessions.Thesenetworksofwordsmaynotbesignificant,buttheyaddanunderlyinguniformityandsensetothetext.Theycomposeoneaspectoftherhythm,moreover,signifyingprocessofthetext.Translatorsmaydestroyediftheymisreadthenetworkscorrespondstothetreatment.9.Thedestructionoflinguisticpatternings:Whilethesourcetextsystematicinitssentencepatterningsandconstructions,translationtendstobe"asystematic".Sometranslatorsmaydestroythesystematicnatureofthetextbyusingarangeoftechniques,suchasrationalization,expansionandclarification,"destroythesystematicnatureofthetextbyintroducingelementsthatareexcludedbyitsessentialsystem"(Berman,"destroythesystematicnature"293).Whentranslatorsmakingthetranslatedtext12 linguisticallymorehomogeneousthantheoriginal,inotherwords,more"style"intheordinarysense,thisisequallymoreinconsistent,inacertainway,moreincoherent.Anditisnota"true"text,itstartingwithitsownsystematicnature,andlacksthedistinguishedfeaturesofasourcetext.Translatorsbasicallyresorttoeveryreadingpossibleintranslatingtheoriginal,thiscauseatranslationoftenrisksappearinghomogeneousandincoherentsimultaneously.Bermanconsidersthat"Homogenizationcannomoreconcealasystematicitythanexpansioncanconcealquantitativeimpoverishment"(Berman,"Homogenization"294).10.Thedestructionofvernacularnetworksortheirexoticization:Thisisanessentialpartbecauseallgreatproseisinseparablefromthevernacularlanguage."IfFrenchdoesn"twork,"wroteMontaigne,"Gasconwill"(Mounin38).Firstofall,thelogicaimofproseincludesapluralityofvernacularelementsinevitably.Secondly,thevernacularlanguageismorenature,moreiconicthan"cultivated"language,whichisthereasonthatthetendencytowardconcretenessinprosenecessarilyincludestheseelements.Thirdly,literatureproseoftenaimstorecapturetheoralityofvernacularexplicitly.Thereisseverelossiftheseareerased,yetthetraditionalsolutionofexoticizingsomeofthesetermsby.Thetraditionalmethodofpreservingvernacularsistoexoticizethem.Forinstant,theuseofitalics,isolatesthemfromtheCO-text.Or"added"someelementsthatmakethetranslationtobe"moreauthentic",andthismethodismoreinsidiously.Exoticizationmaymakethetranslatedtextbecomepopularizationbystrivingtorenderaforeignvernacularwithalocalone.Unfortunately,itisathornyproblemthattranslatesavernacularintoanothervernacular.Alternatively,seekingatargetlanguagevernacularorslangisaridiculousexoticizationoftheforeign.11.Thedestructionofexpressionsandidioms:Prosealwaysaboundsinamountofimages,figures,expressions,proverbs,etc.whichderiveinpartfromthevernacular.Mostofthemareeasilytofindaparallelimage,expression,figure,orproverbinotherlanguagesthatconveysimiliarmeaningsorexperiences.Bermanconsidersthisreplacingofaproverboridiombyitstargetlanguage"equivalent"tobean"ethnocentrism".Furthermore,heformulatesthat"totranslateisnottosearchfor13 equivalences"and"toplaywith"equivalence"istoattackthediscourseoftheforeignwork"(Berman,"equivalence"295).12.Theeffacementofthesuperimpositionoflanguages:"Thesuperimpositionoflanguagesinanovelinvolvestherelationbetweendialectandacommonlanguage"(Berman,"superimposition"295),akoine,sometimesitcontainstwoormorekoineinatext.Onthisoccasion,thesuperimpositionoflanguagesislikelytobechallengedbytranslation.Translationtendstoerasethetracesofdifferentformsoflanguagethatco-existinthesourcetext.Thisisthecentralproblemposedbynovel-translating.Everynovelisticworkassemblessociolects,idiolects,etc.Thismadetheworkischaracterizedbylinguisticsuperimpositions.Ifthesociolectsandidiolectsintranslatedtextcanbedistinguishedandeachpossessesitsspecificforeignness,thisisthesortofsuccess.Everytranslatoroughttoaspire,certainlyitisdifficult.Atthesametime,Bermanpointsoutthatthesedeformingtendenciesanalyzedareratherhistoricalinanoriginalsense.TheyreferbacktothefigureoftranslationbasedonGreekthoughtormoreprecisely,Platonism.14 ChapterFourANALYSISOFTHETWOCHINESEVERSIONSINLIGHTOFBERMAN’STHEORYThepreviouschapter,hasalreadyintroducedBerman"stranslationtheoriesandtranslationcriticism.Inhistwelve"deformingtendencies"ofliterarytranslation,Bermanavoidsthenaiveandmostlyfruitlessdiscussionsof"faithfulness"and"fidelity"whichmarmanydiscussionsoftranslation.Hefocusesourattentiononthetranslators,thetranslationprojects,andtheconditionsthatmakesurethesuccessorfailureofthetranslationincarryingouttheproject.Atthesametime,Berman"stheoryprovidesusatotallynewperspectiveoftranslationcriticism.Inchapterfour,thisauthorfollowBerman"sanalyticpathoftranslation,applyingthetwelve"deformingtendencies"toanalyzethetwotranslationsofGreatExpectations.Asismentionedabove,thischapterwillbedividedintosuccessivesections.Thefirstsectionwillberelatedtothepreliminarywork,inotherwords,thereadingofthetranslationsandoftheoriginal,aswellassomeparallelreadingsthatcometosupportthesetworeadings.Thefollowingstepsincludethefundamentalmomentsofthecriticalactitself.4.1BriefIntroductiontoTranslatorsTranslatorsareconditionedbytheirsocialcontext.Inordertoanalyzetherealimpactoftheirsurroundings,thetranslatorsneedtobeassessedintermsofthreeaspects:first,theirconceptionoftranslation;second,theirtranslatedworks;andthethirdistheperspectiveoftranslation.Bermansuggeststhatwhendealingwithatranslation,"Whoisthetranslator?"isquiteimportant.Theinformationaboutthetranslatorcanhelpusunderstandthetranslationmuchbetter.Thefollowingsectionwillgiveabriefintroductiontothetwotranslators.15 