沧州方言平舌音变异研究 76页

学校代码10530学号201431051092分类号H08密级公开硕士学位论文沧州方言平舌音变异研究学位申请人韩青青指导教师文卫平教授学院名称外国语学院学科专业外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向理论语言学二〇一七年六月八日 AStudyontheVariationofBlade-alveolarsinCangzhouDialectCandidateHanQingqingSupervisorProf.WenWeipingCollegeCollegeofForeignLanguagesProgramForeignTheoreticalLinguisticsandAppliedLinguisticsSpecializationTheoreticalLinguisticsDegreeMasterofArtsUniversityXiangtanUniversityDateJune8th,2017 摘要沧州方言属于冀鲁官话，是汉语的一个语言变体。平翘舌音不分的情况已成为沧州方言的一大特色。但是随着与普通话的接触，其使用情况在发生变异。沧州方言平舌音的变异无时无刻不在进行，却鲜少获得人们的关注。本研究以社会变异理论为指导，运用社会语言学的研究方法，以52名沧州市民为研究对象，使其朗读含100个平舌音汉字的词汇并录音，借助SPSS以及MicrosoftOfficeExcel2003对数据进行转写及数理分析，探究性别，年龄，职业，教育水平对沧州方言中平舌音变异的影响。为了了解沧州居民对沧州方言及平舌音变异的真实态度，本研究通过问卷法调查了100名沧州市民的语言态度。调查结果显示，沧州方言中平舌音变异现象明显，不同的平舌音变异程度有所不同，但都具有方向性特征，即在普通话影响下，沧州方言中的平舌音正逐渐接近其在普通话中的发音。同时，沧州方言中平舌音的变异情况具有一定的社会分布特征，即与年龄，性别，教育背景及职业有一定关联。随着年龄的增长，新式发音的使用大大降低；女性新式发音的使用总体上多于男性，但受生活习惯等因素的影响，不同年龄段中，新式发音的性别差异有所不同；在教育背景方面，随着学历程度的增高，平舌音新式发音的使用也会增高；而学生是所有职业中最多采用新式发音的群体。调查问卷表明，沧州市民对沧州方言及其平舌音变异均持积极态度。对沧州方言平舌音的调查研究有利于推广沧州方言的特色，而对其变异的研究则有助于增加方言关注度，以达到保护和记录地方方言的目的，同时丰富我国方言及语言变异方面的研究。关键词：沧州方言；平舌音；语音变异I AbstractCangzhoudialect,apartofJi-LuMandarin,isalanguagevariantofChinese.Theconfusionbetweenblade-alveolarsandretroflexeshasbecomeacharacteristicofCangzhoudialect.However,undertheinfluenceofMandarin,variationhappens.Thevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialecthappensallthetimebutrarelyattractsCangzhoucitizens’attention.Undertheguidanceofvariationtheoryandwiththemethodologyofsociolinguistics,thisinvestigationwasconductedwiththehelpof52Cangzhoucitizensandthedatawerecollectedbyrecordingthese52informants’readingof100characterswithblade-alveolars.Thenthedatacollectedwouldbeanalyzedintermsofsocialvariablesasage,gender,educationbackgroundandoccupationswiththehelpofSPSSandMicrosoftOfficeExcel2003.AquestionnairewasdesignedtostudyCangzhoucitizens’realattitudestowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.Theresultshowsthatthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisevident.Althoughvariationofblade-alveolarshappenstovaryingdegrees,theyallshareacertaindirectionalfeature.UndertheinfluenceofMandarin,pronunciationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisgraduallyapproachingtothoseinMandarin.Atthesametime,theuseofblade-alveolarsaftervariationisfeaturedbysocialvariables,namelyage,gender,educationbackgroundandoccupation.Newformsofblade-alveolarsdecreasewithsubjects’growthofageandfemalesapplymorenewformsthanmales.However,undertheinfluenceoflivinghabits,genderdifferencefortheuseofnewformsvariesindifferentagegroups.Fromtheperspectiveofeducationbackground,highereducationindicatesmoreuseofnewforms.Amongalltheoccupations,studentsapplythemostnewformsofblade-alveolars.Accordingtotheresultofquestionnaires,CangzhoucitizensholdanoverallpositiveattitudetowardsbothCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolars.Researchesonblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectcontributetotherealizationII oncharacteristicsofCangzhoudialectandstudiesonvariationhelptoattractpeople’sattentiontowardsfeaturesofCangzhoudialectsoastoprotectandrecordlocaldialectandatthesametimeenrichtheresearchesondialectsandvariationsinChina.KeyWords:CangzhouDialect;Blade-alveolar;SoundVariationIIII ContentsChineseAbstract......................................................................................................IEnglishAbstract.....................................................................................................IIListofTables.........................................................................................................VIIListofFigures......................................................................................................VIIIIntroduction..............................................................................................................1ResearchBackground............................................................................................1ObjectivesandSignificanceoftheResearch.........................................................2ResearchQuestions................................................................................................3OrganizationoftheThesis.....................................................................................4ChapterOneLiteratureReview........................................................................61.1PreviousResearchesonSoundVariation.........................................................