从批评话语的分析看格林童话爱情故事中隐性婚姻观 55页

摘要格林童话是深受许多儿童和青少年喜欢的童话，其中有很多非常经典的故事：“白雪公主”、“灰姑娘"和“小红帽”等，故事中也蕴涵了丰富的人生哲理，因故事情节比较适合儿童以及青少年的阅读需求，所以许多儿童和青少年是听着格林童话长大的。它让孩子们懂得了善恶美丑这些辨别是非的能力。所以对于童话中积极的一面应给予肯定。正因为其常见，我们反而不去探讨其内在的深刻含义，尤其是其中所折射出来的婚姻观。本文试运用批评语言学和系统功能相结合的分析方法来探讨格林童话中所暗含的婚姻观一婚姻中对男性的要求是什么，对女性的要求是什么以及对儿童和青少年而言怎样克服和解决童话中婚姻观的消极方面。然而从这方面探讨格林童话的文献很少，大多数学者都是把目光集中在大众语篇、官方话语以及个人话语，对它们如何进行批评话语分析和大众媒体所反映的意识形态及权力。本文认为对童话爱情故事中的婚姻观及其背后的权力和意识形态进行探讨是很有必要的，分析童话中所隐含和暗含的婚姻观到底是什么样的婚姻观，因为其会对儿童以及青少年的婚姻观产生影响，同时也可以采取相应的措施预防不健康的婚姻观。本论文共分为五章，第一章为引言，对论文做了总体的介绍。重在阐明本论文的结构，要解决的问题、目标以及意义。第二章概述批评语言学目前在国内外的研究成果介绍，指出批评语言学与系统功能语法的内在联系并说明批评语言学的方法对文学这一文类也适用。第三章，从批评语言学和从系统功能语法分析模式两种角度，简要概述与本论文相关的理论框架。第四章，基于费尔克拉夫的三维理论框架结合韩礼德的相关理论对所选文本进行分析，解答问题，提出方案。最后一章是论文的总结，着重归纳本论文的发现与不足以及本研究的发展方向。批评话语分析的研究集中于非文学语篇的研究，本文是利用该理论对文学语篇进行研究分析的一次尝试，希望能够拓展该理论的研究范围。同时本研究也证明了功能语言学可适用的特点，是批评语言学重要的理论基础。关键词：批评话语分析；婚姻观；意识形态；男性中心主义III AbstractGrimm’SFairyTalesisthefavoriteofmanychildrenandadolescents，ofwhichtherearemanyclassicalstories：SnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfs，CinderellaandLittleRed—cap．Thestoryalsocontainsawealthofphilosophyofhuman’Slifewhichsatisfiestheirreadingdemands；therefore，manychildrenandadolescentsgrowup，listeningtoGrimm’SFairyTales．Itletsthechildrenandadolescentsknowhowtodistinguishgoodfromevil，beautyfromugly，etc．Sothepositiveaspectoffairytalesshouldbeaffirmed．Justbecauseitispopular，wedonotexplorethedeepermeaningofit，particularlythemarriageviewpointreflectedfromit．Throughthecombinationofthetheoryofcriticaldiscourseanalysisandsystemicfunctionallinguistics，thethesistriestoexplorethecovertmarriageviewpointinGrimm’SFairyTales--Whattherequirementsformalesandfemalesareandhowarethenegativeaspectsofthetalesovercomeandsolvedforthechildrenandadolescents．Nevertheless，theresearchandpapersinthisaspectarequitefew．Themajorityofscholarsfocusonthepublicdiscourse，theofficialdiscourseaswellasindividualdiscourseandhowtoanalysetheideologyandpowerreflectedinthemediadiscourses．Thisthesisproclaimsthecovertmarriageviewpoint，ideologyandpowerinGrimm’SFairyTales．Throughanalysis，conclusionsareachievedthatthemarriageviewpointisimpliedinfairytales，whichcouldhaveaneffectontheoutlookofthechildrenandadolescents．Meanwhile，somemeasurescouldbetakentopreventthehappeningofunhealthymarriageviewpoint．Thisthesisiscomposedoffivechapters．Thefirstchapterisageneralintroductiontothethesis，encompassingthestructureofthisthesis，theproblem，aswellasgoalandsignificanceofthethesis．Thesecondchapteroutlinesthecurrentresearchachievementsaboutthecriticallinguisticsbothathomeandabroad，theinternalrelationshipbetweencriticaldiscourseanalysisandsystemicfunctionallinguisticsandexplainsthatliterarygenrealsocouldbeappliedtothecriticaldiscourseanalysis．Chapterthreepresentsabriefoverviewofthecriticaldiscourseanalysisandthesystemicfunctionallinguistics．Chapterfour，basedonthethree-dimensionalframeworkofFaircloughwhichiScombinedwithHalliday’Stheorytoanalysetheselecteddiscourses，answerquestionsandmakesuggestions．Thefinalchaptersummariesthethesis，displayingthefindingsofthepresentstudy，andlimitationsofthethesiswillalsobepointedoutinordertoshowthefurtherresearchonthistopic．I CriticalDiscourseAnalysisfocusedonthenon—literaryresearch．Thisthesisisanattempttoemploythetheoryofcriticaldiscourseanalysisforliterarydiscourseswhichhopesthatcouldexpandthescopeofthetheory．Atthesametime，thisstudyalsoprovesthatthepropertyofapplicationinfunctionallinguisticswhichistheforemosttheoreticalfoundationofcriticaldiscourseanalysis。Keywords：一criticaldiscourseanalysis；marriageviewpoint；ideology；male．centralismII 独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解江西师范大学研究生院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权江西师范大学研究生院可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日导师签名：签字日期：年月日 ChapterOneIntroductionOneIntroductionOneofthemostpopularfairytalesforthechildrenandadolescentsisGrimm’SFairyTaleswhichwaspublishedin1812．Itisthesefairytalesthatinfluencemanygenerationsofthechildrenandadolescents．Somanyclassicalstoriesarecreatedinitandarefamiliartoeveryone，forexample：SnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfs,LittleRed-capandCinderella．Becauseofitsintriguingplotsandbeingsuitableforthereadingdemandofthechildrenandadolescents，manyparentschoosesuchkindof筋巧bookfortheirchildrentoappreciate．Tosomeextent，thesefairytalessharesomebeneficialaspectstothechildrenandadolescents，whicharepositivesignificancefortheirhealthygrowth，suchashowtodistinguishrightorwrong，kindorcruel，beautyorugly．Ontheonehand，thesepositiveelementsmustbeaffirmed．Ontheotherhand，theauthors’unconsciousideologies，inparticularthecovertmarriageviewpoint，shouldalsodeservetobedisclosed．Recently,oneofsociolinguistsinAmericademonstratesthatGrimm’SFairyTalesarenotbeneficialtothehealthygrowthofgirls．Byvirtueofherownopinion，Grimm’SFairyTalesimplysuchideologiesunconsciously：itisthebeautythatmakestheprincessesdifferfromothers，whichletsthemliveaprosperousandluxuriouslife．Afterreadingmanystorieslikethis，someplaingirlswouldbefrustrated．Asaresult，thesociolinguistssuggestthatwhenthechildren。andadolescentsreadGrimm’SFairyTales，itisquitenecessaryfortheparentstoexplainthefollowingviewpointsexplicitly：Thebeautifulappearancesarenotthewholelifeforgirls，andsomeotherfactorsshouldalsobetakenintoaccount．Inthefollowingsectionsinthischapter,theobjectofthepresentstudy,thesignificanceofthestudy,thegoalandquestionsofthestudyandorganizationofthethesiswouldbedistinctlyillustrated．1．1TheobjeetofthepresentstudyThepresentstudyintendstodisplaythatthecovertmarriageviewpoint(theinequalityofmaleandfemale)andthecrucialideologies(man—centralism)intheselovestoriesinGermanyduringthatperiod．Afterdisclosingthesecovertmarriageviewpoints，itwouldbegoodforthechildrenandadolescentstosetuptheirownperspectiveswhentheyreadfairytalesandbuilduptheirowncorrectmarriageviewpointandunderstandhowtoovercomeandsolvethenegativemarriageviewpointaspectsintales．Therefore，Grimm’SFairyTalesshouldbeappreciatedinadialecticalapproach．Letthechildrenabsorbthepositiveattitudesanddiscardthenegativeelements．Somanypeopletakeitforgranted，andl TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisveryfewpeoplecouldstopandconsiderthepotentialideologies，especiallythecovertmarriageviewpointimpliedinit．ThisstudyintendstoanalysetheselectedlovestoriesinGrimm’SFairyTales，basedontheapproachesofcriticaldiscourseanalysis(hereinafterCDA)andsystemicfunctionallinguistics(hereinafterSFL)whichcombinethetwokindsofapproachestogethertodisclosethecovertmarriageviewpoint，ideologiesandpowerrelationsinit．InGrimm’SFairyTales，whatkindofmarriageviewpointisimplied?Whatkindofdemandisrequiredformaleandfemaleinamarriage?Whydoessuchkindofmarriageviewpointcouldbecomeintoexistence?Itisnodoubtthatthisphenomenoniscausedbythecontextandsocialbackgroundofthatperiod．TheinstrumentofCDAandSFLcouldhelptheauthortosolvethequestionsandachievetheconclusionsofthecovertmarriageviewpointinGrimm’SFairyTales．1．2significanceofthestudyAccordingtoXin(2005：57)，criticallinguisticspaysmuchattentiontotwonon-literalfieldsuptonow．Oneispublicdiscoursesandofficialdiscourses，includingthediscoursesofgovernment，administrator,commercialorganizationandnewsinstitution，theotherispersonaldiscourse，thatistosay,informalorformalconversationbetweenpeoplewhichtakeitforgrantedandbedifficultforthemtorealizetheinteriorideologies．DingandXu(2007)writeapapertitledACriticalDiscourseAnalysisoftheIntertextualityofFairy死沱一CaseStudyofAlice≥AdventuresinWonderland．Tan(2007)analysedtheMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromtheperspectiveofCDA．Thetwopaperssuggestthatthemethodologyofthree—dimensionaldiscourseanalysiscouldalsobeappliedtothegenreoffairytales．AfterstudyingGrimm’SFairyTaleswiththeapproachesofthecombinationbetweenCDAandSFLundertheframeworkofFairclough’Sthree-dimensionalperspectiveandHalliday’Sframeworkofthreemetafunctions，thisthesiscouldenrichtheexperienceofSFL"sapplicationinthisspecialfield．ThetheoryofSFLprovidesCDAasolidfoundation；onthecontrary,CDAextendstheapplicationofSFL．Bymeansofconcreteproceduresandoperations，thefieldofCDAcouldalsobeextendedtotheliteralfield，whichmeansthatthelovestoriesinGrimm’SFairyTales．UnderCDA"sthree—dimensionalframework，thethesiswoulddisclosethecovertmarriageviewpoint，ideology,powerandnegativeelementsinGrimm’SFairyTales．Itcouldbenoticedbythechildrenandadolescents，whichisveryhelpfulforthehealthygrowthofthemsimultaneously．2 BvmeansofthecombinationofthetheorybetweenCDAandSFL，thethreegoalsofthethesiswouldbeachievedandsummarizedasfollows：Firstlv’disclosesocialandculturalcontextswhichunderlietheGrimm’sFai巧Talessoastoexplaintheproductionofthetexts·Secondly；bymeansofanalysingtheselectedtexts，letthechildrenalldadolescentShavetheabilityt0establishtheirownmarriageviewpointandavoidtheexenlon0tunhealthyma盯iageviewpointandsolvethequestionsmentionedlnthethesls·Finally"thefiIldingsandlimitationsatesummarizedSOastohelpthe如懈studyonthistopic．Throu曲analysingtheselectedlovestorieswiththecombinationofthet11eoryb咖eenCDAandSFL，thediscussionsanddevelopmentofthethesiswillbefocusedonthefollowingresearc№gquestion8：．⋯。1．In嘶mm，sFairyTales，whatkindofmarriageviewpoint1s1mplled。，2．HowareitsnegativeaspectsovercomeorsolvedinGrimm’sFairyTales?1．4OrganizationofthetheslsChapterOneistheintroductionofthewholethesis，itwillintroducetheobjectofthepresentsttldy"thesi鲥fic雒ceofthestudy,thegoalandquestionsofthestudy8nd0rganizationofmethesis．ChapterTwoisliteraturereviewwhichwillillustratethecurrentstudvsituationofCDAbothathomeandabroad．Thestudyatabroadwouldprincipallyinl∞ducethecontributionsandachievementsofRogerFowler,TuenA-VanDlJk，Rutnwodak狮dN0锄allFairClou班．Meanwhile，thestudyathomewouldintroducetheproductionsofChenZhon分zhu，XinBin，DingJian-xin，ete·ThecollnectionofSFLandCDAcouldalsobeelaboratedinit．ChapterThreeisthetheoreticalframeworkofthethesis,inwhichthemodelsofNorrnanFairclough’sCDAmodelandM．A．K·Halliday’sSFLmodelwouldbeelaboratedwhichindicatethatbothofthetheoriescouldbeapplledintotheanalysingoftheselectedtexts．ChapterFouristhetwoselectedtexts，Cinde陀踟龇dSnDw砌f纪册d旃g＆化”DM咖，whichischosenfromGrimm’sFairyTales·Underthe詹锄eWorkofFairClou曲，sthree．dimensionalmodelandbymeansofanalysingthetexts,discursivepracticeandsocialpracticetosolvethequestionsmentionedinthethesls·。lhe1aStisChapterFivewhichistheconclusionofthethesis，inwhichthediscusslons，tlndlngs’】imitationsa11dguidanceforthefuturestudywouldbeexplained·3 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewChapter2LiteratureReview2．1．CDA’Sstudiesatabroad2．1．1RogerFowlerandtheappearanceofCLCriticalLinguistics(hereinafterCL)wasfirstlyproposedbyRogerFowler，etc．inabookwhichnamedLanguageandControlin1979．Fowler(1979：185)pointsoutthattherearestrongandpervasiveconnectionsbetweenlinguisticstructuresandsocialstructurewhichalsoreferstoChomskywhopayslittleattentiontothesocialinfluencetowardslinguisticstructure．Thebookanalyseslanguageusedinavarietyofsituations，includingnewsreporting，interviews，rulesandregulations，etc．Afteranalysingatextbymeansoftheapproachestotransitivity，modality，transformationsandclassification，onecouldrevealthecovertideologyandpowerinthetext．2．1．2TeunA．vanDijk’Ssocio—cognitiVeapproachtowardsCDAVanDijkisoneoftheoutstandingresearchersWhosestudiesisaboutCDAbymeansofsocio—cognitiveperspective．He(1998)pointsoutthatCDA，whichisatypeofdiscourseanalyticalresearchthatprimarilystudiesthewaysocialpowerabuse，dominanceandinequalityareenacted，reproducedandresistedbytextandtalkinthesocialandpoliticalcontext．Withsuchdissidentresearch，criticaldiscourseanalyststakeexplicitposition，andthuswanttounderstand，exposeandultimatelytoresistsocialinequality．TheaimofCDAistoofferadifferent‘mode’or‘perspective’oftheorizing,analysisandapplicationthroughoutthewholefield．Mostofhiscriticalworkfocusesontheethnicandprejudicesindiscourseandcommunication．Healsointendstoreconstructethnicattitudesandideologiesfromeverydayconversationandexaminedtheroleofthenewsmediainthereproductionofracism．Hearguesthatthereisnodirectconnectionbetweendiscoursestructuresandsocialstructureswhichalwaysaremediatedbytheinterfaceofpersonalandsocialcognition．AccordingtovanDijk，themissinglinkofmanystudiesinCLandCDAiscognition．Withouttheapproachofcognition，onecouldfailtoshowthedialecticalrelationsbetweenthesocialstructuresanddiscoursestructures．ThestudyofvanDijkisalsointhefieldoftheroleofknowledgeindiscourseandthecontextandcontextualization．Itisthecontextmodelsthatcontrolalldiscourseandcommunication．2．1．3RuthWodak’Sdiscourse-historicalapproachtowardsCDAAnotherdistinguishedresearcherofCDAisRuthWodak，who，togetherwithher4 TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysiscolleaguesinVienna，devisestheapproachofdiscourse—historicalapproachtowardsCDAinaninterdisciplinarystudyofpost—WarantisemitisminAustriacompletedin1990．Wodak(2006)holdsthatthedistinctivefeatureofthisapproachisitsattempttointegratesystematicallyallavailablebackgroundinformationintheanalysisandinterpretationofthemanylayersofawrittenorspokentext．