4.1.1WangKeyiWangKeyi(1925-1968)wasborninTaiping(today"sHuangShan),AnhuiProvince.HegraduatedfromFudanUniversityin1952,majoredinEnglishLiterature,servedastheeditorofShanghaiLiteratureandArtPublishingGroup,NewLiteraturePublishingGroupandPeople"sLiteraturePublishingHouse.HewasalsoamemberofChinaDemocraticLeague.DuringtheCulturalRevolution,hewasaccusedofsomeunwarrantedcriticism,thatcausedatragedy—hewassuicidein1968athishome.WangKeyi"smasteroftranslationsare:Shelly"sTheRevoltofIslam,JaneAusten"sPrideandPrejudice,CharlesDickens"GreatExpectations,HenryWordsworthLongfellow"sThesongofHiawatha,andGiovanniBoccaccio"sTheDecameron.AndthetranslationofPrideandPrejudicelatergainedhimmuchattention,anduptonow,itwasstilloneofthemostpopularChineseversions.Asatranslator,WangKeyienjoystheadmirationofhisreadersforhisidiomaticandwonderfulexpressions.HisideasabouttranslationandhissuperbtranslationcraftsmanshiphavealreadybecomeoneoftheinterestingsubjectsintranslationstudiesinChina.Hebasedhisviewsabouttranslationonhistranslatingpractice.Atthesametime,hemaintainedthatthenovelwhichwasidiomaticinthesourcelanguagemustberenderedintoidiomatictargetlanguage.Heheldthatatranslatorwassupposedtobefaithfultotheoriginalcontent,andthelanguageheusesshouldbethesamevarietyoftheoriginalandinconformitywiththetargetlanguageusage.WangKeyiwasverycarefulandseriousinhistranslating.HisunderstandingofthetranslationcausedhistranslationworkfulloftheChinesecharacteristic.Thatiswhythisauthoradoptshisversiontohaveananalysis.WangKeyididmuchresearchbeforetranslating,andheaddedmanyannotationswhichcouldhelpChinesereadersappreciatetheoriginalfully.Histranslationwasuniquenotonlyforitsfaithfulnesstotheoriginal,butalsoforitsexpressivenessinChinese.WangKeyiwasoneofthepioneeringfigureswhoforesawtheimportanceoftranslation.Inaddition,hewasalsoanenthusiastictranslationpractitioneranddevotedhisIifetohisbelovedcareeroftranslation.16 4.1.2ZhuWanZhuWan(formerlyYeZhi),ancestralhomewasinAnhuiProvince.HewaseducatedatChina"sfirstWestern-styleuniversity,St.John"sinShanghai,studyingEnglishLiterature.Intheearly1950s,ZhuWanbeganhistranslatingcareerinordertosatisfythedesirethatChinesereaderslongedfortoreadsomeliteratureworksoftheSovietUnion.Later,hedevotedhimselfontranslatedsomeEnglishliteratureworks.ApartfromGreatExpectations,LolitaandMiddlesexarequitepopularinChina.Allofthemwereindeedverywidely-readandinfluentialinChina.Heputforwardthatonceatextisselectedfortranslation,itshouldbetranslatedincompleteandabsolutefaithfulness.ItshouldbenotedthatZhuWanwasgreatlyinfluencedbyLuXun,whostronglyadvocates"word-to-word"translation.ZhuWaninsistsfirmly"literaltranslation"andmaintainstheforeignflavorinordertoinfusenewbloodforandenrichtheoldsystemofChineselanguage.Somereaderspointedoutthathisversionisunaestheticandunreadable.Actually,itembodiedtheprincipleoffaithfulness.Heheldthatagoodtranslationoughttoequivalenttotheoriginal.Becauseoftheirdifferentunderstandingandperspectiveoftranslation,thestylesoftheirversionsarequitedifferent,whichproviderichmaterialsfortheauthor.4.2IntroductionoftranslationsBasedonhisownexperience,WangKeyi"sversionisfullofidiomaticandbeautifulexpressions.HechosetoadoptsomevernacularandsomeChinesesentencestructuresintranslating,whichdifferedgreatlywithZhuWan"sandconformedtothereader"stastebothinlanguageandstyleattheperiod.Undertheinfluenceofthe"culturalturn"andwiththedevelopmentofdescriptiveapproachoftranslation,sometranslatorshavefocusedonthehistorical,culturalandsocialbackgroundorenvironmentinwhichtranslationsareproduced.ZhuWanmaintainedtheforeignflavorinordertoinfusenewbloodforandenrichtheoldsystemofChineselanguage.Next,afurthercomparativeanalysisofthesetwoChineseversionswillreveal.4.3ComparisonoftheTwoChineseVersionsbasedonBerman"stheory17 4.3.1DetailedAnalysisofSentenceStructureItmainlyaffectssyntacticalstructuresincludingpunctuation,sentencestructureandorder.Rationalizationusuallycomposessentencesandthesequenceofsentences,rearrangingthemaccordingtoacertainideaofdiscursiveorder.Ontheonehand,Rationalizationwhichsometimesmeansabstractionannihilatesanotherclementoftheprose:itsdrivetowardconcreteness.Ontheotherhand,Rationalizationmakestheoriginalpassfromconcretetoabstract,notonlybyreorderingthesentencesstructure,butalsobytranslatingverbsintosubstantives,bychoosingthemoregeneraloftwosubstantives,etc.Example1"Mr.Wopsle,theclerkatchurch,wastodinewithus;andMr.HubblethewheelwrightandMrs.Hubble;andUnclePumblechook(Joe"suncle,butMrs.Joeappropriatedhim),whowasawell-to-docorn-chandlerinthenearesttown,anddrovehisownchaise-cart.Thedinnerhourwashalf-pastone.WhenJoeandIgothome,wefoundthetablelaid,andMrs.Joedressed,andthedinnerdressing,andthefrontdoorunlocked(itneverwasatanyothertime)forthecompanytoenterby,andeverythingmostsplendid"(19;vol.1,ch.4).WangKeyi:“教堂里的办事员伍甫赛那天要上我们家来吃饭，此外的来宾还有车匠胡波夫妇；还有潘坡趣舅舅（所谓舅舅，原是乔的舅舅，却被乔大嫂据为己有了），他是附近镇上一个殷实的粮商，有自备马车。下午一点半吃饭。乔和我从教堂赶回家时，餐桌已经摆好了；乔大嫂也已经打扮齐整，菜肴都在锅子里煮的煮，煎的煎。大门开了（平常日子从来不开），准备迎客，处处都打点得极其出色……”(18;vol.1,ch.4)ZhuWan:“教堂的执事沃普斯尔那天要上我们家来用餐；此外，还有车轮匠哈布尔夫妇和庞布尔乔克舅舅（他本来是乔的舅舅，可是却被乔大嫂据为己有了）；他是最近一个镇上的一个富裕的粮商，自己备有马车。午餐定在下午一点半。乔我和回到家的时候，餐桌已经放好了；乔大嫂也已经打扮整齐，菜肴也都烧好了。大门已经打开（平常日租从来不开），准备迎接客人，一切都安排得十分完善……”(23;vol.1,ch.4)Analysis:ThishappenedonChristmasDay,somefriendswereinvitedtohavelunchwiththeJoes.Mr.Wopsle,Mr.HubbleandMrs.Hubble,UnclePumblechookweretheguests.Inthesourcetext,twosemicolonswereusedinthesecompoundsentencesandtheplotswereclearlyintroducedtoreaders.ButWangusedonlyonesemicolon,thesesentenceswererearranged.Bycontract,ZhuWan"ssentencestructureisclosertothatintheoriginaltext.“thetablelaid,andMrs.Joedressed,andthedinnerdressing,andthefrontdoorunlocked…"arefourcoordinateclauses,threecommaandthree"and"wereused.ButinWang"stranslation,heusedonesemicolon,twocommas,18 andonefullstop.Thesentencesstructurewasreorderedagain!ThesameasZhuWan,"菜肴也都烧好了。大门已经打开……".Ifwetranslateditinto“乔我和回到家的时候，发现餐桌已经放好了，乔大嫂也已经打扮整齐，菜肴也都烧好了,并且大门已经打开”,thatismorefaithfulandfluent.Example2JoeandBidddywereverysympatheticandpleasantwhenIspokeofourapproachingseparation;buttheyonlyreferredtoitwhenIdid.Afterbreakfast,Joebroughtoutmyindenturesfromthepressinthebestparlour,andweputtheminthefire,andIfeltthatIwasfree(129;vol.1,ch.19).WangKeyi:乔和毕蒂听见我谈起分手在即，就显得分外热情亲切；不过，我不提他们也就不提。吃过早饭，乔从客厅的柜子里拿出师徒合同，我们一块儿把它扔进火里，我感觉到从此自由自在了。(114;vol.1,ch.19)ZhuWan:每当我提起我们分手在即时，乔和比迪总显得分外热情和亲切，不过要是我不提，他们也就不提。