四级作文开头结尾的写法 2页

开头的写法：文章的开头除了要表明主题外，还要能够具有吸引力。以下为几种实用有效的开头方式及常用句型。1.现象法：在文章开头就指出某种社会现象或问题，主要应用于现象解释型作文和问题解决型作文。常用句式：①Recently/Presentlythephenomenon/issue/problemof…hasbeenbroughtintofocus/arousedpublicattention/becomeaheatedtopic/beeninthelimelight.②With…,therearoseaheateddebateasto…③Withthesteady/rapid/amaizingdevelopmentof…peoplebeginto…④Inthepast…years,many…hasbeenfaced/troubled/confrontedwith…⑤Nowadays/Recently,oneofthehottest/mostpopulartopics/problemsmanypeoplecomplain/concernabout/talkabout/discussis…⑥Nowadays,oursocietyis/wearewitnessingmoreandmore…⑦Inthepast…years,therehasbeenasharp/dramaticincrease/growth/rise/declinein…Accordingtoanofficialreport/survey/poll,…⑧Inrecent…years,…hasexperiencedanalarmingincrease/growth/rise/declinein…例：Nowadays,oneofthehottestproblemsmanypeoplecomplainaboutispiracy.Books,tapes,VCDsandotherhightechproductshavebeenpirated.Forinstance,whenanewproductcomesintomarket,mostprobably,itspiratedversionwillsoonshowupinthemarket,too.2.对立法：引出要讨论的问题然后针对该问题提出两种不同的看法或观点的开头方式。一般用于有争议的主题，主要适用于对比选择型的作文。常用句式：①Whenasked…,agreat/vastmajorityofpeople/most…saythat….ButIthink/viewquitedifferently./Butinmyeye/view…②Whenitcomesto…,somepeoplebelievethat…,butsomeothersargue/claimthat…(theopposite/reverseistrue.).Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but…(Itendtoagreeto/wouldprefertheformer/latter.)③Now,itiscommonly/generally/widelybelieved/held/acknowledgedthat….Theyclaim/believe/arguethat….ButIwonder/doubtwhether….④Nowadaysthereisnoagreementamongpeopleasto….Somepeoplefocuson/advocate/favor…whileothersmaythink…(Frommypointofview…)⑤Whenfacedwith/Inthefaceof…,quiteafewpeopleclaimthat…,butotherpeopleargue….⑥Thereismuchdiscussion/publicdebate/controversynowadaysastotheproblemof….Somepeoplesaythat….Othersholdthat….⑦Thereisageneraldebateoverthephonomenonof….Peoplewhoareagainst/objecttoitclaim/hold….Butpeoplewhoadvocateit,ontheotherhand,claim/argue….⑧Thevalueofthisformof…isnowbeingquestionedby…/Thereisgrowingskepticismtoward…例：Nowadaysthereisnoagreementamongpeopleastothebestmeasureofacountry’ssuccess.Somepeoplefocusonricheconomywhileothersmaythinkitisthequalityoflifethathasnothingtodowithmoney.3.观点法：开门见山，直截了当地提出本文要论证的观点或要解决的问题。主要适用于观点论证型和问题解决型作文。常用句式：①Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitionofthenecessityto…/Nowpeoplearebecomingincreasinglyaware/consciousoftheimportanceof…②Itistruethat….Noonecandenythat….③…,whichhasgenerallyaccepted.Thetruthofitisdeepandprofound/self-evident.④Nowpeopleingrowing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtorealize/accept/beawarethat….⑤Nowherein…/Neverinhistoryhastheissue/change/ideaof…beenmoreevident/visible/popular/seriousthanin....⑥Perhapes/Maybeweshould/itistimetorethink/reexamine/haveafreshlookattheidea/value/attitude/wisdomdesirebilitythat….例：Nowthereisagrowingawarenessofthenecessitytoprotectournaturalresourcesformbeingexhausted.Havingrealizedthatnaturalresourcescannotbeingreproduced,peopleareturntingtootherthingsforreplacementofnaturalresources.4.比较法：将过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点进行比较，从而引出文章要讨论的观点。主要适用于观点论证型作文。常用句式：①Foryears,…hadbeenviewedas….Butpeoplearetakingafreshlooknow.Withthegrowing/developmentof…,people….②Peopleusedtothinkthat…(Inthepast,…)Butpeopledonotsharethisviewnow.③Itisatradition/custom/practice/traditionalway….Butnow/inrecentdecadesthingshavechanged.例：Peopleusedtothinkthatchildrenshouldbeobedient.Iftheywereobedient,theirparentswouldbeveryproudandverypleased,andconsequently,theywouldbethefavoriteonesoftheirparentsamongotherchildren.Butpeopledonotsharethisviewnow.Theynowthinkitisofgreatimportancefortheirchildrentohavetheirownthoughts.5.问题法：先将要讨论的问题进行设问，然后在解答的过程中引出观点。易于引起读者的兴趣，但若是问题设计得不好，会造成首段中心不突出、主题句表达苍白等问题。适用于对比选择型作文和现象解释型作文。常用句式：①Should/What…?Opinionsof/Attitudestowards/Answersto…varywidely/greatly/frompersontoperson.Some…arefavorof/view/regard/thinkof….Othersbelieve/argue/claim…②“Whydo/have…?”Many…oftenask/posethequestionlikethis.③Oneofthebasic/hottopicfacingoursocietyis:What/Why…?④Howdoyouthinkoftheproblemof…?Inseekingtheanswertothisquestion,…⑤Whyistherea…insociety?Itisnoeasytasktoidentifythecausesforit.例：Shouldeuthanasiabelegalized?Answerstothisquestionvarygreatlyfrompersontoperson.Somepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofeuthanasia.Othersarguethatthelegalizationmaybringaboutsomeproblems.6.