创伤见证历史——从创伤理论浅析玛利亚·坎贝尔的《混血儿》 67页

分类号UDC论文题目密级编号学号：31QQ5鱼32所在学院：窆I国语堂院专业：墓蚤适壹塞堂研究方向：加垒太塞堂指导教师：魏越2013年5月22日 TraumaWitnessesHistory—AstudyofMarjhCampbeU’sZh圮忍}，l兜澎f1．omthePerspectiVeofTheorybvVLiuYantingSuperyisedbyPmfessorWeiLiSubmittedinPartialFumlImentoftheRequi代m蚰tsFortheDeg毗ofMasterofAnsEngKshDepartmentFoI．eignLanguageCoHegeInnerMongoHaUniversityMay2013 原创性声明本人声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。除本文已经注明引用的内容外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得内塞直太堂及其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名：勃垫三兰指导教师签名：在学期间研究成果使用承诺书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：内蒙古大学有权将学位论文的全部内容或部分保留并向国家有关机构、部门送交学位论文的复印件和磁盘，允许编入有关数据库进行检索，也可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。为保护学院和导师的知识产权，作者在学期间取得的研究成果属于内蒙古大学。作者今后使用涉及在学期间主要研究内容或研究成果，须征得内蒙古大学就读期间导师的同意；若用于发表论文，版权单位必须署名为内蒙古大学方可投稿或公开发表。学位论文作者签名：匐垫!梦指导教师签名：日期：二逍k如D日期：堑。基 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Abstract’IhumaWitn鹊s鹤History叫～studyofMariaCampben’s月磁胁陀耐fbmthePe体pectiveofmumaTh∞ryLiuY|antingM撕aCampbellisawell垴ownMetiswoman硼terinCanada．Hermemoir胁弘陀P挑aSgained觚innue“alliteraryreputationands舯bolizesamileStoneintherellaiss锄ceofC觚adiaIlAboriginalLiterature．Asoneoft}lesigllific锄trepresentatiVeworksofC锄adi柚AborigillalLiterature，廿lereisonlyoneacademicp印er锄doneM．A．mesissof打conductingresearchonit，itdeservesf．umleraCademica：耽ntion．Since2栌centu巧，scholarshaVepaidmoreattentiontoapplying仃aumastudyand仃a啪ameo巧intolite暇cure．Tr跚manarratiVehasgreatsigIlific锄ceiIlhealing仃aumaaIldrepresentinghistoricaleVcnt．Basedon觚umatlleoⅨmisthesis，through锄alysisofM撕aC嬲lpbell’sZ肠帕旭P厦exploreshowC锄adianAboriginalpeoplefacehistorical觚draCial臼．aumac踟sedbycolonialhist0拶inC锄ada锄ditsmech觚ism．n帅u曲锄alysisofhern硼masymptomssuchasd印ersonal妇ion，aVoidance，feeliIlgofsh锄e锄dh叩elessnessreflectedinherlife，itisproVednlatcolonialhisto巧inCana(h锄dvalueandcultureCentcred0nWestcmcoum巧alongw曲廿leprocessofcolonizalionismerootofherpsychic讹啪a．ARerlongtime’scon凡sion觚dstrIlggle，eventually，M撕aC锄pbellrecoVersf．romher打a啪aticexperience．For仃；lumaviCtims，reco加ectingrelationshipwithpeople卸denViro姗emtheyfamiliarwithisveIyhelp如lforthemtorecoVer仔omtmuma．Inaddition，narratiVealsoplays觚importantroleinhelpingtheVictimtorecoVerf而m仃auma．ThroughnarratiVe，victimspeal(stheullspeakable．Plus，intheprocessofn踟miVe，廿lesplit-ident时isre-established，whichisveUimpor乜mtfortheVictim．ThroughnarratiVe，MariaCampbellmal(esherVoiceheardandshowspeopletheeVerlaStinge虢ctsofcolonizaftiononAboriginalpeopleandproVidesnon-NatiVepeopleach锄cetoreViewCanadianhisto叫whichistoldbyWhitemen．Intheprocessofwritingtraumatic(iv) experience，shealsorewritesCanadianhistorywhichistold丘。omtheperspectiVeofaminori够．Thepresentthesis，beingdiff．erent仔omthepreViousresearchangleson胁弘陀P反aimstobroadenandde印enthescopeofitsstudiesf-romt11eperspectiVeoftral肺atlle0巧柚dproVidee疏ctiVewayst0recoVer舶m仃a啪a．KEYwOItDS：缸．a啪a；narratiVe；histoq；M撕aC锄pbell；月劬阳耐(v) 摘要玛利亚·坎贝尔是加拿大著名的梅蒂斯女作家。她的回忆录《混血儿》享有盛大的文学声誉，并且象征着加拿大土著文学复兴的一个里程碑。作为加拿大土著文学最具代表作品之一，在国内，目前只有一篇硕士论文对《混血儿》做了研究，因此对混血儿的研究应得到更多的学术关注。自20世纪以来，创伤研究以及创伤理论在文学中的运用越来越受到学者们的关注。创伤叙述对于抚平创伤和再现历史事件具有重要意义。本文依据创伤理论，通过分析玛利亚·坎贝尔的《混血儿》，探讨了加拿大土著民族如何面对由加拿大殖民主义及其法制所造成的历史创伤和种族创伤。通过分析玛利亚·坎贝尔的创伤症状，如：人格分裂，规避，在生活中所表现出的耻辱感和无助感，证明加拿大的殖民史以及殖民过程中引入的西方文化和价值观是造成她心理创伤的根源。经过长期的困惑和挣扎，玛利亚·坎贝尔最终从创伤经历中恢复。对于创伤受害者，重建与之前熟悉的人和环境的联系对他们从创伤中恢复具有重要作用。此外，叙述对于帮助创伤受害者从创伤中恢复也具有重要意义。通过叙述，受害者表达了难以表达的经历。此外，在叙述的过程中，分裂的人格得以重新建立，这对于受害者极为重要。通过叙述，玛利亚·坎贝尔发出了自己的声音，揭示了殖民主义对土著民族永久性的影响，并且为非土著人提供了重新审视由加拿大白人书写的加拿大历史的机会。在书写创伤经历的过程中，作者从少数族裔的角度重新书写了加拿大历史。本文不同与以往对《混血儿》的研究角度，利用创伤理论旨在拓展对《混血儿》的研究深度和范围，并且提供抚平创伤的有效途径。关键词：创伤；叙述；历史；玛利亚·坎贝尔；《混血儿》(vi) 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CHAPTERoNELITERATUREREⅥEWM撕aC锄pbellisawell-l(IlownMetiswom锄州terinC锄ada．Hermemoir月a咖彤Pdhasgainedaninfluentiallitem巧reputationandsymbolizedamilestoneintherellaiss锄ceofCanadi锄Aborig泌alLiter狐鹏．Relcents似diesonAboriginallitera似reareconcemedwitllsuchwideissuesofthenatiVepe叩lesinCanadaastheirhum锄ri曲ts柚dc岍entsituations．ThroughcreatiVe而t协g，C锄adiaIlaboriginalwritersnotonlyarticulatestrongwishest0remembertheirethnichisto巧andreconS仃ucttheireⅡlniccultures，butalsorepresentgreatendeaVortobu订dasolidplatfonntopromotetllerenaissanceofAborigin削culture．ThegtudyonAboriginalLitel曲Ⅱ℃，howeVer’isacomp删iVelyneWIitera巧su场ectinbomC孤ada锄dCllina．And胁蜘脱厦勰oneofthesigIlific锄trepresentatiVeworkSofC锄adianAborigillalLite豫ture，wasill仃oducedtoChinajustacoupleofyearsago．WiⅡ1onlyoneacademicpaper粕doneM．A．mesissof缸ConduCtingresearchonit，itdeservesmrtheracademicattention．Accordingly，mepresentnlesis"beingdi任．erentf．romthepreviousresearch粕gleson月：a弘聊吐aimst0broaden锄dd∞pentIlescopeofitsstudiesf．rom吐leperspectiVeof衄umathe0拶．1．1AnIntmduct-ontOMar．aCampbeIlandHer彻emO-r：H耐佑阳睁dM撕aC锄pbellisawriter，plaⅣighLbroadcastcr，filInmakerandpolitiCalactivistforNativerightS．Asapoliticallyengagedwoman，C锄pbelldedicatesherlifet0Nativepe叩le，aIldhaSreceiVedmanyawardsforherwritm舀whichincludetheGa嘶elDumontMedalofMerit(1992)，aNationaIAboriginalAchieVementAw砌(1995)，andhonora巧doctoratesfromtheUniVers埘ofRegina(1985)，Y0rkUniversity(1992)，andAthabascaUniVersi妙(2001)．Sheiswell-knownforherfirstbook胁蜘陀Pd—themoStacclaimedAboriginalautobiographyofthe1970sanda landmarkinmodemCanadianAboriginalliterature．Sinceitwaspublished，M州aCanlpbellhasgainedaninfluentiallitera巧reputation．Inaddition，shewrote胁砂励w(1969)，abookWhicheXplainsthelawsandproblemsthatcon舳ntFirstNationspeoplewhomoVet0thecities．Campbe玎isadditjonallywelll(no啪forsuchchildren’sworksas心啦矿砌PBz加如(1975)，肋比蚴口耐珐P胍印觚(1977)锄dR诒Z蟹n啦(1978)whichrelatesMetis仃aditionsandhiStory．In鼢妇s矿玩灭Da洲肋w口纷cP妒啦(1995)，C啪pbelltranslatestheCree-Mitchifl锄guagespokenbytheMetisi11toomlEnglish．Shehasusedthea眈tobringherMetisVoicetola玛eCanadianaudiences．HerpJay黝≠istllefirstallAboriginalmeatreproduCtionandincludesstorytelling，drama，modemdancewithAb硎ginalarts．She硎testheplay，。胁渤口incollaborationw汕LindaGrimtIls．Theplayfollowsthest0巧ofayoungMetiswomanf-romi衄oCenCetodespair锄d如alJytosel仁realization．Itdebutedin1986atToronto’snea能PasseMuraille锄dwon也eDoraMaVorAward．AttlleQui㈣eIntemationalFestivalinQuebecC时itwonBestCarIadi柚111ea疵Production．CampbeH锄d嘶街协spublishedt11eplayinZ舵6DD七咖船泐j彳丁抛口护妇，乃佣咖嗍口砌玎(1989)，wmchdocumentshera位empttoproduceast鸱ead印tationof月a珈，侠眭C锄pbelI’ssc邱tZ胁R耐肌船(1977)isafilmfortheNationalFilmBoard．Bet、)l，een1985andl997，shefoulldedandworkedatherfilmandVideoproductioncomp粕y．111eresheproducedthir哆-fourcommuni够filmdocument撕es粕dthefirstlyweel(1yAborigillalTvseries，蜘砌钥纪坳彤妣．Inallherworks，herfirstbook月-口修理Pdenjoysthehighestpraiseandat臼隐ctsmallyscholars’attention．AsMariaC锄pbell’smemoir"胁珈阳PdrecallsC锄pbell’ssh．uggle，poVer眵-strickenchildhoodandearlyadu№ood．C锄pbellwasbominnorthemSaskatchewan．Afberhermotherdied，C锄pbeHwasf．orcedtoquitschoolatagetwelVetotal(ecareofheryoungersiblings．AtageoffiReenshem枷edanalcoholic，abusivewhitemaninordert0preventherbrothers粕dsistersf-rombeingplacedinano印hanage．Herattempttokeepherfamilyunited，however，、Ⅳasunsuccess如l；herhusb锄dreportedhertothewelf打eauthorities，andhersiblingswereplacedinfostercare．AftermoVingtoVancouver，whereherhusbanddeserted’ her，Canlpbenbec锄eaproStituteanddrugaddict．Afbert、vosuicideatt锄ptsandanen，ousbreakdown，she、Ⅳashospitalized柚denteredAlcoholicsAnonymous．Withthehelpofher伍endsandt|lef．锄ily，shebeg粕t量lejoumeytorecoverf如mthe咖啪aticexperience．Shebeg柚w．riting胁弘彤口din觚a仕emptt0dealw曲herpsychological们uma：锄ger，伽Js位ltion，loneliness，锄dthepressuret0咖toalifeofd11Jgs锄dprosti枷on．InainterviewwithHar仃nutL1JtzinCD刀纪删阳阳砂Cklze玎ges：C0撇rsn湘瑚w拍C口凇dianNativeAtlthors∞锄nu儿J泡：199l：鳓．Campbellsaid：Ihadnom∞ey，and1waSontheVe猎eofbeingbckedoutofmyhouse，hadnofoo也锄dIdecidedtogobackoutintIles吨etandwork．1wentoutonelli曲t锄dSatinab札AndIjustcouldIl’t，becauseIkneWif1wentbackto协矾l‘dbebackondrugsagain．Is钯rtcd、Ⅳritingale讹r【t0myself】be：ca_useIhadtohavesomebodyt0tall(to，锄dnlerewasnobodyt0talkto．And恤twashow1w眦胁驷聊正”(ci倒inJ粕etWjtalec：1994：2061．Fromherautobio鲫h弘peoplec粕haveabet衙岫de体协diIlgaboutherlifeexpcrience釉d柚Abori舀姐1wom卸’s觚s仃ation粕dstruggle．Relating廿1efirsttIli啊-廿lreeyearSofherIi危，月．口弘理鲥’recountsonape体onalleVelthediScrimi彻tion粕d僦ismtowhichⅡleMetishaVehiSt嘶callybeens蛔ected．I血sedwidlas灯ongsenseof锄萨r锄dbittemess，thebookdocume鹏C锄pbell’ssearchforself-ident咄herattemptstooVercomemeharShnessofMetislife，andfinally，albeitbrieny，herworkasapoliticalactiVist．ConsideredaSasociological眦taSwellasamoVinghistoricalaccount，thebookhasbeenpraisedforitsh啪or，itsdocumentationofMetispatoisandrituals。UsedwidelyinuIliVerS姆classes粕dre-issuedinp印efbacl(，月：嗍易—卯disstillwidelyrecogIlized嬲afirst-ratecasestudyofraceandetImicrelationsinC锄ada．Speal(ingof也eracism鞠dViolcnce也atshe，hcr自mily，锄dcommun时faced舶嘞廿1esun．oundingWh沁锄dIndi卸populations，Campbell’ssto巧istoldintheconte)【tofMetisculn】reandafor90仕enhist0拶．C锄pbell’ssto叫isnotmerelyapersonalone，butalsogivesdistinctivevoicet0peopleignoredbym8ins眈锄socie吼panicularlytlleMetiswomen．AsRudyWeibemusedinQ”讲＆Q“抛：“Thisbookisrequiredreading．Herespeaksavoice3 neverheardbeforewithsuchdirectmmkness，suchhumor[sic]：thevoiceofthetrIleC锄adian、Ⅳoman”．Inallherworks，shehassou曲ttogiVehalfbrcedsaf．aCeandan锄eandt0showhowillllpo咖ttheyweret0Canada’shistog．SettingtheMetisinhistory，C锄pbelltellspeoplethattheiridenti哆isaculturalcon蛐mct．Shedarestospeakoutherandherpeople’ssu行bringand妇umatheyhaVeexpe—enced翻dchallengethedominantculturesandrewritehisto巧．ShebelieVesthat锄indiVidual’sViewoflife，ofValues，andethicsreallyma位ers．Canlpbellassertsadiff-erentperSpectiVe，aV锄tagepointnotofmedominalltcultIlrebutonef．romwhichtoViewtheworldanditspeopleandshespeaksfornotoneculture，butmany；notoneculturalperspeCtiVe，butahost；notoneinte印retationoflife，butcountless．A舭rpublished，强砭历陀鲥becomesthebestselleranderlioyshi曲praisef如mt11epublicandsCholar．AsShirleyJ．Small，Assi始mtProfessorofSociolog)rattheUniVers时ofT0ront0，lI锄ad(ediIlaletteronfileintheM&Sarchives，‘‘onthelevelofhum锄feelillgsthisisoneofmemostpower如lbooksIhaveeVerread．Inaddition“isa仇llyoutstalldiIlgconlributiontoanunderst锄dingofC撇di锄inStitutions．Inmyopillionit硼l(swimClaudeBroWn’s瓤0biography砌砌剃切舭m聊加d砌d”．Ham】AutLu亿describeditas‘‰emostimponaInt锄dsemi触lbookauthoradbyaNatiVeperSonf．romCan瓤la．”(citedJanetWitalec：1994：199)．Commentillgont}lesigIlifiCanceof胁弘陀耐t0cross—culturalcommuIlication，AgIlesGr锄tobserVed：“⋯she、)l，ritesofmingsshehows，whichshebelieVesherreadersdonothow．nehumor粕dironyareVe巧eabctiVeinpointingouttothereaders廿l乩抽deed，Mariaisright⋯．untilshe眦thebook，‘halfbreed’wasnonlingbutacommonderogato巧te咖；nowitmeansapersonliVingbe呐een铆ocultures．’’(ibid：199)．nleC觚adianmagazine＆啦口矗秒蚴freViewed“thedaringaccountofastrong—willedwomanwhodefeatedpoVer吼racism，alcohol，卸ddrugaddictionbytheageofthi哪-ⅡⅡ．ee．’’And‰幻，．砌乃朋嚣一(b肠刀细。reviewremarked“Y-0ucanalmoStfeelthisbookVibratinginyourh锄ds，itissocompelling．Yroureaditw油al(indofagonized，he小in·the—mouthsensation，half如aybetweenlaughterandtears⋯T如thiss仃ongerthaIl6ction”．陆tchenM．BatailleandKamleenMullenS锄dsstated‘‘砌珈旭耐refleCtstheperiodinwhichitwaswritlen，atimeofpersonalsearching柚datimeof4 politicalactionbyIndi卸gro印sinNordlAmerica．’’(GretchenM．Bataille，KathleenMullenSands：1984：21、As锄Ab硎gillalwoman佣ter，M撕aCampbellestablishesherlitera町s觚s．Reccntly，more卸dmoreaboriginalwomenwritersgiVetheirvoiceheardandatn鼍ctm锄yscholars’a牡ention．Throu曲writing，t11eyh叩etofind锄SWerstottleircun．entliVingcondition柚dmakemedicinetohealo廿lers．Intheprocess，theirnovelsblecomeatoolforteaChing锄dhealingotllerS．1．2StudjesOnCanadjanNaaVeWOmenWritingand舶，力嘲n盼dOVert11epastfIewdecadesAboriginalwomen．mC锄adahaVepublishedabulld锄ceoffolUore，poe缸y锄dfjction—Witingsnlattal(et11eirsigIlific锄ceaIld踟t11entic时舶mtheoml舰ditionthathassuⅣiVedforcenmries．M撕aC锄pbell’s胁修理掘Be捌ceCulleton’s如&伽厅矶缈玎尺口加撇，锄dJe锄c位eAm蜘g’sS协厅aregoodeⅪ衄plesofcontempora掣litera：turebynatiVewomeniIlC锄ackbecause廿leyembody廿leessemialelementsofallot}lergenrcsofexpressionbynatiVewomen．Theycontinuettleoral缸aditionwhichmakespe叩leawareoftheiridenti吼theirspiritlJal扛adi!tion，妇1eira岱：ctiontotheland—tlle饥lditionthatnatiVewomenpreserveanduse．MostofnatiVewomenwrilernarratesclearlyiIlthenatiVe仃．aditionofstorytelling，withchamcteristicsandthemescommontocontempora巧aboriginalliteramre．Throughtlleirpen，协eyinspirearenewedrespectfornatiVewomen．Mostimportantly，throughmeirsymbolicpowerandcharacteriSticalnatiVemotifs，t}leyimbueⅡleirwomencharacterswimpowert0heal廿lepsychic锄dculturalwoundsoftlleirpeople．1hditiomlly，healingf-romthepsyChological仃aumaisoneofthetaSksof埘balwomenroutinelyperf．o硼ed．ThestudyontheCanadianNatiVewomenwritingisessemial，becausethesenatiVewomenwritersproVidesanewVisionandmaterialforpe叩1etol(1lowthelifeofNatiVepeopleespeciallyNatiVewomen．