用过早餐，乔从客厅的柜子里拿出师徒合同来；我们一块儿把它扔进火里烧了，我感到自己从此自由了。(151;vol.1,ch.19)Analysis:Thissectioncanbedividedintotwoparts.ThefirstpartmentionedaboutJoeandBiddy"sreactions,sotherelationbetweentwoclausesiscoordinative.Wang"sversionconveystheoriginaltextclearly.Thesecondpartiscomposedoffourclimacticclauses.Zhuusedonesemicolon,sothatthestructureofthesentenceswasrearranged.ComparedwithZhuWan"stranslation,Wangdeltwiththiskindoftranslationforaddressitsstructureprecisely.Example3"Wherehaveyoubeen,youyoungmonkey?"saidMrs.Joe,stampingherfoot."Tellmedirectlywhatyou"vebeendoingtowearmeawaywithfretandfrightandworrit,orI"dhaveyououtofthatcornerifyouwasfiftyPips,andhewasfivehundredGargerys"(7;vol.1,ch.2).WangKeyi:乔大嫂跺着脚，说：“你这小畜生上哪儿去了？干什么去了？惹我气，惹我急，惹我惦记，累得我命也没有了！你还不赶快给我招出来！真要我动手把你从角落里揪出来，哪怕你变成五十个匹普，他变成五百个葛吉瑞，也休想招架得住！(6;vol.1,ch.2)ZhuWan:“你这小畜生上哪儿去了？干什么去啦？”乔大嫂跺着脚说。“惹我生气，惹我发急，惹我担心，还累得我要命！你快老老实实地告诉我！要不然，哪怕你是五十个皮普，他是五百个加杰里，我也要把你从那个角落里揪出来。”(8;vol.1,ch.2)Analysis:Clarificationseemstobeanobviousprincipleformanytranslatorsandauthors.explicitationaimstorender"clear"whatdoesnotwishtobeclearintheoriginal.Let"slookbackthesourcetext,whenPipcamebackhomefromthechurchyard,hiseldersisterMrs.Joewasnotonlyangryabouthim,butalsocomplainaboutherownfate,"It"sbadenoughtobeablacksmith"swife(andhimaGargery)19 withoutbeingyourmother."InMrs.Joe"seyes,Pipistotallyanaughtyboy,thismadeheralwaysangrywithhim,sothistime,whenPipwentoutforalongtime,andshewasnearlycrazy.“也休想招架得住”,thissentenceisahiddenmeaningofMrs.Joe"s.InBerman"sview,thisisclarification.Itcanbethemanifestationofsomethingthatisnotapparent,butconcealedorrepressedintheoriginal."哪怕你是五十个皮普，他是五百个加杰里，我也要把你从那个角落里揪出来",readerscaneasilygetthepointsthatMrs.JoewasnotonlyblamedPipbutalsounsatisfiedwithherownfate.Example4Iwonderedhowmanyclerkstherewereup-stairs,andwhethertheyallclaimedtohavethesamedetrimentalmasteryoftheirfellow-creatures(144;vol.2,ch.1).WangKeyi:我猜不透楼上有几个办事员，是否一个个也都自以为可以把自己的同胞玩弄于鼓掌之上，爱加害于谁就加害于谁。(127;vol.2,ch.1)ZhuWan:我不知道楼上有几个办事员，也不知道他们是否个个也都自以为掌握着自己同胞的什么不可告人的隐私。(168;vol.2,ch.1)Analysis:PipwenttoMr.Jagger"soffice,andwaitedforhimthere.Theclerktherewasrude."…whentheclerkshovedthisgentlemanoutwithaslittleceremonyasIeversawused,andtossinghisfurcapoutafterhim,leftmealone.""Mr.Jagger"sroomwaslightedbyaskylightonly,andwasamostdismalplace…"SoPipwasfascinatedbythedismalatmosphereofthatplaceandhesuspectedhowmanyclerksarethereinthisoffice?Insourcetext,"thesamedetrimentalmastery"referstosomenegativeproofswereholdbytheircolleagues.ZhuWandealtwith"掌握着自己同胞的什么不可告人的隐私",whichnotonlyconformstotheoriginalmeaningandbutalsoecpressesitstonewell.Wangkeyitranslatedthissentenceintotwoclauses,"玩弄于鼓掌之上，爱加害于谁就加害于谁",thisisdefinitelyclarificationandnotprecisely.Example5Conscienceisadreadfulthingwhenitaccusemanorboy;butwhen,inthecaseofaboy,thatsecretburdenco-operateswithanothersecretburdendownthelegofhistrousers,itis(asIcantestify)agreatpunishment(10;vol.1,ch.2).WangKeyi:良心这玩意儿，它谴责起人来，是够叫人害怕的，对大人是这样，对小孩也是这样；更何况一个小孩，良心上先有个秘密的负担，后来裤脚管里又添了个秘密的负担，两下夹攻，那个滋味才真叫够受呢。这我可以以身作证。(9;vol.1,ch.2)ZhuWan:良心谴责起大人或孩子来，倒真叫人害怕。可是对一个孩子来说，要是这一种秘密负担加上裤脚管里的另一种秘密负担，那么我可以证明，那真是莫大的惩罚。(11;vol.1,ch.2)Analysis:Makingthetargettextlongerthansourcetextbyoverstating.Itisoften20 called"overtranslation".Thisadditionaddsnothing,itmayrenderthetextmore"clear",butactuallyobscureitsownmodeofclarity.Intheoriginaltext,authoronlyusesonesentencetovoicePip"sfeeling,theirresistibleinfluenceofconsciencetoanadultorachild.ButinWang"sversion,fivesentencesandfivepunctuationswereused.Bycontrast,Zhu"sismuchbetterandmoreconcisetoexpressthesamemeaning.Example6WhenJoeandIgothome,wefoundthetablelaid,andMrs.Joedressed,andthedinnerdressing(11;vol.1,ch.2)...WangKeyi:乔和我从教堂赶回家时，餐桌已经摆好了；乔大嫂也已经打扮整齐，菜肴都在锅子里煮的煮，煎的煎。(18;vol.1,ch.2)ZhuWan:乔和我回到家的时候，餐桌已经放好了；乔大嫂也已经打扮整齐，菜肴也都烧好了。(23;vol.1,ch.2)Analysis:Wangtranslated"thedinnerdressing"into“菜肴都在锅子里煮的煮，煎的煎”.ZhuWandirectlytranslatedthesewordsas“菜肴也都烧好了”tomaintaintheoriginalsentencestructure.InBerman"sview,thisexpansionmakesthetargettextlongerthansourcetextbyoverstating.Thisadditionaddsnothing,itmayrenderthetextmore"clear",actuallyobscureitsownmodeofclarity.Moreover,thisexpansionisimpairstherhythmicflowofthework.4.2.2DetailedAnalysisoftheTranslationStyleBermanpointsoutthatsometranslatorstryandimprovethestyleandrewriteitmoreelegantly.Thustheennoblementisonlyakindofrewriting,a"stylisticexercise"utilized—andattheexpenseof—theoriginal.Theresult,accordingtohistheory,isanannihilationoftheoralrhetoricandformlesspolylogicofthesourcetextequallydestructiveisatargettextthatistoo"popular"initsuseofcolloquialisms.Example7"ItwouldhavebeencruelinMissHavisham,horriblycruel,topracticeonthesusceptibilityofapoorboy,andtotorturemethroughalltheseyearswithavainhopeandidlepursuit,ifshehadreflectedonthegravityofwhatshedid.ButIthinkshedidnot.Ithinkthatintheenduranceofherowntrial,sheforgotmine,Estella(320;vol.2,ch.5).WangKeyi:“郝薇香小姐要是事先想到了这件事的严重后果，而还有意这样捉弄一个感情脆弱的穷孩子，用镜中花、水中月来折磨了我这许多年，那就未免太狠心了，实在太狠心了……”(281;vol.2,ch.5)ZhuWan:“哈维沙姆小姐如果事先想到她做的这件事的严重后果，还这样捉弄一个易动感情的可怜的孩子，这么多年来一直用虚幻的希望和徒劳的追求来折磨我，那她未免太狠心了，是在太狠心了……”(379;vol.2,ch.5)21 Analysis:Inthiscase,WangKeyiennobledtheoriginaltext."花”and"月”arethegreatsymbolsinChina,theyarealwayscloselyrelatedto"love"or"romantic".“风花雪月”isanappropriateexample.“镜中花、水中月”waspreciselytodescribeentirelyimaginaryworld.ThereisnodenythatthisisvividtoChinesereaders,butitisonlyakindofrewriting,a"stylisticexercise"utilized—andattheexpenseof—theoriginal.Wangtriedtoimprovethestyleandrewriteitmoreelegantly.ZhuWanretainedtheexpressionoflanguageoriginallyandtranslateditdirectly.Obviously,readerscangetthepointswithoutconfusion.Qualitativeimpoverishmentreferstoreplacetheterms,expressionsandfiguresintheoriginalwithtargettextequivalents"thatlacktheirsonorousrichnessor,correspondingly,theirsignifyingor"iconic"features".Example8"...Thatgirl"shardandhaughtyaridcapricioustothelastdegree..."