Thestudyinwhichandforwhichthisapproachisdevelopedattemptedtotraceindetailtheconstitutionofanantisemiticstereotypedimageasitemergedinpublicdiscourseinthe1986AustrianpresidentialcampaignofKurtWaldheim．Thestudyaddressestheproblemof‘antisemiticlanguagebehavior’incontemporaryAustria，inotherwords，linguisticmanifestationsofprejudicestowardsJews．discourse-historicalapproachisdesignedtoenabletheanalysisofindirectprejudicedutterances，aswellastoidentifyandexposethecodesandallusionscontainedinprejudiceddiscourse．She(1996)alsosummarizesthegeneralcharacteristicsofCLandCDA．(1)Theapproachisinterdisciplinary．(2)Theapproachisproblem—oriented，ratherthanfocusedonspecificlinguisticitems．(3)Thetheoriesaswellasthemethodologiesareeclectic．(4)Thestudyusuallyincorporatesfieldworkandethnographytoexploretheobjeetunderinvestigationasapreconditionforanyfurtheranalysisandtheorizing．(5)Theapproachisabductive：aconstantmovementbackandfor吐lbetweentheoryandempiricaldataisnecessary．(6)Multiplegenresandmultiplepublicspacesarestudied，andintertextualandinterdiscursiverelationshipsareinvestigated．Recontextualizationisoneofthemostimportantprocessesinconnectingthesegenresaswellastopicsandarguments．(7)Thehistoricalcontextshouldbeanalysedandintegratedintotheinterpretationofdiscoursesandtexts．(8)Thecategoriesandtoolsfortheanalysisaredefinedinaccordancewithallthesestepsandproceduresandalsowiththespecificproblemunderinvestigation．(9)Grandtheoriesmightserveasafoundation；inthespecificanalysis，Middle—RangeTheoriesservetheaimsbetter．(10)Practiceandapplicationareaimedat．Withtheseprinciplesbearinginmind，onecouldhaveadeepunderstandingofCDA．2．1．4NormanFairclough’SviewpointtowardsCDAFairclough(1992：1)claimsthatchangesinlanguageusearelinkedtowidersocialandculturalprocesses．Heintendstodevelopanapproachforinvestigatingchangeinlanguageandwillbeusableinthestudiesofsocialandculturalchange．Previousattempts(Gramsci，Althusser,Foucault，etc)emphasizeuponthedescriptionoftextsasfinishedproducts，littleattentiontoprocessesoftextproductionandinterpretationandastaticviewpointtowardslanguage．Conversely,Faircloughholdsthatdiscourseanalysisshouldpaymuchattentiontoprocessesoftextproductionandinterpretationandadynamicandhistoricalviewpoint5 linguistics：firstly,incriticallinguistics，theretendstobetoomuchemphasisUponthetextasproduct，andtoolittleemphasisupontheprocessesofproducingandinterpretingtexts．Secondly,itplacesaone—sidedemphasisupontheeffectsofdiscourseinthesocialreproductionofexistingsocialrelationsandstructures，andcorrespondinglyneglectsbothdiscourseasadomaininwhichsocialstrugglestakeplace，andchangeindiscourseasadimensionofwidersocialandculturalchange．Finally,thelanguage．ideologyinterfIaceistoonarrowlyconceivedincriticallinguistics．Tocomplementthedrawbacksofcriticallinguistics，Fairclough(1992：35—36)proposeseightkeypointsthroughthewholebooks．Inashort，theeightpointscanbesummarizedasthatanydiscursive‘event，isseenasbeingsimultaneouslyapieceoftext，aninstanceofdiscursivepracticeandaninstanceofsocialpractice．Thisapproachcoincideswiththethree．dimensionalmethodologyproposedbyNormanFairclough(1995：97)whoadoptsanapproachwhichisbaseduponathree-dimensionalframeworkofdiscourseanalysis．Discourse，andanyspecificinstanceofdiscursivepractice，1Sseenassimultaneously(a)languagetext，spokenorwritten，(b)discoursepractice(textproductionandtextinterpretation)，(c)socioculturalpractice，whichalsocoincideswithThompson’S(1984)，whoseopinionalsoreferstothatsocialtheon，inrecentdecadeshasgivenlanguageamorecentralplaceinsociallife．In1995，anotherbookcalledCriticalDiscourseAnalysis：ThecriticalstudyoflanguagewrittenbyFaircloughisalsopublished．Thefourthemesofthebookareasfollows：therelationshipbetweenlanguage，ideology如dpower,therelation枷pbeMeclldiscourseandsocioculturalchange，thecentralityoftextualanalysistosocialI．esearchandtheprinciplesandpracticesofcriticalawareness．Threecentralconstnlctsofcriticaldiscourseanalysis：textandthestudyof‘texture’，discoursalpracticesandtheconcept‘orderofdiscourse’andsocio-culturalpracticesandtheconceptof‘cultural，．BeadngthesekeyIssuesinmind，abasicframeworkofthewholebookcouldbeperceived．Fairclough(1995：1-2)claimsthatpowerisconceptualizedbothintermsofasymmetriesbetweenparticipantsindiscourseevents，andintermsofunequalcapacitytocontrolhowtextsareproduced，distributedandconsumedinparticularsocialculturalcontexts．Anytextispartrepetition，partcreationandtextsaresitesoftensionbetweencentripetalandcentrifugalpressures(Baktin1981，1986)whichrepresentstheprincipleofintertextuality．FromtheperspectiveofFairclough，ideologyisbothapropertyofstructuresandapropertyofevents。Anumberofaccountsplaceideologyinsomeformofsystemofpotentialunderlyinglanguagepractice--beita‘code’，‘structure’，‘system’or‘formation’．Halliday’SviewofSFLisalsocitedinthisbookwhichsuggeststhatthecombinationofSFLandCDAbean6 TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysiseffectivewaytoanalysetexts．2．2CDA，SstudiesinChinaWhenCDAisstudiedatabroadbymanyfamouslinguisticanalysts，inourdomestic，CDAisalsointroducedbymanylinguisticscholars．ChenZhong—zhupublishedhispaperinForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchin1995whichpresentsthedevelopingprocessesofCDAandletUShaveabasicframeworkofCDAforthefirsttime．Thenafterafewyearsdevelopment，manyscholarsinChinaareengagedinthestudyofCDA．Uptonow,manycriticalpapersarepublishedwhicharequitebeneficialtothestudentsinChinatocomprehendanddoresearchinthisfield。ThemostfamousrepresentativesinChinaareXinBin，DingJian—xin，TianHai·long，LiaoYi—qingandsoon．Amongthem，XinBinsetsUSagoodexample，especiallyforhisbookcalledcriticallinguistics：theoryandapplicationwhichgivesUSaguidancetolearnCDAandalsoachievesafruitfulfulfillmentinpublishingusefulpapers．In2005，XinBinpublishesabooknamedCriticalLinguistics：TheoryandApplicationwhichprovidesguidancetostudentstocomprehendthetheoryandapplicationofCDA．ItisindeedthatabriefframeworkofCDAwhichisquiteavailableforlearnerstograspthemaincontentsimmediately．SeveralsignificantconceptionsofCDAareelaboratedinthisbook，suchas：languageandideology,languageandpower,textualityandhegemony．HealsointroducesthemethodologiesofCDAcwhichbasesprimarilyuponHalliday’SSFLandsomeotherdisciplinaryfields．BymeansofusingaserialofmethodologyofCDA，Englishnewsdiscourseisanalysed．ThecorpusalmostisselectedfromEnglishnewsreportswhicharediscussedfromtheperspectivesoftransitivity,modality,transformation，classification，etc．TheseanalysesofNewsreportsetagoodexampleforUStofollow．HealsoproposestherelationshipbetweenSFLandCDAandmakesthecombinationofthetwomethodsbeanefficientwayinpracticaltextsanddiscoursesoperation．ThemethodologyofCDAalsomentionedinthisbookandanimportantconceptisalsoreferredtowhichisintertextualitybecauseeverytextordiscourseisintertextualitywhetherovertlyorcovertly．QuestionswhichneedUStoexploreinfuturestudiesareasfollows：whataretheevaluationstandardsandexplanatoryauthoritiesoftexts?Howtocollectcorpusandwhattypeoftextsarerepresentative?AccordingtoChen(2006)，summarizesallthepaperspublishedonvariousperiodicalsfrom1995toMay2005whichsketchesabasicframeworkofthedevelopmentofCDA，particularlyforthenewcomerswhocouldacquirethetheoryinnotime．Afteranalysing477 一．——曼皇苎旦兰!!竺竺兰!!!!型!竺墨!∑!!!——-_---______-●---_●--_-_-____-_____-●_-___。。-_。_____-。______--_。‘‘—‘。__。__’。1_●___。。。。。。。。。’’——————————————一一一papers，thedirectionofpresentstudies，propertiesanddisadvantagesofCDAleadUStoanewtrendtowardsCDA．FivemainblocksofthecurrentstudyofCDA：firstly,introductionandcommentarywhichincludesLiao(1999)，Tian(2003)，Li(2005)，Chen(1995)，Ding(2001)，etc．Secondly’theoreticaldiscussion，suchas：Li&Gao(2002)，Wang(2002)，Xin(2004)．Thirdly,Xin(1997，1998，2002)getsalongwellwiththemethodologyofCDA．FourthlyisapplicationwhichincludesYe(2002)andTian(2002)．Finallyistherelationshipwithotherdisciplinaries，Ye(2004)andXin(1996，2003)belongtothistypeofresearch．From2006to2007，manypapersaboutCDAarealsopublished．Liu(2007)reviewsandpredictsthedevelopmentofCDAandSFL，whichindicatesthataSlongasthecombinationofthetwotheoriesandagreatprogresscouldbefulfilled．Li&Gao(2002)summariesandevaluatestheproductswrittenbyYoungandHarrison，whichgivesUSaclearframeworktomasterthedirectionofCDAandSFLinthe28mInternationalSystemicFunctionalCongress．Zhi(2007)presentsthenewdirectionofCDA，andhispaperiSdesignedtoshedlightonCDAitselfandthemulti—perspectivestudiesofCDASOthatthenewresearcherswillbeinformedofthelatestdevelopmentofCDAandthereaftertherelevantacademicstudiescanbeconductedeffectively．Fromtheperspectivesofphilosophicalbasement，analyticalinstrument，currentstudiesandtrend，Shi(2007)discussesCDAwhichpresentsUSafullunderstandingofit．Ji(2006)summarizesCDAbothathomeandabroadinordertoenhancetheunderstandingofthetheoryofCDA．Tian(2006)，fromcriticallinguisticstocriticaldiscourseanalysis，distinguishesthedifferencesbetweenthefollowingtwoterminologies：CDAwhichisbasedonCLanddevelopsCL．Xu(2005)，Li(2007)andDing(2007)，fromtheperspectiveofintertextualityincludedmanifestintertextualityandinterdiscursivity,dosomeresearchinAlice’AdventuresinWonderlandandThroughtheLookingGlass，whichprovidesthatthetheoryofCDAcouldalsopenetrateintothegenreoffairytales．WhattheydoextentsthefieldofCDA，whichalsoencouragesmetowritemycurrentthesis．2．3TheconnectionbetweenCDAandSFLYoungandHarrison(2004)presenttheachievementsbymeansofthecombinationofCDAandSFLwhichincludetheapplicationofappraisaltheoryinCDAandthecreationintheoriesofCDAandSFL．TheconnectionofSFLandCDAshareseveralcommonalities：firstly,theyshareaviewoflanguageasasocialconstruct，lookingattheroleoflanguageinsocietyandatthewaysinwhichsocietyhasfashionedlanguage．Secondly,thedialecticalviewoflanguageinwhichparticulardiscursiveeventsinfluencethecontextsinwhichthey TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm"sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisoccurandthecontextsare，inturninfluencedbythesediscursiveevents．Finally,bothofthememphasizetheculturalandhistoricalaspectsofmeaning．SFLstudieshowmeaningaremadeindifferentcontexts，whereas，CDAprovidesasocialcritiquebydocumentingstructuresofinequality．Namely,SFLprovidesoneofthelinguisticfoundationsandanalyticalframeworksforCDA，andCDAgivesbackmuchimpetusforthefurtherdevelopmentofSFL．Onlythroughafurtherdialoguebetweenthesetwodifferent，butstronglylinkedapproachestolanguageanditsapplications，wecanhaveabetterunderstandingoftherolethediscourseplaysinthecurrenttransformationofpolitical，economicandculturalchange．Wang(2002)analysestherelationshipbetweenCDAandSFL，whosuggeststhatSFLprovidestheoreticalbasisforCDAandinturnCDAtheoreticallycomplementsSFLandoffersawidefieldofpracticeforSFLandhopestogiveawideviewofCDA．Jiang(2003)publishesapapercalledaneffectiveapproachtoCDA—FunctionalGrammar,whoholdsthatthroughtheanalysinginstrumentoffunctionalgrammarusedinCDA，whichcanhelpreadersfostertheirsensitivitytomasterlanguageandtheiranti—controllingawarenessagainstcontext．Withthesenarrations，aconnectionbetweenSFLandCDAcouldbeclearlyrepresented．2．4SummaryBymeansofanalysingthecurrentstudysituationbothathomeandabroad，aclearframeworkofCDA"sstudywouldbepresentedtoUS．Fromthepriordiscussion，wecouldcomprehendthatthebasicdataandfocusofCDAarene}、)Icswhichbelongtonon—literaryfield。Therefore，thisthesiswouldapplytheapproachofCDAtoanalysethedataofthefai巧taleswhichareincludedinliteraryfield．ThepaperofDingJian—xinsetsmeagoodexampletoputthetheoryofCDAintopracticeintheliteraryfieldwhichindeedextendsthefieldsofCDA"sapplication．Therefore，withhisinspiration，1wouldconductthefollowingstudytorevealthecovertmarriageinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromtheperspectiveofCDA．9 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkThreeTheoreticalFramework3．1IntroductionThetheoreticalframeworkadoptedinthestudyofthisthesisiSdemonstratedinthischapterinwhichFairclough’sthree．dimensionalframeworkofCDAmodelistobeexplainedSOastolaythetheoreticalfoundationforthepresentstudy．Underlyingthepracticalprocedures，Halliday’SSFLmodelisalsocouldbeintegrated，whichalsoprovidesatheoreticalfoundationforthestudy．Thethree—dimensionalmodelhelpstoestablishtheframeworkoftheanalysisofthetwotexts，whilethetheoryofSFLprovidessomespecificanalyticalinstrument．Finally,thischapterwillelaboratetherelationshipbetweenCDAandSFLwhichcouldalsobeausefulcombinationforthepresentstudy．3．2NormanFairclough’SCDAModelInDiscourseandSocialChange，Faircloughclaimsthathismainobjectiveistodevelopallapproachtolanguageanalysiswhichwillbeparticularlyusefulforinvestigatingchangeinlanguage，andwillbeusableinstudiesofsocialandculturalchange．AccordingtoFairclough(1992：4，75—86)，anydisco．ursive‘event’(anyinstanceofdiscourse)isseenasbeingsimultaneouslyapieceoftext,aninsianceofdiscursivepracticeandallinstanceofsocialpractice．Textanalysiscanbeorganizedunderfourmainheadings：vocabulary,grammar,cohesionandtextstructure．Otherwise，theforceofutterances，thecoherenceoftextsandtheintertextualityoftextscouldalsobetakenintoaccount．