TheymakedistinctiVeVoiceinasocie够 dominatedbywhitepe叩le．neyeXposetheirlife，tIleir咖ditionandcul眦topeople，whichgivesaChanceforwhitepeopletoknowth锄．Plus，ast11eweakgroup，Nativewomenbeardoublepressurefromracism粕dpa仃iarchyculture．Actually，racismcausesaborigillalpeoplegreatpsychicn．auma锄dnletf’aumaevenisgenerational，a11dNativewomens伽1dmoreintemalpainalsobecauseofpatriarchyculturc．IIldiscussingnleimportanceofNatiVeliteratureto廿leC龃adiansocie吼itisessentialtofocusonautobjo聊hywritingsproducedbywomeninC锄ada．ShirlyNeum锄，acriticofCanadianautobiographies，锄alyzes协esignific锄ceofautobiographywritingstothehistogofCanadaandtotheconstnJctionsofaconsistent绷dencompassingCanadianhisto巧．AstherepresentatiVeofCanadianNativewomenwriters，MariaCarnpbell’sautobiography脚陀gdinte印rets也etv∞aspects．Herexperienceandhersu虢ringarejuSt锄ongthoseofm锄yNatiVewomen．A‰rlongtime’ssu仃ering，sherecoVers舶mme仃auma，锄d也rou曲witiIlg，she纳Ill【lyspe呔soutthe吼speakable删iceXperience，whichhaSgreatsignific觚ceforher卸dherpeopie．HerVoiceisonbehalfof廿lous龃dsofhcrpeople锄dalsoproVidesch锄cesfornon-natiVepeoplegoingtot11eirlifeandcultureaswellasreViewingC锄adi锄histo够Despite也ebreadthandrichnessof胁弘旭P矿snarratiVeandtllesignific锄ceofitscultulralandpoliticalcoIIllnenta巧，thetextremainsunder-analyzedinacademy．Athome，thereisonlyonemasterthesis丘．omtheperspectiVeoftllematic咖dytomakearesearch．InCanada，H口咖阳甜gainsahighdegreeof甜entioninlitera巧critics，andthenoveliswidelytaughtintheuniVersit)，．MostoftheresearCheson胁蜘阳Pdmainlyfocusongenre，discussingitintheconteXtofwomen’s觚d／orpostcoloIlialautobiogmphy．Whileafcwcritics印preciatiVelydiscussⅡle“humour，pa_thos，defiance，andcoumgeof【ofCampbell’sstoq]，，，suchanalysesrepeatedlyretumtothewaysthatulete)【t，inKateVangen’swords，‘‘hasre-created【C锄pbeU’s】o、Ⅳnhisto巧粕dhedtage”咂ateVangen：1987：193)．AndalⅡlou曲加m锄doE．JannettapointsouttllatcharactersinthetexthumorouslysubVertmcialstereotypesby“、Ⅳearingthemaskofthestereo够picalimage[sothat】theNatiVenolongerresemblesthestereo够picalimageofthe‘NatiVe’’’(“AnecdotalHumour，’p6．)，hisreading6 focusesonthe6rstfiftcenchapterS，orthefirSthalfofMaria’slife．ThusthebulkofexistmgresearchofcriticismisconcemedprimarilywithM撕a’swritingtechniqueandtumulmousandpoorbutloVingf-amilylifein11JralinSaSkatChewan锄dthehistoricalrecordsheproVidesabouther‰ily锄dherpe叩le，也eMetis0r也e“RoadAlloW；mcepeople．”BasedonⅡlepreViousresearchandmaterial0n丑a∥易彤以廿lispaperapplies仃卸ma也e0巧int0也e锄alysisofthetext卸dproVidesanewvisiontoread砌扣愆阳andach锄ceforpeopletohaveab瞰erunderstalldingof廿le仃aumatllatnatiVepeoplehavet0faceaLsaresultofcolonializationhisto巧inC粕adaaIlditsmechanism．Me锄while，tIlestudyproVesⅡlatliteriltu鹏playsanimport卸tr01einhelp．mg咖aVictimt011ecoVer．Plus，through血e粕alysisoftllerelationShipbe咐eentr．au匿naandhi咖r)，，wec肌haVeabe位eruIlders切ndingthattllesigIlific柚ceof缸m瑚aliteraturefIorhi咖叫．Tra啪anoVelplaysasi印ific粕troleinviewillghist0巧．Therefore，suchstudyshouldbegivenmoreacademicattention．7 CHAPTERTRAUMATHEORYFromtheendofthe19thcentury，manypeoplehaVestanedtostudytraumascientifically．mumatlleo巧appearedinAmericaintheearly1990sa11dsoughtt0elaborateonmeculturalandethicalimplicationsof衄auma。Andthenitiswidelyconcemedbyscholarsindi仃e玎entfieldssuchaspsychologist，histori粕，philosopher，litera巧criticandculturalschol虬etc．Sincethen，therehaseme曙eda10toftraumatheoristsand廿leoreticalbookssuchasCathyCaru幽’s乃讼l册口：鼬，脚勿刀纫施聊D啾1995)and踟c肠砌副E秽，．把门∞j胁”聊珥№舢舭，日洳啾1996)，JudithHe咖柚’s胁姗口口耐船∞w以l997)，Dom抵kLaCapra’s所豇孵珊f嗍肝豇孵挣口姗l口(2001)and觑sfD秒砌胁门s衍却P，．地刀cP，砒肋哆C，讲e耐刀I∞，畎2004)，Je衢eyC．Alex锄dar’s吼加删胁甜m口口材Co耽甜觇砒拧啦《2004)，etc．withfhrtherstudy，traumah嬲beenendowedwithpsychological，historical粕dculturalimpIications锄dithasalwaysbeen廿let11锄eoflite枷re．Thestudyon们啪ahasthechamc钯risticof仃ans-discipline锄dinVolVeswidescope，mainlyconcemingontlleweal(groupofsocie够suchasthe、Ⅳomenwhosuahf．romhysteriadisease，women锄dchildrenwhobearsf．锄ilyViolence锄dabuse，soldierswhoexperienceho而blewar粕dwhosepsychologyisdisordercdaswellassomee岫icgroupswhohaveⅡleexpdenceofmciSm．nlisⅡlesis印plies订卸mainto锄lyzing段砭加您P4discussingMariaC锄pbell’s廿a啪asymptoms，waystorecoVerf．rom缸眦ma，andhowher舡aum&ticw—tillgwinlessesCanadianhiSto阱2．1Unde隋协ndingofTrauma1’raumaderiVesf．romaGreekwordanditreferstoan狮u叮innictedonabody，andlatertraumaisunderstoodasawoundinnicteduponthemind．HoweVer，upt0now-thereisnodefinitedefinitionoftrauma．Diff．erentscholarsindifferentfields8 giVedifl’erIentdefinitions．LenorIeTbrT，achildpsychia_n．istwhodidthenrst咖dyof柏umatizedchildren州tes，‘‘psychjc仃aumaoccurswhenasudden，u11expected，oVenvhelmingintenseemotionalbloworaseriesofblowsaSsaultsmepersonfbmoutside．T|a啪aticeVentsare咖al，butquicklybecomeincoIporatedintothemind”(1990：8)．BesselAVandeKolkmakesasimil盯poiIltaboutt11eC0mplicatednatureofn．auma、Ⅳhenhesays“traumatizationoCcurswhenbothintemal粕de)【temalresourcesareinadequatetocopewithextemalⅡ1reat’’(1989：393)．111isdefmitionS仃essesthee疏ctsoftraumaonone’ssenseofsel卜caus吨ablowtoself锄dcreatingapsychologicalsplit．Sufl宅rs、Ⅳatch廿lemselVesact，whiletheyhaVenocontrloloVerasituation，whichisasplitofmind卸daction锄dprofessionallycalled“depersonalization”．1n月：归陀P吐raCism，familydisintegration，锄dfamilyviolence，etc．causeMariaC锄1pbellsel‘ident时lost锄dpsychologicalSplit．ForherIife仃agedy锄dherf．锄ilysu彘ring，initially，shehasnowayt0dealw汕．Shecouldnotcon臼olheraction，addictedindrug，makingsuicide，衄ingtokinherbaby，althou曲hermindisclearenou曲．Lateron，CathyCalllnlputsemphasisontrauma’sdisruptionoftimeorhist0巧血1ws0nFreud’sconcept“deferedaction’’or“a舭nⅣardsness”．111etraumaticincidentisnotmllyacknowledgedatthetime、Vhenitoccurs锄donlybecomes锄eVentatsomelaterpointofinteIlseemotionalcrisis．111iseXplaiflsdleconlmo姗essofalcoholism，Suicide，Viol锄ce，肌ddeathinAborig访alcommuIlitieseventodaywhichisaresultofcolonializationhistoryinCanad鑫。Withthedevelopmem锄dprogressofmedicine锄dpsychoaIlalysis，manyscholarshaVehadanew锄ddeeperunderstalld吨oftr．au眦．Accordingto耽6蹴砖豫蒯娩w如绍m2fiD凇ZD耙砌刀咧矿砌P魄Z砌三口嗍‰6砒虹吐itreferSto‘‘an嘲u巧orwoundtoa1iVingbodycausedbymeapplicationofeXtemalforceorViolenCe；apsychologicaloremotionalstressorblowthatmayproducedisorderedfeelingsorbehavior，锄dthesta：teorconditionofmentaloremotionalshockproducedbysuchas仃essorbyaphysicalinju叫．”(2004：1883)．Althou曲difrerentscholarscomeupwitIldifrerentdefinitionsof订auma，yet，mereisonemingmatisdcfinite：缸aumamakesvictimsuabrspirituallyandphysicallyandcausestheVictimthecrisisofidenti够．9 Therearemanyreasonstllatcancausetrauma，suchaswars，racism，politicalpersecutions，terrorism，etC．FortraumatizedVictims，仃a啪ahasgreatimpactontIleirlifeandvictimsshowsome仃a啪aticsymptomsincludingre-e珥)eriencesuchasflashbacks，nigh廿nares，avoidaIlceof仃iggersorremindersassociatedwiththe仃aum，depersonalization，andincreasedarousalsuchasanger，f．ear，seH己abuse，di币cul妙insle印ing，addiCtion访“cohol，dmgs，feelingsofshame锄dhelplessness，andthesenseofidentit)r—split，etc．Because也e仃绷maticsyndromeshaVesomecommonbasicfleatures，accordingtoJudithHeman’sresearch，merecoVe叫processalsofollowsacommonpathway锄dtlleprocessofrecove巧areesJtablishingsaf．ety，reconstrIJctingnletra啪asto吼觚drestoringtheco仰eCtionbetweensurvivorsandt11eircommuni锣(seeJudinlHermaIl：1997：3)．In月：护愆e吐merlongtime’smls心ation，lonelinessand蛐nJggle，evcntually，M撕aCampbellbegantotellhersto巧tootherS，Visitherhom酏Dwn卸drestore廿1ecommunica：tionwithherpeople，觚dsheg刚uallyrecoVeredf．rom也e扛auma．Inaddition，onmewaytorecover，thetraulnat协dcallreCoVerfbmmetraun】撕ce率riencethI．ou曲n踟．atiVe．Literaturetherapyisme锄ttoactiVeourl锄guage锄dimproVeourabil时of“nornlal’’l觚guagetodefinet11eullIl锄edexpcriencemroughli钯ra巧actiVities，thereforet11eworldweareliVingwillbedevel叩edcontinuously，粕dwecall叙thedistortionanddisintegration洒it．(Du锄Congxue：l999：9)．Tbroughliteraturecreation，the缸跚maticmemo巧is位msfomledinton删ionmemo巧．Moreover，lite胁rewritingishelp如lforthetll舢aVictimto代宅overf-rom仃a啪aticexperience．2．2．T阳uma乳udieSinLite阳tu他C1】n．ently，m卸yscholarsintroducetraumatheo拶imol“eramre，whichproVidesanewvisionandmethodforthe咖dyofliterature．Inherwork7k“朋口FZcf面玎，AnneWhiteheadsuggeststhat‘‘traumatheo巧shouldbeinherentlylinkedtothe10 literary”(A11IleWhitehead：2004：4)．rnleriseof仃aumat11eo巧hasprovidednovelistswithnewwaystounders协d仃aumaandhasshi舭dattention跚，ay舶mwhatisrememberedoftIlepaSttohowaIldwhyitisremembered．Thisraises廿1erelatedissuesofpolitics，emics，ae劬etics粕dsomequestionsrefe币ngtohistoⅨ111isalsoarousesdesire锄ongV撕ouscultumlgroupstorepresentormal(eVisibleSpecifichistoricalins切【nces．Acen仃alclaimofcontenlpora叫literaD，旬隐uma廿1eo叫assertst11at仃aumacreatesaspeeChless衔ghtthatdiVidesordes昀ysidenti吼whichisobviously仃ueforthosewhosu疵rraciSm锄doftenhaVeasenseoflossofident吼TIleideathat饥I姗aticexp撕朗cepathologicallydiVidesidemi够isemployedby廿1elitera巧scholarasameⅡlodt0describethedegrceofd锄a_gedoneto廿leindiviilual’scoherentsenseofself锄dnlech锄geofconsciousnesscausedbymeexperience．Thisser、，esasⅡlebasisforal鹕er越gument廿1atsuggestsidenti哆isforIIledbytheinte唱enerational衄nsmissionof位叫ma．Adef-m．ngfeatureof戗le由跚朋anovelisthech锄geofⅡleselfcauSedby孤extemal，oftcntem匆iIlgexperi曲ce．Thetc舯‘m啪anoVel’’referStoa、Ⅳ0rkoffiction啦atconVeysprofoundlossorintensefbaronindividualorcollectivelevels．Thetraumanoveldemonstraleshowa舰啪aticeventdisruptSatta．cllIIlentsbe铆een∞lf柚dotllersbychallengiIlg劬d锄en：talass眦nptionS灿utmorallaws锄dsocialrelationshipsthataretIl锄selVes90衄e曲edtoSpeCificenViromm毗s．The仃a啪at胁dofknfeellonely绷ddonotknowhowtocom删nicatewitllo也ersbecause也eyarelackof协lst醐dthiIlkthatoⅡlerSc粕notuIlderS切ndtheirsituation．NoVelsrep糟sentthisdismptionbe觚eentheself卸dothersbycare亿11ydescribillgtlleplaceoftr卸mabecausethephysicalenViromentoff．ersopponun时toex锄inebotht11eperso舱l锄dcultumlhistoriesembeddedinl锄dscapesthatdefine付lecharacter’sident时舳dthemeaningof的岫aticeXpedenCe，whichisrefleCtedViVidlyin卿以InthenoVel，M撕aC砌pbenleRherhometo、ⅣnwhichshapIesheridenti够forVancouverinordertoesc印ethe仃-aumaticexperienceoffamily仃agedyandracism．HoweVer，whenshearriVedmere，losingtheconnectiontoherland锄dhercommunity，shefeltmorelonelyandisolated．Heridentitywaslostinastrangeplacewhichwasdominatedbyll whitepeopleandWheret11ecultureisdi髋rent舶mhers．111isistheplaceoftralJma．Obviously，觑砭加比耐isa仃aumanoVel．Caru也’sf0册ulationoftraumaandmemoD，hasbecomeanimportaJltsourCeforthelitera拶studies，especiallyasasourcetosupportt|1enotionof位mshistorical舰uma．Calll也arguesnlat“theexperienceof蚋umarepeats{tsel￡exactlyand咖鹏mittingly，throughtheunknowingactsofthesurViVorandagainsthisVe巧will”(CanIdl：l995：2)．Canlalsuggeststhat舰umaticexp“enceiscontagiousbystatingt11atmluma‘‘isneversimplyone’sown[⋯][but]preciselythe、Ⅳaly、Ⅳeareimplicatedineach0ther’s仃aumas”．(ibid：24)niscontagiont11eoryleadsliterarycr“icssuchasCarut}ltoclailllthat觚umaticexperienceistr锄shistoricallypassedacrossgenerationalg印s，whichc锄befoundeVidenceiIIracism．Thisstalldpointleadstotheconclusionthatsince臼．aumaticexperienceisinter_gene枷onallypassedbasedonsh暑鹏dsocialcharacteristics，协eneVe巧onecanexp甜ence缸a啪a也rou曲Vicariousme趾sb硒eonone’setllnic，racial，gender，seXual，oreconomicbackgr0硼d，therebyproduciIlga“pos“您啪aticculture”．Thisist量lere嬲on、Ⅳhym觚ynatiVepeoplesu任-er廿leracial们mmaiIlter-generationallyforlongt．肌einhisto巧．In肋眦Q厂腑KaliTal州tes：“accuratereprese僦ionoftra姗ac锄neVerbeaChieVedw油outrecreatiIlgttleeVentsince，by“sVe巧definition，n韧maliesbeyonduleboundsof‘no咖al’conception”(1996：l5)．111isFreudi卸concep瞳of伽砌ma粕dmemo巧emph嬲izesthenecessit)，torecreationorabreactthmughnarratiVerecalloft11eexperience．Yet，atthes锄etime，thismodelclaims，asTalmakesclear，nlattllercmembranceoftr卸maisalways锄approximateaCcountofthepast，sincetra加1aticeXperienceprecludesl(110wledge，粕dhence，repres明tation．111isproVidesapossibili妙torepresentthehist0巧whichisdistinguished舶mo岱cialhigto巧aIldachancetoreViewhisto巧writtenbysomeminoritieswhobear廿lehiStoricaltraumaandracial臼．aumaInt11elast铆en够years，manyfictionalworkSontmumaticeXperience锄ditsrepresentationhaVe辨ared．ThenarratiVeapproachesinmanyofmeseworksareinf．onlledbytheorizingandteStimonyoftheHolocaust，Vie协锄，andincest，aswellaspostcolonialanalysesofthepsychiccostsofcolonizationandracism．Thedesire12 amongVaurlousculturalgroupstor印resentormakeVisiblespeciflchistoricalins伽cesof锄umahasgiVenrisetonumerousimportantworksofcontempora眄fiction．删加脱disoneofsuchworks．Thesetraumana玎ativesareofknconcemedwithhum锄-made仃硼maticsituations柚dareimplicitcritiquesofthewayssocial，economic，柚dpoliticalsnlJcturescancrea．te锄dpe印etuate衄uma．Theyo虢rusaltematiVestoo惋nd印ersonalizedorinstimtional泌dhistoriographies．Th啪ac锄beapower如li11dicatorofoppressivecultumlinstitutions柚dpractices．