(154;vol.2,ch.3)WangKeyi:“……那个小妞儿心又狠，眼睛又生在头顶上，又会使性子，这三件坏处都坏到了家……”(137;vol.2,ch.3)ZhuWan:“……那姑娘又狠，又高傲，还变化无常，三个缺点全都到了极点……”(182;vol.2,ch.3)Analysis:"haughty"means"arrogant"or"lofty",itisaderogatoryword,so"高傲"isfitforitsmeaning,andconformstoEstella"scharacterquitewell.WangKeyiused"眼睛又生在头顶上",maybeitisadialect,someChinesereadersmayconfused.Theliteraryworkcontainsan"underlying"text,thissubtextthatcarriesthenetworkofword-obsessions.Thesenetworksofwordsmaynotbesignificant,buttheyaddanunderlyinguniformityandsensetothetext.Translatorsmaydestroyediftheymisreadthenetworkscorrespondstothetreatment.Hereisanexampletotestifyit.Example9"Wewereatalosstofindasuitableattendantforher,untilacircumstancehappenedconvenientlytorelieveus.MrWopsle"sgreatauntconqueredaconfirmedhabitoflivingintowhichshehadfallen,andBiddybecameapartofourestablishment"(108;vol.1,ch.16).WangKeyi:“我们不知道该找个怎样的人来侍候她才合适，最后总算机缘巧合,才丢下一件心事。原来伍浦赛先生的姑奶奶那种养成已久，根深蒂固的生活习惯，现在终于彻底丢掉了，于是我们便把毕蒂请到家里来服侍姐姐。”(95;vol.1,ch.16)ZhuWan:“我们不知道该找一个什么样的人来照料她才合适，后来总算情况凑巧，才使我们放下心来。沃普斯尔先生的姑婆婆这时终于摆脱了她那种一成不变的生活习惯，于是我们就把比迪请到我们家里来照顾姐姐。”(125;vol.1,ch.16)22 Analysis:Thesetwoversionsarenearlythesame.Buttherearedoubtsthatwhy"MrWopsle"sgreatauntconqueredaconfirmedhabitoflivingintowhichshehadfallen"and"Biddybecameapartofourestablishment"?Orwhatisthe"confirmedhabit"?Herearesomeinformationsabove:"MrWopsle"sgreat-auntkeptaneveningschoolinthevillage;thatistosay,shewasaridiculousoldwomanoflimitedmeansandunlimitedinfirmity,whousedtogotosleepfromsixtoseveneveryevening,inthesocietyofyouthwhopaidtwopenceperweekeach,fortheimprovingopportunityofseeingherdoit".(37;vol.1,ch.7)"……thepupilsformedinlineandbuzzisinglypassedarangedbookfromhandtohand……Assoonasthisvolumebegantocirculate,Mr.Wopsle"sgreat-auntfellintoastateofcoma;arisingeitherfromsleeporarheumaticparoxysm.""Mr.Wopsle"sgreat-aunt,besideskeepingthisEducationalInstitution,keptinthesameroomalittlegeneralshop.BiddywasMrWopsle"sgreataunt"sgranddaughter;……Shewasanorphanlikemyself;likeme,too,hadbeenbroughtupbyhand".(36;vol.1,ch.7)"Isatsilent,recallingwhatadrudgeshehadbeenuntilMrWopsle"sgreatauntsuccessfullyovercamethatbadhabitofliving,sohighlydesirabletobegotridofbysomepeople".(37;vol.1,ch.7)Relatedtotherelevantinformationofthetext,readerspossiblythinkthatMr.Wopsle"sgreat-aunt"s"confirmedhabit"is“fondofsleeping”.Andnowsheovercomedherhabit,shecantakecareofherselfwithoutBiddy,soBiddy"becameapartofourestablishment".Shehadnotbeenwithusmorethanayear(Irememberherbeingnewlyoutofmourningatthetimeitstruckme),whenIobservedtomyselfoneeveningthatshehadcuriouslythoughtfulandattentiveeyes;eyesthatwereveryprettyandverygood.(110;vol.1,ch.17)WhyBiddyworeamourningoneyearbefore?Whosemourningshehadtowear?IhaveadeductionthatMr.Wopsle"sgreat-auntpassedawayoneyearbefore.BecauseBiddywasanorphanlikePip,Mr.Wopsle"sgreat-auntwasBiddy"sonlyrelative,andduringthisoneyear,thisgreat-auntwasnotmentionedyet.Sotheinformationofmourningshouldberelatedwithher.Inaddition,Biddywasakindgirl,ifgreat-auntstillalive,shemustbetakescareofher.Anotherproblemmayemerged,BiddycantakecareofMrs.JoewhiletakecareofMr.Wopsle"sgreat-aunt.Let"slookatthissentenceinChapter16,"Itmayhavebeenaboutamonthaftermysister"sreappearanceinthe23 kitchen,whenBiddycametouswithasmallspeckledboxcontainingthewholeofherworldly",wecaninferredthatMr.Wopsle"sgreat-auntpassedaway.Insourcetext,thenetworksofwordsmaynotbesignificant,buttheauthoraddedanunderlyinguniformityandsensetothetext.Dickensusedaobscurewaytoconveythisinformation.InthesetwoChineseversions,"原来伍浦赛先生的姑奶奶那种养成已久，根深蒂固的生活习惯，现在终于彻底丢掉了"and"沃普斯尔先生的姑婆婆这时终于摆脱了她那种一成不变的生活习惯"werenotcorrect,andreaderswereeasilymisguided.Thesubtextwasnottranslatedfully.“伍甫赛先生的姑婆终于改掉了她在人世间的痼习，撒手而去了。”Thistranslationnotonlyretainstheoriginalstructureandstyle,butalsoconveysaclearmeaninganditshumourtothereader.Example10:"IamtocomtoLondonthedayaftertomorrowbythemiddaycoach.Ibelieveitwassettledyoushouldmeetme?AtalleventsMissHavishamhasthatimpression,andIwriteinobediencetoit.Shesendsyouherregard.——Yours,Estella"(228;vol.2,ch.13).WangKeyi:后天我搭中午班马车来伦敦。我想，我们有约在先，由你来接我，是不是？总之，郝薇香小姐有此印象，因此我遵命写信通知你。她向你问好。——艾丝黛拉上(201;vol.2,ch.13)ZhuWan:后天我搭中午的驿车到伦敦来。我想，我们事先说好，由你来接我，是不是？不论怎样，哈维沙姆小姐有这样的印象，因此我遵命写信通知你。她向你问好。——埃斯特拉上(271;vol.2,ch.13)Analysis:ThisisanotethatEstellawrotetoPip,wemayhavesomequestionswhenwereadit.WhyEstellasaid"Ibelieveitwassettled"?WhatimpressiondoesMissHavishamhave?Anddoesthissentence——"Iwriteinobediencetoit"conveysomedeepmeaning?InCharlesDickens"originaltext,therelationsbetweencharacterswereconveyeddeeplybythisnote.Buttranslatorsfailedtotranslateitexactly,someimpliedinformationwasmissed.Firstly,Estelladidn"taddressPip,why?Thisinformationmentionedabove,"Oneday…Ireceivedanotebythepost……Ithadnotsetbeginning,asDearMr.Pip,orDearPip,orDearSir,orDearAnything,butranthus:"（228;vol.2,ch.13）Whyauthorusedsuchwords"DearMr.Pip,orDearPip,orDearSir,orDearAnything"severaltimes?Besides,Estellasaid"youshouldmeetme"butnot"youwouldmeetme",thiscontainsaimpliedmeaningthat"Idon"twanttomeetyou,butthatwasMissHarvisham"sorder.IhavetoobeyitandthereasonthatIwritethisnoteistoremindyou"dbettercometopickmeup."Whataretherelations24 betweenthesethreepeople?Let"shaveadissection.Firstofall,Estellaalwayscalledhim"boy"insteadofhisname.Hereisanexample,bothofthemwerechildrenwhentheymetforthefirsttime.WhatwasthefirstimpressionthatPiplefttoEstella?"…withthisboy!Why,heisacommonlaboring-boy!"（51;vol.1,ch.8）Herwordswasfullofprideandlookeddownuponhim.Tothecontrary,Piphadasenseofshameabouthisboots,hiscoarsehands."Itooktheopportunityofbeingaloneinthecourt-yard,tolookatmycoarsehandsandmycommonboots.Myopinionofthoseaccessorieswasnotfavorable.Theyhadnevertroubledmebefore,buttheytroubledmenow,asvulgarappendages.IdeterminedtoaskJoewhyhehadevertaughtmetocallthosepicture-cards,Jacks,whichoughttobecalledknaves.IwishedJoehadbeenrathermoregenteellybroughtup,andthenIshouldhavebeensotoo.