Discoursivepracticeinvolvesprocessesoftextproduction，distributionandconsumptionandthenatureoftheseprocessesvariesbetweendifferenttypesofdiscourseaccordingtosocialfactors．Discourseassocialpracticeisinrelationtoideologyandtopower,andplacediscoursewithinaviewofpowerashegemony,andaviewoftheevolutionofpowerrelationsashegemonicstruggle．Faircloughproclaimsthatideologyhasamaterialexistenceinthepracticesofinstitutions，‘interpellatessubjects’，ideologicalstateapparatuses．Ideologyisalsoapropertyofstructuresandapropertyofevents．Inordertosustainorrestructurepowerrelations，thediscoursivepracticesareideologicallyinvested．Ideologiesariseinsocietiescharacterizedbyrelationsofdominationonthebasisofclass，gender,culturalgroupandSOforth．Thethree—dimensionalframeworkofCDAcouldbeclearlypresentedinthefollowingfigure(figure1)．10 Figure1Dimensionsofdiscoursedimensionsofdiscourseanalysis(Fairclough1995：98)1showsthatanydiscursiveeventisseensimultaneouslyaSapieceoftext，whichiseitherspokenorwriRen，allinstanceofdiscursivepracticeandaninstanceofsocialpractice．Inthefigure，discourseisembeddedinsocio—culturalpracticeatthreelevels，thatis，inthesituation，inthewiderinstitutionandatasocietallevel．Discourseanalysisinvolvesthreedimensionsofdiscourse，thatis，descriptionwhichisconcemedwithformalpropertiesoftext；interpretationwhichisconcemedwiththerelationshipbetweentextandinteraction，andexplanationwhichisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweeninteractionandsocialcontext．Fairclough’Sframeworkindicatesthatdifferentlevelsoflinguisticstructurecanbeusedtomakeacriticalaccountofboththerelationaland：therepresentationalaspectsofdiscourse，whichcorrespondtoHalliday’Sinterpersonalandideationalfunctionsoflanguage．Incomparison，asawriRenorspokenproduct，atextisapartofdiscourseandtextanalysisisthedescriptionofdiscourse．AccordingtoFairclough(2001：125)，theanalyticalframeworkforCDAwhichismodeleduponthecriticaltheoristRoyBhaskar’Sconceptof‘explanatorycritique’isasfollows：1．Focusuponasocialproblemwhichhasasemioticaspect．2．Identifyobstaclestoitbeingtackled，throughanalysisofa．thenetworkofpracticesitislocatedwithinb．therelationshipofsemiosistootherelementswithintheparticularpractice(s)concernedc．thediscourse(thesemiosisitself)·structuralanalysis：theorderofdiscourse·interactionalanalysis·interdiscursiveanalysis·linguisticandsemioticanalysis1．Considerwhetherthesocialorder(networkofpractices)inasense‘needs’11 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworktheproblem．2．Identifypossiblewayspasttheobstacles．Reflectcriticallyontheanalysis．Thismodelismorecomprehensiveandmorepracticable．ThereasonwhyFaircloughchoosesSFLaslinguistictheoryofhisframeworkisthatHalliday(1973：65)，languageisasitisbecauseofitsfunctioninthesocialstructure，andtheorganizationofbehaviouralmeaningsshouldgivesomeinsightintoitssocialfoundations．TrytoreadthefollowingmodelwhichisestablishedbyHalliday．WecouldgetaconclusionthatthesimilaritybetweenSFLandCDA"smodel．3．3M．A．K．Halliday’sSFLModelHallidayconstructshiswell-knownSFLtheoreticalframework．AccordingtoHalliday,thethreemetafunctionsareideationalfunction，interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction，whichcouldalsobeembodiedintransitivity,voiceandpolarity,mood，modalityandkey,Theme，Rheme，informationandcohesionrespectively．Theprominentfeatureofmetafunctionsisitsapplicationforanalysinganytypesoftexts．Thompson(2000：F19)definestheideationalfunctionasrepresentinginlanguageofpeople’Sexperiencesinrealisticworld，includingpeople’Sinnerworldanddescribingthesurroundinghappeningeventsorsituationsinlanguage．Meanwhile，theinterpersonalfunctionmeansthatpeopleuselanguagetocommunicatewithothers．,inordertoestablishandmaintaingoodsocialrelationships，haveaneffectonsomeotherpeople’Sbehaviorsandexpresstheoutlooktowardstheworldevenforchangingtheworld．Textualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences．Intermsofthetransitivitysystem，Hallidaydistinguishessixprocessestowardsit，whichmeanthatthematerialprocess，thebehaviouralprocess，thementalprocess，verbalprocess，relationalprocessandexistentialprocess．ThesixprocessesintegratetoeachotherandcouldbequitehelpfultodotextanalysisespeciallyforthenewstextsinCDA．InHalliday’Ssystemicgrammar,scaleisanimportantconceptwhichcouldconsistoffourcomponents：clause，grouporphase，wordandmorpheme．Beyondtheclause，itisclausecomplexwhichmeansthattwoormoreclausesarecombinedwitheachotherandconstitutealargerunit．InFour,theselectedtextsaretobeanalysedmainlyonthescaleofwordandclausesSOastorevealthecovertmarriageviewpointinit．12 TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisrankofgenrebeyondthemetafunctionalsocouldbeembodiedinfield，tenorandmodeandraisetohigherlevelmsocialenvironment．TheSFLmodelofHallidaycoincideswiththemaincontentsinCDA，whichisasolidfoundationforanalysingtheselectedtexts．Halliday(2000：F24)indicatesthatthemeansforhumancommunicationarediverse，languageisonlyakindofthesemeans，whereas，languageismoreusefulthanothercommunicationalmeans．Hallidayregardslanguageasasocialsemioticcontinuously．Forthisviewpoint，onecouldconsumeitfromthefollowingaspects．Theconceptof“social’’isnotcontraryto“individual”．What’Smore，theconceptofsemioticisnotastaticconcept；onthecontrary,itisadynamicconceptwhichcouldbedevelopedwiththedevelopmentofthecurrentsociety,whichmeansthatthemeaningofalanguageisnotstableandcouldbeunderstoodintheconcreteconsumingprocesses．Inotherwords，onecouldt11inkoflanguageasaconstituentofsocialcultureandexpresssomespecificmeaningundersomecertainsocialenvironment．．conceptofcontextwhichisreferredtobyHallidayisoriginatedfromMalinowski，whichincludescontextofsituationandcontextofculture．Halliday(2000：F27)alsoclaimsthatthevariantsofcontextscouldbedividedintofieldofdiscourse，tenorofdiscourseandmodeofdiscoursewhichdeterminetheideationalfunction，interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunctionseparately．InChapterFour,thecontextandsocialenvironmentcouldalsobeembodiedaccordingthecontextofsituation．Fromtheabovedis，c．ussi、on，bothoftheCDAandSFLmodelemphasizethegenreandsocialenvironment．Fairclough(1992：8)，agoodstartingpointisasystemictheoryoflanguage(Halliday1978)whichseeslanguageasmultifunctional，andseestextsassimultaneouslyrepresentingreality(ideationalfunction)，enactingsocialrelations(interpersonalfunction)，andestablishingidentities(textualfunction)．Thistheoryoflanguagecouldfruitfullybecombinedwiththeemphasisuponsociallyconstructivepropertiesofdiscourseinsocial—theoreticalapproachestodiscourse．Zhuetal．(2004)andHuetal．(2005)writethebookswhichnamedIntroductiontoFunctionalLinguisticsandApanaramatoSystemicFunctionalLinguisticsrespectively．ThetwobooksareindeedanexcellentinstrumenttocomprehendthemajorviewpointsofHalliday’SSFLmodelforthelearnerswhowouldliketomasterthemainissuesofSFLimmediately．3．4SummaryThroughtheexhibitionofCDAandSFL"smodel，itisclearthatthetheoryofSFLlaysafoundationfortheformationofCDA"smodel．Asaconsequence，thetwomodelscouldbe13 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkintegratedtogethertoconducttextanalysiswhichalsocouldbeappliedintothefollowingtextsanalysisinchapterfour．Bymeansofthepracticalapplication，wecouldfindthattheapplicableforthetheoryofSFL．Thetheoreticalsupportisshowingclearlyinthischapter,inthefollowingchapterwillputtheabovetheoriesintopractice．Withtheinstrumentofthethree-dimensionalframeworkofCDA，theframeworkisemployedinthefollowingchapterindetailwhichcoulddisclosethecovertmarriageviewpointandtheideologiesintheselectedtexts，andthequestionsmentionedinOnewouldbesolvedstepbystep． ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree—DimensionalModelFourTw0TextsStudieswiththeCDAThree—DimensionalModel4．1IntroductionThischapteraimstocombineHalliday’SSFLandFairclough’SCDAmodeltoanalysetheselectedtexts(SnowWhiteandSevenDw口咖，Cinderella)indetail．Fromtheaspectsoftext，discursivepracticeandsocialpracticetosolveQuestionOneandTwomentionedinchapterone：whatkindofmarriageviewpointisimpliedinGrimm’sFairyTalesandhowareitsnegativeaspectsovercomeorsolvedinGrimm’SFairyTales?Withtheassistanceofthetwomodels，thisthesisattemptstosolvethequestionsgraduallyandformaconclusioneventually．AccordingtoNormanFairclough(1995：97)，whoadoptsathree—dimensionalmethodofdiscourseanalysis，andcorrespondinglyathree—dimensionalmethodofdiscourse，discourseandanyspecificinstanceofdiscursivepracticeareseenassimultaneously(a)alanguagetext，spokenorwritten，(b)discoursepractice(textproductionandtextinterpretation)，(c)socioculturalpractice．Thefollowingsections(4．2-4．5)wouldtumtothedetailedprocedures．4．2Text4．2．1Vocabulary：Halliday’smetafunetionsofepithetAfteracompleteunderstandingandanalysisofthetwoselectedtexts，aprominentfeatureofthesediscoursesisthattheauthorusesalargenumberofadjectives，whichHalliday(2000：184)callsepithetwhichcouldeitherexpressexperientialorinterpersonalmeaning．FromtheperspectiveofHalliday,theepithetindicatessomequalityofthesubset．Thismaybeanobjectivepropertyofthethingitself,oritmaybeanexpressionofthespeaker’Ssubjectiveattitudetowardsit．Theformerareexperientialinfunction，whereasthelatter,expressingthespeaker’Sattitude，representaninterpersonalelementinthemeaningofthenominalgroup．Theprincipaldifferencebetweenthetwoisthatexperientialepithetsarepotentiallydefining，whereasinterpersonalonesarenot．Eveninthesuperlative，which，withexperientialepithets，isalmostalwaysusestodefine，anattitudinalepithetisstillnotdefining．Anotherdistinctivefeaturebetweenexperientialandinterpersonepithetsisthatinterpersonalepithetstendtoprecedeexperientialones．Theepithetsinthetextsareusedto TheCovenMarriageViewpointinGrimm’sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysismodifythecrucialprotagonists(SnowWhiteandCinderella)inthefollowingtexts．Itisusefultoanalysetheepithetwhichcouldrevealtheauthor’Scovertmarriageviewpoint(unconsciousideologies)whicharemale—centralismandtheinequalityofmaleandfemaleinthemarriage．TheanalysisofepithetisclearlypresentedinthefollowingTable1&2：Table1DifferentFunctionsofEpithetinSnowWhiteandSevenDwarfsInterpersonalEpithetExperientialEpithetThingbeautiful，innocent，poor,terrified，lovelylittleSnow绛乃itebeautiful，proud，haughty,wickedyellow,greenqueenl|huntsman|king’SsonTable2DifferentFunctionsofEpithetinCinderellaInterpersonalEpithetExperientialEpithetThingdear,poor,beautiful，pious，good|Cinderellaproudvile，blackstepmothersick|mother|pnnceBecausetheepithetcouldexpressthespeaker’Sattitude，whichmeansthattheauthor’Scovertmarriageviewpoint(unconsciousideology)hereisexpressedbythetllird-personnarrator．FromtheepithettomodifySnowWhiteandCinderella，thelexicalitemsrepresentspecialmeaning．TheyareWeakGroupwhocouldnotbeindependentandcouldnotescapefromthemiserablesituationsuntilthemalescome．Althoughthereisnoepithettomodifythehuntsman，king’Ssonandprince，asbasicbackgroundknowledge，thehuntsmancouldarousetheimageinreaders’mind：heismaleandSOstrongthathehastheabilitytoovercomethedifficultiesbyhimself．InSnowWhite，thehuntsmansavesherandletshergowhenthestepmotherintendstohaveherkilled．Eventually,theprincealsomanagestorescueherandproposestoher,andtheylivedahappylifesincethen．InCinderella，theking’Ssonalsosavedherfromhermiserablesituation．Whydothesephenomenahappen?Isitcoincidence?Atthattime，inGermany,malesdominatethesocietyandfemalesaresubordinatetothem．Male-centralismisimpliedthroughthewholesociety．Femalesarepassiveandnosubjectivemotilitythoughtsandnotheirownconsciousnessevenfortheirmarriagewhohavenotheirownrighttochoose．Femalecouldnotchangetheirmiserabledestinies．Whattheycoulddoisjustrighttherewaitingformalestoappearandsavethem．CinderellaandLittleSnow—White，thefemaleprotagonistsinthetwostoriescouldjustwait16 ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree—DimensionalModelpassivelyformales(theprinceandtheking’Sson)whowouldassistthemtochangetheirmiserablesituations．Therefore，opaquemale—centralisminthemarriageandunequalmarriageviewpointcouldbeperceivedthroughoutthetexts．AccordingtoXin(2004：65)，ideologyrestswiththefrequencyofsomelanguageform，thecontextandthecommunicationalintensionofthespeaker．InSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwa,fs，thesynonymwordof‘"beautiful”isusedfor36times；meanwhile，thesamephenomenonappeared16timesinCinderella．Therefore，theconclusioniseasytobedrawnthatduringthatperiod，beautyisthefirstandforemostthingandnecessaryconditionforahappymarriage．4．2．2ContentsanalysisofsomesentencesinthetextsQuestiononeinchapterone：inGrimm’SFairyTales，whatkindofmarriageviewpointisimplied?Thesolutionofquestiononeisbasedonthefollowinganalysisofsomesentencesinthetexts．Thefirstrequirementforthefemaleinthemarriagemustbeprettyandkind-hearted．Wecouldtrytoreadthefollowingdescriptionintheoriginaltext．Andasshewassobeautifu，thehuntsmanhadpityonherandsaid,runaway,then，youpoorchild．’[LittleSnow-White]‘Justbecauseofherbeauty,thehuntsmanbetraysthequeenandgivesuphismindofkillingtheprotagonistinthestoryandletsherleave．