61.1.1TheInitialStudiesonSoundVariation.................................................61.1.2TheSocialNetworkStudies..................................................................81.1.3TheStudieson-ingVariation................................................................81.1.4TheStudiesonnvguoyin.......................................................................91.1.5OtherResearchesonSoundVariation.................................................101.2PreviousResearchesonCangzhouDialect....................................................101.2.1ResearchesonCangzhouDialect........................................................111.2.2VariationstudiesonCangzhouDialect...............................................121.3PreviousResearchesonBlade-alveolars.......................................................121.3.1ResearchesonBlade-alveolarsofDialects.........................................131.3.2VariationStudiesonBlade-alveolars..................................................131.4CommentsonPreviousResearches...............................................................14ChapterTwoTheoreticalIssues.......................................................................15IV 2.1VariationStudy...............................................................................................152.2SocialVariablesofLanguage.........................................................................162.2.1SocialClassasaSocialVariable........................................................162.2.2GenderasaSocialVariable................................................................172.2.3AgeasaSocialVariable......................................................................182.3VernacularSpeechinVariationStudy............................................................19ChapterThreeResearchMethodology.........................................................203.1Hypothesis......................................................................................................203.2SelectionofInformants..................................................................................203.3SelectionofLinguisticVariables...................................................................233.4DataCollection..............................................................................................243.4.1Tape-recordingWordlistReading.......................................................243.4.2LanguageAttitudeQuestionnaire.......................................................25ChapterFourResultsandDiscussion............................................................274.1OverallPatternofSoundVariation................................................................274.2StageFeatureandDirectionalAnalysis.........................................................304.3SocialDistribution.........................................................................................334.3.1AgeandVariation................................................................................334.3.2GenderandVariation..........................................................................354.3.3EducationLevelandVariation............................................................374.3.4OccupationandVariation....................................................................404.4LanguageAttitudes........................................................................................424.4.1AttitudestowardsCangzhouDialect...................................................424.4.2AttitudestowardsVariationofBlade-alveolars..................................43ChapterFiveAccountsfortheVariationandResearchImplications465.1AccountsfortheVariationofBlade-alveolars...............................................465.1.2ImpactofSocialPsychology..............................................................465.1.3ImpactofMandarinandMassMedia.................................................475.2ResearchImplications....................................................................................48V 