Ano廿lersi印ifiC粕tailllofn’a啪anan眦iveist0resh印eculturalmemo科锄de岫icidenti够throughpersonalconte)(ts．In蚴阳P吐intheprocessoftellingherandherpe叩le’s咖aticeXperience，MariaC锄pbellreshapeshercultureheritage锄d缸-aditionas、Ⅳellasethnicidenti吼andr印resentsC觚adi硼hi咖巧f-romt11epersl)ectiVeofma唱inalizedminoritygroup． CHAPTERTHREEⅣLURIACAMPBELL’STRAUMAna啪aticexperiencec锄produceasometimesindeliblee彘ctontheh啪anpsychetllatcanch锄gea11indiVidual’smemo彤self-reco印ition，andrelationallife．Thuma矗ceXl)eriencealterspeople’spsycholo西calandbiologicalequilibrium．Ⅵctimsof把nshowsome由raumaticsymptomsincludingmefeelingsofsh锄e，belplessness，ofphysicaloremotionalparalysis，identi哆-split，depersonalization，avoidanCeofremindersof仃aumatic，etc．Inthischamer，MariaC锄pbell’strallmaticsymptoms粕dthedeepreasonsthatcauseber倾umaarediscussedcombiniIlgwi也托lumanleory．3．1彻ar．aCampbe¨，snaumatjcSymptoms’I’ral朋ac卸leadt0feelingsofdespair，shame，depressionandⅦlne协ili吼lossofme粕ing粕dpu印ose访life，lossofsustainingfaithorsenseofhopelessness锄dch锄ges协self-imageorself-esteem，etc．ⅥctimsoRenf曲lself-hatred，self-loa=ching粕dlauckofcompetenceandtheirinnerworthcanbedigtul．bled．Theymayfeelunlovable，despicable，weak，degraded，h啪iliated锄dworchless．TraumoReniIlvoIvesa翔dicalsenseofdisconnectionandisolationf．romtIlepeopleandenvironmentt11eyf．amiliarwitll锄dpersonalsaf．e够isputirItoquestion．SurviVorsfeel，oftenjustmably，abandonedoralienatedbecauseoftheirdi髓renceswithomers．Jeno昏Bulm锄嗽Itesnlat‘‘Th啪a，锄ditsconcurrentshame，dou比orguilt，destIIoysimportantbeliefinone’sownsafet)，orcompetencet0aCtorliVeint11eworld，one’sperceptionoftheworldasmeaningfulandorderly，andone’sViewofoneselfasdecent，strong，andautonomous’’(citedinLaurieⅥckroy：2002：23)．Fromnarrativeofher仃{I啪aticexperience，tosomeextent，MariaCampbenhasallsuchtraumaticsymptomsashopelessness，shame，depersonalization，the10stsense14 ofsel￡aVoidancetheremindersof仃auma．IntIlenoVel，thathopelessness粕dsh锄earesharedbyher锄dherpeoplef如monegenerationtogenerationc觚bes仃Dnglyfelt，whichiscontagious．ThisisⅡlereasonwhyalcoholism，suicide，Viol胁ce，poVer吼锄dsh锄estillexistinAborigillalcommunitieseVentoday．InthenoVel，C锄pbellshowstlleshameSharedbyher锄dherpe叩least11eiIlferiorgroupforlongtime．7n啪u曲herna盯at№wel(Ilowthatherpeoplel龇dri成ng锄dareo船ndrufll(．111eusedmg锄dalcoholtoalleViatetllepainlosingthe州de粕ddigni哆isasymp幻mof饷umaasaresultcolonizationanditsmech锄ismaswellasraCism．Their舰umaticsymptomsareapower如liIldicatoroppressiVecultumlinstitutions觚dpractices．3．1．1Depe瑚曲li臻tionD印erSonalizationisamal向nctionoraIlomalythemech锄ismbywhich锄indiVidualIlaSselSawareness。Itisafeelingwa：tChingoneself砒whilehaviI培nocon臼oloVerasituation．(seeBesselA．VanderKolk：1996：304)．Itcanbeconsidereddesirable，suchaStheuserecreationaldmgs，butitusuallyreferst0tlleseVercfomlfoundin雒xie锣鞠dpanica戗acl(S．Su饪．erel‘sfeeltheyhavech锄ged，and廿leworldhasbecomelessreal，Vague，dre锄l汰e，orlacbnginsi舯ific锄ce．Itc卸beadistL曲ingexperience，sincem柚yfeelth如indced，tlleyareliViIlgina“dream”．Thoughdepersonalizationalfeel洒gsc锄happento锄yonesu场ecttotempora巧seVerea11Xiet)，Stress，chronicdepersonalizationismorerelatedtoindiVidualswhohaVeexperiencedaseVereorprolongedstr．ess．IndiVidualswhoexperiencedepersonalizationfeeldiVorcedfromt11eiro、vnpersonalphysical时bysensingt11eirbodysensations，feelings，emotions粕dbehaViorsasnotbelong访gtomes锄epersonoridenti够．Oftenaperson、Vhoexp甜encedd印ersonal硎oncl锄sthatlife“feelslikeamoVie”orthingsseemunrealorhazy，also，recognitionselfbreaksdo啪．肌enfacedwithoVenⅣhelminglytra啪aticsituations舶mWhich15 thereisnophysicalescape，apatientmayresorttogoingawayinhisorherhead．DepersonalizationcanresuhinVe巧highanxietylevels，whichfmtherincreasest11eseperceptions。AsaVictimoftra啪a，wimnoexcep60n，MariaCampbellalsoshows廿lesymptomofd印ersonalization．FromthefirSthalfchamersofhern鲫miVes，wec跏knowthatM撕aC锄pbellwasastrongwoman，haddreamandwouldliketo缸yherbesttomakeach雒gefor恤irli诧．GuidedbyberCheech啪，sheknewwhoshewas锄dwhatshewantcdt0do．However，w油hermother’sdeath锄dseparationf沁mhersibl抽gs，sheleRherpeopleandhercommuni够toescape．Shewentt0ⅥmcouVerwhereherm坞edybegantoplay．She廿loughtshewouldhadadifrerentlifeinⅧlcouVer．、聊1ilethingsdidnotgoassheexpected．111ereherlifesunkintopoVen)ragain锄dShelostherselfShefelttheworldbec锄elessreal，Vague，dre锄like，orlack抽ginsigllificance．Shelost伍eme锄ingofliVing．PoVer哆锄dtheloseoffainlmadeherleadaVe巧te玎iblelife．BecauseofpoVer吼shehadtobe盯协e舢【ie哆sn．essofsuⅣiVing．Inordert0surviVe，shebec锄easexs廿cetworker，whichn．al肺atizedherlater1ifegrcatly．111eworkofprostitutionchallgedherandmadeher10sefIaim．Shesaid：“IIostsomethingmatmemoon，somethinginsideofmedied．”(MariaCampbell：1983：135)．TheexperienceofprostitutiontortL鹏dheralltime．Shech锄gedsomuchthatsheeV朗didn’tknow、ⅣhoShewas．Shefeltdepressed．Shewasno10ngerthesanleC锄1pbell．Therefore，merfailingt0improVehersituationmanytimes，shehadtheideaofcommittingsuicide．Shesaid：“allIⅥ距LntedtodowasliedownandsleepandneVerwakeupagain．【⋯】1wasgoingtocommitsuicide，”(ibid：152)．ShereallycannotbearⅡlepainresultillg舶mprostitution舳dp0Ve啊．Shecouldnotdoany廿lingandfindasolution．Loneliness，helplessness，andisolationwerearoundherlifeallthetime．HersituationgotworseForlongtime，Shesu髓redVe巧hi曲anxiet)，andfear．LatersheleRⅥmcouVerandfoundajobinCalgaryasacook．ThereshemetoneofthenewhandshiredbyherbossCal．Shesajd：“toaddtomyproblemsCalhadhired铆onewhands．Whentheyarrivedlwasalmostsickwithfear．I’dmetoneofthem16 somewhere．”(MariaC锄pbell：1983：149)．Shefeauredthatthemanwouldrecognizeherandleakoutthe洫f0册ationofherprostitLltionexperienceinⅥmcouVer．Inthefollowingweel(，oneofthenewhands，Ray，whoknewherpastexperienceandwithwhomsheliVedforlongtime，wasalwayss谢ngatC锄pbell．Shesaid；“WheneVerhehadach觚cehe’daskedmequestionsuntil1wassouptightIcouldh州lysl唧．”(M撕aC锄pbell：1983：149)．肌entlle劬erhandaskedherifshewastllegirlRayw弱talkmgabout．Shesaidyes粕dtoldhimeVeD胁ing．Shesaid：“how1wasa五．aidI’dendupondmgsagain．ItoldhimIneededthisjob，andifCalheWhe’dprobablyfiremebecausetherew硒alreadyenou曲talk．’，(150)．neworkofprostitutiontortIJredherphysically柚dspiritually．Anxie锣a11dfearhauntedheralltime．LatershemetamancalledDavid、ⅣhomsheloVedVe巧muChbut、vhodidn’thowherpaSt．触firstsheeIlioyedtllelifew雠DaVidandeV明couldfo唱ett}lep孕St协mmaticexlⅪrience．HoweVer"whensheheardtllenewsf如mⅡlenew滞rnlatLilforwhomC锄pbell、ⅣorkedinⅧCouVerhadbeen觚．estcd锄dhadbeenputon缸面l柚dgirlswhohadworkedforherwerebeingcalledupaswitnesses，shes1．丑ted：1wassure1wouldbeplckeduplnanla仕er0fchys，andwasconstantlytel五fied．Ikept曲edoorslockedaIldcu砌ins棚wh朗DaVidwasaway，andwhenheⅥ，ashome1wasamassofnerves．Ineverwentoutof廿lehou∞，锄ddidtlleshoppingbyphone．IstaItcdtodrilll(aga氓alldassoon弱DaVidhadgoneonatrip1wouldphoneacabdriVertopiCkupabonle锄ddeliVerittome．DaVidknewnothillgaboutmypast，踟d1wassoa6．aidhe’dfindoutsomehow．Ibeg锄losingweight锄dhadno印pet“e．Finallyadoctorprescribedt啪quilizersandsleepingpillsforme．So1wasbackonpills-alongwimwhiskeytheykeptmegoiIlgforawhile．(MariaC锄pbell：1983，161—62)．Fromthediscussionabove，itproVesmatCampbellsufferedalotfrom廿1e缸．aumatice)【perience．Fear，arⅨie吼thelostofidentity粕dfaith，h叩eIessness，thefailureinmakingachangealwayshauntedher．Apartf．romdepersonalization，anothertraumasymptom—aVoidaIlce—isalsomainlydisplayedonher．17 3．1．2AvoidanceBecausethe住aumaticeventsaredramaticandtheexperiencesareho币bleandpaill如l，the仃aumatizedof把nmakeeVe巧e筋rtt0aVoidanyoneandanything廿latremindsmemofthecircumstances，suchasplaces，people，picturesorotllermingsthatmaybringthememoriesandfeeIingsbackintotheirminds．AccordingtoBesselAVanderKolk，‘‘avoi(Iancemaytakemanydi口．erentfonTls，suchaskeepingaway舶mreminders，ingestingdrugsoralcoh01inorderton啪bawarenessofdis吮ssingemotionalstates，orutilizingdissociationt0keepunpleas觚texpedences舶mconsciousawareness．’，(1989：l3)．Inthenovel，C锄pbellwentthroughahardtimetoescapef-romtIlepoVer毗hopelessness锄dsh啪easahalfbreed．Shetriedherbesttoavoidallremindersofher仃叫ma．Asthevictimofcolonization锄dracism，she锄dherpeoplefeelsh锄e蹦andhopelessaSa}lall=breed．Therefore，t0aVoidⅡlesh锄easahalfbreedaroundhermind，shew锄tedt0leavehercomm吼时andherpeople．IntheconversationtoCheech啪．shesaid：【⋯】1w粕tedtofinishschoolandta：keeVe巧oneaway；howIlongedforsomem．mgdi任．erentforus：howIdiil|l’twanttobelikeour、ⅣomenwhohadnothiIlgbmkids，blackeyes锄dneverenoughof蛳ing；thatIdidn’twalltmvbrotherstobeIikethemaIl锄．oundus，whoiustlivedeachda_ywinlnothillgto100kforwardtoexceptmeweekcndd11lnks．(M撕aCaⅡⅥ)bell：1983：99)．ARerhersiblingsweresentintofosters，failinginkeepingherf．锄ilyunited，sheflnallydecidedtoleaVeandwouldneVercomeback．HerleaViIIg矗．omherpeople柏dhercommuni够waSaIlescapefbmhersu伍谢ng．0lntheoneh锄d，shefeltresponsibleandbl锄edforlosinghersiblingsandf．ailinginkeepingf≥衄ilyunited．Soshewantedtoescape舶mthepainandguikycausedby10singsiblings．ontheotherhand，justastheconVersationwithCheechummentionedaboVe，f-romthe18 bottomofherheart，sheindeed、ⅣantedtoleaVeherpeopletoescapetraulTlasuchasshame，poVer吼hopelessness，etc．ShebotllloVedherpeople粕dalsohadha仃edforherpeople．Shelongedforalifcwhichw嬲di圩erent舶mherpeople’s．Soshew鲫tedt0leaVehercommunity．Thebrcakdo、Ⅳnofherfl锄ilymaybejustanindifectreaSonofherleaVing．Thelossofsibl访gsreinf．orCedherfaitIltoleaVe．Inadditiontoescape舳daVoidtIlepain锄dguihyc卸sedbylosingtllesiblings，C锄pbellw嬲alwaystryingtoforgetandaVoidall仃aumaticexperienceshehadinV抽couVerlater．触crleaVingAlbert如herhom酏Dwn，she鲳reedt0V．ancouVerwi廿lherhusb锄也Dan．el，desphthephysical锄dVerbalabuse矗．omherhusband．Havingdreamedmrou曲outherchildhoodofaprosperi够shebelieVedw嬲i11Ilercminurb粕sett访gs，C锄pbcllhailedwithexcit锄enttoⅥmCouVer．SheeVentIlought“maybeit’spossibleto嘶ngthekidhere，whereever)幢illgwillbecle柚锄d900dforⅡlem．”(MariaC锄pbell：1983：131)．H0weVer，Whatshethoughtwastotallydi彘rent舶mnlercali妙Herrom粕ticVisionsofc时l流weremomentarilybroken，astIleta：xiproceedstoward廿leir印amIlentmroughⅡleincre觞iIlglydilapida钯dc时scape，shereCans：Thecabpulledupin舶ntofa画myold印鲫嘶entb10ck锄dasDarI．elpaid廿1e“verIlookedabout．rnleStreetw筋filnly锄dIshivered柚dfehsick雒Isaw也epeoplewhoweretllere．11ley100kedpoorer廿lan粕yoneI’dseenathome：thercweredr眦ks，andmen、Vhowalkedaimlesslv觚dseemednottoseeanytllingor釉yone；w(’menwho印pearedasnlou曲theyhadenduredsomuChuglinesstllatno吐1．mgcouldupsettllem；锄dpale，skiIlIly，raggedykidswithbig，吼fi∞lingeyeswho100kedso吼loveda11dneglected．SmallaSmeywere，theywere仔ightening．(MariaCam曲ell：1983：13l-1321．’111isbriefdescriptionofV抽couVerthuscommunicatesacIearsenseoft11attIleeVolutionofC锄pbell’schamctertllroughouthertimein、厂ancouVermaynotbep砒icularpositiVe．Actually，withoutthecommuIl姆andf-锄ilylifethatmadepoVer哕anddesperationmoreunbearable，herlifeinVrancouVerbec锄emuchharderandhopeless．Thus，invancouVer，C锄pbellmoVedthroughwhatseemedt0hertobeagraVeyardofbrokendre锄s疳omwhichsherepeatedlytriedtoesc印e．Inorder19 tosu州VeandsaVeherselfandherdaughter舶mtheh叩elesSnessandlackoffuture，shepamcipatcdins撅；etsexwork．Prostitutiontr姗at沱edher锄dfacilitatedthedeVelopmentofherdrugaddictionwhichcouldhelpherfo曙ettllepainandhersituation．ThisisalsoaVoidance舶mt11e仃a啪a．JustasShesaid：“孙eyhelpedmesleep，theykeptmehapp}y，andmostofall，Icouldfo玛etaboutyesterday锄dtomo盯01w．’’(M踞iaC眦lpbell：1983：136)。ShewantedaVoid锄df．o唱etthecun．entpaillshewasexp“encing．HoWeVer，sheneVerfeltgoodbuttumedoutt0feelnumb粕dde】pressed．Shesaid：‘‘1wasusingpills锄d嘶lll(ingal吐butin妣adoffinding锄yescape，Ibec锄emoreandmored印ressed，锄dbeg锄tohatemyself”粕d‘‘Itputmeintoabeautimlworld如llofbeaut饷lpeoplewithnofeelillgsofguilt锄dsh锄e”(ibid：137)．nemiserable绷dh叩elesslifeinⅦncouVerputheriIlt11euseofdmg，heroin，andcocainefo唱etthepastpain，whichmadeherlifeeVenworse．111eh莉eranddepressedherlifewas，廿leheaViershereliedondmg．Drugmadehernumbing．JustaSshesaidin廿lenoVel：“Bymistimemysoleobsession、Ⅳasd叩e．Ididn’tcareanymoreabout锄y廿ling，noteVenmybaby．Idid’thate，loVe，orcare．No廿lingmatteI．ed．1waslikeablockofice—Ihadno俄lings．”(ibid：139)．111eexperienceofprostitutionindeed仃aumatizedherphysically锄dspirhally锄dmadeherlifemorehopeless锄dnumb．Soshetriedbestfo唱cttheexperienceofprostitLltionandmesituationofpoVer哆andhopelessnessbyusingdmgsanddrinl(ing．Inhernar豫tiVe，shem∞tionedmanytimesf-orgettIlepa瓯herfamily锄dherpeople．“Myhome粕dmypeoplewereapartofmylifethat1wantedfo唱et，andifcallingmyselfFrenchorSpanishoranythingelsewouldhelp1woulddoso．”(MariaCampbeil：1983：139)．Becauseherpeople’ssituationwassoworset11atshewasunwillingrcmember锄df．ace．HerfamerliVedin廿lebushwitllnope册anenthome，锄dshedidn’tknowwhereherbrothers卸dsiSterswere．ToavoidtIlepain，shetriedstayaway1jromNatiVepeople．Shesaid：“I’dseenmanyofthem-moStlyinVrancouVerandCalgaU—butI’dalwaysmadeitapointstayawayflromthem．IknewthataslongasIstayedaway1wouldsomehowalwayssurviVe，becauseIdidn’thaVefeelguil妙abouttaking仔omwhitepeople．”