Therefore，fromabovedescription，beautycouldevensavethefemale’Slifeatthattimeandisquitebeneficialtofemale．Eventually,beautifulappearancesavesSnowWhite’Slife．Oh．heavens,oh．heavens,criedthey．whatalovelychild．AndtheywereSOgradthattheydidnotwakeheruP,butlethersleeponinthebed．Andtheseventhdwa巧sleptwithhiscompanions,onehourwitheach．andsopassedthenight．1LittleSnow—White]Becauseshehasgoodappearance，thesevendwarfsacceptherandprotectherandpromisethatshecouldstaywiththem．Attheverybeginning，thesevendwarfsfeelveryfuriouswhentheyfindsomeonemovingtheirthingsintheirroom．However,whentheyfindSnowWhitethatsheisSOcharmingandvivacious，theydonotfeelangryandareastonishedbyherbeautyandbegintocareforher,protectherandSOon．17 TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisThentheyweregoingtoburyher,butshestilllookedasifshewereliving,andstillhadherprettyredcheeks．砌缈said,wecouldnotburyherinthe如成ground,andtheyhadatransparentcoffinofglassmade,SOthatshecouldbeseenfromallsides，andtheylnidherinit,andwrotehernameuponitingoldenletters,andthatshewasaking"sdaughter．[LittleSnow-White]功eformofburyingisquitedifferentfromtheothers．Becauseofherbeau劬thesevendwarfsdonotbaretoburyherinsteadofputtingherintoatransparentcoffin．Here，herbeautysavesheragain．Supposingthatthesevendwarfscouldnotburyherinthisform，theprincecouldn’tseeandsavesherlifeintheend．Nowlet’Sturntothedescriptionoftheprotagonist，Cinderella，inthefollowingsentences：／thappened,however,thatthekinggaveordersforafestivalwhichwastolastthreedays,andtowhichallthebeautifulyoung鲥rlsinthecounDywereinvited,inorderthat办括sonmightchoosehimselfabride．[Cinderella]Fromthisdescription，wecouldeasilyacquirethataslongasthefemalewhopossessesthegood—lookingappearance，theyhaveanaccesstobeinvitedandbeallowedtoattendsuchasplendidoccasion．Theimpliedmeaningisthatthecommongirlhasnoopportunitytoattendthedancingparty．Therefore，whensomegirlsmakeanattempttomarryaprinceatthattime，thefirstrequirementisgood-looking．Nevertheless，thoseplainappearancegirlsevenhavenoopportunitytoknowwhattheprincetheyareabouttomarrylookslike．Therefore，beautyisbetterthananythingelse．Supposesomeonepossessesgoodappearance，togreatextent，theyareinpossessionofpower,happymarriage，etc．Herstep—sistersandthestep—motherhoweverdidnotknowher,andthoughtshemustbeaforeignprincess，fo，shelookedSObeautifu，inthegoldendress．砌秒neveroncethoughtofCinderella．andbelievedthatshewassittingathomeinthedirt．pickinglentilsoutoftheashes．Theprinceapproachedher,tookherbythehandanddancedwithher．[Cinderella]Itisherbeautythatattractstheprinceandleaveshimagoodimpressionandbecome ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree-DimensionalModelhiswifeintheend．Asaconsequence，ifonegirlhasthehonortomarrytheprince，shemustbethefairest，whichisofgreatimportance．Cinderellapossessesthesufficientcondition．Beautymakesherescapefromherpoorsituationandliveshappilyfinally．Fromtheaboveanalysis，thefollowingconclusioncouldbeobtained：duringthelivingperiodofGrimms，good—lookingcouldbringfemalesalotofthings，forinstance，fortune，somegoodopportunities，anobleidentity,happinesseventheirlives．Throughtheanalysisofsentences，whatisdemandedforthefemalesinthemarriageinthatperiodisclearlypresentedtoUS．Thefirstandforemostdemandisbeauty．Theseconddemandforthefemalesinthemarriageduringthatperiodinthetextisinnocentandpure．Whycouldthisconclusionbeconcluded?Wecouldfromtheheadlineofthetwotextstoobtainthem．Themeaningofsnowwhitehasdoublemeaning，ontheonehand，itstandsforthecolourofsnow——whitewhichisreallyabeautifulcolorwhichexpressesthedirectmeaning；ontheotherhand，itrepresentsindirectmeaningwhichindicatesthataperson’Sheartiswhite，pureandinnocentandstickstothelove．ThesamephenomenonalsohappensintheCinderella,whensheisn’tfoundbytheprince，sheis鲈ay．However,fmally,whensheismarriedtheprince，shebecomestheswanwhichequalsthecolorofwhite．Therefore，pureandinnocentarealsotherequirementsforthefemalesinthemarriage．Thet11irddemandforthefemalesinthemarriageliesinthatfemaleshavenorighttochoosetheirownmarriage，thatistosay,she(protagonist：SnowWhiteandCinderella)havenodecisiverighttochoosetheirfavouritemarriagewhichdisclosestheunequalpositionbetweenmaleandfemaleintheirmarriage．Iftheprinceletthemgoandbemarriedthem，theywouldgohappilywithouthesitation．Thefemalesalsothinl【thatiftheycouldbemarriedtheprince，theywouldbeveryproudofitandcouldpossessthefortuneandhappiness．Thisideacouldnotbeseparatedfromthesocialbackgroundofthatperiod．Thefollowingsentencescouldbeahelpfulprooftoprovetheabovediscussions：TheIdng"sson，futtofjoy,said,youarewithme．Andtoldherwhathadhappened,andsaid,Iloveyoumorethaneverythingintheworld,comewithmetomyfather"spalace,youshallbemywife．Andsnow-whitewaswilling,andwentwithhim，andtheirweddingwasheldwithgreatshowandsplendor．[LittleSnow-White]he,howeve—tookCinderellaonhishorseandrodeawaywithher．[Cinderella]19 TheCovenMarriageViewpointinGrimm’sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisabovesentencesimplythatiftheprincelikesanyofthem，nobodywouldrefuse．Whentheprincesinthetwostoriesofferinvitations，bothofthemhavenoobjectiontothesuggestionreferredtobytheprinces．TheyfollowtheprincesandmalTythemwithoutreluctance．Thentheyliveahappylifeintheend．fourthdemandforthefemalesinthemarriageisthatshemustbestayathomeanddothehouseworkandberesponsibleforthefamily．Makeanattempttoreadthefollowingparagraphs：dwarfssaid,fyouwilltakecareofourhousecook,makethebeds，wash，sewandknit,andffyouwill妇印everythingneatandcleanyoucanstaywithUSandyoushallwantfornothing．Yes,saidsnow-white,withallmyheart．Andshestayedwiththem．Shekeptthehouseinorderfo，．them．Inthemorningstheywenttothemountainsandlookedfo，．copperandgold,intheeveningstheycameback．andthentheirsupperhadtobeready．girlwasalonethewholeday,SOthegooddwarfswarnedherandsaid,bewareofyourstep—mother,shewillsoonknowthatyouarehere,besuretoletnoonecomein．[LittleSnow-White]ThereshehadtOdohardworkfrommorningtillnight,getupbeforedaybreak,carrywater,lightfires,cookandwash．Besidesthis．thesistersdidhereveryimaginableinjury—theymockedherandemptiedherpeasandlentilsintotheashes,SOthatshewasforcedtositandpickthemoutagain．Whenthetwostep-sistersheardthat砌钞tooweretoappearamongthenumber,砌缈weredelighted,calledCinderellaandsaid,combourhairforUS,brushourshoesandfastenourbuckles,fo，．wearegoingtotheweddingattheking"spalace．[Cinderella]Byvirtueofthemouthofthesevendwarfs，thethingswhichfemalesshouldhavetodoareexplicitlypresentedtoUS：justworkandnopayment．Themaleshavetogoouttoworkwhilethefemalesmuststayathome．Traditionally,femalesshouldstayathomeanddothehouseworkandmalesgoouttowork．Therefore，thepositionofthefemaleinthatperiodissubordinatetomales．Begoodandpiousalsocouldexposethatthefemaleshouldobeytheregulationsinthatkindofsocialsituation．WhatthethingsthestepmotherletCinderelladoalsohindsuchanopinionthatfemaleshouldtakecareofthehouseandstayathome．Femaleandmaleare20 ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree-DimensionalModelunequal．Ithappenedthatthefatherwasoncegoingtothefairandaskwhatthedemandsoftheirdaughtersare．Aconclusioncouldbeobtainedthatfemaledonotgooutbythemselvesunlesstheyareinvitedbymales．Cinderellaandallthebeautifulfemalesareinvitedtothedancingpartyisgoodevidence．Whatisrequestedforthemalesinthemarriageduringthatperiodinthetexts?InSnowWhite，whensheatethepoisonousappleanddied，theprinceappearedandsavedher．InCinderella，inordertofindhislovelygirl，theking’ssonmadeatrickandusedoneofherslippertofindhisloverandsavedherfromthemiserablesituation．Aconclusioncouldbesummarizedthatmalesmustbepowerful，intelligent，andbraveandcouldbeservedfortheruleclass．Onthecontrarytothefemales，maleshavefighttochoosetheirfavouritemarriage，theking’ssonchoosesCinderellaashiswi诧isagoodevidence，ifhefallsinlovewithsomeone，hewouldtryeverymethodtomanageit．Bymeansofhisinsistence，hesucceedsinfindinghisloverintheend．Healsohastheabilitytoletfemalesfeelhappyandalsocouldconsolidatethepowerforthegoverningclass．Fromtheanalysisoftherequirementformalesandfemales，aconclusioncouldbegottenthattheinequalityinthemarriageinthatperiod．ReferringtohowarethenegativeaspectsovercomeandsolvedinGrimm’sFairyTales，fromtheaboveanalysisofthedemandsforthefemalesandmalesinthemarriage，therequirementsforthefemalesarethatgood—lookingappearance，pureandinnocent，norighttochoosetheirownmarriageandshouldstayathomeanddonotgoouttowork．Butnowadaysthephenomenonhaschangedgreatly．Beautyistheonlyoneaspectandpursuingbeautyisnotthemeredestinationinthemarriage，therearestillalotofotherthingstobetakenintoaccount．Forinstance，besidestheappearance，themodempeoplepaymoreattentiontothesoulbeautywhichismoreimportantthanthegoodappearance．Themaleandfemaleareequalnow,femaleshavethesameequalrightsasmaleswhocouldchooseandpursuetheirhappinessbythemselvesinsteadofwaitingthereuntiltheirloversappears．Iftheycareforsomeonetheycouldspeakofitdirectly．Inthemarriage，femaleshavemorefreedomtopursuewhattheywant．Insteadofstayingathome，mostofthefemalesgoouttowork，and50％ofthefamilynowistwo—earnerfamily．Andinafewfamilies，thefemalescamthemoneyandmalesstayathometotakecareofthechild．However,thisphenomenonisunimaginableduringthelivingperiodofGrimm．Therefore，whenthechildrenandadolescentsappreciatesuchkindoftales，parentsshouldguidethemandtellgirlsthatbeautyisoneaspectinthemarriage，andencouragethemtoenhancethesoulbeauty,cultivategoodpersonality,andsoon．Iftheycouldovercomethedrawbacksinthe ——ThTneCovertMarriageViewp。ointinGrimm"sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriti—calD—isc—our—seA—nal—ysistales——,的someextent,ahealthymarriageviewpointisesta西面ii订ii磊preparationstodealwiththesimilarsituationin如tureforthemselves．Inthetexts，aremarriedfamilyaIsorevealedwhichcouldalsodesen，etoben。“ced．1nesh印inglmageofstepmotherispresentedtoUS。Duringthatperiod，onlyonechildcouldlnhentthepropertyofthefather．InordertofightforthepropeIrty，thestepmotheralwaystriedeVerymethodtohurtthechildlenbythehusband．BecausetheSnowWhjtewasmorebeautlfhlt11anthestepmother,itcausedalotoftroublesforher．Herstepmothertriedfourtimesto咖rderher．Thefirstmurderwasthatshe锄ployedahuntsmallto1(illner．Hergood-lookingappearancesavedherandthehuntsmanlethergo．Fromthesecondtimet0thefourthtimemurder,thequeendisguisedherasoldpeddlerwomaIl，aIlothersn印eofoldwoman，afarmer’swife．Whydoesthequeendisguiseherself?OntheonenaIld，shelsafraidofbeingrecognizedbySnowWhite，whereas，0ntheotherhand．themostlmportantreasonisthattheimageofoldpeoplebelongstotheweakgroupandr印resentsthekind_heartedpersonwhichcouldnotthreatenotherpeople，slives．Therefore．shechoosesoldwomanasherinstrumentforkilling．Theforemost“nghiddeninthetalelsthatthe1mageofstepmotherisrathercruel：evendrivingthestepchildaway，andevt瀣wishingtokill慨ThemotivationofkillingSnowWhiteisoriginated‰meappe躺ce．Becauseshew觚tst0bethefairestfemale，sheisdeterminedt0killherstepchild．ThelollowmgdescriptionsalsorevealthatthestepmotherinCinderellaiscruel．too．ih国t00kherpret夸clothesawayfromher,putanoldgreybed蚤口WnDnh隰jQ嘲gme如e譬w00denshoes．j‰St100k饿theproudpnncess．hoWdeckedoutshejs。th鲫criedja∞dIaHghed，andledherintothekitchen．Thereshehadtodoh口rdWork，￡沁mmohnin譬悖『lmg惦get邶b咖redaybreak,carrywater,lightfires,cook姗d№sh．Bes眺}hi|gjtheslst聊Sdldhe7甜e9imaginableinjury—lh哕mockedher口耐e唧tiedherpe瓯snnd}enti【Sintotheashes,SOthntshewnS加rcedtosnQ以P}ckthem帆tn蚤∞讯．[Cinderella]promtheabovedescription，thestepmotherregardedherownchildrenaSprecious；0ntnecon吣she骶atedherstepchildwithindifferentattitude．、vhenCinderellabeggedhers￡epmothertoletherattendtheparty,attheverybeginning，shepromisedthatshe、Ⅳ0uldnottakeher‘oJoinintheballuntilshefinishedthetaskassignedbyher．Finally’Cinderellatmlshedwhatherstepmothersaidpunctually．Butquiteunfortunately，thestepmotherbrokeherpromiseandJetheraloneathome．Thereforetheimageofthest印motherisfo咖ed． ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree—DimensionalModelFromthedescriptionofimagerystepmotherinGrimm’SFairyTales，maybe，stepmotherisdescribedasabadandill-conditionedwoman．Sheisn’tasgoodashisorherownmother．Perhapsabadimpressionwouldbeleftinchildren’Smind．Whentheygrowup，incasethisphenomenonappearsintheirlives，theycouldnotacceptthestepmother,andthenthecontradictionisproduced．Nowadays，therearealsosomeinstanceswhichchildrencouldnotaccepthisorherstepmotherwhethersheisindeedgoodornot．Theywillthinkofthemasbadperson．However,nowadaysthekind—heartedmotherexistsinthedailylife．Inthefilmofstepmother,thestepmotheriskind-hearted，butherstepchildcouldn’tacceptherbecauseofthebadimpressionoftheimageofthestepmother,stepchildtrieseverymethodtopunishher,evenkillsthechildofthestepmother．Intheend，sheunderstandsherstepmotherandbelievesher．Fromthisintroduction，weshouldknowthatfortheimageofthestepmother,thechildrenandadolescents，theyshouldtakeadialecticalviewpointtowardtheirstepmothersubstitutefordislikingthem；otherwiseitwillbringabadinfluencefortheirhealthygrowth．4．2．