5.2.1TendencyofBlade-alveolarsinCangzhouDialect.............................485.2.2DialectPreservation............................................................................48Conclusion...............................................................................................................51MajorFindings....................................................................................................51LimitationsandSuggestions................................................................................52WorksCited............................................................................................................53Acknowledgments.................................................................................................56Appendix1:QuestionnaireontheAttitudestowardsCangzhouDialectandVariationofBlade-alveolars......................................................57Appendix2:ChineseCharacterswithBlade-alveolarsReadbySubjects.....................................................................................................................60Appendix3:DetailedMessageofSubjects..................................................61InformativeAbstractinChinese.....................................................................63RésuméandPublicationssinceEnteringtheProgram.........................65VI ListofTablesTable3.1GenderDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurvey..........................21Table3.2AgeDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurvey...............................21Table3.3EducationLevelDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurvey...........21Table3.4OccupationDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurvey...................22Table3.6Blade-alveolarsfortheTape-recordingSurvey............................................23Table3.7WordlistfortheTape-recordingSurvey(100)...............................................25Table4.1VariationSituationofCharacters..................................................................27Table4.2VariationSituationofCharactersineachAgeGroup...................................28Table4.3VariationfromColloquialPronunciationtoMandarin..................................31Table4.5VariationfromColloquialPronunciationtoMandarinafterClassification.....................................................................................................................32Table4.7AgeandNewForm(n=100)..........................................................................34Table4.9CorrelationbetweenAgeandNumberofNewForm...................................35Table4.10GenderandNewForm(n=100)..................................................................36Table4.12EducationBackgroundandNewForms(1)................................................38Table4.14CorrelationbetweenEducationBackgroundandNumberofNewForms(n=100)........................................................................................................39Table4.15EducationBackgroundandNewForm(2)..................................................40Table4.16OccupationandNewForms.......................................................................40VII ListofFiguresFigure3.5PersonalBackgroundofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurvey......................22Figure4.4Old-to-NewFormRatio..............................................................................31Figure4.6VariationfromColloquialPronunciationtoStandardChineseMandarinafterClassification......................................................................................32Figure4.8ContrastbetweentheAverageNumberofNewFormsandOldFormsindifferentAgeGroups.................................................................................34Figure4.11AverageNumberofEachGenderinDifferentAgeGroups.....................37Figure4.13EducationBackgroundandNewForm.....................................................38Figure4.17OccupationandNewForms.....................................................................41Figure4.18AttitudestowardsChildren’sUsingofMandarin.....................................42Figure4.19AttitudestowardstheSoundofCangzhouDialect...................................43Figure4.20OccupationsExpectedtoSpeakMandarin...............................................43Figure4.21DegreeofAcceptancetoVariationofBlade-alveolars.............................44Figure4.22OccupationsTendtoUseMoreNewFormsinSubjects’View................45Figure4.23AgeGroupsTendtoUseMoreNewFormsinSubjects’View.................45VIII