(ibid：143)．LeaVingf．rom20 herr00t，she、)l傩isolatedandlonelyinthebigcity．Shet量loughtshecouldmakeadia、erence，butthingshappenedt0beeVenworse．Onlybyfo略etting锄daVoiding廿lescene，herpeople，锄dmemo巧whichrelatest0her仃aumaticexp耐铋ce，c锄shesun，iVe．Her触umaticsyI珥，tomsshowthatt11ee虢ctswhichcolon妇ionanditsmech觚ismaswellasIIacismhave0nAboriginalpeople．111eymakeⅡleirlifesunkintothepoVer眈hopelessness，andabyss．3．2TheCausesofMariaCampbe¨’sTraumaThebreal(do、ⅣnofherfaInily，伽nilyViolencef1．omherhusb锄d，锄dworkatLil’s卸donthes仃eetsofVancouVerclearlyhunMariaphysicallyaIldSpiritually．MariaC锄pbell’s们umaticpaStderiVes舶mcolon妇ion锄dcultLlralraCism—bothtlleirhistoricallegaCies锄dtheireVe叫dayeXpressionwhichhaVecontrib咖珂to卸Aboriginalwom粕’simpoVerishment，addictiont0dmgs，paIticipationint量lesun，iValsext豫de，andanempttocommitSuicide，etc．Campbell’ste赋highlightssystemicracism锄dongoiIlgcolonialViolenceaswell嬲thec啪ulat．Veea’ectsofmesef0册idableculturalforcesforisolated锄dma玛inalizedIndigenouswomen．Inthisconte)【t．theviolencelha|tMariaalldotherslikesu丘．￡秘才becomesnotrandominexplicableactsforwhicheXceptional，cultllmllym鹕imlizedpersonsarereSponsibleb咄rather，ineVhbleexpressionsoftlleViole咄mIci瓯misog)，nisticculturalcenter．‰ism，histo巧ofc010nizationinC锄adaandf-amilytragedyleadtoMariaCanlpbell’s觚岫aticexperience，锄ongwhich，raCism锄dhisto巧ofcolonializationinC觚adaare廿lerootsoftr．auma锄dalsoⅡlere嬲onoff．锄ily仃agedy．Colonizationisther00tofthetraumaofm柚yAboriginalpeople．3．2．1TheD岱trHc“onofFami妙ThedestructionoffamilyisVitalforMariaC锄pbell．HoWeVer，the21 desn．u确onofherfamilyisaI．esultofcokmialef＆ct．HerownchildhoodwasrelatiVelyhappyuntiltheileatllofhermother，butthen，aRershehadfailedinherattemptStotakecareofheryoungersiblings，herfIami】ywascutapartbysocialservices，w汕siSterSandbrotllersbeingf-orCemllys印躲ltedf硒meaChother，wrhichisthedhctcause0Iher妇umaticexp硎ence．C锄pbell甜e瑚Iptedt0escapethemise巧ofhersituationbymarD，ingawhiteman，buthetumedouttobeabusive．A‰rhersiblingsweresentintodia’erentfosterhomes，shehadnoanyinf-o啪ationaboutthem．Shewasifldespair．Sheendeduptoaddictedt0alCohol锄ddrugs，prostitutinghersele卸dattemptingsuicide，nearlytal(ingherchiIdrent0deathwithhertosaVet}lemfbmthemiseryofIiving．Reg砌ingtotherelationshipbetweenMetiswomen锄dtheirchildren。aCcordingtoKathleenM．DonoV锄，‘‘tlleenforCedseparationoff-姗iliesbyan绷g粕tsocial。、ⅣelfIaresystemhasbeene劬remelydes仃IlctivetoMetisidenti哆”(1998：25)．InfaCt"thewelf犯poIicywasane位ctivemethodto嬲simiIateMetiscomm吼ities，Values，锄d伽itionsra．tllerth锄arealaltemp瞳athelpingⅡ1em．Inrelationtowelfarepolicy，C卸1pbelJsays：DarrelwasinPrinceAlberttheda【ythewelf．arepeoplec锄e．Wewereallhome锄dtllechiIdrenwereeatinglunch、油enas切ccionwagonpulledup．Ilookedoutthew洒dow粕dIknewthatthiswasit．Itwasallover．Thebdss眦dtoc秽锄dhangontome，buttheywerepulledaway粕dwereinthewagonwimiIlafbwminutes．Icouldnotmove．IfeltlikeabIockof咖ne．’11lewagonawaywithsiXlittlef-acespresSedto廿lewmdows，cryingformetohelpⅡlem．1walkedaroundina也屹e．Eve珂thingwentintopiecesiIlside．DadfoundmeIyingont}lebedwhilemybabyscre锄edwithhunger．(C锄pbell：1983：123)．Thes印arationofM抓aCampbell舶mhersibIingsandmeseparationthesekidsplacedintodi侬lrentfbsterhomeshasproducedgreatpsychological臼隐umaonM撕aCampbell．Shestates“NotllingwasthesameaftertIlat．”(C锄pbell：l983：l23)．Aftermekidsweres印拙d丘。omCampbell，shedecidedtoleaveforV抽couverwitIlDarrelandneVercomeback．Inmyopinion，herleaVeforⅥmcouverisanescapefIromwhatshehassu岱jred．Shehasnowaystobearwhathadhappenedtoher22 f．amilyandtohersiblings．ShemalTiedtoDaITeltoavoidthesepaIi旺ionofherf．锄ily，howeVer，itwasDarrcl、Ⅳhophonedtot11ewelfhre．Shebl锄edherselfBeforesheleft，shesaid“IthoughtofCheechum，whoses臼rength粕dcomfortIsodes】pI暑ralcelymissed．Icoulcln’tgotoherbecause1wasash锄ed．Eve啪inghad90neto、Ⅳrong．，，(ibid：124)．孙es印觚ItionofhersibIillgsreallyhurtsher．Andalsosincethen，hermoremiserablelife，自【lst】ration锄d鲫nJggleinV锄couverbegan．Sheendedupt0addictcdtoalcohol粕ddnJgs，prostitutingherSele锄da舵mptingsuicide，nearlytal(ingherchildrcntodeatllwithhert0saVetIlemh。omt11emise巧ofliVing．H0、ⅣeVer，herfI锄ilyn．agedyisaresultofcolonizationsystem锄dcultI椭loppIressionalongw砧t11ecolonialhisto巧inC觚ada．Therootofher仃．aumaderivesfbmEuropeancolon跏oninCanada，theimpaCtofwhichonAbo^ginalpeopleissodestnJctivethatseVeralg朋emtionsofAborigimlpeoplebe盯thegreatpsychic3．2．2EumpeanColonizationinCanadaC锄ada’shist0呵hasbeenresponsiblefortlleexclusionofm锄yminorities．EspeciallyiIl廿1ec舔eofAb嘶ginalpe叩le舶mC删帆histo巧hasbeenv唧p喇udiced觚dopp忧ssiVe．AcC0rdingtotlleC觚adi锄criticE抽maLarocque，‘‰ehisto巧ofC锄adais廿lehisto巧ofcolon豳ionofAboriginalpeoples’’(1996：11)．111ecolonizatjonofAboriginalpeopleisaprocessofassimilation．Throug|lscb00landchurCh，ⅡlesepeoplewereforCedtogiVeup廿leirownbeliee触dition，l锄guage，锄dⅡleirculture．Asaresult，theylosttheiridentities．TheroleplayedbytheChristi锄churchinC觚adaandt}1eChurch’swayofcolonizingAboriginalpeopleisclearlyrepresentedin聊蹭PdAmongthem，Aboriginalwomenbecomethemostsu仃．eringVictims．Actually，inancienttimes，theNonh·Americanlndigenousmyth0109yconferswomenthesacredresponsibilityofcreatorsandguardiansoftriballife．AsPaulaGunnAl】enclaims： Beforethecomingoft11ewhiteman，orlongago，sofar，asthepeoplesay，theGr锄dmothe“s)createdthefjrement，t11eeanh，锄dallthespiritbeingsinit．She(orthey)created，bythinkingintobeing，tIleWomen，0rtheWoman，f而mwhomthepeoplesprang．TheW6mentllustlloughtint0beingalsogaVethethou曲t，andthepeople粕daUnleordersofbeingin廿lisworldc锄eintobeing，includingthelaws，thesciences，agriculture，householding，socialofinstitutions．eve啪ing．(Allen：1992：200)．Thepowerofcreationacl(Ilowledgesthesiglli矗canceofIndigenouswomenintheircommunities．However，theinterf．erenceof、ⅣhitemeninIndigenousco咖mmitieswasresponsibleformostof日1eneardestmctionof廿leirdre锄s，rituals，myths锄dbeliefs．EspeciallyinNonh知eric孔colonialismwasadeva删ngprocessnlatimposedEuroI，e锄Valuesandsupremacyt0lndigenouscommurIities．Inrela矗ontoNativecommuIlities，c010nialism唧resentedtheendofequali谢觚，nothierarchicalsociet)rwhichwaso玛anizedbycoopemtiVesy啾釉andwhichcountedonwoment0preservetllespiritual锄dmmllifeoftheirtribes．(seeAllen：1992：195)f’aula(hmnAIlenrcfIerStothecolonialprocess锄ditseff．ectsontribalsocietiesstatingthat：Duringthe6vehundredyearsofAnglo-Europe锄colonization，the仃ibeshaveseenapro田℃ssiveshiRf}omgynece枷c，egali谢an，ritual-basedsocialsVstemstosecularizedstmcturescloselyimitativeof廿leEⅢ．0pe舳p嘶archalsystcm．￡》udng廿1istimewomen『⋯1．alongwim缸aditionalmedicine∞Ieople’holypeople，sh黝ans，卸d—tualleaders—havesuf梵redseverlossofs15atus，powerandleadership．(A1len：1992：195)Allenexplainsnlatme‘‘【⋯】woman．based，woman-centeredtrad“ionsofm卸yprecontacttribesweretightlyboundtoritual，andritualwasbasedonspiritualunderstandingsr习曲erth觚oneconomicorpoliticalones”(1992：195)．Intlleanicle，AllensuggestsⅡlattbecolonialperiodwasresponsibleforthegcIlocideofm明yIndiantribes．However，nlisgenocidestartedwithdissolutionofritual扛adi_tionand，consequently’tlle“【．．．】degradationof蜘sofwomen【．．．】，，，cen仃al蛔鹏s“【．．．]totheSpiritual粕drituallifeofthe砸bes”(ibid：195)．Allenconcludesthat“Colonizationmeansthe10ssofnotonlyoflanguageandthepowerof24 self二goVemmentbutals0ofrituals切lIlsofallwomen【⋯】，，(ibid：196)．AccordingtoAllen，thelackofbal釉cebrou曲tbycolonialforCestoIndigenouscommunitiescanbeintelpretedas锄illnessorwound廿latrequireshealing．M锄ya仕em讲shaVebeenmadebyIndigenouspeoplest0heal舶mthewoundscausedbycolonialism．Oneofthesewoundsisrel锄edtothede·charaCterizationofther01eofIndigenouswomen．TIleyimposed锄eVilimageonAborigi眦l、Ⅳomen．AsM撕arecordsinchapter铆entymlree：IrealizenowtIlatthesystemthatfuckedmeup锄dfuckedupourmeneVenworse．Themission撕eshadimpresseduponusthefeelingthatwomenwereasourCeofevil．nisbelie￡combinedwitIlt11eancientIndianrecognitionofthepowerofwomen，isstillholdingbackt11eprogressofourpeoplet0(虹”(MariaC础U：1983：168)．ShefoundthatIndigenouSwlomenmustfighthaIIderthanIndi萨nousmentofilld她supportiVecommun“iest}leynecded．Inaddition，w油伍ese位lementofwhitepeople，thereareaImostnol锄dsforAborig访alpeopletoliVe锄dt}leylost廿1erighttoliVeonⅡleirownl锄d．Thelostofland，duringt11eprocessofcoloni蒯0nwhichhasconsidembledes仃uctiVeefrectsonAbori百nalpe叩le，leadstoamiserablelifeforAbori舀nalpcople．M撕asta：tes：Graduallvnlehomeste；甜swerereclaimedbvtlle卸_Ⅱlorities锄do伍玳dto如eimmi羽xmtS．TheHalfbreedsthenbec锄esqIja：ttersonmeirlandand、Vereeventuallyrunoffbythenewo、ⅣnerS．OnebyonetheydriRedbaCkt0theroadliIles【⋯】，Sobeg觚amiserablelifeofpoVer锣whichheldnohopefor廿le缸ure【⋯】，111eirwayoflifewasapanofC锄ada’spaSt粕dtheVsawnoDlaceintheworlda∞undⅡlem，formeybelievedtheyhadnothingtoo岱强Theyfeltsh锄e，andwit}lshamethelossofD^de锄dthes仃．engtht0liVeeachday．IhurtinsidewhenIthinkof廿losepe叩le．”㈣aC锄pbell：1983：8)．In月引加增P反t11eshame．onekiIldofresponseto仃auma．andangerresultingfmmthedegrading，trallmaticexperiencesarecommonlysharedbyCanada’sMetispopulation．Thegreateste狂．eCtofcolonizationinCana(1aonAboriginalpeopleisthatmateriallytheyarepushedintopoVerty，spirituallytheylostthestlIengtht0liVeand25 theylostthemselVesinaworldwhichisdominatedbythewhite，whichcausesthemgreatpsychological觚uma．111e们umacausedbycolon妇ioninCanadamal(esAboriginalpe叩le蠡戈ldespair，d印ressionandVulnerabili妣10ssofmeaningalldpu叩oseinlife，lossofsustainingfaithorsenseofhopelessnessandchangesinself．-妇ageorsel鼻esteem．Theyfeelsel孙抛．ed，selfloa曲in＆andlackofcompetence粕dtlleiriIlIlerwornlisdisturbed．TIleuseofalcohol粕ddmgstoalleviatethepaincausedbythislossofpridebecomesademonstratedSymptomsandcolonialist叩pression．Thee髓ctofcolonizationinC锄adaiseVedasting锄d廿1epsychic倾umaproducedonAboriginalpeopleispain如landunbeafable．3．2．3LiVinginaRacialandPatriaI℃halSocie哪C粕ada’sviolentcolonialhisto叫andcontinuingracismtooo舭nplaceMetis，Inuit，FirstNations，and(沛erdescendantsofFirstPeoplesinthebottomleVelsofurb觚social肌dgeogmphicalhierarchies．ForMaria仕屺forCet0be玎cckonedw袖bypeoplelikeherisaculture—wideracismthatma唱inalizes，physicallyandspirituallybrutalizesandultimatelylimitsthepersonalandcommunalagencyofAboriginalpeople．IIlhernarration，MariaCanlpbeHbringsa：ttentionto廿1ewayinwhichraCe．mtlleC柚adi粕municulturalsocietyhasbeenseenr髓l锄ddefinable．ShedescribesnleconsequencesofsuchraCialthinkingonMetisindiVidual，mehumiliatingsituationsVisiblyMetisorAboriginalpe叩lehaVeexperiencedint11eireve巧daylives，卸dtheconsequent，debilitatingsenseofsh锄eand缸绷maticexperiencesha捌bymanyoft11em．Hermise巧andunf．0唱ettable仃a啪at如dpastandsu毹ringsuchassexworkinthes仃eetandotllercriminalaCtiVitiesbecomenotma唱inalized，eXceptional，orVilifiedelementsofCanadianurbanculturebut，ratller，inevita_ble，eVennatllraldeVelopmentsstemmingf．romt}lemisogynistic，mcist，andcolonialdominanthegemonicorder．The仃aumacausedbyracismleadstoherf-ragmentedandsplitedsenseofidentit)，andputsherinahopelessandhelpless26 sitlJation．MariaC锄pbellforce如llyportr．aysthehardlifei11CanadaforAborigiIlalpI∞ple，especiallyforAboriginalwom锄becauseoftheconsequenceofcolonizationandmcismmech觚ism。Forhi咖rical，social粕dpoliticalreasons，theyarealwaysintheimpoV舐s№ent．InordertosurViVe，theyhaVe幻aCceptthech撕锣朗dassumethoseh吲衄ls锄．eo够pical妇ages0f“dir哆squaws”粕d“dr|幽nhalf-breeds”onwelf．afe．Forexample，Wh铋0neofher衔endsadViSedhert0gctassistallcef．rom也ea蚰嘶ties，C锄pbe玎described“也atnightM秭0nScoldedme．‘ifyouwanthelp，neVcrtell廿lem饥lth．Actignora】鸣timid锄d铲蹴如1．neylikethat．’ThenshegaVemeherwelfIarec0她勰shecalledit，towe瓯aSitwashardlyappr0两atetogotowelfarewelldressed．，’(M撕aC锄pbell：1983：154—5)．111eMetishavebccnpushedtoactaCcordiIlgt0tlle∞stere呻，picalimages，musagaillre-enforCingthem．Itw髂noteasy幻aCc印t廿10seracia】p喇udjces，butQlmpbellals0hadloa面usthero啪behaVior锄dappe盯ance：1wentto廿1e0伍ceinatenveauroldthreadba心redcoa：t．wimoldboots锄dasca正IlookedlikeawhitefishLakeSq岫w，锄d廿lat’se)‘a脱lVwhat也es0Cialwo出er廿lou曲t．HeinsistcdnlatIgotomeDepamIl∞tofIIldi锄Afrairs，锄dwhenI鼢id1wasnotaTrca_t!l，IndianbutaHalfbreed’hesaidif廿1atwast11eca跎1w嬲e“gible，butadded，“Ic锄’tseethedi髓renoe．partlIldi锄，a11Indi肌．Y0uareallⅡle姗e．”Ine砌vbitmVton擘田eo仃埘ingtolooktimid粕di擘皿omt．IansweredahundredquestionsandjFinallyhegavemeavoucherf-orgroce—es锄dbustickets，粕dtoldmetobesⅧ呜IfbundacheaDapamnentorhouse，becausegovemmentmoneywasnottobewasted．IleRhiso伍cef曲liIl2morehumiliated锄ddir曰andash锄edthanIhadever诧ltinmylife．(MariaC卸1pbell：1983：)Thisdemonsn毗esⅡleextentto、vhat廿lenotionofracehashadaneff＆tonnle1iVesofma喀inalizedminorities抽Canada．InordertoreceiVeassistance，Can]Ipbellhadt0fke锄daCceptracialprejudicesofthesocialworkerS．Suchch撕够isash锄eforAborigmalpeople．1nhernarration，when“someoftheneighbourswerefindingclothingandVegetablesforus．Therewasatightknotinmystomach锄dafeelingofsh锄eandhate．NoonehadeVerhadanythingtodowithus，neVervisited27 orinVitedusoVer．