(54;vol.1,ch.8)Theirfirstimpressionsetsatoneoftheirfate,andthatinfluencedthewholestory.Piprecognizedthenoteeasilywhenreceivedit,however,therewasnonameonit."Ireceivedanotebythepost,themereoutsideofwhichthrewmeintoagreatflutter;for,thoughIhadneverseenthehandwritinginwhichitwasaddressed,Idivinedwhosehanditwas.""Iftherehadbeentime,Ishouldprobablyhaveorderedseveralsuitsofclothesforthisoccasion;…Myappetitevanishedinstantly,andIknewnopeaceorrestuntilthedayarrived.(228;vol.2,ch.13)"Inherfurredtraveling-dress,Estellaseemedmoredelicatelybeautifulthanshehadeverseemedyet,eveninmyeyes.Hermannerwasmorewinningthanshehadcaredtoletitbetomebefore,andIthoughtIsawMissHavisham"sinfluenceinthechange".（238;vol.2,ch.14）PiphadworshippedEstellaformanyyears,whataboutEstella?Tosomedegree,sherealizedPip"sinfatuationwithher,buttreatedhimjustasafollower."Iamtohaveacarriage,andyouaretotakeme.Thisismypurse,andyouaretopaymychargesoutofit.Oh,youmusttakethepurse!Wehavenochoice,youandI,buttoobeyourinstructions.Wearenotfreetofollowourowndevices,youandI".（238;vol.2,ch.14）"Iamgoingtolive,"saidshe,"atagreatexpense,withaladythere,whohasthepower-orsaysshehasoftakingmeabout,andintroducingme,andshowingpeopletomeandshowingmetopeople."（238;vol.2,ch.14）Whataninfatuatedboyandanarrogantyounglady!WhataboutMissHarvishamandEstella"srelation?Asweallknow,EstellawasnotMissHarvisham"sowndaughter,whysheadoptedher?HerearethereasonsthatMissHarvishamtoldtoPip,throughthiswecanhaveadeepunderstandoftheirrelation.25 "Hearme,Pip!Iadoptedhertobeloved.Ibredherandeducatedher,tobeloved.Idevelopedherintowhatsheis,thatshemightbeloved.Loveher!"shesaidthewordoftenenough,andtherecouldbenodoublethatshemeanttosayit;butiftheoftenrepeatedwordhadbeenhateinsteadoflove-despair-revenge-diredeath-itcouldnothavesoundedfromherlipsmorelikeacurse.（212;vol.2,ch.10）Readersmayfeelhorriblefromherwords.Onthispoint,EstellawasawareofMissHarvisham"sintentionsclearly."Wehavenochoice,youandI,buttoobeyourinstructions.Wearenotfreetofollowourowndevices,youandI."…"ItisapartofMissHarvisham"splanforme,Pip,"(238;vol.2,ch.14）…Estellarevealsherdissatisfactionwithher,however,MissHarvishamadoptedherandtreated"well".Throughtheseanalyses,wemaygettheanswerthatwhyEstellawrote"Ibelieveitwassettled"and"Iwriteinobediencetoit".Dickenspresentedtherelationshipsandtheirattitudestowardseachotherinanoteproperlyandskillfully.ButbothofthesetwoChineseversionsdidnotembodyit.Insourcetext,suchwordslike"Ibelieve","should","atallevents",and"obedience"establishedanetwork,whichinfactsignalsamostimportantdimensionofthisnovel.Ifsuchnetworksarenottransmitted,asignifyingprocessinthetextisdestroyed."我后天坐午班马车到伦敦。你要来见我吧？反正，哈维沙姆小姐记得这事。她让我写信提醒你。她向你问好。——埃斯特拉"Whilethesourcetextsystematicinitssentencepatterningsandconstructions,translationtendstobe"asystematic".Sometranslatorsmaydestroythesystematicnatureofthetextbyusingarangeoftechniques,whichintroducingsomeelementsthatareexcludedbyitsessentialsystem.Example11:ThiswasalwaysfollowedbyCollins"sOdeonthePassions,whereinIparticularlyveneratedMrWopsleasRevenge,throwinghisblood-stainedswordinthunderdown,andtakingtheWar-denouncingtrumpetwithawitheringlook.Itwasnotwithmethen,asitwasinlaterlife,whenIfellintothesocietyofthePassions,andcomparedthemwithCollinsandWopsle,rathertothedisadvantageofbothgentlemen(37;vol.1,ch.7).WangKeyi:念完以后，接下去少不得还要朗诵柯林斯的《七情六欲歌》——其中我最钦佩的是伍甫赛先生所扮演的复仇之神。只见他把沾满血污的宝剑化为霹雳扔下下界，炯炯逼人的目光一扫，霎时降下一场刀兵之灾。一直到后来我亲自和七情六欲打过交道，对证比较之下，才发觉柯林斯和伍甫赛这两位先生的本领真还瞠乎其后，可惜当时我在这方面还是一窍不通。(33;vol.1,ch.7)ZhuWan:念完以后总还要朗诵柯林斯的《激情颂》，其中我最钦佩的是沃普26 斯尔先生扮演的复仇之神。他把沾满血迹的保健化作霹雷扔，目光灼灼地一扫，拿起那个斥责战争的号角。当时我还没有那种激情，后来我才踏入那种激情的社会，拿那种激情跟柯林斯和我普尔斯这两位的一比，他们还真差一大截。(43;vol.1,ch.7)Analysis:Thisexampledestroysnotonlytheexoticizationbutalsoitslinguisticpatternings.Let"stakeaglanceatWangKeyi"sversion,itseemsquitereadableandvivid.Hemadethetranslatedtextlinguisticallymorehomogenousthantheoriginal,inotherwords,more"style"intheordinarysense,thisisequallymoreinconsistent,inacertainway,moreincoherent.Anditisnota"true"text,itstartingwithitsownsystematicnature,andlacksthedistinguishedfeaturesofasourcetext.CollinsisafamouspoetinBritain,OdeonthePassionsisoneofhismasterwork.Wangtranslated"ode"into"歌",thatisnotprecise.Odeisexplainedasapoem,especiallyonethatiswritteninpraiseofaparticularperson,thing,orevent.Forinstance,Keats""OdetoaNightingale",thatwastranslatedinto"夜莺颂".So"激情颂"ismoreprecisethan"七情六欲歌",itcanbeunderstoodeasilybyreadersandthecharacteristicofforeignizationinitstranslationwasreflectedthoroughly.“Itwasnotwithmethen,asitwasinlaterlife",thisistwoclauseswereconnectedwitheachotherclosely,butWangKeyidividedthemintotwosentencesandputtheotheroneattheendofthisparagraph."一直到后来我亲自和七情六欲打过交道，对证比较之下，才发觉柯林斯和伍甫赛这两位先生的本领真还瞠乎其后，可惜当时我在这方面还是一窍不通。"ItisnotdifficulttoseethatWangputshisemphasison"可惜当时我在这方面还是一窍不通".Throughhistranslation,hemadechangesintheclausesequence,andsystematicnatureofthetextwasdestroyed.Bycontrast,ZhuWanreservedtheoriginalstructure,"当时我还没有那种激情，后来我才踏入那种激情的社会",thatcanbeunderstoodeasilybyreaders,andthetoneisasstrongastheoriginaltext.4.2.3DetailedAnalysisofLanguageandExoticizationRelatestolocalspeechandlanguagepatternswhichplayanimportantroleinestablishingthesettingofanovel.Thereisseverelossiftheseareerased,yetthetraditionalsolutionofexoticizingsomeofthesetermsby,forexample,theuseofitalics,isolatesthemfromtheco-text.Alternatively,seekingatargetlanguagevernacularorslangisaridiculousexoticizationoftheforeign.27 WhenreadingZhuWan"sversion,theforeignflavorisstronglyfelt.WecaneasilynoticethatthesentencestructuresandEnglishphrasesarekeptintheChinesetranslation.Bycontract,whenreadingWangKeyi"stranslatedversionofGreatExpectations,thefirstimpressiononemaygetisthatitisquitesmoothandisrenderedinidiomaticChinese.Whenreadersreadhisversion,itsartisticvaluecanbeappreciatedasapieceofliteraryworkwrittenbyaChinesewriter.Wecannothelpbutnoticethatfour-characterphraseandsometraditionalChineseidiomsorslangisfrequentlyusedinWangKeyi"stranslation,whichisatypicalfeatureofChineselanguage.Herearesometypicalexamples:Example12"Youwouldhavebeendisposedofforsomanyshillingsaccordingtothemarketpriceofthearticle,andDunstablethebutcherwouldhavecomeuptoyouasyoulayinyourstraw,andhewouldhavewhippedyouunderhisleftarm,andwithhisrighthewouldhavetuckeduphisfrocktogetapenknifefromoutofhiswaistcoatpocket,andhewouldhaveshedyourbloodandhadyourlife.Nobringingupbyhandthen.Notabitofit"(23;vol.1,ch.4)!WangKeyi:说不定你正在猪圈里睡觉，就有个叫什么捅豕太保的屠户赶到你面前，把你一把提起来，往左边胳肢窝下面一夹，右手撩起外衣，从背心口袋里掏出把刀子，一刀捅进去，捅得你鲜血直迸，呜呼哀哉。