IntroductionResearchBackgroundSincetheestablishmentofP.R.C,especiallythereformandopening-up,Chinahasbeengoingthroughearth-shakingchanges.Underthebackgroundofurbanizationandglobalizationandwiththesegreatchangesineconomy,culture,industryandsociety,contactbetweenpeoplefromdifferentareashasbeenmoreandmoreintensiveandMandarinisincreasinglypopularizedwhichmaycausevariationofdialectsatvariousaspectsassound,lexicon,syntaxandgrammar.Therefore,dialectsarefacinggreatthreatsandresearcheswhichmayrevealspecialdialectphenomenaandanalyzetheirinfluentialfactorswillbemoreandmorevalued.Cangzhoucity,neartoBohaiseaintheeast,Tianjincityinthenorth,andHenanProvinceinthesouth,islocatedinthesoutheastofHebeiProvince.Withanareaofabout13419squarekilometers,Cangzhouhasapopulationof7,684,000bytheyearof2004.Cangzhoucityisfamousforitsgolden-silkjujubeandisknownas“CityofKungfu”becauseitsWuqiaoAcrobaticsWorldattractstensofthousandsofpeople’sarrivaleveryyeartoenjoythefeastofacrobatics.Cangzhoudialecthasbeendeeplyinfluencedbyitswharfcultureandimmigranthistory.SomewordsusedinCangzhoucitizens’dailylifeareactuallyderivedfromitsspecialwharfculturelikeyingsheng(营生)whichmeans“makealiving”andhangzi(行子)whichmeans“dislikedpersonorthing”.SomewordsarefromCangzhou’simmigranthistory,likejieshou(解手)。MostCangzhoucitizensareimmigratedfromShanxiprovinceinMingDynastythoughatthattime,somepeoplewereattachedtotheirnativelandandunwillingtoleave.Undertheenforcementofgovernment,someofthemweresenttoCangzhouwiththeirhandsstrapped.Whentheyneedtoanswerthecallofnature,theywouldaskofficerstojieshou(解手,untietherope)whichgraduallybecomesadialectwordinCangzhoucitytomean“gotothebathroom”now.Allinall,withitsspecialhistoryandtheinfluencefromneighboringdialects,Cangzhoudialecthas1 becomeacomplicatedanduniquelanguage.UnderthebackgroundofurbanizationandthepopularityofMandarin,Cangzhoudialectnowisfacinggreatthreats,becauseMandarinisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinCangzhoucitizens’life.UnderthecontactwithMandarinandotherdialects,variationinCangzhoudialectoccursastimegoeson.Thevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisatypicaloneandthepronunciationofblade-alveolarsisapproachingtotheso-calledrightwayinMandarin.Forexample,suan(涮)andsui(水)inCangzhoudialectisgraduallypronouncedasshuan(涮)andshui(水)respectivelywhicharesimilartotheirpronunciationinMandarin.Thiskindofvariationhappensbutnoempiricalinvestigationhasbeendonetoresearchonthevariationofblade-alveolars.Therefore,adetailedresearchtowardsthevariationofblade-alveolarsisurgentandmeaningful.ObjectivesandSignificanceoftheResearchUndertheinfluenceofMandarinandwiththecontactofdifferentdialects,Cangzhoudialecthasbeencomplicatedandstillremainedtobefurtherexplored.Therefore,basedonanempiricalinvestigationandwithintheframeworkofvariationtheory,thisresearchisaimedtorevealthevariationphenomenonofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectduetoitscontactwithMandarin,analyzerelevantfactorsthatmayaffectsitsvariationandexplorelocalcitizens’attitudestowardslanguageuse.Thesignificanceofthisresearchcanbelistedasfollows:Firstly,thisresearchonthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectmayprovidematerialsforthevariationstudyonHebeidialectandCangzhoudialectfromasociolinguisticperspectivewiththestrongestconfirmationbydetailedandauthenticstatisticsinexperiment.Asapartofwharfcultureandatthesametimeinfluencedbyotherdialects,Cangzhoudialectshowsitsuniquecharacteristics.Butduetoitsgeographicrestrictionsandthelackofproperattention,fewresearchershaveturnedtheirattentiontotheresearchonCangzhoudialectandduetothecomplexityofdatacollection,mostoftheresearchesonCangzhoudialectareaboutsyntaxorlexicon.2 Eventhoughsomeoftheseworksarefromphonologicalperspective,mostofthemaredescriptiveandnotviewedfromthesociolinguisticangle.Allinall,nostudyhasbeendoneonthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectfromasociolinguisticperspective.Variationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialecthappensatalltimes,sorelevantresearchesareurgentlyneededtoprovidematerialsforthevariationstudyofCangzhoudialect.Secondly,oursociety,culture,andthoughtscanbereflectedbythevariationofadialectandthestudyonsocialmotivationsforthevariationinCangzhoudialectmayhelpusbetterunderstandtheimportanceoflanguageandurgeustohavearationalattitudetowardsCangzhoudialect.CarryingitswharfandimmigrantcultureandatthesametimeinevitablyinfluencedbyMandarin,Cangzhoudialectisuniqueanddeservedtobepreserved.However,thevariationineveryCangzhoucitizens’languageisunique.Whatkindoffactorsmaycausethesedifferencesandvariation?WhetherpeopleofdifferentagesandeducationbackgroundhavedifferentattitudestowardsCangzhoudialect,MandarinandthevariationofCangzhoudialect?Theanswersmaybepresentedaftertheanalysisofauthenticstatisticsinexperiment.ResearchQuestionsThepronunciationofblade-alveolarsinCanghzoudialectisundergoingchanges,whichiscloselyrelatedwithsocialvariables,suchasgender,age,educationbackground,occupationandsoon.Basedonaspeciallydesignedexperiment,thisresearchisaimedtoexplorethefollowingthreequestions:1)Whatarethestagefeaturesanddevelopingdirectionofblade-alveolars/ts/,/s/,/tsʰ/?2)Howdosocialvariablessuchasgender,age,educationlevel,occupationaffectthevariationofblade-alveolars?3)Whatarepeople’sattitudestowardsthevariationofblade-alveolars?3 