Theyhadlau曲edatourclothesandthewayweacted—like“wildcolts”一觚dnowtheyw锄tedtogiVeusmings”叫撕aC锄pbell：1983：107)．Thecharit)，矗-omwhitepeopleisaninVisibleforCethatmakesAboriginalpeoplemoremenial．‘‘thewhi钯m粕sawthatwasamorepowermlweapon廿l锄锄ytllingelsewithwhichtobeattheHalfbreeds，andheusedit粕dstilldoesittoday，’(51)．Asshewrites，refe盯inghergreat·gmdmotherCheechum：‘‘mycheechumusedtotellmethatwhenthegoVemmentgiVesyousomething，theytakeallmatyouhaveinretum-your埘de，yourdiglli够，allthethingsthatmakeyoualiVingsoul．”(159)．Afterhermotherdied，Campbell冰esthere驴nsibili够forlookingaRerhersigtersandbr0也ers．InordertopreVenthersisters锄dbrothersf-rombeingsep撇ted锄dsentirItodi行．erentplaCes，atmeageoffiReen，shema而edt0D黜l，awhiteman．Becausesheisahalfbreed，sheisnotacce鹏dbyD撇l’sfamily．Ont11eweddiIlgda弘shesaid‘‰ewholeday、Ⅳasanigb缸nareforme．Darrel，ssistersc锄eandwereupsetwhentlleysaw1was’t、7l，_h沁，锄dwerchorrifiedwithtIle‘‘dmnk锄BreedS’，atthere鞠pt耐’(MariaC锄pbell=1983：121)．A咖ally，Cheechumandallherrclativeswereheart-brokena_bouthermarriage．Cheechumre向sedtocomet0herwedd证gWhensheheardDarrelwasW}Iitc锄dsajdt}lat“nothinggoodeVercomes行omamixedmarriage”(ibid：l21)．Asforher，shewrites“I锄sureImusthaVebeentheonlybridef．romourse仕lement、Ⅳho撕edassheleRherweddiIlgd锄ce’’(ibid：121)．Whymixedmarriagebe帆∞nwhi钯锄dhalfbreedisnotblessedbyaIlpeople?ActIlally，peoplewishedshecouIdhaveahappymarriage，butforsuChelderpeopleasherCheechuHl’theyclearlyl(11ewthegapbe铆een、)v：hite锄dhalfbreed．111egapisaresuhofraCe．IfMariawasawhite，廿lensuChproblemwouldnothappen，锄dthelater缸-agedywouldalsonothappen．La旧itisalsoproVedthatherma玎iagewasafailure，舶mwhichshesu虢redalot．砌1ensheleftherhometownwithDarrcl，tlleyspendafewdayswithBonny，Darrel’ssistcr．Accord．ngt0Maria’sstatement‘‘[．．’】1was衔ghtenedtodea_thofher，’(ibid：124)．WhenshemetMariaint11estation，Mariasaid“assoonasshewalkeduptousIfeltbackward，stupidandcl啪sy”(ibid：124)．ThisisacommonfeelingforAboriginalpeoplewhentheyaretogetherwithwhite．ActuallythisisaninVisiblepowerfor，R 、Vhitemanto衔曲tenAboriginalpeople，apowerwhichmakesAboriginalpeoplefeelstupid，backward粕dm鹕iIlalized．111isisasymptomofracialbias．肌enBonllyabusedM撕a廿latshewasnot}lingbutadi啊IndianBreed，M撕afeltshewasinanigh仃nare．Consequently，shewasforCedt0leaveBoIlIly’shousebecauseofBonny’sraCialbias．Latershea—VedinVrancouVer，acityshelongedfor．However，inVrancouver，MariamoVedtllrou曲whatseemedtoheragraveyardofbrokendre锄s舶m、Ⅳhichshere]peatedlytriedtoesc印e．SeX、vorkandlifeinthec时werebynomeanscultu：rally，economically，oremotionallyemancipato巧forMaria．HerworkatL’il，s粕donthes仃eetsofvancouVerclearlyhurtMariaphysically觚dspi—tIJally．InCampbell’sn锄瞰iVe，anAbo—ginalsun，iValsexworkerandregularlysexuallyexploitedwom锄becomesnotapiVotalsignifierSoft11edegradationbutas仃eetfi曲terwhosedailys蚋鸣glestosu九，iveillus臼眦etheperVasivee妇睹ctsofcolonialIacism．Fumle肿ore，onlerm卸themcism，p枷arChysystemalsohasgreatimpactonMetiswomen．111eyalsosu髓ralot疔omit．In胁弘阳耐theissueofpatriarchyiss们nglyreinf’orcedbytIleimageofCampbell’s鼬er锄dtlleilllageofthemenfbmhercommunity．AnoⅡlerwe印ontakenbyCanadi觚govemmenttoconquermeAboriginalpeopleisthereligiousimpositions．EspeciallyinthecaseofMetis、Ⅳ0men，DonoVallSaidt11at廿1eChristi锄belief‘‘[⋯】onorigiIlalsinandtheeviloffe眦lesexual咄held辨cialimplications，asdidtheJes疵emphasisonp撕archypowe以1998：21)．P撕arChy觚dtheimageofwomenasevilbeiflgsdiIIliniShedmepowerofwomenintheirtribes．Therolesofwomenintheircommunitvhavech锄ged，with廿leimpositionofnewEuroplcanmodels，t11eywereforcedtoobey廿leirmenandrespectmeirallegedsuperiorityatanycost．TheJesiuts’emphasis0nP删archyalsoimposedthatwomensurrendertIleirsexualautonomytomen．Menguamtee也eirrecentdominantpositionbymeansofthreatsa11dv；01encetowomen．Ⅵ01encetowardwomenwasacommonpmctice锄ongtheMetiseveninfestivemoments，asCampbellpointsout：29 Themenwouldgethappy—drunkatfirstandastheeVeningprogressedwhitemenwouldcomeby．Theyalldancedands粕gtogether’thenalltoosoononeofthewhitemenwouldbothertllewomen．Ourmenwouldbecomeangry，butinsteadoffightingtlleWhitewomen，hitthemwithfistsorw11il，s，l(nockedth锄do姗andkickedthemuntilmeywereSenseless．(C锄pbell：l983：37)InspiteofaUthatVioIence，womenwerenotalIowedt0fi曲tback．Underthepatriarchysystem，womenwereforcedtoobeyⅡleirmenandaccepttlleiroppression．TIleyhaVetobearthen．aumabotllphysicallyandmentally．Asawholegroup，AboriginalpeoplehaVetof．acetheracialbias1jromwhitepeople，whichma_kest11emfeelshameandinferior．ForAboriginalwomen，theynotonlybearracial仃aumabutalsohavetoenmIremeviolenceandimposedeVilimageduet0thesystemofp枷archy．MariaC咄llfoI优觚lyportraysthehardlifeinCanadaforAboriginalpeople，especiallyforAboriginalwomenbecauseoftheconsequenceofcolonizationandracismmechanismwhichproducefamilytmgedyforAboriginalpeople．Alongwim也eprocess0fcolon溉ionistheEmopoce栅cValueandcu栅esuchaStheeVilimagpofwomen，廿leuncivil沈dNatiVecultureandpeople．Aboriginalwomenbearthedoubleprcssure锄d叩pression．Oneisf如mfamilyViolence；meotherisf．romthesoci哪which1sdominatedbywhitepeople．HoweVer，boⅡlarearesultofEurope锄Coloniza_tioninCaIlada．ForAbo啦inalpeople，Ⅱlehintofhi咖rical饥mmaisviVidlyreflectedintheirlifeandsuch们啪aistranShi曲嘶cal．111eirnpactofcolonizationstilllastseVennow，wrhichcanbefound砌lyexpressionin月咖陀edAsaMetiswoman、Ⅳriter，throughthena仃atiVeofher仃a啪aticlifestoⅨCan枇llinte叩retsthereasonofnlecun．entpoor锄dbadliVingconditionandsituationofAboriginalpeople．HernarratiVeproVidesachanceforpeopletoreViewCanadi粕hi咖巧锄ditssocialsystemandpolicy，whichhassigIlifjcantme锄ingforCanadiangoVem】menttoestablishaMulticulturalsociety．Onlydra、Ⅳinglessonsfromthepastexperience粕dhistoⅨcanthesoci啊deVel叩饥terandbe他randbemorehannonious．30 CHAPTERFOURWORKINGTHROUGHTRAIJ]MAAftermetmumatizedexpe—ence，tr；allmaticeVents锄de任IectSc锄ovenⅣhelmVictim’sbodyandsoul．111erefore，t}1eyh叩etofindwaystocuremeir仃aumas．In7冶姗口册dRPcDw似JudithHeman、vrites，‘‘thecoreeXperiencesofpsychologicaltr．aumaaredisempowe姗ent柚ddisco加ectjon丘。omomerS．RecoVery，t11erefore，isbaseduponempowe肿entofthesurviVorandrestorationofrelationships’’(He瑚an：1997：133)．，nlerecoVe叫processmainlyincludesthrces切ges：es劬lish洫gsaf．e吼telling柏啪aticsto巧锄drecoIlIlectingwithoⅡlerS．However，notalltheVictimswillget廿啪ughtllethreestages．Di脓entpeoplehaVedi侬Irentexperi朋ce．So廿letllreestagesarejuSttllecommonpathtorecoVerfIorn翟umatizedpe9ple．ForMariaC锄pbell，sherecoVered丘．omthe仃a啪amainlytIl】roughreconnectingwitho廿lerSandtellingstoriesbywritingautobiography．HerrecoVe巧盘omthepast仃aumaticexperiencchasgreatsignific粕Ceforherlife．A舭rlongt．蛐e’s觚s仃ationaboutherident时锄dherpe叩le，shceVentL埝llyre-establishesheridentit)，一sheisMetiswhoisnotonlydi毹rent舶mwhhpcoplebutalsodi岱：rcm矗rom111di锄s．11l：rou曲writing，shegetshealedandalso仃iest0help脚letooVercomeallmesh锄e，su场ugationaIldlossofidemi够causedbym锄yyearsofoppressiVep嘲ice．4．1MariaCampbe¨，sfbcOVe吖frOmTraumaJuditllHe肌anpmposes‘‘thesur、riVortellsthesto巧oftlle订a啪a．Shetellsitcompletely"indepth锄dindetail．111isworkofreconstmCtiona咖ally仃粕sfomsthe仃．aumamemo巧，so协atitcanbeintegratedintothesun，iVor’slifest0叫”(Hemlanl997：175)．Reco衄ectingwith0thersisessentialtorecover舶m仃auma，thesurViVorhasregainedsomec印acityfor印propriatetnJst．Shecanonceagainfee】31 trustinotherswhenthattnJstiswa盯jmted．ShehasalsorcgainedⅡleabilit)，tofeelautonomouswhiJeremainingconnectedtoothers；shecanmaintainherownpointofview舳dherowrIlbound撕eswhilerespectingthoseofothers(seeHeHIlan：1997：205)．Intherenewedcorulectionswithothers，thesuⅣivorcanrccreatemepsychologicalf．acultiesthatared锄agedordefonnedbyt11etraumaticexperience，锄dmesefacultiesincludethebasicc印abilitiesfortrust，autonomy，initiatiVe，compI魄enCe，identi够andintimacy．RecorulectingwithothersisalsoaprocessofreconIlect洫gwithoneself．LiteratureplaysaJliInportantroleforVictimtorecoVer丘．omthe仃aumaticexperience．DuanCongxuesaid：“Lite例=uret11er印yismeantt0a“VeourlaIlguageandimproveourabil时of“no咖al’’languagetodefinenle咖锄edeXperiencethroughlitef：a叮activities，theref．oretheworldwea1．eliVingwinbedeVelopedcontinuously，锄dwec锄f泌thedistonionaIlddisintegmtioninit，’(Du觚congxue：1999：9)．1’hrou曲literaturecreation，the仃aumaticmemo巧is缸跚sfonnedintona盯ationmemory．Lite阳ttlretherapycanconsideredf．romⅡlefollowil培aspects：tokeepi11goodhealm舶m舰ditionalpointofVieW；tocureschiz删ainFreud’stheo巧；tohealf．romthelaIlgua喀epraCticesofomernon—li删fo咖s；t0self乇ureinlitera巧actiVities．(YeShu)【iaIl：1999：103)．4．1．1Re∞nnectingRe；latioⅡshipJudithHerm柚states“empowement粕dreco彻ectionarethecoreexperiencesofrecove巧’’(JudithHeml锄：l997：197)．HaVingexperiencednlaumaticpast，thevictimsf如ethetasktocreateanew如ture．Shehasmoumed廿leoldself也atⅡletraumades仃oyed；nowshemustdeVelopanewone．T．hroughreco蚴ectionw曲tllepeopleandenVironmentshef．锄iliarswith，theVictimnolongerfeelspossessedbyher仃aumaticpast；sheisinpossessionofherself．Shebeginstobecomethepersonshew锄tstobe．IntheprocessshedrawsuponthoseaspectsofherselfthatShemost32 values疗．omthetimebefore勃rauma，丘．omtheexperienceofthe臼．aumaitsel￡andf-romtheperiodofrecoVe巧(JuditllHe册锄：1997：198)．A舭rsomanyyearsofloneliness，fms舰tion，searChingforidenti吼painaJldshame，graduallyCampbellwemthroughthehardtimesandeVentuallyshefoundherplaCe锄onghercommulli吼Shegotthmughproblemswith廿lehelpofpeoplewho、Ⅳereabletorec0彻eCthertoherpeopIe，herorigins，粕dtoherSel￡Throu曲coIlneCtionwitht量lesepeople，C锄pbellwasconsciousofheridenti谚，beg狮t0劬Stomerpeople粕deVenmademallygood倒ends，t}lrou曲whomshegmdually90tbetter．JuditllHe姗舳statesthat“recoVe珂cantakeplaceonlywithint11econtextofrelationships；itc锄notoccurinisolation．Inherrenewedco彻ectionswithotherpe叩le，缸iesun，iV0rre-createsthepsychologicalfkultiesmatwere‰agedordefo加edbytlle们啪aticexperienCe．nesefkultiesincludet11ebasiccapacitiesfor觚瓯叫tonomy，initiatiVe，com硝ence，identi吼粕dintilllacy．”(1997：133)．1bfbrringt0廿lerelationshipwinlTrixie，oneofherclose衔ends，C锄pbellsaid“ifithadIl’tbeenfor嘶xie粕dherfriendship，1wouldhaVegiVenupcompletelyintllatplaCe【}losp妇l】”(MariaC锄pbell：1983：165)．Campbell’scompleterecoVery行omamisc胁leli佗甜ldmmmaticpastbeganwimanA．A．instinJtion．11lroughtheattendanceofA．Ameeting，peoplesharcd廿leir舰哪aticeX王)erience锄dproblemstog砒er．砌th缸helpof衔ends舶mthegroup，CampbeHoVerc锄enot册lyalcoholismbutSelf-p时锄dsh锄eofherpeople．Edit量l，whowasahalfIndi粕wom锄锄dm硼edtoDo玛Campbell’ssponsorattheA．A．group，w弱也eliIlk也atreco衄ectedC锄pbe¨tohertriballife锄dtohercommuIl时舳dmadeher协i11l(ofwhatCheech啪had切ughthef．1twasEdithwho瑚lindedC锄加11ofheroriginsandhelpedherfindheridemi够锄onghero姗people．RegardingtotherelationshipwitllEdith，Campbellsaysthat：She[Edith】helpedmet0getoVermymentalblockaboutIndiansinsuitS·perhapsnotcompletely，butatleastsothatmeirwayswasnolongerupsetme．ShetaugkmelookatmyselfascriticallyasIlookatthem，andtobelieVethattheSamethingmatdroVeme，droVetllemt0beingwhatmeywere，thatbasicallywehada11su虢redtroubleandmiseⅨandthattheir33 problemswereasbigandasimponantasmine，regardlessofhowunimport锄tIthoughttheywere．ShewasVe巧honest，almosttothepointofhuningme【⋯】(C锄pbell：1982，143)．Edithplays卸import粕troleforC锄pbell’srecoVery．Shehelpsherfoundheridenti够andmakesherknowwhoshewasandunderstandCheechum’slessonswerethekeytoheridenti锣asawoman，asaMetis锄dastheVoiceofheroppressedcommun咄whichissos研ificantforC锄pbell．Campbelladmi仕edthat：BecauseofEdithIbegantounderStandwhatCheechumhadbeen仃yingtosaytome，粕dtoseehowIhadmisinterpretedwhatshehadtaughtme．ShehadneverbeenmeantthatIshould20out证totheworldinsearchoffbltlme，butratherthatIgooutanddiscoverformVselftlleneedforleadershipandchaIlge：ifourwayoflifeweretoimprove1wouldhaVetofindotherpeopJelil(emysel￡andtogethcr口yto矗ndanaltemative．Edithhad窖：啪dp硼．entsIikemyCheechum，sosheunderstood，粕dtriedtoexplain“tomer℃alisticallv．BecauseofherIeventuallVattendedmeetiIlgsat蜘eNativeFriendshipCenter．Shesaidmatiflwasevergoin2tobecomestronginside，1wouldhaVet0facerealitv．(C锄pbell：1982：143)．‰u曲joiningmeA．A．group，C锄pbellgradually0verc锄eherproblems．Shefoundherdut)，锄dknewwhattodo．Sheest；如lishedrelationshipwitllher觚ilymemberswinlhis例1er粕dCheech啪who惝meguideo仆erlife锄d舶mwhomshegai∞dsn．engmt0moVefonⅣard．Shesajd“【⋯]tos昀ightenoutourliVes粕ds乞ananew．I、Ⅳas!fkeofdrugs粕dalcohol，aIldmychildrenwerewelladjusted锄dhappy．TIlenLeewasbominFebruary1966锄dforthefirsttimemyears，wewerereallyhapp旷(MariaC锄pbell：1983：178)．C锄pbell’srec咖ectionw汕omerpeoplewhohadbeenthrou曲tlles锄edi伍Cultiesasshedidwasimponantt0showherthattllerewerepeoplewhoweremakingeⅡbnStochange恤situationofoppression，hopelessnessand劬s仃ationinNativecommunities．Herattemptatgettingco皿ectionwithpeoplewouldhelpherintheNativemovementinAlbertaanddroVeC锄pbellt0PrinceAlbertPenitentia巧．HerinvolvementwithA．AinmatesmadeC锄pbellbecomeas打ongerwomanandmadeherconsciousofherident毋andberfamilyrelatiVes．