还有谁来一手带大你呢？连个屁都没有！”(21;vol.1,ch.4)ZhuWan:“……也许你正伏在猪圈里的草上，就有个叫邓斯泰布尔的屠户跑到你面前，一下子把你提起来，夹在左边胳膊下边，右手撩起外衣，从背心口袋里取出一把小刀。他一刀捅得你鲜血直流，把你宰了。还有谁来一手把你拉扯大呢？连个影儿都没有！”(27;vol.1,ch.4)Analysis:DuringtheirChristmasdinnerwiththeirfriends,Mr.PumblechookwhohasasilvertonguewasdiscussingpigwithMr.Wopsle,andindicatedthatPipwasanaughtyboyjustlikethepig,thebutcher(Mrs.Joe)wouldpunishPipbecauseofhisnaughty.Dickensfabricatedabutcher"snamecalledDunstable,andWangtranslateditinto“捅豕太保的屠户”,“豕”isapun,itpronouncedas"shi",soundslike“死”,whichmeans"death".Meanwhile,peopleexplaineditas"pig"inChinese.“太保”isanameofofficialpositioninancientChina.Inaddition,thereareanotherthreeinterpretationsinChina.Firstly,itreferstothepeoplelikeRobinHoods;secondlyservantsinancientChinawasreferredtoas“太保”respectfully;thirdly,somepeoplecalledhooliganas“太保”.Inthesourcetext,butcherwasjustabutcher,itdoesn"t28 belongtothefourinterpretationsthatmentionedabove.Sothesaidstyleoftheoriginaltextwasbroken.Instead,“邓斯泰布尔的屠户”whichwastranslatedbyZhuWanisinconformitywithBerman"sprinciple."Notabitofit"wastranslatedinto"连个屁都没有"byWang,itrefersto"nothing",too.ItisslanginChinese.Inthissentence,"meaningequivalence"wasreflectedintensively,however,"styleequivalence"wastotallydisappeared.Bycontrast,ZhuWanused"连个影儿都没有",whichconformstothelinguisticenvironmentverywell.Example13AllthesethingsIsawwtihoutthenknowingthatIsawthem,forIwasinanagonyofapprehension……andthatthemilitaryhadsofargotthebetterofthepieastoputitinthebackground,Icollectedalittlemoreofmyscatteredwits(26;vol.1,ch.5).WangKeyi:这些花花絮絮，我虽都见到了，当时却并未经心，因为我已经给吓得死去活来……而且这批士兵一进门，肉馅饼的事就抛到了九霄云外，我那给吓散了的三魂六魄这才慢悠悠的回到身上了(24;vol.1,ch.5)。ZhuWan:所有这些情况，我都看在眼里。但是却并没有在意，因为我已经被吓得失去了理智……而且这批士兵一来，肉馅饼的事也被大伙儿忘却了，我那吓跑了的理智这才慢慢恢复过来(2004:31)。Analysis:InChinese,"花花絮絮"wasexplainedastitbitsofnewsorsomeattractivesidelights.Inaword,itdoesn"trefertosomedreadfulthings.Accordingtothesourcetext,Pip"wasinanagonyofapprehension",wecaneasilyconjecturethatallthesethingswereunpleasant.Wang"sversionwasnotconformingtothesourcetext."所有这些情况"whichwastranslatedbyZhuWanisbetter,itcontainsallofthethingsthatpleasantorunpleasant.Wangtranslated"forIwasinanagonyofapprehension"into"死去活来".Thisfour-characterphrasemeansextremelypainfulorsorrowfulandhasnegativemeaning.Pipwasjustscaredforhehadstolensomefood,withoutsorrowfulorpainful,so"死去活来"doesnotexpressitsoriginalmeaning.ZhuWantranslateditinto"被吓得失去了理智",itisfaithfultotheoriginalmeaningofthetext."cccIcollectedalittlemoreofmyscatteredwits",here,"scatteredwits"definitelyrefersto"inanagonyofapprehension",so"我那吓跑了的理智这才慢慢恢复过来"echoes"被吓得失去了理智"well.Bycontrast,"吓散了的三魂六魄这才慢悠悠的回到身上了"isatypicalfeatureofChineselanguage.Thisisthedestructionofvernacularnetworksortheirexoticization.Example14Itwasquiteinvainformetoendeavourtomakehimsensiblethat29 heoughttospeaktoMissHavisham.ThemoreImadefacesandgesturestohimtodoit,themoreconfidential,argumentative,andpolite,hepersistedinbeingtoMe(88;vol.1,ch.13).WangKeyi:我想让他明白，他的话应当对郝薇香小姐说才是，结果完全枉费心机。愈是像他做鬼脸打手势，他那套入情入理、出自肺腑而又彬彬有礼的话，却愈是向我讲得起劲(77;vol.1,ch.13)。ZhuWan:我尽力想让他明白，他这些话应该对哈维沙姆小姐说才是，结果是白费心机。我越是向他使眼色，做手势，他那一套合情合理、十分坦率而又非常客气的话，却越是对着我说得起劲(103;vol.1,ch.13)。Analysis:FourChineseidiomswereusedintwosentences.ItisobviouslythatWangKeyiaccustomstofluenttranslationsthatinvisiblyinscribeforeigntextwithChinese-languagevalues,throughthisway,heprovidesreaderswiththenarcissisticexperienceofrecognizingourownculture.Intheprocessoftranslation,Wangmadehiseffortstomakethetranslationlooksmorenaturally,asiftheoriginalauthorusedthetargetlanguagewhenhecreatedhisnovel.InZhu&Ye"sversion,"合情合理、十分坦率而又非常客气的话"wereusedtoexpressthesamemeaningwhileforeignflavorcanbefelt.Example15Ifthevillainhadstoppedhere,hiscasewouldhavebeensufficientlyawful,butheblackenedhisguiltbyproceedingtotakemeintocustody,witharightofpatronagethatleftallhisformercriminalityfarbehind(91;vol.1,ch.13).WangKeyi:这个流氓做到这一步，已经是够可恶的了；谁知他变本加厉，罪上加罪，居然已恩人自居，逮住我不放，相形之下，他刚才的行径又是瞠乎其后了(80;vol.1,ch.13)。ZhuWan:这个恶棍到这地步，已经够可恶的了，可是他还变本加厉，竟然自命是我的恩人，抓住我不放；他所表现出的罪恶行径远远超过了先前所做的一切(106;vol.1,ch.13)。Analysis:Here,"thevillain"referstoMr.Pumblechook,Wangtranslateditinto"流氓"whileZhu&Ye"sversionis"无赖"."流氓"containstwomeanings,firstly,itreferstoapersonwhohasnoregularjobandcausestroubleregularly.Secondly,layaboutortriflerwereoftencalled"流氓"bypeople.IsMr.Pumblechooksuchperson?Fromtheprecedingtext,wecaneasilygetaconclusionthatheisnota"流氓".Herearesomeinformations:"UnclePumblechook(Joe"suncle,butMrs.Joeappropriatedhim),whowasawell-to-docorn-chandlerinthenearesttown,anddrovehisownchaise-cart".(20;vol.1,ch.4)"……andasMr.Pumblechookwasverypositiveanddrovehisownchaise-cart——overeverybody——itwasagreedthatitmustbeso".(20;vol.1,ch.4)30 Fortheaboveinformations,wecangettheinformationthatMr.Pumblechookwasrichinthistownandownedachaise-cart,peopleextremelyadmiredhim,sotheword"流氓"isnotfitforhim."无赖"hasameaningofcunningandfraudulent,thisconformstohisimageverymuch.Inaddition,fourChineseidiomswereusedinWang"sversion,whichisrewriting.Inthisstrategyoftranslation,Wangerasedthedifferencesinlanguageandcultureoftheoriginaltext,andthevaluesoftargetlanguagewereused.Example16"……saidMr.Pumblechook,gettingupagainthemomentafterhehadsatdown,"seeaforeme,himasIeversportedwithinhistimesofhappyinfancy"(135;vol.1,ch.19)?WangKeyi:潘波趣先生刚坐下去又站起来，说：“我面前的这位官人，在他幸福的童年我不是还逗着他玩儿过吗？”