OrganizationoftheThesisUndertheguidanceofsociolinguistictheoriesandmethodologies,thisresearchisaimedtorevealtheactualuseandvariationphenomenonofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectduetoitscontactwithMandarin,analyzerelevantfactorsthatmayaffectsitsvariationandexplorelocalcitizens’attitudestowardslanguageuse.Sevenpartsareincludedinthisthesis.Inthefirstpart,researchbackground,objective,significance,researchquestionsofthestudyandorganizationofthethesisispresented.AnoverallintroductiontoCangzhou’swharfandimmigrationhistory,andgeneralgeographicalsituationareofferedinthispart.UnderthecontactwithMandarinandotherdialects,variationinCangzhoudialecthappensallthetimeanddevelopsastimegoeson.Thevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisatypicaloneandthepronunciationofblade-alveolarsisapproachingtotheso-calledrightwayinMandarin,makingitnecessarytoresearchoncurrentsituationofCangzhoudialectandvariationofblade-alveolars.Chapterone,literaturereview,combsandlistspreviousstudiesonsoundvariation,Cangzhoudialectandblade-alveolars.Importantscholarsandtheirgreatworksintheresearchfieldofsoundvariationareintroduced.ThenitdepictsrelativeresearchonCangzhoudialectfromoverallperspectiveincludingthevariationaspectthoughitsnumberislimited.Studiesonblade-alveolarsarefocusedatlast.Chaptertwodealswithvariationissueswhichservesasacompasstoguidetheexplanationoftheblade-alveolarsvariationinCangzhoudialect.Chapterthreeintroducesresearchmethodologyincludinghypothesis,selectionofinformants,selectionoflinguisticvariables,datacollectionanddataprocessing.Thefourthchapteristhecoreofthethesiswhichdealswithstatisticanalysisandtheinterpretationoftheresult.Atthesametime,languageattitudestowardsCangzhoudialectandblade-alveolarvariationinCangzhoudialectareexaminedwiththehelpofadesignedquestionnaire.Chapterfivemainlydiscussessocialaccountsforthevariationandimplicationsfromthisresearch.Conclusionsincludingmajorfindingsandlimitationswillbediscussedin4 thelastpart.5 ChapterOneLiteratureReviewVariationhaslongbeenresearchfocusandphoneticvariationalsoattractsscholars’attentionforitsrelativelymaturetheoreticalframework,solidempiricalfoundationandrichlinguisticdata.Thusworksonthisfieldarequitenumerousandachievementsarefruitful.1.1PreviousResearchesonSoundVariationSoundvariationoccupiesanimportantpositioninvariationstudiesandwithmoreandmoreinfluentialfactorsandmethodologiesbeinginvolved,variationresearchesaredevelopedinmulti-dimentionalviewpointsandwithbroaderprospects.SomemilestonefiguresasLabov,Trugill,Milroyandsoonhavepavedthewayfortheflourishingofsociolingustics.Labov,regardedasboththeleaderandinitiatoroflanguagevariationstudy,hasachievedbothpracticalandtheoreticalachievementsontheresearchoflanguagevariation.Trudgill’sresearchonNorwichdialectandMilroy’sBelfaststudyallcontributedtheirmethodologiesandpavedwayforthestudyonsoundvariation.1.1.1TheInitialStudiesonSoundVariationVariationtheorywasfirstlydevelopedtostudythespeechofnativespeakersin1960sbyWilliamLabovwhoseaimistoemphasizethesocialfactorsthatmayhaveimpactonlanguageuse.LabovconductedaresearchonMartha’sVineyard,anislandofMassachusettsandhefoundthatdiphthongslike[ay]and[aw]wouldbepronouncedbymanyVineyardersascentralized[i]and[u]whichwereoriginallypronouncedas[ai]and[au]inNewEngland(Labov1972:79).Infact,thecentralizedpronunciationiscommonlyusedinthe16thand17thcenturybutinthe19th,itfinallydisappearedinmostdialects.Researchdataincluding3500[ay]and1500[aw]werecollectedbyLabovfrom69islanders-14fishermen,8farmer,6builders,19waitresses,36 