Thebitter，weakwomanwhowassh锄edofherpeoplewasabletorecollnecttoheroriginsandgetinVolvedwithhomelesspeople34 锄dNatiVepoliticalmoVements．Throughreconnection，JuditllHemansta_testhat“She【ViCtim】isreadyt0inco驴ratethelessonsofher饥童umaticeXl)crienceintoherlife．Sheisreadyt0takeconcretest印stoincreasehersenseofpower锄dcontrol，t0protectherelfagainst觚redanger，andtode印enheralli明ceswiththosewhomshehasleanledt0tm舻(Jud岫He肋锄：1992：l97)．nrou曲A．A．group，shemet0therNatiVeandhalf-breedpeoplewhoweretoplay“锄importantroleintIleNatiVemoVememinAlbena．”(M撕aC锄pbell：1983：167)．Andl疵ron，shemetotherpolitical觚dcultumlactiViststIlrou曲awom粕shebe衔锄ded．Fromthem，shemenle锄edmoreaboutthepresent锄dpaStconditionsoftheMetis，sawthehopelessnessofⅡleconditioniIlmeCommunitieswhichpeo纠ewereunablet0escapef而m，粕dw朗t廿lrou曲periodsofh叩elessness．SeeingtIlelessonsofhisto吼of廿1e的umasofullsuCcessmluprisingandherown，shewofkedtow{州sch勰ge锄ddeVotedherSelftosocialaction—t11eNatiVemoVementforherpeople-throughmiIloriITlproVementsandachieVementsinsmaU殉巾s．JudithHe瑚ansta：tes：socialaCtiono行．erSnlesuⅣivorasourceofpowerthatdrawsuponherinitia“Ve，鲫嘲‘gy，粕dresourcemlnessbutmagmfies廿lesequalities协beyondherownCapacities．Ito彘rsheralli锄cew汕omersba∞doncooperation粕dsharedpu巾ose．Palticipationino唱觚讫ed，dem锄dingsociale西)rtscallsupon廿lesulⅣivor’smostmatIlre锄dadaptivecopings仃ategiesofpatience，anticipation，altmism，锄dhumor．ItbringsbestoutthebeStinher；inr醐lm，thesun，ivorgainsnlesenseofcoIlneCtionwimthebestinotIlerpeople．Int11issenseofreciprocalconllectiom廿lesurvivorcan咖seend也eboundariesherp矾cular矗meandplace，’．(JudinlHe册an：1992：2071．TheinVolVementwi廿lNatiVemoVementreallymadeadi行erenceforherlife，行omwhichshefouIld廿leme锄ingoflife粕dsurviValmissionthatistofightformorelegaldghtsforherpeople，t0improVeherpe叩1e’sliViIlgcondition，tohelpherpeoplea11dtoch粕gettlecurrentpoorsituation．AccordingtoJuditllHeml觚，whentllesurviVorgiVeshelptoothersorintIleprocessoftal(ingcalleofotllerS，nleyfeelrecognized，loVed，andcaredfort11emselVes(JudithHeman；199：209)．C锄pbell’srecomlectionwithotherpeople，hero“ginandherselfmadeheramorerealistic35 woman．Throught11erecorulection，sherecoVered仔omthe仃aumaticpastandshefoundthehope锄dmeaningofIiVing．InⅡleend，meralltIlee娲rtstofindhersel￡C锄pbellconcludesmat：Theyearsofsearching，lonelinessandpainareoVerforme．Cheechumsaid“youwillfindyourseleandyou’11findyourbrothers肌dsisters．”IhaVebrothersandsisters，alloVerthecoun姆．InolongerneedmyblaIlkettosun，ive．(C锄pbell：1983：184)．ARerlongtime’sisolation加dfhlstration，throughreconnectingwiⅡ1herf．锄ilymembers粕dherpeople，CampbelleVentlJallyfoundherlostidentityandbroughthopetohero、Ⅳn‰锄dtothe矗m鹏sofherpeople．EVentually"shededicatedherselftohelpingNatiVepeople锄dgetshealed廿1rough6ndingmem铭ningoflife．4．1．2WritiI喀AutIobiog腿phyNan-a!tiVeis绷essentialt001for臼a姗aVictimt0h髓l缸吼也e缸机胁aticpast锄drestoreone’ssenseofidem时．Kali’1hlholdsulat“Literatureof仃aumaholdsatitscentertIlereC0ns仃uction锄drecuperationoft11e们umaticexperience”(citedinAlmog：2007：294)．Ahnogexplains：Litcratureof昀umaisemployedexc】usivelyby舰umaviCtims锄df．0cusesontwocomplementingobiectives．Thefirstisrecon蚰ructingthen铆lmatjcexpE溺enceinordertoovercomeitortoheal．Theonleristhecreationofdialoguewithothers—othervictimsandomerpeoplewho“werenotmere”．Thisdialogueisanessentialstepintheprocessofhealing．(ibid：292．293)．Inherautobio聊hy，assheherselfadmits，Carllpbelliswritingf．0rhercommuni够andforthosewhodonotlmowthem．Shecreatesadialoguebet、)l，eenherpeople柚dwhitepeopleinCanadawhodonotl(IlowtheirhistoⅨtheir仃adition，and廿leirliVingconditionthrou曲narfatiVe．Sheis缸yingtogethealedandhelpotherpeoplet0overcomealltheshame，su场ugationand10ssofjdentitycausedbymanyyearsof36 opprcssiVepracticethroughwiting．Kali’Talexplainshowthe铆oobjectiVesarereflectedin舰umastories：“literatureof昀umaiswritten赍．omtheneedtotellandrctelltheStoryofthe仃aumaticexperience”(ibid：292)．For昀urnaVict曲s，仃a1lmanotonlybecomespartoftheirbodybutals0inV鲥lestheirmind．JudithHemanalS0putsemphasisont11eroleoflitera：turewritillgfortherecoVefyof订auma．IfasurViVorisencouragedtonarratehisorherexp丽ence柚demotionallyreliveitinasafeconteXtwith觚empatlliclistencr，suchastherapy，“s“c锄actuallyproduceach锄geintheabnomlalprocessingof协etrimmalicmemo巧．Wjtllthis仃觚sfomat．onofmemorycomesre“efofm锄yofthem苟orsymptomsofPTSD．’’(JudithHem锄：1992：183)．Henn锄贼esthat‘‘t豫umaticmemorieslackverbaln粕眦ive锄dConte)(ts；ra小er，t11ey甜eencodedinthefo姗ofvividsensations粕dimages”(He肿锄：l997：38)．Sow_ritingabout衄umais锄sigIlific锄t仃狮s嘶ptionf．romaVisualoromlt0atextualfonn．Tra啪awritingtIlusservesast11em句ormediumt0re．view仃aumaticeventsandpersonalstoriesaboutpeoplewhoisinV01Vcdintllem．JustasGeof螽IeyHa胁柚notes，‘‘Lite飓巧Ve而al泣砒ion，however，still彻nainsab筋is矗”thewo岫dperCeiVable船dsilence舢dible，，(c．tedinAlIIlog：2007：259)，whichme锄s廿le位mmaticpainoftheVictims，mentalorphysical，hastobedecodedwimwords．nlrou曲herautobiogralphy，Canlpbell缸ansfo姗stlleterriblememo巧粕dtra啪aticpainiIltowordsa11d仃{msf0册smefeelingofsh锄e锄dh啪iliation舶mcollectiVelydebili诅ting卸dde咖ctiVe佗elingsiIltosourCesofpoweralldfa曲in廿lepossibil时锄dnecess时ofch粕ge，throughwhich，sheisrelieVed锄d廿lusrecoVeredf．romthe们啪aticexperience．Inaddition，SuzetteHem∞’sconceptofscriptoⅡ1empy—thatwritingabout㈣acanleadtowardindiVid吼l锄dcollectiVehealing粕dalleViationofsymptoms(citedin：LaurieVjckroy：2002：8)一alsosupportsthea罾Jment氨”t11eetllical锄dhealing劬Ctionsof仃a啪alitemture．nliS‘‘s嘶ptothe泖y”一tlleprocessof嘶tingoutandwritingthrough仃jmmaticexperienceinmemodeoftherapeuticreenactrllentiscommontosurvivors柚dwomen’sautobio聊hyinthe2铲centu巧(ibid)．Here)【plorationsofwomen’sautobiogr印hicalwritingclari母thewaysawriter／victimcancreate，inJeImiferFreyd’swords，‘‘anepisodicinte叩retationandintegrationof37 preViouslydisjoirltedsensory锄da疵ctiVememories”(ibid：9)．Hem∞’scontentionthatscriptother印yo日brspossibili哆ofreillVentingtlleself锄drecon蛐兀Jctingtllesubjectideologicallyandreassessingthepastpertaillswellt0m甜lyfictionalnarrativesthatfocusonprotagonists、ⅣhoattempttosurViVebycreatmgena_blingstoriesandsel盆concepts，ⅡlerebyrecoVeringasenseofself跚dagency．Thus，na玎atiVehaLs廿lepowerofhealing仃auma．1’11roughherautobiogr叩hyⅥ肾itingC锄pbellisabletore—findsenseofselfand‘‘maI汜somemedicine’’forherandherpeoplefIromthewound．BeingaHalfbrcedmeansf．acingoppression，puttingthepiecesoftheiridentitiestogetheranditalsome锄shealing粕dbelonging．Bywriting，sherecon蛐nJctsheretIlIlicidenti妙AsBrowdydeHem粕dezpointsout，for‘‰epostColonialautobio铲印her【⋯】卸tobiogmphyisnotjust粕exerciseinrec印turingt}lepaSt，butafhtureorientcdp啊ectmatseel(st0e似blishasecurehomegroundwhere廿lesubjeCtmayresidewithoutfearofdisplac锄entorh啪iliation”(BrowdydeHem柚dez：1997：21)．FromtIleendofmenovel，itc锄bekno帅thatC锄pbeHrcallyrec0Veredf．romnlepasttraumaticexp谢ence．Shesaid“Theyearsofse锄．ching，loneliness舳dpainareoverforme．”(M撕aC舭lpbell：1983：184)4．2TheSign俩Can∞ofWritingTraumainHistoryThumancedstohealthrou曲Variousmethods，whichhasgreatme锄ingfort11esun，ival．Ge仕ingrec0Veredf1．0m昀umaisphysicallyhelp缸lf研thedeVelopmentofindiViduals，theyareabletof．orj萨tmiseral)IeeXpdencesine训ierliVes，andhaVeabetterfhture．Mentally，幽eyoVercometheirmentaldisorderbacktono瑚al；theywillnolongerdomingSthathurtotherpeopleandⅡlemselVes．In月妒愆以Campbell’srecoVe巧f沁mtraumaticexperiencehassign浓cafltmeaningbotllforthere—establishrnentofheridenti妙andforherpeopleandithasdeepermeaningforthemumalunderstandingfor锨，ocultures．Pu砸ngherm童umatic1ifesto巧inthebackgroundofhistoⅨherna嘲iVehasgreatsignificanceformorepeopleknowwhat38 aMetisisandtheirculture，eSpeciallyfornon-aboriginalpeople．4．2．1胁EstablishingEthnicIdentityTllemostdangerousnlingthat舰umabringstotlleViCtimisnlebreakingoftllesenseofidentity，whichmakesthembearthepainbo廿1spiritually粕dpsychologically．Peoplewhosu腩r柏umao舭nfaCethebrokensenseofident咄，nleyareconmsedabouttheiridenti吼Intemsofmerelationsoftraumaandidenti劬NicolaKingS1．丑tes廿lat：FormoStofus，perhaps，noradicalbreakor舰啪adisnlpltsthesenseofnow丘·omnlepastt0present：wemayfcelquitediff．erentf而mtheourchildhoodortcenageselves，andeven_tssuchasmebimlofchildor也e如础ofpa咒ntdoconstituted缸lem小dstagesw赫chmaypfovidenlepattemofourlivesintoa‘before’and‘after’．Butexperiencessuch邪war，mi翠撕on，abuse，as阻ultorseriousaccidentmaymal(etllerclationshipbctⅣ∞ntheselfbeforeandⅡ1eselfafkrmuchmoreproblematic．(2000：3)So订aumadefini钯lybreakS也esense0fidenti谚{．ofthosewh0experiencesuch弱war，p0Ve啊，abuses，淞ism，orotherseriousaccidc】懈．AlongwiththerecoVeg舶mt11e訇fauma，itisalsotheprocessofreCons咖ctingidem时forVictj．哑s．F0rm粕ye廿micminori锣pe叩le，tIIedeVas枷ngpanofc010nialdomillat．0nist11ed锄agetoⅡleiriiI叻ti够．Witllt11eoutpouring舳ddomin锄tpositionofwestculn鹏，mesepe叩learesecretlystampedmesi曲ofCImer．，nlequestionsthat“who锄I’’and“、ⅣhereIbelongto’’al、Ⅳaysmakememcon如scd锄dt量lrewⅡl锄inthes仃ugglebe铆eentlleirowncultureandthedomin粕tcul眦．neybeartllepainboth矗Dmmind觚dbody．Kater．Damm，anaboriginalwom粕writer，says，“‘whoweare’hasbeencons咖ctedanddefinedbyOmerst0nleextentt0也atattimeswetoonolongerknowwhoweare．Theresultingcon如sion，uncertain劬lowself-esteemand／orneedtoassertcon仃D1overidenti妙arejustsomeofthed锄agingefrectsofcolonization”(KateriD锄m：1993：9)．Ethnicminoritypeoplesua研abrokensense39 ofself．Theprocesslinl(ingmetra啪aticpastwiththepresentisimportantforthemtorecoverpsychologically舶mtral肺atheyexperiencedsuchasdrugaddition，alcohol，seXabusesforwomen，etc，anditisalsosignific锄ttoreconst】nJcttheiride“够．n们u曲re·combiningandre—uIlderstandingtheChaosthepast，onec锄locatewhereoneis，f．mdthesourceone’sproblems锄dthenoVercomemeba玎iersthatbreakthesenseself．ForthosetrallIIlatizedVictims，theprocesshealingisalsoaprocessreconstnlctingsenseidenti够．In胁蜘嘲C锄咖lldocum明tedboththesh锄ethatshefehasa仃oubledyoungwoman，aswellashergrowingsenseempowe瑚entasshec锄etoembmceherMetisidenti锣．A舭rlongtime’sfhlstrationaboutherident时andlongtiIIle’s“f}f．arav吼y丘．omhercolTl]mulli吼SheeVent吼llyretumedt0herco删【Ilun时锄dfouIldwhoshewas．Theprocesswasalongjo啪ey锄dpain如l觚dtheprocessherStmgglewasalsoaprocesssearchingforheridemi锣．Her仃a啪aticexperienCeoccumdexactlyatmetimewhenshelostherself．Soalong谢mthehcaliIlg￡rom廿1e缸叫maticexpcrienceisthere-establiShmentherident时nr01嘎曲∞coTHlectingwimherpe叩le，粕dCheechum，herguideline，shefouIldherselfandShereal协dthatshewaspano仆erpeople．Shewasnolongercon向sedaboutherid朗ti妙锄dclearlyl(IlewshewasaMetiswhowasdi仃erent矗10mWh沁northes锄easIndi觚s．Ⅵ啊tingalsohelpedherconS_tmCtheridenti够．NicolaKillgst；ates戗Iat‘‘itiscommonlyacceptedtllatide商劬orasenseself"iscons劬ctedby锄dn鹏u曲na删iVe，’(2000：2)．Ident时fO册ationtheoristsAfltllonyPaulKefbyarguesthat‘‘l洒ma掣embodimenttheknowledgewepossessaboutourworld，aboutourselvesisnarrative．WeunderstandourindiVidualandcollectiveexperiencet11rough‘‘n删iVeemployment”(199l：3)．N撇tiVeisbot量1atoolforthevictimt0recover丘．0mthete币blememo巧锄daprocessfortheVictimtore—establishthebreal(ingsenseident时Throu曲、Ⅳritingher舰啪atice举rience，sheredef．medtIletenn“halfbreed’’asastartingpointforherSelf硼dherreaderS．ShedeScribedwhatitmeanttobeaMetiswomaninGmada．Byreclaimingtheterm，C锄pbellbegantheprocessliberatingherselff．romtheoppressiVestere啊peandmisrepresentationsthathaVeshapedhersenseherSelfandhercommuni够．40 Ininsteadofacceptingthehalf-breedident时imposedonherandherpeoplebythecolonialstate，M撕aC锄pbelltookitint0herownh锄dst0defineMctisnessassheexperiencedit．In锄interviewtoBethCuthand，campbeIlbelieVesthatsh撕ngthe哟rjesofhercommun时isahealingprocessandthat“it’s廿lejobofthestorytellertocreatechaos．Allyouneedtod0islookatna加re雒dthat’spartofourcircle．(SeeSilVera：1994：269)。Toke印也iscircles昀ng“isnecessa巧forNatiVepeoplet0“speakw-也as昀ngVoice．【．．．】ifwedon，tdo也at，吐lenmelilll【t0ourpastandour鲫ce咖rsisgoillgtobreak．”(ibid：270)．Campbell柚dotherNatiVepeoplehaVebeenablet0heal粕dmakemoremedicine．asShetellsCunlh鲫d：“Wec觚makeme镪lillikeourancestors锄ddidforus，makemedicine，putt11estoriesfo刑ardalongwiththe锄ergysoanothergenerationc锄car巧tllemiIltoour如ture．Tbhellwith矗冶lingma曙inalized．”(ibid：270)．Throu曲硎tiIlgher的umainthete)(tofhi咖Ⅸshe吼d删sⅡleoriginofhcr们uma粕dher脚le’s．Finally，碰ersom锄yyearsofloneliness，searchingforid朗ti劬paill粕dsh姗e，C锄pbell豳i舵d廿1atshefo蚰dnotonlyherplace锄onghercommunitybutalsohersenseofselmood．Shere-establishesheremllicidem咄Sheclaims：Mycommun时isprimarilyAboriginalpeoplebecause廿leyhaVe900dsenseof、柚。廿1eyarewheretlleycomef如m锄d粕ybodyelsewhohas廿les锄esense．1knowmyplace锄dI锄thdofexplaining“topeoplewhodon’thonourtheirownplace粕dttleirownhiStory．(cited：MarcellaOliveiradeSousa：9114．2．2ConstructingIIamonious】5khtionshipAlongwithmerecoVe拶ofCanlpbellf．rom也e乜叭maticexperienceisthesigflific柚ceformorepeople，especiallyforwhitepe叩leliVinginC船ada，tol(IlowmoreaboutMetisculture，臼．adition，histo巧粕dtheirlife．