(119;vol.1,ch.19)ZhuWan:庞布尔乔克先生刚坐下又站起身来，说：“我面前的这位朋友，在幸福的童年我不是还逗着他乐过吗？”(158;vol.1,ch.19)Analysis:Mr.Pumblechook,whoisatotallyflatterer,havechangedhisattitudeafterhegottheinformationthatPipwillgotoLondon.SoheshowedhisfullyrespectwhenhespeaktoPip.Wangkeyiused"官人"whileZhuandYeused"朋友".Whichisbetter?Whatdoesthemeaningof"官人"?InancientChina,especiallySongDynasty,thiswordwasusedtoaddresswoman"shusband.Forinstance,"夜坐书院中研墨吮笔,凭纸长吟,中妻不眠,(妻)向氏呼曰:"官人夜深何不睡去?"——《续传灯录·张商英》.Inaddition,officerwasusuallycalled"官人"bycommonpeopleinancientyears.Hereisanexample,“幸亏许大身边还有几两银子，拿出来打点了官人，到也未曾吃苦”（LiuandZhong188）。Fromtheseexplanationsabove,wecangetaconclusionthat"我面前的这位朋友"ismuchbetterthanWang"sversion,ZhuandYebasicallyexpressedthemeaningofthesourcelanguagewhileWangseekatargetlanguagevernacularorslangisaridiculousexoticization.Example17:"No,mydearfriendfriend,"saidhe,whenhehaddiscoveredwindforspeech."NotifIcanhelpit.Thisoccasionshallnotentirelypasswithoutaffabilityonyourpart.—MayI,asanoldfriendandwell-wisher?MayI"(137;vol.1,ch.19)?WangKeyi:“他缓过气来以后，就对我说：“这可不行啊，亲爱的朋友，这叫我怎么受得了？如此良辰岂能草草过去，你也得和我亲热亲热才走呀。——我是你的老朋友，一心指望你好，我可不可以？可不可以？”(122;vol.1,ch.19)ZhuWan:“不行，我亲爱的朋友，”他缓过一口气来，这么说。“办得到的话，这可不行。这么好的日子怎么能不和我亲切友好地多待一会儿再走。——我是你的老朋友，衷心祝愿你好，我可不可以？可不可以？”(160;vol.1,ch.19)Analysis:Inthesourcetext,Mr.Pumblechookapple-polishedPipandwantedtostayforalongtimewithhim.Wangtranslatedinto"如此良辰岂能草草过去，你也得和我亲热亲热才走呀".Thewordingislikelytoleadtoambiguity,likeamansaidtoa31 woman,andquitefrivolous.Meanwhile,Wangaimstocapturetheoralityofvernacularexplicitly,whichcausedalossoftheoriginal.ZhuandWanconveyedtheoriginalpreciselywithsuchwordslike"这么好的日子"and"亲切友好地多待一会儿".Bermanconsidersthereplacingofaproverboridiombyitstargetlanguage"equivalent"tobean"ethnocentrism".Furthermore,heformulatesthat"totranslateisnottosearchforequivalences"and"toplaywith"equivalence"istoattackthediscourseoftheforeignwork".InWangKeyi"sversion,alotofproverbswereusedthatreplacedtheoriginaltext.Herearesomeexamples:Example18"Dratthatboy,"interposedmysister,frowningatmeoverherwork,"whataquestionerheis.Asknoquestions,andyou"llbetoldnolies"(11;vol.1,ch.2).WangKeyi:姐姐连忙放下手里的针线活，瞪了我一眼，插嘴说：“这小子讨厌！真是打破沙锅问到底！多问闲事多受骗。”(10;vol.1,ch.2)ZhuWan:“这小子真讨厌！”姐姐插嘴说，一面放下手里的针线活儿，瞪着眼睛望着我，“总是问个没完。你问得越多，听到的谎话也越多。”(12;vol.1,ch.2)Analysis:Becausethesoundofthegun,Pipp"scuriositywasaroused,heaskedsomequestionsthatmadeMrs.Joewasangryabouthim,forshedidn"tlikePipaskedtoomuchquestions.SowhenPipaskedJoe,"Who"sfiring"again,Mrs.Joeblamedhimwithoutanypatience.Through"Dratthatboy"and"whataquestionerheis",wecanobviouslytogetthepointthatMrs.Joenearlylosthertemper.“真是打破沙锅问到底”wastranslatedbyWangKeyi,itisatraditionalChineseproverb,andPip"simagewasvividlyshownonthepaper.InBerman"sview,thisisthedestructionofexpressionsandidioms.Heinsiststhat"toplaywith"equivalence"istoattackthediscourseoftheforeignwork.Ofcourse,aproverbmayhaveitsequivalentsinotherlanguages,but…theseequivalentsdonottranslateit"(Lawrence,"attackthediscourse"156).ZhuWantranslatedthissentenceas“总是问个没完”,whichexpressestheoriginaltextwellandclearly.Example19Atthispoint,Joegreatlyaugmentedmycuriositybytakingtheutmostpainstoopenhismouthverywide...(11;vol.1,ch.2)WangKeyi:正在这个节骨眼上，偏偏乔又费尽九牛二虎之力，嘴巴张得老大，这更加引起了我的好奇心。(10;vol.1,ch.2)ZhuWan:在这个节骨眼上，乔却费了莫大的劲儿，把嘴张得老大，这大大激起了我的好奇心。(12;vol.1,ch.2)Analysis:JoesaiditsilentlybecausehewasafraidofhiswifetoblamePipagain,butunfortunately,Pipstillcannotgethispoint.Joehadnochoicebuttoopenhismouth32 torepeateditagain.WangKeyi"stranslationtochose"费尽九牛二虎之力"toexpressit.InChinese,"费尽九牛二虎之力"means"spendcompletelytremendouseffortsorstrength".Itusuallyusedforapersontodosomephysicalwork.Inthesourcetext,JoejusttriedhisbesttoopenhismouthtomakePipcanunderstandwhatishesayingabout,withoutsomephysicalwork.So"费了莫大的劲儿"ismuchbetter.ZhuWan"sconsiderationwasrightbecausetheiraimwastomakeitmoreappropriatelyforChinesetounderstandwithoutconfusion,atthesametime,theculturemeaningofthesentencestillremainproperly.Example20MrWopsle"s,indeed,wildlycriedout"No!"withthefeeblemaliceofatiredman;but,ashehadnotheory,andnocoaton,hewasunanimouslysetanaught—nottomentionhissmokinghardbehind...(36;vol.1,ch.6)WangKeyi:只有伍甫赛先生粗声怪嚷，力持异议，他人困马乏，力不从心，却还在那里有意作梗，只可惜他不能自圆其说，连一件装点门面的外套都没有，大家都不当他一回事……(31;vol.1,ch.6)ZhuWan:只有沃普斯尔先生怀着一个疲惫的人有气无力的怨恨激动地喊了一声，表示反对；可是他会说不出什么外表有力的反驳意见，大伙儿也就没有理会……(41;vol.1,ch.6)Analysis:AfterPipandJoereturnedhome,Pipfoundthatallthevisitorsdiscussingaboutdifferentwaysbywhichtheconvicthadgotintothepantry.EverybodyagreedwithMr.PumblechookwhileMr.Wopsleholddifferentopinions.Hehadabadtemperandwassotiredatthattime."wildlycriedout"No!""wastranslatedinto"力持异议"and"喊了一声，表示反对"."力持异议"showsthemeaningof"insistonobjection",itfocuseson"insiston",butintheoriginaltext,Mr.Wopslejustcriedout"No!"withthefeeblemalice."人困马乏"indicatestheentireforcewasexhausted,itwasusuallydescribedsomeonewasverytiredafterhistrip.Inoriginal,Mr.Wopslefollowedsoldiersinordertoseewhathappened,notatrip.So,comparedwithWangkeyi’stranslation,ZhuWantranslateditdirectly,withoutChineseidiom,however,Chinesereaderscangetthepointclearly.Everyliteratureworkischaracterizedbylinguisticsuperimpositions,eveniftheyincludesociolects,idiolects,etc.Ifthesociolectsandidiolectsintranslatedtextcanbedistinguishedandeachpossessesitsspecificforeignness,thisisthesortofsuccess.Herearesomeexamples:Example21"Hark!"saidI,whenIhaddonemystirring,andwastakingafinal33 warminthechimneycornerbeingsentuptobed;"wasthatgreatguns,Joe?""Ah!"saidJoe."There"sanotherconwictoff"(10;vol.1,ch.2).WangKeyi:拌好布丁，傍着火炉暖暖身子，等姐姐打发我上楼去睡觉，忽然听见一声炮响，我便对乔说：“乔，你听！这是不是炮声？”乔说：“啊！又逃走了一个患（犯）人！”(10;vol.1,ch.2)ZhuWan:“听呀！”我说，拌好布丁，我正在火炉旁暖暖身子，等着姐姐打发我上楼去睡觉；“乔，你听！是炮声吗？”“啊！”乔说。“有一个犯人又逃走啦。”