3TextStructureanalysis‘Textstructure’(seedeBeaugrande&Dressier1981；Coulthard1977；Brown&Yule1983；Stubbs1983)alsoconcernsthe‘architecture’oftexts，andspecificallyhigherleveldesignfeaturesofdifferenttypesoftext：whatelementsorepisodesarecombinedinwhatwaysandwhatordertoconstitute，forexample，acrimereportinanewspaper，orajobinterview．Asfarastextstructureisconcemed，HallidayandHasoncallitgenre．Martin&Rose(2003：7)definegenreasastaged，goal-orientedsocialprocess．Fairytalesasanon—literalgenrewhichalsohasitsOwnarchitecture：thebeginningofthestory(time：onceuponatimeorlongagoandtheprotagonistappear)，thedevelopingofthestory(eventsandepisodes)，theclimateofthestory(theprincemarriedtheprincess)andtheending．InSnowWhiteandCinderella，thesimilararchitectureofthetextsalsocomesup．’I’hetextstructureolj。砌OWWhite：Beginning：OnceuponatimeaqueenwhodiedandleftachildcalledSnowWhite．Developing：Kingremarriedanotherwife．Stepmotherwantedtobethefairestwomanintheworldandtriedtogetherstepchildmurderedfourtimes．Climate：SnowWhiteissavedbytheprinceandpromisestomarryhim．Ending：SnowWhiteandtheprincelivehappilyandthestepmotherturnsouttobepunished． TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysistextstructureofCinderella：Beginning：Onceuponatimearichman’swifediedleftachildcalledCinderella．Developing：Therichmanremarriedawomanwithtwostepsisters，themiserablelifeofC：inderellastart．Climate：Afterthree—timequest，theprincefindsCinderellaandsavesherfromtheperiloussituation．Ending：Theking’SsonmarriesCinderellaandherstepsistersreceivepunishment．Throughthetextstructurewecouldknowthearchitectureofthetalesandalsoconcludethatthetextstructureofthetwotalesisrathersimilartoeachother．Theepisodeisinvolvedwiththemarriageviewpointduringthatperiodandshouldbenoticedbythechildrenandadolescents．Thereforeweshouldknowthetextstructureoffai巧tales．Remarriedfamily，stepmother，stepchildren，thisphenomenonalsocomesintoexistenceincurrentmarriage．Therefore，whenthechildrenandadolescentsappreciatethetales，廿leyshouldnotonlyreadtheplots，butalsounderstandthecovertmarriageviewpointinit．4．3DiscoursivePractice4．3．1ProcessesoftextproductionGrimm’SFairyTalesareproducedbyJacobGrimm(1785—1863)andWilhelm嘶rnlTl(1786—1859)．BothofthemareGermaniclinguisticsandfo墩literarywriterwhodevotethemselvesthewholelifetotheGermaniclanguage，thecollectionofGermanicfolkliteratureandfairytales．胁edestinationofGrimm’SFairyTalesistosaveandcollectthefoll【balladandlegendinGermany．In1806，GrimmsbegantocollectdataforfairytalesinGermany．Inordertoreflecttheauthenticaspectsofthetales，theyenteredintotheprimitiveforestandlistenedtothestoriestoldbytheoldmen．Theyalsoinvitedthestory-tellertotheirhomeandletthemspeakoutloudlyandnaturally．Afteroneormoretimes，theyrecordedthem．Therefore，memoryandrecitationplayacrucialroleintheirwritings．Moststoriesaretoldbyeducatedyoungwomenofmiddleclassesandnobilities．Moreover，Grimmcopiedstoriesfrombooksormagazinesdirectlyandeditedtheminaccordancewiththeirinterests，hobbiesandthefamiliaritiesofthetexts．Thewritingskillsincludethattheytriedtheirbesttomakethestoriesbeunderstoodbyeveryone(particularlyfortheuncivilizedpeople)，payaRentiontothestructurelucidly,makethestoriesvividlythroughaddingadjectives，oldproverbsanddirectconversations，emphasizingthebehavioralmotivationinplots，etc．TheproductionofGrimm’SFairyTalesisthe24 ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree—DimensionalModelunderstandinginteractionproductsbetweenGrimmandstory—tellers．ItisinevitableallintertextualitybetweenGrimmandstory—teller．Becauseoftheircautiousattitudeinrecordandcarefulthinkingwhichhelptheformoftalesinaccordancewiththecontentsduringthatperiod．Itseemsthatallthefairytalesaretoldbythesamenarratorandhappenedintheforestinthecountryside．Whattheydidretainedthefoll(culturetoagreatextent．Bymeansoftheircontinuouseffort，theirworkscalledTheGrimm§FairyTaleswerepublishedin1812eventually．AfterFrenchRevolution，NapoleoninvadedEuropeandoccupiedtheRhineareainGermany．TheGermanwasthreatenedbythecrisisofculture，politicsandsociety．ScholarsthoughtthatitwastheseparationofGermanywhichcausedtheforeigners’invasion．InordertosolidifyGermany,thefirstandforemostthing，theymustintegratethelanguageandculture．InfluencedbypatriotismandGermanRomanism，Grimmsbegantocollectandstudythef011(culturallegacyoftheNordic．Aftersixyears’hardwork，theywroteGrimm’SFairyTales．TheFairyTalesadvocatedthenationalspiritsofGermany,andcalleduppeopletoriseupresistingtheinvader,whichmadegreatcontributionstoit．4．3．2ProcessesoftextdistributiOnTheobjectsoftalesarethechildrenandadolescents．TheclassicalGrimm’SFairyTalesarehandedfromgenerationtogeneration，fromwhichgeneratedalargenumberofpopularandwell—knownfairytales，suchas‘Cinderella，SnowwhiteandSevenDwarfsand，LittleRed-cap．SomevaluablephilosophicalSenSeSareembeddedinthetalesandwhenthechildrenandadolescentsappreciatethem，tosomedegree，itwouldeducatethemsomecommonsenseoflife，forexample，howtodistinguishrightorwrong，kindorcruel，beautifulorugly．Fromtheseperspectives，itisindeedthatacorrectapproachfortheirhealthygrowth．Asthesayinggoes，onecoinhastwosides．Ontheonehand，apositiveattitudemustbekepttowardsthegoodsidesofit．Meanwhile，ontheotherhand，theparentsshouldpayattentiontothecovertideologiesinthetalesespeciallythecovertmarriageviewpointwhichisputintobytheauthorunconsciously．Justaswhatisdiscussedanddescribedintextproduction，whentextisproducedindifferentsocialenvironment，oneshouldunderstandandacquireitindifferentapproaches．Forthechildrenandadolescentsduringtheperiodin1812inGermany,itisaperfectworkwithouthesitation；thereasonisthataslongasadvocatesuchkindofmarriageviewpoint，thatistosay,beautifulprincessesandintelligentprincesmustgetmarriedandlivehappily,thecountrycouldbeconsolidationandunity．Itisquitebeneficialtomaintainthecentralizationofpower,whichalsoreflectsthatthedialecticalrelationshipbetweentextstructureandsocialstructure．At 一一．．TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisthesametime，onecouldnotignoretheinfluenceoftextstructuretowardssocialstructure．InGrimm’SFairyTales，thetextstructuresoftheselectedlovestoriesarementionedabove，itoftenhappensthatprettyprincessesandboldprincescouldbemarriedwhichalsoindicatethatthroughthisapproach，therulerofthecountrycouldconsolidatetheirnation．Therefore，onecouldconceiveandperceivethesignificanceofthetextstructureandtheforceofutterances，whichcoincideswiththeopinionspreadintheCDAthatoneshouldtakeadynamicviewpointtowardstextproductionandtextexplanation．Text，hereitmeansfairytalesarestaticrelatively,onthecontrast，thesocietyischangedanddevelopedeverysecondandminute．Therefore，whenthechildrenandadolescentsreadfairytalesoranyotherworks，theyshouldreadthemcriticallyratherthanabsorbthemcompletely．ThisopinioncouldalsobeappliedtoappreciateGrimm’SFairyTalesforcontemporarychildrenandadolescents．Forthepositivesides，weshouldreserveit，whereas，formenegativesides，weshoulddiscarditwithouthesitation．Nowadays，themarriageviewpointhasbeenchangedextremelywhichisquitedistinguishedfromthemarriageviewpointduringthatperiodinGermanybecauseofthechangeableofthesociety．Asaresult，whenthechildrenandadolescentsappreciatethefairytales，parentsshouldgivethemsomeproperguidanceinordertoavoidingtheexertionofunhealthymarriageviewpointespeciallyforlittlegirlswhoshouldbetoldthatthebeautyisnotthewholeoflifewhichisjustoneelementoflife．Inpursuingofbeauty,themostimportantbeautyisnotmerelytheappearancejustlikethegood～lookingprincessesgetaperfectmarriageandlivehappily．Inourcurrentsociety,this．alsoreallyhappens，butquiteseldom．Inthelifeofreality,thegirlsshouldpayattentiontotheinternalbeauty,namely,thebeautyofsoul．Nowadays，thegirlsarebroughtupthesameastheboysandtheyhavetheequaleducationopportunitywiththeboys．Therefore，whatthegirlsdoistograspthegoodopportunityandtrainthemselvestomeettheneedsofthesocietyandalsoshouldbefreefromtheconstraintsofthetraditionalviewpointandcontroltheirdestinybythemselves．Aslongasthegirlscouldrealizetheseaspects，tothegreatextent，theycouldlivethelifewhattheywanthappily．4．3．3ProcessesoftextconsumptionTheword‘consumption’iscitedfromtheterminologyincommercialoreconomicfield．ThetermnowisborrowedhereinCDAandthepotentialmeaningofitistheunderstandingandcomprehensionofdifferenttextsbydifferentpeople．Therefore，justlikeonethousandpersonsreadHamlets，therewouldbeonethousandHamlets．Asaconsequence，whendifferentpeoplereadthesametext，becauseofthedifferentmodesofconsumption，itwouldproducedifferentkindsofunderstandingofthetexts．WhenI ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree·DimensionalModelconsumethetwotexts，ontheonehand，thepositiveaspectsshouldbereservedandtheseelementsarehelpfultothehealthygrowthofthechildrenandadolescents，whereas，ontheotherhand，thecovertmarriageviewpointisalsodeservedtobepaidattentionto．Asaconsequence，thisthesisattemptstolistthecovertmarriageviewpointintalesandremindofthechildrenandadolescentsavoidingthenegativeaspectswhichcouldhaveaneffectonthehealthymarriageviewpointforthem．4．4SocialPractice4．4．1SocialEnvironmentAftertheFrenchRevolutionattheturnofthecentury，NapoleonswepttheEuropeancontinentandoccupiedtheRhineregionofGermanywhichcausedsenseofcrisisinculture，politicsandthecommunitiesinGermany．GermanRomanticism，inparticulartheGermanRomanticpeak(alsoknownastheHeidelbergRomantic)，isproducedatthistimeofinternalandexternaldilemmas．PoetsandwritersrealizethatthereasonofweaknationalstrengthandforeignaggressionarethattheseparationofGermany．Inordertomakethecountryunify，itmustbeginwiththeunityoflanguageandculture．Insuchastrongsenseofnationalinfluence，meydevotedthemselvestofinishthecollectionofcivilculturalheritage，folkliteratureresearch，andgraduallytheGermannation’Shistory，myths，legends，andstoriesofinterestinthecountryside．ThefirsttworepresentativesofGermanRomanticismareAehimyonAmimandClemensBrentanowhocollectedandeditedDesKnabenWunderhomtogethersincethesixteenthcentury．ThefollowingtaskistocollecttheGermaniclegendsandfairytalessincemedievalperiodwhichmakeAchimyonAmimhandinGrimm(JakobGrimmandWilhelmGrimm)．GrimmgrewupduringthepeakoftheGermanRomanticism，especiallyinKasselwhorecognizedAchimvonAITlimandClemensBrentanowhominspiredthemandmadetheiroutlookonlifeandacademiccareertohaveundergonemajorchanges．nleysparednoeffortanddideverythingpossibletocollectandpreparedthemedievallegendsandfai巧talesinGermany．Aftersixyearsoftheirefforts，theycompletedthefirstvolumeoffairytalein1812．Therefore，theGrimm’SFairyTalesareproducedinsuchasocialenvironment．Mostofthefairytaleshappenedinforestsorvillages．InSnowWhiteandtheSevenDw明詹andCinderellaorsomeothertalessuchastheLittleRedCap，theforestorthewoodisreferredorthehappeningplaceofthestory．WhydoSOmanytaleshappenintheforestorwood?DuringtheperiodofGrimms，thelifeconditionwasquitebackwardwhichwasnorailway,Carandairplaneeveniflampandnewspaper．Theamountofcitywasrare27 TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisandmostofthepeoplelivedinthecountry．Thesurroundingenvironmentaroundthevillagewasprimitiveforest．Becauseoftherestrictionoffeudaleconomyconditions，farmersreliedonforesttogreatextentinthevillageofGermany．Forestwasnotonlytheplaceforfarmersandlumbermenwhofedthepoultryandcutthewoods．Becauseofnoroadtogothrough，whenpeoplewerelost，theycouldnottrytheirbesttoescape．Thedestinywaitingforthemwastobeeatenbywolvesorbearsordiedofhungry．Therefore，theforestarethemostterrifyingandsuspensiveplaces．Namely,Grimmslivedinthatperiodwhosetalesalmosthappenedintheforest．4．4．2IdeologyToIlyTrew(1979：95)showsthatallperceptioninvolvestheoryorideologyandthereareno‘raw’，uninterpreted，theory—fleefacts．Socialideologiesareessentialtothelegitimatingofasocialorderandtheiracceptanceisessentialtothemaintenanceofmatorder．Theoptionofabandoningtheideologyis，therefore，unthinkable．NormanFairclough(1992：88)maintainsthatideologyinvestslanguageinvariouswaysatvariouslevels．Thekeyissueiswhetherideologyisapropertyofstructuresorapropertyofeventsandtheanswerisboth．Ideologiesresideintexts．Itisnotpossibleto‘readoff"ideologiesfromtexts．Thehiddenideologiesinthistaleareman—centralismandtheinequalityofmaleandfemaleinGermanyduring廿1atperiod．Thefollowingsection4．2．2．1&4．2．2．2attempttodisclosetheeovertideologiesintheselectedtaleswiththeanalysisofthestructuresandevents．4．4．2．1Structuresstructureofthetextshavealreadybeenanalysedin4．2．3whichwouldnotbementionedinthissection．Thecovertideologywhichiscontainedinthetalesisunequalmarriageviewpointformalesandfemalesandtheman—centralismwhichcouldbeobtainedafteranalysingthestructureofthetexts．Thefollowingsectionwillfocusonhowtheeventcouldreflectthecovertideologies．4．4．2．．2EventseventintheSnowWhiteandSevenDwarfs：AqueendiedwhenshegavebirthtoagirlnamedSnowWhite．Thenthekingmarriedanotherwife．Inordertobecomethefairestwomanintheworld，whenSnowWhitegrewup，thestepmothertriedeverymethodtokillher．Shetriedfourtimestokillherstepchild．Forthefirsttime，sheemployedahuntsmantokillher．However，becauseofherbeauty，thehuntsmangaveuphismindandlethergo．ThentheSnowWhitemetthesevendwarfs．Forthesamereason，shelookedSOlovelyandpretty，thedwarfsallowedherstaywiththemand28 ChapterFourTwoTextsStudieswiththeCDAThree·DimensionalModeldidthehouseworkforthem．