111isculturecontactthattakesplacewhenaNatiVewomanwritestohernon二NatiVeaudiencesinherown41 wordsanddosenotreVealanoVenⅣhelmingsenseofVictimizationoftheindiVidualfbmthelesspowerf．ulculture，butasMullenSandspointSout，theprocessofwritingandreadingautobiography“can1eadtomutualrespectandhannoniousinteractionandfairrepresentation”(Mullensands：l997：49)．In点k弘陀e吐MariaCampbellnotonlywTitesthetra眦laticexperiencesheaIldherpeoplesharcd，butalsoin仃oducestheculture舳d仃aditionofMetistoherreaders，f-rom、^，hichmorepe叩lewillhaVeaunderstandingat)outmeirhisto叫andtheirwayoflifeaswellastlleirculture．乒地珈增耐isabridgefornon-NatiVepeopletohowthef．ms仃ation，hardlife锄dhistorical缸a岫athatAborigimlpeopleface，butalsotheirculture．Itiscon仃ibutionforthedeVelopmentofMulticulturalpolicycarriedoutinC粕adaandbenefitsfortheestablishmentofh锄oniousrelationshipbet、Ⅳeendi髓rentnationsinC锄ada．Campbell’sautobiogr印hydesc曲esmeho盯iblerealitiesaIld1iVingconditionsoftlleMetisⅡlatwerenotkno啪bymanypeopleinmewidersocie妙Throu曲na盯atiVe，SheproVidesach锄ceformorepeopletoknowt11em．In廿lenoVel，shedescribestlleirliVingcondition锄dthehistoricalcausesoftlleirquotas．Also，she百VeSaViViddesc—ptionof廿leⅥ，aytheyliVe，duringwhich，shein仃DducesⅡleircultureand姐ditionformorereaders．Throughna盯atiVe，non二NatiVereaderc锄havea900dunderStand访gaboutMetis．Accordingt0L明rieVickroy，“咖anan埘VeengagesreaderSinanumberofimportamsocialandpsychologicalissues．Fir％mesewofl(sa骶sttothef．requenCyof仃a姗aanditsimportanceaSamulticonte)【tualsocialissues，asitisaconsequenceofpoliticalideolo西es，colonization，war，domesticViolence，poVeI’吼andsoforce．”(1997：200)。Campbelldescribesherneedtoshareherstorybywritingasfollows：Goinghomeaftersolongtime，IthoughtthatImightfindagainthehappillessandbeau砷IhadknownasachiJd．Butas1wall(eddown缅eroughdirtroad，pokedthroughthebrokenoldbuildingsandtlloughtbackovermevears，IrealizedthatIcouldneverfindthatherc．Likemenlelandhadchanged，mype叩1ewere90ne，andiflwastol(110wpeace1w叫ldhavetosearChwithinmvsel￡ThatiswhenIdecidedt0writeaboutmvlife．f⋯11writethisforallofvou，to．tellvouwhatitisliketobeaHalfbreedwomaninourcoun奶-1wanttotellyouabouttheiovs锄dsorrows，theoppressingpover咄theflmstrationsandthedre啪s．(Maria42 Canlpell：1983：2)．MutualunderSt硼dingisVe巧imponamforh踟oniousrelationshipbe觚eenAboriginalpeople勰dwhitepeople，whichisalsoawishforM撕aC锄pbell．Sheclaimst11at“IbelieVethatoneday，Ve巧soon，peoplewillsetasidetheirdi舵rcncesandcometoge柚erasone．”(C锄pbell：1983：184)．ThroughnarratiVe，shenotonlygetshealedf-romthe饷啪aticexperience，butalsoshereconstructshercultureandpr0VidesanewperS_pectiVeforpeoplet0understand廿1eir、Vayoflife，廿1eirtraditionaswellastheirculture．In刀够，卯吐C锄pbellusedamo硼tofwordstodescribeherhappychildhood，whichwaS如llofNatiVeculturalelements，suchasNatiVemyths锄dlegends，t11etmditionalassembly粕dnatiVepeople’sprimitivebelie￡In上蛔弦陀P吐C觚1pbell’sCheechum柚dherparentSoR铋toldher1eg朗d觚dmytllsWhichareimport锄tforAborigiIlal脚letopresen，etheirideasandbelie￡NatiVepc0叫epassdown廿leircuhrebytellingM”hs锄dleg锄d．Throughmesemy也s锄dlegends，Non-natiVereaderScanhaVeagoodunderst鲫diIlgaboutNatiVepeople’scultIlre．Inadditiont0theirbelie￡NatiVepeoplelikemusic，血nce，粕dimpo咖tmeetingswhichareimponantelementsofNativeculttlre．111addition，M撕aCampbellputsmoreemphasisonher柏啪aticexperienceintheconte)(tofhisto巧．On也eonehalld，throu曲writ．mgher㈣a，shegetshealedn．omn1_e把棚maticexperience；ont11eotherh锄d，asaemmcminori劬shetellsmosepeoplewhoaredi饪-erent舶mherpeopletllatinthisworldtherearem锄ypeoplelikehersu氐宅ringa10t雒aresuhofcolonialhisto巧aswellaS也eitsValue锄dculturea10ngwimit．Andtlle的岫a她yfaceis仃粕shi哟rical．DuetothecolonialhistolyinC觚ada，Aboriginalpeoplefrom0negene豫tiont0generationbe盯greatpsyChical倾哪a．ne舰啪athatAboriginalpe叩lefaceisnotonlyⅡlcirs，itisallhumanbeings’，because仃aumaiscontagious．EVe巧timewhendiasterhappens，nomatterwhereithappens，peopleindi毹rentcomersoftheworldaUfeelsadfortheviCtims．Pe叩1eshoulddraw1essons仔omhisto巧inordertohaVeabettI玎如ture．43 CHAPTERFⅣETRAUMAWITNESSESHISToRY111ispanaimstoproVideanewVersionofEurI叩e锄Colonizationhisto巧inCanada锄ditsa缸re仃ectsincultureandinAboriginalpeoplereflectedinM撕aCampbell’str孤JmanoVel，胁弘阳P正Infkt，thereflectionofMariaC锄pbell’straumaisaprocessofre-writinghisto巧whichisdi归f．erentf．romtheomcialdocumentsandismoreclosedtorealitiesofherpeople．Her昀umawitnessesCanadi粕hiSto巧。AccordingtoCarum，仃aumaisnotasymptomoftheconsciousbutofhist0够(See√蛐eWh沁head：2004：12)．5．11humatic、7y“ting—AW|ayofRepltsentingHistoryEncompassingautobio野lphy，autobiogmphicalfiCtion，fi嘶0n，memoir，bio舯phy’le谯ers，粕dtestimonialslifewritingismarkI≥dasagenrebyitsattentiontohist0巧inmenarratiVeofanindiVidual仃aumaticlife．Thelife仃踟maticwritingofwomenm鹕imlizedbyracism，sexism，homophobia锄dpoVer够esta"blishesadialectic陀l鲥onshipbe觚eenreaders锄dw—tersthat缎emp瞳t0resolvetheco棚ictsofdiff-erence锄dthesewriterSgethealedfIromme柏umaticexp秭encetllroughli凫writing．Throughtllisrelationshipeme唱esanopportuni锣forbothwritcrandreadert0engagew油mehistoricala11tecedents也athasproducedthissitL融ionofdi氐renceasaninsu咖oumableob蛐童cletoequali哆锄dsolidar时．Minorit)，life嘶tingispanicularlyuse如lforthedevelopmentofcross—cultu】隐lsolid捌吼becauseitengagesthereaderinthehistoricalspecialtiesofthemargiTlalizeds蝴ect．111elifewmgte)(tofmino一够s蛔ectc锄potentiallyoperateasasubVersiVechalIengetomenormatiVe如nctionofhistoricaldiscourse，proVidingachanceforthepublictounderstandimpactofhistoricaleVentontherealitiesofthema唱inalized． Inadefinitionofhisto巧，D锄ielF啪cis，aCanadi锄historian锄dauthor／editorofseveraJotherbooksonCanadi锄’shistoⅨdefineshi咖拶asSto—es胁sfomledintonan．ativesthatdescribethepeoplesaspanofthel鹕eridealofcommun咄Fr锄cisclaimsthat：HiStoryisarepresentationofthepast；itisi11fon】nation仃ansformedintosto眄．Sometimesthesestoriesaretoldasnamtives；somctimest11eyarcembeddedinsymbolsorinartorinspecificsites．Thestorieswetenabouttllepastproducetheimages廿1atweusetodescribeourSelvesasaco咖uni似If、Ⅳearenottellingourselvesmeri曲tstories，t11enwec锄-notimagineourselvesaCtingtogemerto陀solveourproblems．(F锄cis：l997，176)．Mucboftllehi曲)ricalaccountsportrayedinthesen姗tiVes，especiallyinmoStcolon讫edcoun仃ies，representtheeff＆tsofimperialismanditsideologyonthecon蛐mCtionofmecumlmlimaginationofanation．relationto廿leissueofnation釉dnamltives，aCcordjllgtoEdwardSaid，“f⋯】nations黜themselVesarena仃at．ons．1kpowert0nam曲ort0bloCkn踟眦iVes【⋯】isVe巧iInpo胁lttoculture锄dimp耐alism，锄dconstitutesoneof廿1emainco衄ectionbetv旧entllem．”(Said：1994：xiii)．SaidbelieVesnlatimperialismandcolonialismplaysaVeryimport粕tp缀int11econs仃uctionofhis矧caln孤髑Ltivesinseveralco州es，lil∞C觚a(1a．Thecri!ticcallsattentiontothefaCtthatbom，colonialismandimperialismarenotsimpleactsofaccumulationandacquisition，theyare“【⋯】supporceda11dperh印seVenimpelledbyimpressiVeideologicalfomlationsthatincludenotionst11atcertainterritories锄dpeoplerequireandbeseechd锄ination【．．．】”(Said：l994：9)．111einte疵renceofsuchideologiesalterstomeconstructionofn糊tiVestllataimtoreinforcetIleideologyofmecolon沱er锄ditso巧ectiVes．IIlCan缸Ia，theBritishiInperialismhadagreatea、ectontllecons仉Jctionofmenation．Ref．erringto廿leeducationofchildrenbymemeansofhistoricalaccounts，DanielF舢cisstatesmat“untilatleastworldW打IItheworshipofthemonarchyandtheBritishEmpireenjoyedalmostcultstatusinCanadiansocie妙．”(Fr锄cis：1997：53)．ThefonnerBritishcolonymoldeditShistorys0也atitnamajbedandreproducedtheBritishimperialistideolo斟tllatcontaminatedtheworldinthe19‘“and20巾centuries．fact，thesehistorical45 narrativestendtoprivileget11eperspectiveofthosewhoareinpowershowsthatthebasisofthenationhasbeencon蛐ructedbythelaIlguageandcultureofmoseinmainstre锄society．HoweVer，newperspectiVesinthereadingofhistoricalnan．atiVehavedra、Ⅳnattentiont0then删ivesaboutdi岱：rence；tothewhicharef而mt}lemargin．SuchnewdirectionsiIlthenarrationofthenationhavedriVenpeopleint0prof．oundprocessofhi咖ricalchallge．Forlongtimet11esilencedofVoicesofme“others’’dcnyth锄也erightto例kepartint11econstllJctionofnleirnation．However，ignoringthe“Otller，’isdistortingthetrumtojusti黟political，economic，racialandsocialideologiesconsideIIedimportanttothecons臼’uctionofasolidnation．Unfommately，exclusionandcontI．adictionisp狐ofthehistoryofm卸ycoun仃iesi芏lcludingC锄adaandtheyhaveinfluencedCanadian’snationalimagina巧．The乱ItIlorchoosesthelife、^，ritingofM撕aCarnpbell’s托眦maticmemoir，胁珈彤磁Ⅱ哟u曲锄alyzingmetIIaumaofMariaCampbelltore。eXaminethewayhistoD，isn鲫舭d，whichprovides陀adersanewwayt0∞adhistoⅨMariaC锄pbell’sattentiontohisto巧t11roughouthertexthaspromotednotonlyapersonal∞gag锄entwinlher仃a啪aticlifeexperiencebutalsoexp锄dedthereadillgprocessfortheauthorint0acriticalevaluationofhowhisto巧isnanated．5．2MariaCampbdI’sR州ritingHistoryth阳ughtIhumaInthispan，廿leauthorpresentsanoVeⅣiewofimponamthi咖ricalC锄adi锄facts锄deventswhicharerelevanttothehistoD，ofbomlndigenousandwhitepeople，basedonananalysisofC锄pbeH’sautobiography，Z＆礁踞’，以111roughthena删tionofher仃aumaticpast，shere、砸testhehiStoryofAboriginalCanadianpe叩le舶mtheirownperspective．AsLaumJ．Murraypointsout，tlleimportanceof月a珈陀耐isconnectednotonlytotheappealofherwriting，butitreinforcesherlitera巧andp01iticalconcemsregardingthehisto巧oftheMetispeopleinWestem Canada(Mumly：1999：91)．胁咖陀gdaimsatpresentingthehistoD，of廿1eMetispeopleinC粕adaalldex棚oresmeconsequencesofdecadesofoppression，mise吼eXclusion粕dm鹕inal时觞wellastheafbere毹ctsofcolonialhis衄yonAboriginalpeople．ForC鲫uth，l沁m巧fictionplaysacrucialroleillproVidingthereaderwithanamlt．vewhichisnots廿．aightfonⅣardlyref．erential，but、VhichneVenhelesso虢rsapowe雨lmodeofaccesstohisto巧卸dmemo巧．Howc距wemirtkofareferential吣rhisⅫcal，orma矧al—dilllensionofte)(tst11atisnotsimplyopposcdtotheirfictionalpowers?Howmi曲tmeve巧fiCtionalpowerofte)(tsbe，notahind啪cet0，butame锄sofgainingaccesstotheirreferentialforce?(citedinAnnewhitehead：2002：13)．ForI冶nlth，ref．erential仃1Jmorexl)crienCeisn0longeropposcdtofictionbutisin嗽ica_blef}om沁providingthereadefwi幽radicallynewproblemsofintcrprctationaIld吼de嘲nd吨(seeArnle帅itehead：2004：l3)．MariaC锄pbelltellsher咖巧f而mmepe印ectiVeofaNatiVewomanwhochallengest11ewhitemainstre锄hegemony觚dqueStionsoppressiVediscoursestoW乏耐NatiVepe叩le．newritingof月：口弘地甜c锄beconside刚aprocessof妇umahealing，duriIlgwhich，MariaCaIIlpbclldeconstnJctsthehisto巧、^7ri批nbythewh沁．AcC0rdingtoJodiLundgren，C锄pbellfmdswaysofdeC0n咖Ct．mg锄dsu．bvertingt量lege甜eitsel￡Shesta：testhatC卸叩bell“【⋯】subVertst11ehegemonyofmeuniVerSalistwhitediScourse，o虢rillgaco玎eCtiveloCal咖巧【⋯】iIlitsplace．”(Ludg玎％：1995：72)．L蚰dgrenbelievesthat“C锄pbelldeline黼thehi咖巧oftheMetisanddemons仃altesthatt量leyareauniquegroup，diStinctf而mwhiteC觚adians”(ibid：65)．CanlpbellwasabletoeXploretlleimageoftheMetis粕ddccons仃ucttheinlperialiStwrhitediscourseofsup甜ori吼Hertral咖at峨dexperienceisnarratedinmese位ingofhistoricaleVents．nisprovidespeopleaChaIlcetoreViewCanadianhistoly．AccordingtotllecriticbyJodiLundgren，MariaC锄pbelldisregardslinearc11ronologyandher曲丌atiVedoesnotfollowalinerhisto巧andchronologybecauseShestartsherbookrefbmngtohistoricaleventsf-romthe19山centu巧andpresentst}lemasifmeywere“【⋯】meredigression，anerrorinchronology．ItispreciselythissonofintemJptionoflinear47 histo秽whichmakes蚴愆甜anactofdecolonization．”(JodiLundgren：1995：72)．InhernamatiVe，fIromher仃aumatizedexperience，shereplresentssomehistoricaleVents粕dfacts觑Im廿1eperSl)ectiVeofherpeople嬲dnlee疵ctsoftheseeVentsonNatiVepeople．Meanwhile，shedecons劬ctsthehisto巧wri位enbymeⅥ，hite锄dmakesmeVoieeofherpeopleheard．AccordingtoDanielFrancis，Canada’shistoryhasbeenresponsiblefortheexcIusionofmanypeopIef硒mmasterhistoricaICanadi锄nafratiVes，butthesepeoplehaVefouIldwaystopene缸teintothen删iVe：Them嬲ternamatiVehaVeexcludedm锄ypeople，howeVer，whodidnotseeth锄selVesrene曲edinthestories；orworse，feltbeli仕ledbythem．孙esepeople—Aborigimls，minorities，workingpeople，women-havehadforCe幽eirwayintothegto珂ofCanadabyinVentingn绷tiVesoftheirowrll．伊啪cis：1997，l72)．Especiallyin廿lecaseofAbori昏nalpeop】ef而mCar塌da，histo巧haSbeenVe巧prejudicedandopp}ressiVe．Someofthem)曲s缸latarepartofthenationalCanadi锄cultu】replayedaIlimportantroleintheValori2州onofamain蝴discourse觚dofwhite-people’sideologyt0thede仃illl锄tofIndigenouspeople’shist0ⅨAccordingtotheC蚰adi锄criticEmmaLarocque，“【⋯】thehisto巧ofC觚adaismehisto巧ofcolonizationofAb嘶ginalpeoples．”(Larocque：l996，11)．Some0ftllesemythSarequestionedalldre-valuatedintheliteratureof111digenouswritcrssuIchasM撕aCampbell，Je锄e仕e缸ms仃ong，LeeM锄cle，，nlomasKing，TomsonHigh哪andBeatriceCulleton．Campbell’sautobio鲫hy嘶ngsforwardt11eMetispe嗍瑚：tivet0tllehi哟一caleVentsaIld廿luspro]posesaIlaltematiVehistoⅨchallenginghegemonicwaysofknowing粕dlookmgathistoryandmewayinwhichhistoqiswrilten．Asaminori妙womanwriter，shehelpscons仇Jcthernationinhern删ion．ShebredkStllesilencedVoiceandchallengest11edominantnallratiVesofCaJladi柚histoⅨwhichalsohasprofoundmeaningforⅡ1econsmJ“onofC叭adiannationalimagery．