(12;vol.1,ch.2)Analysis:WhenPipheardabouttheguns,hewantedtofigureoutwhatisthesound.BecauseofJoe"slowliteracy,"convict"wasinsteadof"conwict".Wangtranslateditinto"患人",Joe"slinguisticfeaturesweresubtlyreflectedbasedonthereaderscanunderstanditsmeaningeasily.Theword"犯人"onlyindicatestheliteralmeaning,soWang"sisbetter.Example22"MIDEERJOiOPEURKRWITEWELLiOPEiSHALSONBHABELL42TEEDGEUJOANTHENWESHORLBSOGLODDANWENiMPRENGTD2UJOWOTLARXANBLEVEMEINFXNPIP"(38;vol.1,ch.7).WangKeyi:“我辛爱的乔，西望你生体好，西望你马上就能教你人字，乔啊，那时我们该有多么高心啊！等我做了你的土弟，乔啊，那该有多么开心啊。请想信我一片针心。匹普上。”(33;vol.1,ch.7)ZhuWan:“亲爱的乔，希望你身体好，希望马上就能教你识字，乔啊，那时我们该有多么高兴啊！等我成了你的学徒，乔啊，那该多么开心啊。请相信我一片真心。皮普上。”(44;vol.1,ch.7)Analysis:ThisisaletterthatPipwrotetoJoeafterheknewafewletters,withanalphabetontheheartathisfeetforreference,hecontrivedinanhourortwotoprintandsmearthis"letter".Inthisletter,manymistakesweremadebecausehehaslittletalentandlearning.WangKeyiusedthesewordssuchas"辛爱","西望","高心","土弟","针心",thereforethereaderscouldintuitivelyfeelthemeaningthatPipwantedtoexpress.ButZhuWantranslateditinto"亲爱","希望"","高兴","学徒","真心",thereisnodoubtthatreaderscanunderstanditsmeaning,butthisversionignoreddeepmeaningintheoriginaltext.Astheabovestated,thesetwelve"deformingtendencies"appearinbothWangKeyi"sandZhu&Wan"sversions,buttodifferentextents.ZhuWan"stranslationversionisinclinedtomirrortheoriginalwording,theyinsistfirmly"literaltranslation"andmaintaintheforeignflavorinordertoinfusenewbloodforandenrichtheoldsystemofChineselanguage.WhileWangKeyipayedmoreattentiontorenderall"idiomatic"34 targettextandenjoystheadmirationofhisreadersforhisidiomaticandwonderfulexpressions.Throughthisanalysis,readerscanfurthertheunderstandofBerman"stheoryandmasteritspracticalapplicationofmethodsforthetranslatorinthetranslationofliteraryworks,anditalsoprovideapracticalbasis,toimprovethequalityofthetranslation.Astoallknown,themainfunctionoftranslationistopromoteculturalexchangesandithasbeencomparedtobeabridgeoverdifferentcultures.Withthedevelopmentofglobalization,communicationsbetweendifferentculturesbecomemoreandmoreimportantandfrequent.But,sometranslatorsusuallyneglectthestrangenessoftheforeign,andbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheirownlanguageandculture,theymaketheirtranslationreadable.WangKeyiisatypicalrepresentative.Soitisquiteimportantforrederstopreservetheforeignnessofthesource-textinorderenrichthecultureoftext.35 ChapterFiveCONCLUSION5.1Findingsofthisresearch"Translationcriticismisanessentiallinkbetweentranslationtheoryandpractice"(Newmark184).Generally,atranslationwasjudgedbasedonessentiallystylisticcriteriaoraccordingtotranslationmethodsused(1iteralorfree,domesticationorforeignization).Aliterarytheoristoratranslator,oftenputstheirgreatemphasisontheauthororontheoriginaltextratherthanonthetargettext.Theydidn"tfollowexplicitprocedures.Thekeytranslationcriticismcriterionisalways“fidelity"(V.Lawrence,56).Therefore,generallyspeaking,traditionaltranslationcriticismisstaticandunilateral,rarelytakingintoaccountotherfactorsduringtheprocessoftranslation.Tosomeextent,translationcriticismisintuitive,sporadic,subjectiveandimpressionistic.Bermandefinestranslationcriticismas“arigorousanalysisofatranslation,ofitsfundamentaltraits,oftheprojectthatgavebirthtoit,ofthehorizonfromwhichitsprang,ofthepositionofthetranslator"(Wang143).Inaword,translationcriticismmeans,fundamentally,"bringingoutthetrothofatranslation"(Xu7).Byanalyzing,itisfoundthatWangKeyi’sversionistarget-orientedandhasahighdegreeofacceptabilityandZhuWan’sversionavoided"twelvedeformationtendencies"insomedegree.WangKeyitriedtorenderthenovelinawaythattheChinesereadersfeelmoreeasilytoreadandunderstand.Bycontrast,ZhuWantriedhisbesttobesubjecttosourcelanguageandculture,whichmadehistranslationavoided"twelvedeformationtendencies".WiththeintroductiontoBerman’stheory,thethesismakesacomparisonoftwoChineseversionsofGreatExpectations,usingthetranslationcriticismmethodologyproposedbyhim.Thisthesisfurthercomparesthetwoversionsusingthetools36 proposedbyhis"twelvedeformationtendenciesintranslation".ThroughthisdetailedcomparisonofthesetwoChineseversionsaswellasthetranslatorsandtheirdifferentunderstandingandperspectiveoftranslation,thestudyprovidesarelativesystematicdescriptionofthetwoversionsandanalyzingthecausesandfeaturesofthetranslations.ThecomparisonofthetwoChineseversionsofGreatExpectationsaimstofindthedifferencesbetweenthetwoversions,andbyapplyingBerman"stheories,identifiesthereasonsbehindthem,fromdifferentaspectsoffactors,suchasthetranslator"spositionandthetranslationworks.Themainfunctionoftranslationistopromoteculturalexchangesandithasbeencomparedtobeabridgeoverdifferentcultures.WhentranslatingliteratureworksfromChineseintoEnglish,translatorsshouldtrytheirbesttoretainthelinguisticandculturalfeaturesoftheoriginaltextsothatthetargetreadersappreciatetheChinesecultureandfacilitatetheculturecommunication.Thisresearchisbeyondthecomparisonbetweenlanguagesandbeyondtheanalysisofdifferentstylesandartisticfeatures;itputsliterarytranslationcriticismagainstawiderresearchbackground.5.2LimitationsofthisresearchTheresearchonthenovelfromtheperspectiveofBerman"stranslationisatentativeattempt.Atpresent,researchesonBerman"stranslationarelimitedintheanalysisoftheliteratureworks.Buttherearestilllimitationsinthisthesis.Theanalysisonthewholenovelislimitedinthefieldofthequantativeimpoverishmentandthedestructionofrhythms,whichlackthesupportoftextualanalysis.Besides,asBerman’stranslationtheoryiscomparativelynewinChina,theresearchesonthetheoryarenotsodeepandcomprehensive.Inthefuturestudy,moreknowledgeofthetheoryshouldbeenricheddirectlyfromforeignoriginaldatabase.5.3SuggestionofthisresearchThiskindofresearchneedsabigamountofexamples.Inthefutureresearch,itisnecessarytoenrichtheexamples.Sotheresearchcouldbemorescientificandcomprehensive.37 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