Whenshestayedwiththedwarfs，thestepmotherdisguisedherselfasapeddlerwoman，anotheroldwomanandafarmer’Swife．Thelasttime，hermurderwassuccessthattheSnowWhitedied．WhenthesevendwarfsburiedSnowWhite，theymettheprinceandsavetheSnowWhite．Finally，theymarriedandlivedhappily．Thestepmotherispunishedtodie．TheeventinC／nderella：Arichman’swifediedandleftachild．Later，themanmarriedanotherwifewhoalsohadherowntwogirls．Aftersometime，thestepmotherbegantoabusethestepchild，thatistosay，Cinderella．Inordertohelphissontochooseaperfectwife，thekinggaveordersforafestivalwhichwastolastthreedays，andallthebeautifulgirlswereinvited．Attheverybeginning，Cinderellabeggedherstepmothertolethergowithher,butfinallyherstepmotherbrokeherpromiseandletheraloneathome．Cinderellafeltupset，withthehelpofsomemagicalpowerswhichshecriedbeneaththetree，thebirdbroughtherdressandsheattendedthepartyfinally．Assoonassheappearedattheparty，shebecamethefocus．Theprincefellinlovewithheratthefirstimpression．Butsheescapedfromthehandofprinceforthreetimes．Atthelasttime，theprincemadeatricktoletoneofherslipperleave．Withtheassistanceoftheslipper,theprincefoundCinderellaandmarriedherandlivedahappylife．Hertwostepsisiterswerepunishedbyblindingthemselves．Throughtheanalysisofstructuresandeventsofthetwotexts，thecovertideologyisexplainedlucidly--theunequalpositioninthemarriageformalesandfemalesandman-centralism．Whentheprinceortheking’Ssonfellinlovewithsomebeautifulgirls，thegirlswouldgowiththemwithouthesitation．Maleshavetherighttochoosetheirfavouritemate，whereasfemalescouldnot．Whyman—centralism?Onlymalescouldsavefemalesfromthehorriblesituation．InSnowWhite，whenshedied，theprinceappearedandsavedherlifeandchangedherdestiny．What’Smore，thehuntsmanletshergoforthefirsttimewhenshewaskilledbyherstepmother．InCinderella，afterthreetimes，whenking’Ssonmadeatrickandfoundher，SOshecouldescapefromtheterriblesituation，from铲ayt0white．Therefore，thecovertideologiesoftheunequalpositioninthemarriageformalesandfemalesandman—centralismcouldbeperceived．Generallyspeaking，king’Ssonorprincehaspowerthatcouldprotecttheirloversandconsolidatetherulingclass．Thisideologycouldnotbeseparatedfromthesocialenvironmentduringthatperiod．4．5SummaryThischaptersolvesthequestionsoneandtwomentionedinOne．Whatkind29 TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysisofmarriageviewpointisimpliedinGrimm’SFairyTalesandhowareitsnegativeaspectsovercomeorsolvedinGrimm’SFairyTales?FromtheperspectiveofSFLandCDAmodels，theselectedlovestoriesareanalysedbymeansofthetext，discursivepracticeandsocialpracticeandsomedetailproceduresandoperationstograspsomeevidencestoprovethecovertmarriageviewpointimpliedinthetexts．Asaconsequence，Fairclough’SCDAmodelandHalliday’SSFLmodelareindeedahelpfulinstrumentusedtoanalysetextswhetheritisliteraryornot．30 ChapterFiveConclusion5．1IntroductionFiveConclusionInt11iSchaptertheauthormakesanattempttosummarizeanddiscusseswhatthisthesishasdoneinthepreviouschapters．JustasitismentionedinIntroduction，twoquestionsaretobesolvedinthisthesis：InGrimm’SFairyTales，whatkindofmarriageviewpointisimplied?HowareitsnegativeaspectsovercomeorsolvedinGrimm’SFairyTales?Inordertohavethesequestionssolved，thethesisfirstofallreviewspreviousstudiesofCDAbothathomeandabroad．ReviewsdisplaythatthemainfocusofCDAliesinthenon—literarydiscourses，whichalsoinspiresmetoputthistheoryintotheliterarypractice．Meanwhile，thetheoryofSFLlaysforCDAasolidtheoreticalfoundation：theformerprovidestheeffectiveinstrumentforthelatter．InFourthetwoquestionsaresolvedinthelightofmakingananalysisoftheselectedtexts．Thefollowingsectionscometosummaryanddiscussion，limitationsofthestudyinthethesis．5．2Summaryanddiscussion5．2．1FindingsoftheStudyFirstly,fromOnetoFour,fromtheorytopractice，aconclusionisthatFairclough’SCDAmodelandHalliday’SSFLmodelwhicharecombinedwitheachothercouldanalysethetexteffectively．Withthecombinationofthetwomodels，inparticularCDAmodel，theapplicationofCDAisextended．Most．ofthecriticallinguisticshasconcentratedontwonon-literaryfieldsuptonow,suchaspublicdiscoursesandpersonaldiscourses．ThisstudyofthecovertmarriageviewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesexpandsthefieldofCDA，thatistosay,literaryfields．ThegenreoftalescouldalsobeanalysedbyCDA"smodel．Otherwise，suchkindofmodeliSindeedaneffectiveinstrumenttodotheresearchinthisfield．Secondly,withtheassistanceofCDA"sthree—dimensionalframework，thetwoquestionsraisedinOneareexploredandsolvedfinally．Thecovertmarriageviewpointandideologiesareillustrated，andthedemandsformalesandfemales，theinequalitypositionoffemalesinthemarriage，man-centralism，etc．areelaboratedthroughanalysisinFour．Thirdly,astoQuestionTwo，Howareitsnegativeaspectsovercomeorsolvedin TheCovenMarriageView．．．．p—o．i—n．一tinGrimm"sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysis——．——一Grimm，sFairyTales?Actuallyspeaking，themarriageviewpointisaffectedbyalotoffactorswhichcouldn’tbedemonstratedcompletelyinthisthesis．However,byvirtueofthetextsanalysisatleastwecouldremindthechildrenandadolescentstonoticeit，suchasthedemandsforfemalesandmalesinthetextshavechangednow,thechildrenandadolescentsshouldnotbeinfluencednowadays．Theimpliedmarriageviewpointduringthatperiodisthatfemalesmustberatherpretty,innocentandpure，andhavenorighttochoosetheirmarriage，onlystayingathome，whilemaleshavetobepowerful，intelligentandbrave·Therefore，inovercomingthenegativeaspectsinGrimm’SFairyTales，specialaRentionshouldbepaidtotheabovedescriptions．Whentheyappreciatesuchkindofbooksorsomeothertypesoftexts，theparentsshouldguidethematthesametime．Thesocialsituationhaschangedviolentlyinwhichthepropermarriageviewpointisquitehelpfulfortheirhealthygrowth．Theparentsshouldmakeitclearthatthecurrentmarriageisquitedifferentfrombefore．Finally,adialecticalopinionshouldalsobeadoptedtowardsthemarnageviewpointduringGrimm，Speriod．Thereasonisthatthematerialbasisdeterminesthespiritualbasiswhichcallprotectandsustainthematerialbasisinturn；otherwise，itwillbetheobstaclesforthedevelopmentofmaterialbasis．Therefore，theproductionofthemarriageviewpointinthetalesishelpfultothesocialdevelopment，andconsolidatestheu11it)，ofthesocietywhichmakesuSunderstandthatthepositiveaspectshouldbeconfirmed．Ontheotherhand，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingeveryminuteandsecondinwhichpeople’Sviewpointtowardslifeormarriagewillnecessarilybeadjustedsimultaneously．Thechangeinspiritdoesnotalwayskeeppacewiththesituationbecausepreviousthoughtsarenoteradicated．Inourcurrentsituation，theconditionsandviewsoffemalesandmalestowardsmarriageviewpointhavechangedatlarge．Tothebasicextent，themaleandfemaleareequalinamarriage．TheviewpointlistedinChapterFourisoutmoded．PeoplehavemorechoicestowardsmarriageinChinawhichhasmuchconnectionwiththesocialenvironmentwhichcouldcausethechangeabilityofpeoples’ideology；onthecontrary,people’sideologycouldalsoinfluencethesociety．Therefore，theproductionofthemamageviewpointinGrimm’SFairyTalesisquitenormalwhichisalsoappliedtothesocialenvironmentandprotectandsustainthegoverningclassandishelpfulforthesociety．Forthepositiveelementsinitweshouldguidethechildrenandadolescentstoabsorbthem，howeveLforthenegativeelementsweshoulddiscardthemforhealthygrowthofthechildrenandadolescents．5．2．2LimitationsoftheStudyFirstly,thisthesismerelyselectstwolovestoriesofGrimm’SFairyTales；tosome32 ChapterFiveConclusionextent，theamountofthecorpusisn’tenoughwhichcouldbeextendedinfuturestudy．Maybethemarriageviewpointisnotcomprehensivewhichissummarizedinthisthesiswhichamongthemtherearestillalotofmyownviewpoints；theyarenotverymaturewhichmayincludesomemistakes．ItishopedthatfuturestudiesshouldalsoselectmorecorpusSOastoprovethismarriageviewpoint．Secondly,referringtothecovertmarriageviewpoint，maybetheconsumptionofthetextisnotcomplete．ForQuestionTwo，howarethenegativeaspectsovercomeorsolvedinGrimm’SFairyTales，theanswerislimitedintheproblemsinthetexts，perhapssomeothernegativeelementsshouldalsobetakenintoaccount．Forthestandardofacorrectmarriageviewpoint，itisrathertricky,andthereisnostableandabsolutestandard；thestandardofahealthymarriageisrelativebecausethesocietyischangingwithwhichouropiniontowardstheworldmustbechangedsimultaneously．Asaresult，forthemarriageviewpointweshouldnotdoitforonceanda11．Finally,abouttheimageofthestepmother,wecouldconductfurtherresearchandtheremarriedfamilyshouldalsobeconcerned．Infai巧tales，thestepmotherisregularlypicturedasverycold-hearted，ill—treated，andcrueltothestepchild．Thisviewpointcouldleaveadeepbadimpressiononthechildrenandadolescents．Nowadays，manyremarriedfamiliescomeupbecauseofthechangeabilityofthemarriageviewpointandothersocialfactors．Howtodealwiththerelationshipbetweenthestepmotherandthestepchildisalsobecomingtheissueforthesociety．Inthechildrenandadolescents’mind，theycouldhaveprejudiceagainstthestepmothernomatterifsheisindeedgoodornotwhichthisphenomenonmaybecausedbythemedia．Infuturestudy,somesuggestivesolutionsshouldbeoffered．5．3ConclusionTIlischaptersummarizesthefindingsandlimitationsinthethesis．FromOnetoFive，ChapterOneisanoverallintroduction，theobjectivesandquestionstobesolvedareclearlyillustrated．ChapterTwoisliteraturereviewwhichmainlyreviewstheresearchachievementsofthescholarsbothathomeandabroadandadvancestheviewpointsformycurrentstudy．ChapterThreeintroducesthetheoreticalframeworkofCDAandSFLinordertosupportthethesiswiththeoreticalfoundation．ChapterFour,coupledwiththeframeworkofFairclough’Sthree—dimensionalmodel，putstheselectedtextsintopracticalanalysisandsolvesthequestionsmentionedinOne．ChapterFiveisaneventualconclusion．Inaword，inthisthesis，theobjectiveofusingCDA"smodel1" TheCovertMarriageViewpointinGrimm"sFairyTalesfromthePerspectiveofCriticalDiscourseAnalysistoanalysetheliterarydiscoursesisachieved，meanwhile，italsoprovesthattheapplicationofSFLmodel．andthecombinationofCDAandSFLmodelareindeedausefulinstrumentforanalysingthecovertmarriageviewpointofthethesis．34 References【l】Baktin，M．1981．TheDialogicalImagination【M]．UniversityofTexasPress．[2】Baktin，M．1986．SpeechGenresandOtherLateEssays【M】．UniversityofTexasPress．[3】Brown，G．andYule，G．1983．DiscourseAnalysis【M】．Cambridge：PlityPress．[4】Coulthare，M．1977．AnIntroductiontoDiscourseAnalysis【M】．London：Longman．【5】DeBeaugrande，R．＆Dressier，W．1981．IntroductiontoTextLinguistics[M】．London：Longman．[6】Fairclaugh，N．1992．DiscourseandSocialChange【M】．Cambridge：PolityPress．【7】Fairclough，N．1992．CriticalLanguageAwareness【M】．NewYork：LongmanPublishing．【8】Fairclaugh，N．1995．CriticalDiscourseAnalysis：thecriticalstudyoflanguage【M】．London／NewYork：Longman．[9】Fairclaugh，N．2001．CriticalDiscourseAnalysisasaMetheod伽SocialScientificResearch【A】．hlWodak，R．，andMeyer,M．(eds)．MethodsofCriticalDiscourseAnalysis[C]．London：Sage．【10】Fowler,R．，Hodgc，B．，Kress，GandTrew,T．1979．LanguageandControl【M】．London：RoutledgeandKeganPaul．【11】Halliday,M．A．K．1973．Explorations砌theFunctionsofLanguage[M】。London：EdwardArnold．【12】Halliday，M．A．K．1978．LanguageasSocialSemiotic：TheSocialInterpretationofLanguageandMeaning[M】．London：EdwardArnold．【13】Halliday,M．A．K．1994／2000．AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar∥dEdition)[M】．London：Arnold．／Beijing：foreignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress．[14】Matin，J．R．，Rose，D．2003．WorkingwithDiscourse：Meaningbeyondtheclause[M】．London&NewYork：Continuum．【15]Stubbs，M．1983．DiscourseAnalysis【M】．Oxford：BasilBlackwell．[16】Thompson，J．B．1984．StudiesintheTheoryofIdeology[M]．Cambridge：PolityPress．[17】Thompson，G1996／2000．IntroducingFunctionalGrammar[M】．London：Amold／Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress．【18]Wodak，R．2006．CriticalLinguisticsandCriticalDiscourseAnalysis[A】．InOstman，J．一0．andVerschueren，J．(eds．)HandbookofPragmatics【C]．Amsterdam：Benjamins．35 [19]VanDijk，T．A．1998．CriticalDiscourseAnalysis[A]．HandbookofDiscourseAnalysis[C]．London：AcademicPress．【20]Young，L．andHarrison，C．(eds．)．2004．SystemicFunctionalLinguistics&CriticalDiscourseAnalysis：StudiesinSocialChange【C】．LondonandNewYork：Continuum．[2l】陈丽江．2006．中国的批评语言学研究综观[J】．外语教学，(6)．【22】陈中竺．1995．批评语言学述评【J】．外语教学与研究，(1)．【23】廖益清．1999．批评视野中的语言研究—-Fairclou曲批评话语分析理论述评[J】．山东外语教学，(2)．【24】丁建新，廖益清．2001．批评话语分析述评[J]．当代语言学，(4)．[25】丁建新，许伊．2007．童话叙事中互为话语性的批评性分析[J】．深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)，(6)．【26】胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄，李战子．2005．系统功能语言学概论[M】．北京：北京大学出版社．【27】纪卫宁．2006．二十五年的风雨历程一批评话语分析国内外发展概况评述[J】．聊城大学学报，(5)．【28】江晓红．2003．批评话语分析的有效工具一功能语法【J】．学术交流，(7)．[29】刘立华．2007．系统功能语言学与批评话语分析：回顾与前景展望[J】．西安外国语大学学报，(2)．[30】李丽生．2005．应用语言学研究的新视野一《批评应用语言学：批评性概论》评介【J】．现代外语，(2)．【31】李妙晴．2007．从批评话语分析看《爱丽斯漫游奇境记》中的互文性[J】．中山大学学报论丛，(2)．【32]李战子，高一虹．2002．功能语法与批评话语分析的结合一第28届国际系统功能语法大会述评[J]．外语研究，(3)．[33】廖益清，丁建新．2007．体裁结构潜势、语义特征与语法体现[J]．外国语，(170)．【34]施光．2007．批评话语分析研究综述[J]．学术论坛，(4)．[35】谭翠晓．2007．格林童话的婚姻观一批评话语分析方法[J】．读写月报(教研版)，(578)．[36】田海龙．2002．政治语言研究：评述与思考[J】．外语教学，(1)．36 [37]田海龙．2003．《后现代生活中的话语：批评话语分析再思考》评介[J]．山东外语教学，(1)．[3{B]田海龙．2006．语篇研究的批评视角：从批评语言学到批评话语分析[J】．山东外语教学，(2)．[39】王晋军．2002．