Inherna盯ation，mereare觚oaspectsconcemingCanadiancolonialhistoqandnationalCanadianideology．rnleyareCanadianPacificRailway(CPR)andtheNew—West48 Mo帅tedPolice(NWMP)．5．2．1Repr咚ent嘶onofCPRConstructionHiStoryinCanadaInC觚adi粕his锄MnleconstructionofCPRisaVe巧import锄tevem．Manypeople协inl(tllatCaIladiallPaciflcRailway(CPR)istllerepres锄tationofanationaldre锄．，nleCPRissymbolicoftecllIlologiCaldeVel叩ment’modem时andprogress．AccordingtoF啪cis“rajlwaysweretheemblemof锄agewhichbelieVedf；唧entlyinprogress”(F啪cis：1997：20)．Canadi锄milways“【⋯】∞emcdcapableoftr姐sfo册ingⅡleworldlikemagic，Spreadingweal也，settlement，锄dindustryintheirwake．”(ibid：21)．Ho、№Ver’m卸yprobl锄scomeaboutalongwithⅡlecon蛐rLlctionofrnleCPR．，nlemoSt妯kingoneist11esurviValofAbori咖alpeople．In廿lel尹c朗tu巧nleIndigenouspopulationwasbcingdesn．0yedbyⅡIe锄bitionofnlemlinggoVemment，Ⅱlein虮lsionofwhites瞰lementandⅡleConstrIlctionofthemilways．Amongnlem，agroupofpeoplecalledMetis，orhalfbreed’whichme锄smi)cture釉disusuallyappliedt0tllecrossingofhum锄raCes，gaillssomesignificanceinmehigt0巧ofC眦缸Iabec叭seoftlleirefrortstog垤r锄tee廿leirlands觚dⅡleri曲ttoliVe廿1eu，aymeyhadalwaysliVed．111eMetishaVebeenpanofC锄ada’shisto巧sincecolonialtimes．HoweVer，onlyrecentlymisgrouphaSreceiVeditsimport锄ce柚dmorea骶ntionfIromⅡlegoVemm明t锄dpublic．Despi钯merecenta船mptst0gua豫IlteetlleMetis’ri曲ts，nlejo啪eytoreachrespectanddign时内rtheMetishasb∞nVe巧difficult．Thehisto叫oftheMetispeopleism蒯kedbyaseriesofattackst0theiridentities，缸aditions，cultureandsurviVal．In1885，aContinuousprocessofdisrespecttowardtlleMetis，tlleirfearofWhite—se砌es’inVaSions锄d吐leircontinuousl觚d酣ev粕cesledifIt0afierceb捌einBatoche，innlepr0VinceofSakatchewan．Atthattime，t圭leCPRwasont11eedgeofbanI(mptcyandlaCkedmoneytocompletethecons伽Jctionof也erailway．TheB削eofBatocherepreSe舭dnotonlythedefeatoftheMetisandthedestllJctionoftheirdre帅sofhaVingri曲ttotheir1andsbutalsotheVicto巧ofthe4Q goVemmentaswellastheVicto巧oftlleCPR．Accordingt0Fr粕cis，bec跏setheCPRhelpedt0remoVeseVemls01dierstomebattlefield，“[⋯】theCPRcouldclaimashareinsaVingthecounny，and访retumagratefulsaVedt11eCPRby印proVingtllemoneynecessa巧tofinishtheroad．”(1997：22)．ThebattleofBa协che，ortheNorth-Westrebellion，wasaVe巧import舳tmomentinthehisto巧ofMetis锄dotherIndigenouspeoplebecauseitrepresentedtheirfightforsun，iVal，theirfightfortheirland，锄dthemostaggressiVeattemptatbeingheardandrespected．Unf．0mmately，tllehis．torybooksdon’tconsiderthebattleasanaCtofbraVeryoftheIndigenouspeoplenordo廿leygiVeimportancetotheirclaims．Infact，theBa砌eofBatochehaditsbegiIlIliIlgafewyearsbefore．1n1869—70廿1eRed砌VerInsun℃Ctionwasthebegi册ing0fMetisreVolttowardsgoVemmentalmeasures．AccordingtoM撕aCanlpbeU，inherautobiogr印hy觑2抄陀P喀nleRed砌VerRebellion，ledbyLouisIUel，r印resentedⅡle“【⋯】fe盯oftheHalfbreeds廿lattheirrights、ⅣouldnotberespectedbyCanadianwhenitacquiredmeland舶m廿leHud湖’sBayC0nlp锄y，alongwiththep喇udiceof廿lewhiteProtesta【IltsettlerS【⋯】"，(Campbell：l983：9)．AcCordingtoM耐aC锄pbell，af衙tllisba位le，theMetismoved舶mM觚itoba锄dOn．嘶oto0therare踮ofC粕剐札includingSaska劬ew孤，釉de妇bliShedaunderthemleofGabrielDumontaIldagroupcouncilors．Feelingtheirscc埘够粕dmeirwayoflifewc犯伽ceagainbeing咖瑚触ledbytllenew飘，avesofsettlersandbytllebuildingtllerailroad，theMetisrequirednleirrighttoland．Ho、№Ver，goVemmentall锄dactswerediscdminat0巧“theyhadliVed0nthelandsforyearsbeforethelandsactshadeverbeen廿10u曲tofanddidnotbelievetheyshouldbe讹atedlikenewcomers．”(ibid：1O)．AsmeMetis’sclaimswerenotlistenedtoandpressuresf．rombrou曲thungerandsu疏ringtothepopul撕0n，thesolutionfoundbytheMetis锄dbyothernon-treatyIndi彻swastoprepareanew陀bellion：theDuckLakeRcbellion．Inl885meMctisandothernon·仃e哪Indi锄swonmeirfirstbattle．However，廿1eirVicto巧didnotlast10ng．Afewmontllslatertheywould10setothe仃。叩ssentby廿1eintheB砌eofBatoche．AccordingtoMaria“eightt110usand仃00ps，6VehundfedNWMPandwhiteV01unteers筋mthrou曲outtheTe仃itories，plusaGatlinggun，50 a盯iVedt0stop砌el，D啪ontandonehundredandfi衄HalfbreedS．，’(M撕aC锄pbcll：1983：6)．G0ingbacktomem灿oftheCanadianPacificRailway，CP＆thehi咖ryoft11iscompanybecomesthenarratiVeofacoun臼眵whichmakesprogressat觚ycoSt，includingthegenocideofseVeralIndigenoustribes锄dthedes臼1lctionof也eM砥scommunities．TheCPRbec锄efamousfof叩eningupt}leWestofC锄adatopeoplewho、Ⅳ0uldbeablet0noticetllateVeD刖here“【．．．】廿lesi曲sofindustry锄d伊Dwthindica钯daprosperous触re，w}1ilehere锄d廿lereapicturesqueIndi锄VillageexposedVestigesofthe‘primitiVe’peoples、Ⅳho缶st0Ccupiedtlleregion．”(Fmcis：l997：25)．5．2．2Rep脚tati佃ofNWMPHisto呵inC锄adaAll廿leba牡lesfacedbyt11eMetis锄d劬ernon-仃e哪Indi锄sd嘶ngnle19mcentI删calltllea位entionto粕otlleriIIlport柚tmymof缸：C锄adi锄nationalculture：theNew-WestMountl甜Police，NWM只orthecu玎e枇R0yalC粕adi锄Mo蛐tedPolice，RCM暖ACcordiIlgtoF舢cisNWMP“[⋯】w嬲a舶ntierpoliCeforcecrc砷耐bythefcdcralgoVcmmentin1873t0kc印tllepeacebe重we锄NatiVe111di锄s锄dwhkin吨dersintllearcanowcomprisingAlbenaa11dSaska砒ew锄”(1997：30)．nleirjobofkeeping廿1epeaceb弧ⅣeenNatiVesettlerS锄dN0n．natiVesettlerstI_lnlsnleNWMPint0asymbolwhichwasrespectI耐粕dideal沱edbynleC锄adi粕nationalimagimtion．，nIeappreciationofnlehist0拶ofdleN、聊艘nourishedwhentheybec锄efiguresoffictionalnoVels．AccordingtoFraIlcis，atnletimewhentheNWMPgailledaIlenomousprojectionin廿leCanadi锄socie吼“【⋯】theMountiescreated廿leiro、ⅣnVerSionofthehistory，whichthen抛ined也esta：tusofpopularmythwhenitwastal(enoVertheprofessionalStoD他llerS．，，(ibid：31)．DanielF硼cisalsopointsoutt量lat“meearlycm．oniclesdescribedtheMountieasunassuming，patient，iⅡ1partial，self二disciplined，sober，andcompJetelyincormptible．”(ibid：33)．51 However，tllisisnotreallyh印pened．TheMountedpolicewascreatedasawayofke印ingAboriginalpeopledown，bymeansofforCeandViolence．nleBattleofBatocheis锄eVidenCethatnlegoVenunentandtheMouIltedPoliceaimedt0finishtherevolutionbymeansofforceeVendeath．Inherautobiog鞠phy，C锄pbellreveals也erealNWMPaccordingtoherexperience．Campbell渤testhat“witllinamonth，eightthous锄d仃09ps，fiVehundredNW御锄dwh沁Volunteers舶mtllI．oughoutt11eTe而tories，plusaGatlingg吼，arriVedtostop砌el，Dumont锄donehundred锄dfi埘Halfbreeds．，’(Campbell：1983：6)．ItwasaVerypowemlcontrollingforceimposedbyt量1egoVemmentasawayofdominatingtheAb嘶ginalpeople，con们ltheirliVes锄d‘‘keeporder，’．neamirationfort11eNew-WestMo姗舱dPoliceisso蚰rongthatmoVies丘-omthe20mcentu_呵portrayedmemasheroes锄dalwayssuperiortotheirenemies．MariaCa坤bellmakesrefe鼻encestotIleNew—WestMountedPoliceinherautobiogmphywhen协lkingaboutmemoVies．shereferstotheCanadi锄admirationfortheirpoliceo伍cers锄dquestionsthepositionofherpeoplepresentediIlthemoviesaswellaschallenges廿lemainideology锄dhisto珂．Shes_ta：testhat：OneshowIrememberwasabouttheNonhwestRebellion．Peoplec锄efmmmilesarouIld锄dthetheaterwaspacked．TheyweresittingiIltIleaislesandonthenoor．Riel锄dDunnmontwel．eourheroes．Themoviewasacomedv锄ditwasaw如I：theHalfbreedsweremadet0looklil(esuchfools廿latitleRyouwonderinghow也eyeverorganizedarebellion．GabrielDumontlookedfiltllyandgross．Inonescenehissuspendersbroke锄dhuspantsfelldoⅥm，锄dhewentgallopingawayonascabbyhorseinhislon2redundenⅣear．LouisRiel、vaspomayedasareallunaticwhobelievedhewasgod，andhisfollo、Ⅳerswerereal‘铀reestooges，’坶pes．Ofcourse，theNWMP粕dGeneralMiddletondidall廿leheroicthings．(C锄pbell：1983：111)．SuchdescriptionbyC锄pbellpointstothefactthatNWNmwassoadmired锄drespectedbymeCanadiansthatthemainjdeologyignoredthefktthatbeneatht11emaskofprotectors，theNWMPwasmarkedbyidealsofoppression，subjugation，con仃ol，andhumiliationoftheMetisandthenon一仃ea锣Indians．nelackofrespectand仃u廿lfulnessregardingtheBattleofBatocheshowtheinfluencethatthemythof52 theNWMPhaduponpe叩leandtIle1ackofauthenticitythatsun-oulldedhisto巧ofC觚ada．Unf-ortunately’theweakestpartsofthissto巧wereMetis觚d也enon一仃e哪Indi觚s，whowereclearlyridiculedin廿1emoVies，bypeopleandbyhi咖ricaln跚atiVes、VhichdidnotgiVethemrightValue．‰ughhereXpe订ence，锄dn锄rative，MariaCampbelldeconstmcts柚d“subvens【⋯】thehegemonyofuniVersalistwhitediscourse，ofreringacollrectiVelocalstory[⋯】initSplace．”(JodiLundgren：1995：72)．In觚interviewinCD刀纪—印，．口秒c砌抛，咨酷j∞刀垤瑚谢面刀sw讲jCa刀俄觑聊Ⅳ．口蹭阳彳甜舶附，MariaCampbellmentioned“awholesectionwastakenoutofⅡlebookthatwasreallyimportant，andIhadinsistedit嘶lythere．AndthatwassomenliIlgincriminating廿leRCM肥It、)l，ast11egalle巧proofs”．(citedin：J粕etWitalec：’1994：206)．nroughwritinghertraumaticexperience，MariaCalIlpbellproVidesach锄ceforpeopletoreViewC锄adi锄hi哟巧whichisdi脏rcnt舶mhisto巧cons仃uctedbywhi钯．Remembcring锄dtelliIlg廿le虮l_t11aboutterribleeVentsareprerequisitesbothfortllerestorationofnlesocialorder鲫dfortllehealingofindiVidual们啪aVictims．nlestudyofpsychological咖ahas锄“underground”histo哆Like仃a啪at胁dpe叩le，peoplehavebeencutofr仔om也eknowledgeofourpast．Like觚atizedpeople，peopleneedtounderst锄dtllepaStiIlordert0reclaimpresent觚d胁re．Therefore，锄undcrst锄dingofpsychological仃a啪abeginswimrediscoVermghisto巧．ThetraumatizedchallengeuSt0reco衄eCt惫重gments，torecons仃ucthistory，t0makemeaningofmeirpresentsymptomsintllelightofpasteVentS．53 CONCLUSIONFromthea_bovediscussion．theauthorcomesintotheconclusionthatMariaC锄pben柚dherpe叩lesu髓rpsychicaltm啪agreatlyasaresultofEuropeancolonialisminCanadaanditsmechanismaswellasracialsystem，Whichalsocausesf．amily仃agedy．neyallshow的umaticsymptomssuchaShopelessness，shame，d印ersonalization，协elostsenseofseleaVoidanceoftheremindersof廿．a啪a，etc．Andtheyneedstohealfonnmetraumaticexperience，otherwisethe订aumaticexperiencewouldhaunttheirmindandtheirlifeforeVerandtlleywouldnotleadanomlal锄dhappylife．Lite例[urenan．atiVeasather印yplaysasignific卸troleinhelping仃a姗aVictimtohealf}omtrauma．Meanwhile，廿1roughwri咖g订a啪aticexp嘶ence，thewriterrecon咖Jctsherident时锄dhistory粕dproVidesanewperspectiVetoreViewCanadi粕hi咖叫andach锄ceform绷ypeopleto啪ders切ndAboriginalpeopleandtheirculture，traditionandlifes够le．n啪u曲nan稍VeofherlifestoⅨM撕aCanlpbelldisplaysthe臼硼macausedbycolonialhisto巧inC锄adaanditseVerlaStinge彘ctsonAbori西nalpe叩1e．Tosomeextcnt，merearem锄yAboriginalpeoplelikeCampbenbc撕nggreatpsychological仃引JnlawhichmakesⅡlemliVeinthea_byss．111e舰umacausedbycolonization锄draCialsy啾ImiIlC锄adamakesAboriginalpeoplefeeldespa址d印ressionandVulnerabili坝lossofmeaning锄dpu∞oseinlife，lossofsustainingfaithorsenseofhopelessness锄dch锄gesinself．imageorSelfesteem．’rheyfeelself-ha他d，selfloa：cllin舀andlackofcompetenceandtheiri加erwormisdistu】吨屺d．Theuseofalcohol锄ddrugstoalleViatet11epaincausedbythislossofpridebecomesademon蛐rated句隐啪aSymptomsandcolonialistoppression．Inthen煳tiVe，weknowthatasaVictimof仃a啪a，withnoexception，MariaC锄pbellalsoshowedtraumasymptoms．ShegiVesamoVingaccountofawomanWhos仃u991edwi廿lpoVer眵，alcoholism，dmgaddiction，sexualabuseandpr0Stitution．A舭r10ngtime’s觚s似ionandstruggle，withthehelpofhermendsshebeganthejoumeytoheal仃．omthetrauma．Reconnectingrelationwithherpeopleandher familyplays粕impon_锄troleinhelpingVictimtorecoVer仔omthe仃a啪aticeXp谢ence．Throu曲reconneCtionwiththepeopleandenViro姗entshefl锄iliarswitll，shenolongerfeelspossessedbyher们umaticpast；sheisinpossessionofhersel￡ShebegiIlstobecomemeperSonshewaIltstobe．Dur洒gtllisprocess，shealsofindsmeme肌ingoflife柚dherValue氨”herpe叩1e．Sheworkstowardsch粕ge锄ddeVotesherselftosocialaction—nleNatiVemoVementforherpeopJe-throu曲minorimproVements锄dachieVementsinsmallsteps．ReConnectingrelationshipisjustnleinitialsteptowardsrecoVe巧．HercompleterccoVe巧deriVesfbm、vriting．BywritiIlg，shedecodesthe仃aumaticmemo珂into、Ⅳords锄d咖1sfonllsullspe如bleexplcrienceint0words．ThenshegetsrelieVed．Me粕while，alongwithherrec0VeWf．romtllemluma’廿lroughwriting，sherewriteshistog．Her缸锄maisaresultofhistogofcolonialisminC锄adaandjtSmcchanismaswellaSracialsystem．TheprocessofwritiIlgher昀啪atice)【perienceisnotonlyaprocessofhealforc锄pbellbutalsoaprocessformorepeopletoknownlee髓ctsme；hist0巧ofEur01)e锄colon妇iononAborig主llalpeople．C哪pbe玎makest11eirVoiceheardinamainsn．e锄socie够AsaNatiVewomaIl、而tcr，sheproVidesachanceforpeopletoreViewthehisto巧andeStablishestllepositionofN撕Vewom锄淞inliteI雏H℃锄dsoci奶，．Her训tingc锄notbemorethanread嬲aliteI锄哪．ebutasadocumenttoreViewC彻adi锄hist0巧粕dsocialsystem，whichh弱greatsignific锄ce蠡wCanadatopracticeMulticul讪ralpoliCe．DeVel叩mentmustbeb嬲edontllelessonsof硒sto巧．MariaCampbellpmsher仃棚maticlife咖Uintlleconte)(tofhistoⅨ、ⅣhichmakesthehistoD，moreViVid．ShesucCess如llyoVercomesherdi伍culties锄dgoestIlrou曲tllepast缸．a啪aticexpcrience．Her仃{mmaticlifesto巧canbebothregardedasak．mdofliterature啊le，butalsoregardedasacaSet0study㈣a．Atla瓯mea删[10rw粕tstocallforpeopletopaymoreattentiontotlleSmdyof仃aumalitcmture，because蛔咖隐hascloserelationwi廿1socie勺^p01itics，history，锄dculture．Throughstudying仃aumaliterature，peoplecanknowtheworldbetterandalso￡Irawlessonsf．romtllepast讹umaticeVentsothat讹岫ac柚beaVoidedor、Vhenittakesplacepeoplecanmoreefficientlydealwithit．55 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