引用法：在文章开头引用名人名言、箴言、谚语或有代表性的看法，来引出文章要论述的观点。主要适用于观点论证型作文。常用句式：①Oneofthegreat/earlywriters/philosophers/scientistssaid/wrote/remarked,“…”Ifthisistrue/thecase,thenthepresent/currentview/value/attitude/situationshouldmakeuswonderwhether…/ponderover…②“…”Thesameidea/complaint/attitudeisvoiced/echoed/sharedby…③“…”Howoftenwehear/Weareusedtohearing/Manypeoplehaveheard(such)statement/words/complaintlike/asthis/those.④Thereisanold/popularsaying/proverbwhichgoesthat….Thetruthofitisprofoundandsignificant./Underitssimplifiedcover,atruthisironicallypointedout,thatis,… ⑤Onegreat…hadeversaid/onceremarked,“…”Nowitstillhasarealistic/profoundsignificance./Nowitisstillworkinginourmodernsociety./Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharethisbelief/Theremarkisstillconfirmedbypeopleintoday’ssociety./Theremarkhasbeensharedbygenerations./Theviewhasbeenechoedbymany…例：Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoesthatthegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthevalley.Underitssimplifiedcover,atruthisironicallypointedout,thatis,peoplearenotcontentedwiththealreadyblessingsituation.Onthecontrary,wealwaysthinkthatmanypeoplearoundusaremuchmorefortunatethanus.Infactthiskindofopinionisverydangerous.结尾的写法：篇幅不宜过长。一篇文章的结尾是否能够产生最佳效果，关键是能否用恰当的方法和优秀的句式来有效地体现文章主题。1.总结法：通过文章前面的讨论分析引出一段总结性的言论，重申文章的中心思想或总结自己的观点，作为全文的结束。主要用于观点论证型作文和对比选择型作文。常用句式：①GiventhefactorsthatIhavejustoutlined,itiswisetosupportthestatementthat…②Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered,wemaysafely/undoubtedlydraw/cometo/arriveattheconclusionthat…③Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Inviewoftheabove-mentionedfactors,weshoulddraw/cometo/arriveattheconclusionthat…④Alltheavailable/conclusive/reliable/strikingevidencegoestoshow/pilesuptoshowthat…⑤Alltheevidence/analysissupports/warrantsanunmistakable/fairconclusionthat…⑥Alltheevidence/analysisjustifies/confirmsanunshakable/soundview/ideathat…⑦Alltheavailable/conclusive/reliable/strikingevidencepointstothefact/lendssupporttotheviewthat…⑧Tosumup/conclude,…/Theconclusionisself-evident,…⑨Weighingupthesetwoarguments,Iamfor…⑩Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Inviewoftheabove-mentionedfactors,Iprefer…例：Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove，wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthatparentsdoplayavitalroleintheeducationoftheirchildren,whichcannotbereplacedbyschooling.2.后果法：对所讨论的问题或现象可能会产生的后果作出预测或分析。这种后果可能是积极的，也可能是消极的，需根据文章的主题而定。主要适用于问题解决型作文和现象解释型作文。常用句式：①Clearly/Obviously/Nodoubt,ifwedonot/cannot…/ifweignore/areblindto…,thereiseverychance/chancesthat…/itisverylikelythat…②Anyperson/nation/societywho/whichignores/isblindto/failstolearn…wouldpayaheavyprice.③Fortunately,however,moreandmorepeoplecometorealizetheimportanceof…andimprovementisinnearfuture.④Ifweworkon…fromnowon,inforeseeablefuture,wewillnotbeperplexed/cursed/overwhelmedbythesamedilemma/problem.⑤Ifwecansolvetheproblemwithnoeffortsspared,humanbeingwillnotbecaught/stuckinthesameconditions.⑥Thereisnoeffective/easysolution/approachtotheissue/problemof…,but…mightbehelpful/beneficial./butourcommitmentwillberewardedaslongasweinsistonassumingourresponsibilityonit.⑦Followingthesemethodsmaynotguaranteethesuccessin…,butthepay-offwillbeworththesweatweshed.⑧Theeffectthat…willbringaboutafar-reaching.例：Clearly,ifweareblindtothisrecklessexploitationofourlimitednaturalresources,thereiseverychancethattherewillnotbeanynaturalresourcesforustoexploitanymore.Andifthatdaydoescome,itwillbetheendofourmoderncivilization.3.呼吁法：在文章结尾敦促或呼吁读者作出努力，对某问题予以关注或采取行动。主要适用于问题解决型作文。常用句式：①Itishightimethatwe…/Itisripetimeforusto…innohalf-heartedmanner.②Itisessential/necessary/important/imperativethateffective/quick/propermeasures/actions/steps/remediesshouldbetakento…③Ifthereistimeto…,itisnow.④Toreversethetrendisnotalighttask,anditrequireskeenconsciousnessof…⑤Thereisnodenyingthatconsiderableattentionmustbepaidtotheplightof…⑥Wemustcallforanimmediateaction/method,becausethecurrenttrendencyof…ifpermittedtodevelopatwill,itwillresultinthedestructionof…⑦Onlywhen…allgointoactioncanwe…例：Itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestoprotectourenvironment.Governmentshouldmakealawtopunishthosepollutingourenvironment,andthepublicshouldrealizetheimportanceofenvironmentprotection.