CDA与SFL的关系分析【J】．山东外语教学，(6)．【40】辛斌．1996．语言、权力与意识形态批评语言学[J】．现代外语，(1)．[41】辛斌．1997．英语语篇的批评性分析刍议[J】．四川外语学院学报，(4)．【42】辛斌．1998．新闻语篇转述引语的批评性分析唧．外语教学与研究，(2)．【43】辛斌．2002．批评性语篇分析方法论[J】．外国语，(6)．【44】辛斌．2003．语言语篇权力[J】．外语学刊，(4)．【45】辛斌．2004．批评性语篇分析：问题与讨论【J】．外国语，(5)．【46】辛斌．2004．略论批评语言学的哲学社会背景[J】．山东外语教学，(8)．[47】辛斌．2005．批评语言学：理论与应用[M】．上海：上海外语教育出版社．[48】许伊．2005．话语中的互文性与意识形态意义一以《爱丽斯漫游奇境记》为例[D】．广州：中山大学外国语学院．[49]．叶起昌．2002．批评话语分析中的阅读理论[J】．外国语言文学，(4)【50】叶起昌．2004．批评语篇分析及其批评实在论[J】．福建外语，(1)【51】支永碧．2007．批评话语分析研究新动态[J】．外语与外语教学，(3)．【52】朱永生，严世清，苗兴伟．2004功能语言学导论[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社．[53】http：／／www．cs．cmu．edu／"--spok／grimmtmp／37 AppendixICinderellaThewifeofarichmanfellsick，andasshefeltthatherendwasdrawingnear，shecalledheronlydaughtertoherbedsideandsaid，dearchild，begoodandpious，andthenthegoodGodwillalwaysprotectyou，and1willlookdownonyoufromheavenandbenearyou．Thereuponsheclosedhereyesanddeparted．Everydaythemaidenwentouttohermother’sgrave，andwept，andsheremainedpiousandgood．Whenwintercamethesnowspreadawhitesheetoverthegrave，andbythetimethespringsunhaddrawnitoffagain，themanhadtakenanotherwife．Thewomanhadbroughtwithherintothehousetwodaughters，whowerebeautifulandfairofface，butvileandblackofheart．Nowbeganabadtimeforthepoorstep—child．IsthestupidgoosetositintheparlorwithUS，theysaid．Hewhowantstoeatbreadmustearnit．Outwiththekitchen-wench．Theytookherprettyclothesawayfromher，putanoldgreybedgownonher,andgaveherwoodenshoes．Justlookattheproudprincess，howdeckedoutsheis，theycried，andlaughed，andledherintothekitchen．Thereshehadtodohardworkfrommorningtillnight，getupbeforedaybreak，carrywater,lightfires，cookandwash．Besidesthis，thesistersdidhereveryimaginableinjury—theymockedherandemptiedherpeasandlentilsintotheashes，SOthatshewasforcedtositandpickthemoutagain．IntheeveningwhenshehadworkedtiUshewaswearyshehadnobedtogoto，buthadtosleepbythehearthinthecinders．Andasonthataccountshealwayslookeddustyanddirty，theycalledherCinderella．Ithappenedthatthefatherwasoncegoingtothefair,andheaskedhistwostep．daughterswhatheshouldbringbackforthem．Beautifuldresses，saidone，pearlsandjewels，saidthesecond．Andyou，Cinderella，saidhe，whatwillyouhave．Fatherbreaksoffformethefirstbranchwhichknocksagainstyourhatonyourwayhome．Soheboughtbeautifuldresses，pearlsandjewelsforhistwostep—daughters，andonhiswayhome，asheWasridingthroughagreenthicket，ahazeltwigbrushedagainsthimandknockedoffhishat．Thenhebrokeoffthebranchandtookitwithhim．Whenhereachedhomehegavehisstep—daughtersthethingswhichtheyhadwishedfor，andtoCinderellahegavethebranchfromthehazel—bush．Cinderellathankedhim，wenttohermother"sgraveandplantedthebranchonit，andweptSOmuchthatthetearsfelldownonitandwateredit．Anditgrewandbecameahandsometree．ThriceadayCinderellawentandsatbeneathit，andweptandprayed，and38 a1ittlew眦ebirdalwaysc锄eonthetree，andifCinderellaexpressedwish,thebirdthrewd0、)vntoherwhatshehadwishedfor·Ith印pened，however，thatthekinggaveordersforfestivalwh油w勰幻1缄恤eedays,aIldtowhichallthebeautifulyounggirlsinthec。咖wereinvited，in甜derthathlssonmi出choosehimseIfbride．啪enthe似。step。sistershe砌ma‘mey啪w哪。●annearamongthenumber，theyweredelighted，calledCinderella觚dsaid,C0mbour．hai．rw，Ig"---forus．bmsh。urshoes锄dfasten。urbuckles，forweareg。ingtotheweddingatthekmg’spalace．Cinderella0beyed，butw印t，becauseshetoowouldhavelikedtogowltll也cmt0-medaIlce，狮dbeggedherstep．mothertoallowhertodos0．Yougo,Cin妇。1‰saidshe,．covercdindustanddirtasyouare，andwouldgotothefestival·Youhavenoclothesa11dshoes，锄dyetw。ulddance．As，however，Cinderellaw锄t0na8king，也e吼ep’誓hersaidatlast，Ihaveemptieddish。flentilsintotheashesforyou"ifyouhaveplcke叭鼍锄outagainin铆ohours，youshallgowithus．Themaidenwentthrought11eback。doorIntotheg础，andcalled，yout锄epigeons，youturtle_doves，andallYoubirdsbcneaththesky，comeandhelpmetopickthegoodintothepot，thebadintothecrop．Tllen啪whitepigeonsc锄einbythekitchenwindow，andaR洲础the删e—doves，andatlastallthebirdsbeneaththesky，came讹凼g雏dc删m鹋m’掣ali蛳edamongsttheashes．Andmepigeonsnoddedwiththeirhcadsandbeganplck’p17k’pi孟，pick，aIld也erestbeganals。pick，pick，pick，pick，andgathereda11‘hc900d铲a1『ls孟mediSh．Hardlyhadoneh0砒passedbeforetheyhadfinished，棚811n唧砌弩m。Thentlle百rlt。0kthedishtoherstep—mother，aIldw弱百ad，andbelieVedmatn洲警wouldbeallowcdt0gowithmemtothefestival．Butthestl印_n10thersaid,110’Cinderella，vouhavenoclothesandyoucannotdance．Youwouldonlybc1au曲ed虬And_已indefellaw印tatthis，mest印．m。mersaid，ifyoucanpicktwodishesof1entilsout硝也eashesformeinonehour，youshallgowithUS．Andshethoughtt0hersel￡thatshemostcertainlvc籼0td0again．whenthestep—motherhademptiedthe似odishesoflentiIs眦ongsttheashes，themaidenwentthroughtheback_doorintothegarden孤dcned’y0_t锄epigeons，youturtle．doves，andallyoubirdsbeneaththesky，come肌dhelpme幻plCkthegoodintothepot，thebadintothecrop．Then似owhitepigeonsc锄einbythekitchen。window，andafte刑ardsthe眦le—doves，andatlengtha11thebirdsbeneaththesky，camewhirringandcrowding1n，39 andalighted锄ongsttheashes．Andthedovesnoddedwiththeirheadsandbegalaplck，pick，pick，pick，andtheothersbeganalsopick，pick，pick，pick，andgatheredallthegoOdseedsintothedishes，andbeforehalfanhourwasovertheyhadalreadyfinished，andallflewoutagain．Thenthemaidenwasdelighted，andbelievedthatshemightnowgowlththemtothewedding．Butthestep．mothersaid，allthiswillnothelp·Youc锄0tgowithus．foryouhavenoclothescarlnotdance．WeshouldbeashamedofYou·OnthisshetllmedherbackonCinderella，andhurriedawaywithhertwoprouddaughters·Asnoonewasnowathome，Cinderellawenttohermother"sgravebeneaththehazel。tree，勰dcried—shiverquiver，littletree，silvergoldthrowdownOVerme·Thenthebird缸ewagoldsilverdressdowntoher，andslippersembroideredwlthsilk姐dsilver．Sheputonthedresswithallspeed，andwenttotheweddlng·Herstep—s1’sterS锄dthestep—motherhoweverdidnotknowher，an．dthoughtshe姗stbeaforei朗研ncess，forshelookedSObeautifulinthegoldendress·TheyneVeronce也ou班ofCinderella"aIldbelievedthatshewassittingathomeinthedirt，pickinglentilsoutol。tlleashes，Theprinceapproachedher，tookherbythehanddancedwithher·HewoulddanCewithnoothermaiden，andneverletlooseofherhand，andifanyoneelsecametoinviteher，hesaid，thisismypartner·Shedancedtillitwasevening，andthenshewantedtog．ohom．e·Butthekng"ssonsaid，1willgowithyoubearyoucompany，forhewlshedtoseet0whomthebeautifulmaidenbelonged．Sheescapedfromhim，however，andsprangInt0mepigeon．house．Theking·ssonwaiteduntilherfathercame，andthenhetoldhimthatmeunknownmaidenhadleaptintothepigeon—house．Theoldmanthought，caIlnbeCinderella．Andmeyhadtobringhimanaxeapiekaxethathemighthewthepigeon．houset0pieces，butnoonewasinsideit．AndwhentheygothomeCinderellalaylnherdinVclothesamongtheashes，andadimlittleoil—lampwasburningonthem锄tle-plece，forCinderellahadjumpedquicklydownfromthebackofthepigeon-househadmIltomelittlehazel一tree，andthereshehadtakenoffherbeautifulclotheslaidthemonthe盯aVe，andthebirdhadtakenthemawayagain，andthenshehadseatedherseltmthekitchen锄ongsttheashesinhergreygown．Nextdaywhenthefestivalbeganafresh，a11dherparentsthestep．sistershadgoneoncemore，Cinderellawenttothehazel-treeaIldsaid—shiverquiver，mylittletree， silverandg。ldthrowdown。Ver1舱)rec1in：da3‘JThenthebirdthrewdownamuchmorebeautifdureldsrse，sesvteh巧an。onnethweaSpreaScet。dninishggedayat．,,、hneorwhenCinderellaappearedawt础the出we眦dd㈣ingeinc—this=一喝。r．n-。篡一⋯n月beauty．Theking"ssonhadwaiteduntilshec锄e"觚diitnesdhtanertly，hetoosKaidn，ermoisyistllmyl5lllpll嘲lkltiBeria,s．,dancedwithnoonebuther．When，oetahveers。acnameandinvl‘eQ!eI．『nc?u’一⋯．二二t，、a一。Whenev．e，nilngc。am沁eshwe嗍wtisBuhedttsoh：筹dawthayeki觚ngm"sllisomn，Ianolldowintoeatheheragn砌uwenmb,ehi‘un,．d．th．．ei．ntowhichhouse幽ewem·Bm出e印r觚gaw叫打01nmnl’孤?11nuul‘酽一二丘centpears．Thhouse：ereinstoodabeautifultalltreeonwhichhsquun衙gethle帆mothsteml【iang篡mtso～ndidnotSheclamberedsonimblybetweenthebranc栅hes撇likea跚咖托1=：‘：_“扩l⋯k⋯一knowwhereshewasgone．Hewaiteduntevil=“cambedme,anupdsthcpaidtOeara航m,memtu眦撇,vw-maidenhas。，escapedfromme"andIbeli眦妇h：：1：：=：：：：孟‘：oncthought,CaIlitbeCinderella．A谳nd。hmadean妞曲ax钮eb，rco：：兰：：r：：==袖es，舔wasonit．Andwhentheygotm舭妣曲吼un懒锐协17：‘_】：一：『：冀二血彻三ssusual,forshehadjumpeddownontheothersideofthetree,ha—dta．，ke—n．t—U：l—eJo，|％⋯u。whenthetothe．birdIon。；。tthper。littlehazel-tree,andputolnlahwerentgre。yncgeowmn。．rct．mt。mheretmml。uthuer．,,ys’graveandhadgoneawayCindereparents弧dsi献s，lIaw钮tonce1110Ie‘uu⋯儿muⅥqsaidtothelittletree-shiverandquiver，mylittletree，than弧yshehadyethad．andthessplipepakersforwe弱retogniosldbemnen．t．AnThdweh蜘engshseswonendt趾ctocdthewfeithsti搬valinthedress,nooneknewhowto驴州===≤=fnn炉W叫h儿en“e“v“eningcame,only,andifanyoneinvitedhertodance,hesaidtIus1s‘I拶p孤⋯，～～·．heescapedCinderellawishedtoleave,andtheking"ssonwasanxioustogown．nner,ou·tn·1一一—．，．．：t，、，-fromhimsoquicklythathecoulldenstoatirCfoall．soewt。hebre．smTehareekidnwg"ismsopni,tchho，w甜evlderth,nereao，ewhmpeIlJuysh弓uearuse,andhadcausedthe沌whRo：=竺：e=銮=三二一dnrandown,hadthemaiden"“以81咖盯舢：=篡ck．ew儿e圮ntⅪwni舻thiwttuotphe“f“ather,∥andsaidwassmallanddainty，andallgolden·Nextmommg，11e．， tookheronhishorseashisbrideandrodeawaywithher．Theywereobliged，however，topassthegrave，andthere，onthehazel—tree，satthetwopigeonsandcried—turnandpeep，turnandpeep，there’Sbloodwithintheshoe，theshoeitiStoosmallforher，thetruebridewaitsforyou．Thenhelookedatherfootandsawhowthebloodwastricklingfromit．Heturnedhishorseroundandthefalsebridehomeagain，andsaidshewasnotthetrueone，andthattheothersisterwastoputtheshoeon．Thenthisonewentintoherchamberandgothertoessafelyintotheshoe，butherheelWastoolarge．Sohermothergaveheraknifeandsaid，cutabitoffyourheel，whenyouarequeenyouwillhavenomoreneedtogoonfoot．Themaidencutabitoffherheel，forcedherfootintotheshoe，swallowedthepain，andwentouttotheking"sson．Heheronhishorseashisbride，androdeawaywithher，butwhentheypassedbythehazel—tree，thetwopigeonssatonitandcried—turnandpeep，turnandpeep，there’Sbloodwithintheshoe，theshoeitiStoosmallforher，thetruebridewaitsforyou．Helookeddownatherfootandsawhowthebloodwasrunningoutofhershoe，andhowithadstainedherwhitestockingquitered．Thenheturnedhishorseandthefalsebridehomeagain．Thisalsoisnottherightone，saidhe，haveyounootherdaughter．No，saidtheman，thereiSstillalittlestuntedkitchen—wenchwhichmylatewifeleftbehindher，butshecannotpossiblybethebride．Theking’Ssonsaidhewastosendheruptohim，butthemotheranswered，oh，no，sheismuchtoodirty，shecannotshowherself．Butheabsolutelyinsistedonit，andCinderellahadtobecalled．Shefirstwashedherhandsandfaceclean，andthenwentandboweddownbeforetheking’Sson，whogaveherthegoldenshoe．Thensheseatedherselfonastool，drewherfootoutoftheheavywoodenshoe，andputitintotheslipper，whichfiredlikeaglove．Andwhensheroseupandtheking’Ssonlookedatherfaceherecognizedthebeautifulmaidenwhohaddancedwithhimandcried，thatisthetruebride．Thestep—motherandthetwosisterswerehorrifiedandbecamepalewithrage，he，however,tookCinderellaOnhishorseandrodeawaywithher．Astheypassedbythehazel—tree，thetwowhitedovescried—tumandpeep，tumandpeep，nobloodiSintheshoe．42 theshoeiSnottoosmallforher，truebriderideswithyoU，andwhentheyhadcriedthat，thetwocameflyingdownandplacedthemselvesonCinderella’Sshoulders，oneonright，theotheronleft，andremainedsittingthere．Whenweddingwithking’Ssonwastobecelebrated，thetwofalsesisterscameandwantedtogetintofavorwithCinderellaandsharehergoodfortune．Whenbetrothedcouplewenttochurch，theelderwasatrightsideandyoungeratleft，andpigeonspeckedoutoneeyefromeachofthem．AfterwardsastheycamebackelderWasatleft，andyoungeratright，andthenpigeonspeckedoutothereyefromeach．Andthus，fortheirwickednessandfalsehood，theywerepunishedwithblindnessalltheirdays．43 AppendixIISnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfsOnceuponatimeinthemiddleofwinter，whentheflakesofsnowwerefallinglikefeathersfromthesky，aqueensatatawindowsewing，andtheframeofthewindowwasmadeofblackebony．Andwhilstshewassewingandlookingoutofthewindowatthesnow，sheprickedherfingerwiththeneedle，andthreedropsofbloodfelluponthesnow．Andtheredlookedprettyuponthewhitesnow，andshethoughttoherself,wouldthatIhadachildaswhiteassnow，asredasblood，andasblackasthewoodofthewindow—flame．Soonafterthatshehadalittledaughter，whowasaswhiteassnow，andasredasblood，andherhairwasasblackasebony，andshewasthereforecalledlittleSHOW—white．Andwhenthechildwasborn，thequeendied．Afterayearhadpassedthekingtooktohimselfanotherwife．Shewasabeautifulwoman，butproudandhaughty，andshecouldnotbearthatanyoneelsecouldsurpassherinbeauty．Shehadawonderfullooking—glass，andwhenshestoodinfrontofitandlookedatherselfinit，andsaid，looking-glass，looking-glass，onthewall，whointhislandisthefairestofa11．Thelooking—glassanswered，thou，0queen，artthefairestofM1．Thenshewassatisfied．forsheknewthatthelooking-glassspokethetruth．Butsnow—whiteWasgrowingup，andgrewmoreandmorebeautiful，andwhenshewagsevenyearsoldshewasasbeautifulastheday，andmorebeautifulthanthequeenherselfAndoncewhenthequeenaskedherlooking-glass，looking-glass，looking—glass，onthewall，whointhislandiSthefairestofa11．Itanswered，thouartfairerthanallwhoarehere，ladyqueen．Butmorebeautifulstillissnow—white，as1ween．Thenthequeenwasshocked，andturnedyellowandgreenwithenvy．Fromthathour，whenevershelookedatsnow—white，herheagheavedinherbreast，shehatedthegirlSOmuch．Andenvyandpridegrewhigherandhigherinherheartlikeaweed．SOthatshehadnopeacedayornight．Shecalledahuntsman，andsaid，takethechildawayintothe44 forest．1willnolongerhaveherinmysight．Killher，andbringmebackherlungandliverasatoken．Thehuntsmanobeyed，andtookherawaybutwhenhehaddrawnhisknife，andWasabouttopiercesnow—white’Sinnocentheart，shebegantoweep，andsaid，ahdearhuntsman，leavememylife．1willIUllawayintothewildforest，andnevercomehomeagain．AndassheWasSObeautifulthehuntsmanhadpityonherandsaid，runaway，then，youpoorchild．Thewildbeastswillsoonhavedevouredyou，thoughthe，andyetitseemedasifastonehadbeenrolledfromhisheartsinceitWasnolongerneedfulforhimtokillher．Andasayoungbearjustthencamerunningbyhestabbedit，andcutoutitslungandliverandtookthemtothequeenasproofthatthechildWasdead．Thecookhadtosaltthem，andthewickedqueenatethem，andthoughtshehadeatenthelungandliverofsnow—white．Butnowthepoorchildwasallaloneinthegreatforest，andSOterrifiedthatshelookedatalltheleavesonthetrees，anddidnotknowwhattodo．Thenshebegantorun，andranoversharpstonesandthroughthorns，andthewildbeastsranpasther,butdidhernoharm．SheranaslongasherfeetwouldgountilitWasalmostevening，thenshesawalittlecottageandwentintoittorestherself．Everythinginthecottagewassmall，butnearerandcleanerthanCanbetold．ThereWasatableonwhichWasawhitecover,andsevenlittleplates，andoneachplatealittlespoon，moreover,thereweresevenlittleknivesandforks，andsevenlittlemugs．Againstthewallstoodsevenlittlebedssidebyside；andcoveredwithsnow—whitecounterpanes．Littlesnow—whitewassohungryandthirstythatsheatesomevegetablesandbreadfromeachplateanddrankadropofwineoutofeachmug，forshedidnotwishtotakeallfromoneonly．Then，assheWasSOtired，shelaidherselfdownononeofthelittlebeds，butnoneofthemsuitedher，onewastoolong，anothertooshort，butatlastshefoundthattheseventhonewasright，andSOsheremainedinit，saidaprayerandwenttosleep．Whenitwasquitedarktheownersofthecottagecameback．Theyweresevendwarfswhoduganddelvedinthemountainsforore．Theylittheirsevencandles，andasitwasnowlightwithinthecottagetheysawthatsomeonehadbeenthere，foreverythingwasnotinthesameorderinwhichtheyhadleftit．Thefirstsaid，whohasbeensittingonmychair．Thesecond，whohasbeeneatingoffmyplate．Thethird，whohasbeentakingsomeofmybread．Thefourth，whohasbeen45 eatingmyvegetables．Thefifth，whohasbeenusingmyfork．Thesixth，whohasbeencuttingwithmyknife．Theseventh，whohasbeendrinkingoutofmymug．Thenthefirstlookedroundandsawthattherewasalittlehollowonhisbed，andhesaid，whohasbeengettingintomybed．Theotherscameupandeachcalledout，somebodyhasbeenlyinginmybedtoo．Buttheseventhwhenhelookedathisbedsawlittlesnow—white，whowaslyingasleeptherein．Andhecalledtheothers，whocamerunningup，andtheycriedoutwithastonishment，andbroughttheirsevenlittlecandlesandletthelightfallonlittlesnow—white。Oh，heavens，oh，heavens，criedthey，whatalovelychild．AndtheywereSOgladthattheydidnotwakeherup，butlethersleeponinthebed．Andtheseventhdwarfsleptwithhiscompanions，onehourwitheach，andSOpassedthenight．Whenitwasmorninglittlesnow—whiteawoke，andwasfrightenedwhenshesawthesevendwarfs．Buttheywerefriendlyandaskedherwhathernamewas．Mynameissnow—white，sheanswered．Howhaveyoucometoourhouse?saidthedwarfs．Thenshetoldthemthatherstep—motherhadwishedtohaveherkilled，butthatthehuntsmanhadsparedherlife，andthatshehadrunforthewholeday，untilatlastshehadfoundtheirdwelling．Thedwarfssaid，ifyouwilltakecareofourhouse，cook，makethebeds，wash，sewandknit，andifyouwillkeepeverythingneatandcleanyouCanstaywithUSandyoushallwantfornothing．Yes，saidsnow—white，withallmyheart．Andshestayedwiththem．Shekeptthehouseinorderforthem．Inthemorningstlleywenttothemountainsandlookedforcopperandgold，intheeveningstheycameback，andthentheirsupperhadtobeready．ThegirlWasalonethewholeday，SOthegooddwarfswarnedherandsaid，bewareofyourstep—mother，shewillsoonknowthatyouarehere，besuretoletnoonecomein．Butthequeen，believingthatshehadeatensnow—white’Slungandliver,couldnotbutthinkthatshewasagainthefirstandmostbeautifulofall，andshewenttoherlooking—glassandsaid，looking—glass，looking—glass，onthewall，whointhislandisthefairestofa11．Andtheglassanswered，oh，queen，thouartfairestofallIsee，butoverthehills，wherethesevendwarfsdwell，snow-whiteiSstillaliveandwell，andnoneisSOfairasshe． Thenshewasastounded，forsheknewthatthelooking—glassneverspokefalsely，andsheknewthatthehuntsmanhadbetrayedher，andthatlittlesnow．whiteWasstillalive．AndSOshethoughtandthoughtagainhowshemightkillher，forSOlongassheWasnotthefairestinthewholeland，envyletherhavenorest．Andwhenshehadatlastthoughtofsomethingtodo，shepaintedherface，anddressedherselflikeanoldpedlar-woman，andnoonecouldhaveknownher．InthisdisguiseshewentOVerthesevenmountainstothesevendwarfs，andknockedatthedoorandcried，prettythingstosell，verycheap，verycheap．Lialesnow—whitelookedoutofthewindowandcalledout，good_daymygoodwoman，whathaveyoutosell．Goodthings，prettythings，sheanswered，stay-lacesofallcolors，andshepulledoutonewhichWaswovenofbright—coloredsilk．Imaylettheworthyoldwomanin，thoughtsnow．white，andsheunboltedthedoorandboughttheprettylaces．Child，saidtheoldwoman，whatafrightyoulook，come,1willlaceyouproperlyforonce．Snow—whitehadnosuspicion，butstoodbeforeher，andletherselfbelacedwiththenewlaces．ButtheoldwomanlacedSOquicklyandSOtightlythatsnow—whitelostherbreathandfelldownasifdead．NowIalnthemostbeautiful，saidthequeentoherself,andrailaway．’Notlongafterwards，intheevening，thesevendwarfscamehome，buthowshockedtheywerewhentheysawtheirdearlittlesnow—whitelyingontheground，andthatsheneitherstirrednormoved，andseemedtobedead．Theyliftedherup，and，astheysawthatsheWaslacedtootightly，theycutthelaces，thenshebegantobreathealittle，andafterawhilecametolifeagain．Whenthedwarfsheardwhathadhappenedtheysaid，theoldpeddler-womanWasnooneelsethanthewickedqueen，takecareandletnoonecomeinwhenwearenotwithyou．Butthewickedwomanwhenshehadreachedhomewentinfrontoftheglassandasked，looking—glass，looking—glass，onthewall，whointhislandiSthefairestofa11．Anditansweredasbefore，oh，queen，thouartfairestofallIsee，butoverthehills，wherethesevendwarfsdwell，snow—whiteisstillaliveandwell，andnoneiSSOfairasshe．Whensheheardthat，allherbloodrushedtoherheartwithfear，forshesawplainlythatlittlesnow—whitewasagainalive．Butnow，shesaid，1willthinkofsomethingthat47 shallreallyputanendtoyou．Andbythehelpofwitchcraft，whichsheunderstood，shemadeapoisonouscomb．Thenshedisguisedherselfandtooktheshapeofanotheroldwoman．Soshewentoverthesevenmountainstothesevendwarfs，knockedatthedoor，andcried，goodthingstosell，cheap，cheap．Littlesnow—whitelookedoutandsaid，goaway，Icannotletanyonecomein．IsupposeyouCanlook，saidtheoldwoman，andpulledthepoisonouscomboutandhelditup．ItpleasedthegirlSOwellthatsheletherselfbebeguiled，andopenedthedoor．Whenmeyhadmadeabargaintheoldwomansaid，now1willcombyouproperlyforonce．Poorlittlesnow—whitehadnosuspicion，andlettheoldwomandoasshepleased，buthardlyhadsheputthecombinherhairthanthepoisoninittookeffect，andthegirlfelldownsenseless．Youparagonofbeauty，saidthewickedwoman，youaredonefornow，andshewentaway．Butfortunatelyitwasalmostevening，whenthesevendwarfscamehome．Whentheysawsnow—whitelyingasifdeaduponthegroundtheyatoncesuspectedthestep—mother,andtheylookedandfoundthepoisonedcomb．Scarcelyhadtheytakenitoutwhensnow—whitecametoherself,andtoldthemwhathadhappened．Thentheywamedheroncemoretobeuponherguardandtoopenthedoortonoone．Thequeen，athome，wentinfrontoftheglassandsaid，looking—glass，looking—glass，onthewall，whointhislandiSthefairestofa11．Thenitansweredasbefore，’oh，queen，thouartfairestofallIsee，butoverthehills，wherethesevendwarfsdwell，snow—whiteiSstillaliveandwell．andnoneisSOfairasshe．Ⅵmensheheardtheglassspeakthusshetrembledandshookwithrage．Snow—whitedie，shecried，evenifitcostsmemylife．Thereuponshewentintoaquitesecret，lonelyroom，wherenooneevercame，andthereshemadeaverypoisonousapple．Outsideitlookedpretty，whitewitharedcheek，SOthateveryonewhosawitlongedforit，butwhoeverateapieceofitmustsurelydie．Whentheapplewasreadyshepaintedherface，anddressedherselfupasafarmer"swife．andSOshewentoverthesevenmountainstothesevendwarfs．Sheknockedatthedoor．Snow—whiteputherheadoutofthewindowandsaid，Icannotletanyonein，thesevendwarfshaveforbiddenme．Itisallthesametome，answeredthewoman，Isoongetridofmyapples．There，1willgiveyouone． No，saidsnow-white，Idarenottakeanything．Areyouafraidofpoison，saidtheoldwoman，look，1willcuttheappleintwopieces，youeattheredcheek，and1willeatthewhite．Theapplewassocunninglymadethatonlytheredcheekwaspoisoned．Snow—whitelongedforthefineapple，andwhenshesawthatthewomanatepartofitshecouldresistnolonger，andstretchedoutherhandandtookthepoisonoushalf．Buthardlyhadsheabitofitinhermouththanshefelldowndead．Thenthequeenlookedatherwithadreadfullook，andlaughedaloudandsaid，whiteassnow，redasblood，blackasebony-wood，thistimethedwarfscannotwakeyouupagain．Andwhensheaskedofthelooking—glassathome，looking—glass，looking-glass，onthewall，whointhislandisthefairestofa11．Anditansweredatlast，oh，queen，inthislandthouartfairestofa11．Thenherenvioushearthadrest，SOfarasanenviousheartcallhaverest．Thedwarfs，whentheycamehomeintheevening，foundsnow—whitewerelyingupontheground，shebreathednolongerandWasdead．Theyliftedherup，lookedtoseewhethertheycouldfindanythingpoisonous，unlacedher，combedherhair，washedherwithwaterandwine，butitWasallofnouse，thepoorchildwasdead，andremaineddead．Theylaidheruponabier,andallSeVenofthemsatrounditandweptforher，andweptthreedayslong．Thentheyweregoingtoburyher，butshestilllookedasifshewereliving，andstillhadherprettyredcheeks．Theysaid，wecouldnotburyherinthedarkground，andtheyhadatransparentcoffinofglassmade，SOtllatshecouldbeseenfromallsides，andtheylaidherinit，andwrotehernameuponitingoldenletters，andthatsheWasaking’Sdaughter．Thentheyputthecoffinoutuponthemountmn，andoneofthemalwaysstayedbyitandwatchedit．Andbirdscametoo，andweptforsnow-white，firstanowl，thenaraven，and1astadove．AndnOWsnow-whitelayalong，longtimeinthecoffin，andshedidnotchange，butlookedasifshewereasleep，forshewasaswhiteassnow，asredasblood，andherhairwasasblackasebony．Ithappened，however，thataking’Ssoncameintotheforest，andwenttothedwarfs，housetospendthenight．HesawtheCOmnonthemountain，andthebeautifulsnow—whitewithinit，andreadwhatwaswrittenuponitingoldenletters．Thenhesaidtothedwarfs，letmehavethecoffin，1willgiveyouwhateveryouwantforit．Butthe49 dwarfsanswered，wewillnotpartwithitforallthegoldintheworld．Thenhesaid，letmehaveitasagift，forIcannotlivewithoutseeingsnow—white．1willhonorandprizeherasmydearestpossession．Ashespokeinthiswaythegoodtookpityuponhim，andgavehimthecoffin．Andnowtheking’Ssonhaditcarriedawaybyhisservantsontheirshoulders．Andithappenedthattheystumbledoveratree—stump，andwiththeshockthepoisonouspieceofapplewhichsnow—whitehadbittenoffcameoutofherthroat．Andbeforelongsheopenedhereyes，liftedupthelidofthecoffin，satup，andwasoncemorealive．Oh，heavens，whereamI，shecried．Theking’Sson，fullofjoy，said，youarewithme．Andtoldherwhathadhappened，andsaid，Iloveyoumorethaneverythingintheworld，comewithmetomyfather’Spalace，youshallbemywife．Andsnow—whitewaswilling，andwentwithhim，andtheirweddingwasheldwithgreatshowandsplendor．Butsnow—white’Swickedstep—motherwasalsobiddentothefeast．Whenshehadarrayedherselfinbeautifulclothesshewentbeforethelooking—glass，andsaid，looking—glass，looking—glass，onthewall，whointhislandisthefairestofa11．Theglassanswered，oh，queen，ofallherethefairestartthou，buttheyoungqueenisfairerbyfarasItrow．’Thenthewickedwomanutteredacurse，andwassowretched，SOutterlywretchedthatsheknewnotwhattodo．Atfirstshewouldnotgototheweddingatall，butshehadnopeace，andhadtogotoseetheyoungqueen．Andwhenshewentinsherecognizedsnow—white，andshestoodstillwithrageandfear，andcouldnotstir．Butironslippershadalreadybeenputuponthefire，andtheywerebroughtinwithtongs，andsetbeforeher．Thenshewasforcedtoputonthered-hotshoes，anddanceuntilshedroppeddowndead． AcknowledgementsFirstly,1wouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomyrespectablesupervisorProfessorLiFagen，whointroducesmetosystemicfunctionallinguisticsandcriticaldiscourseanalysis，andwhohasexertedthemostprominentinfluenceonmylearningandstudythroughoutthethree—yeardurationofmystudyatForeignLanguagesCollege，JiangxiNormalUniversity．Notonlyenlightenedbyhislectures，seminarsanddiscussions，butalsobenefitedalotfromhissuccessfulwaytoundertakeacademicresearch．Heprovidesmanyvaluablesuggestionsandcriticismsformypapers，withoutwhichthepublicationsofsomeofthemwouldhavebeenoutofthequestion．Hisinsightfulsupervision，helpfulcommentsandpainstakingcorrectionshaveledtothecompletionofthewholethesis．MyparticularthanksgotoProfessorLiYongzhong，whoselecturesleadmeintothefieldofcognitivelinguistics；ProfessorYaoMingfaandProfessorXieBaohui，whohavegivenmegreathelpfulcommentsonthethesisproposal；associatemanyotherteachersintheForeignLanguagesCollegeatJiangxiNormalUniversity．Mydeepgratitudegoestomymotherandmyfamilymemberswhoalwaysunderstandandsupportmeinmylong-termstudy．Withouttheirconstantencouragementandloveforme，Icouldn’tfinishmythree-yearstudyatJiangxiNormalUniversity,letalonewritemythesis．