professions,5housewivesand14students.Socialfactorsasage,occupationandlocationweretakenintoconsiderationbyLabovforthereasonoftheresearchresult.Thefinalresultshowedthatthephenomenonofcentralizationisextremelypopularintheagegroupof31-45amongfishermeninupislandespeciallyaroundChilmark.Byanalyzingislanders’economicsituation,Labovfoundthatpoorislandershadasenseofresistanceagainstthosetourists-“land-grabbers”.Althoughthecentralizationphenomenonwasdiminishingin1930sbutstillremainedinthedialectofmiddle-ageruralfishermentounconsciouslyactasanidentificationoflocalislanders.31-45year-oldislanderschosetostayattheirhometownwithheavyeconomicpressurebecauseoftheirloveforVineyardwhichmaybethereasonwhythemostobviouscentralizationphenomenonhappensattheirage.Accordingtotheresult,Labovwrotehismasterthesisentitled“TheSocialHistoryofaSoundontheIslandofMartha’sVineyard”.Sincethen,theresearchfocusofsociolinguisticshasturnedtoruralspeakers’dialectandsocialfactorswhichmayinfluencetheirdialect.LabovthenconductedastudyinNewYorkdepartmentstoreswithmoresubjectstoanalyzetherhocityinwordslike“guard,beerandbare”pronouncedbyemployeeswhoworkedatthreedifferentdepartmentstoresinNewYorkcity.ThesethreestoreswereSaks’,Macy’,S.Klein’swhichweredistinguishedinsocialclassbythecustomerstobehigh,middleandlowrespectively.Labovinterviewedsubjectsonebyoneandintendedtogettheirspontaneousandcarefulspeech.Firstlyheaskedemployeesoneachfloorofeachdepartmentthelocationofthedepartmentsthathealreadyknewtogetthepronunciationoftwowords“forthfloor”.Bypretendingnothearingtheiranswer,Labovaskedthemtorepeat,sohegotbothspontaneousandcarefulpronunciationofthesetwowords.Hefoundthatwithhighersocialclass,theuseof[r]increasedcorrespondinglyandthevariationofpronunciationwascorrelatedwiththeformalityofstyle(Labov1972:52).However,thereisaspecialphenomenonthatlowermiddle-classspeakersusemore[r]thanuppermiddle-classspeakersonwordlistsandpairs,whichistreatedbyLabovasaninstanceofhypercorrection.Labovrelatedtheresearchresulttodifferentprestigewhichhethoughtwouldaffectthevariation.Inaword,thepronunciation[r]isanimportantsocialdifferentiatorin7 alllevelsofNewYorkCityspeechandsocialevaluationisalsoasignificantfactorthatmayinfluencesocialstratification.Afterthisresearch,Labovalsoexaminedothervariablesliketh,ngandh-droppingandthefinalresultissimilartohispreviousstudies.Labov’sresearcheshavepavedthewayforthefollowingstudiesonlanguagevariationandfromthenon,variousresearcheshadbeencarriedoutonlanguagevariationandchange.1.1.2TheSocialNetworkStudiesMilroyappliedsocialnetworkstudytoresearchonlanguagevariationinaspeechcommunitywhichsolvedtheproblemofambiguityintheclassificationofsocialclass.Milroyplacedintervieweesinasocialnetwork.Therearemanykindsoflinkslikerelatives,neighbors,workmates,friendsandindividualscanbelinkedbyjob,familyandleisureactivities.Acouplewasfirstlyselectedandthentheircolleaguesandfriendswereincludedtoformasocialnetworkforcollectingthedataforresearch.Milroychosethreeworking-classcommunitiesinBelfastasresearchobjects:Ballymacarrell,theHammerandtheClonard.Thenshetookpartinthelifeofeachcommunityas‘afriendofafriend’andobservedthewaythoseindividualsspeak.Accordingtopeople’sknowledgeaboutotherpeopleintheircommunity,MilroystudiedaNetworkStrengthScorerangingfrom1to5.Afterinvestigatingseverallinguisticvariableslike(th)infather,Milroy(1980:185)foundthattheintensityofsocialnetworkwaspositivelyassociatedwithlanguagevariationandahighNetworkStrengthScorewascorrelatedwiththeuseofnon-standardforms.Atthesametime,thespeechofamanwhobelongstotight-knitsocialnetworkswouldincludemorenonstandardformsthanthatofawoman.1.1.3TheStudieson-ingVariationThestudieson-ingplayedanimportantroleintheresearchesonsociolinguisticsandhavebeenthestudyfocusforlinguistssinceChamberhastakenitas“oneofthebest-studiedstablevariables”(Chamber2002:120).8 Labov’sfamousdepartmentstorestudydemonstratesthevariationintheuseof-ingcausedbygenderdifferencewhichshowsthat“womenaremoresensitivethanmentoovertsociolinguisticvalues”(Labov1972:243).TrudgillconductedastudyonNorwichandfoundthevariationof-inginNorwich.Thesefinalconsonantspronouncedas“-ng”instandardBritishEnglisharemorefrequentlypronouncedas“-n”.InTrudgill’sresearch,hedirectlyaskedintervieweestopronounceappointedwordswhichmayexaminetheirvariation.Ifavariablewasusedfrequentlyinone’sspeech,heorshewouldbeaskedtoexplainthesituationinwhichheorsheusedthisvariable.Hefoundthatthemorecarefulthespeech,themorelikelypeopleweretosay“talking”ratherthan“talkin"”andthestandardformofpronunciationwasmoreoftenusedbyhighersocialclass.Whenwomenwereaskedwhattheythoughttheyweresaying,theytendedtosaytheyusedthestandardformsmoreoftenthantheyreallydid.Whenitcomestomen,theytendedtosaytheyusedthenonstandard-in"formsmoreoftenthantheyreallydid.Thisphenomenonshowedthatworkingclassmenweremorelikelytousenonstandardlanguage,becausenonstandardvariationmightbesolidaritymarkertoshowtheirgroupvaluelike“masculinity”.“Thesocialpositionofwomenonoursocietyislesssecurethanthatofmen...Itmaybe...thatitismorenecessaryforwomentosecureandsignaltheirstatuslinguistically”(Trudgill1972:97).Tagliamonteconductedastudyon-ingbymultivariateanalysisonYorkEnglishcorpus.Hefoundthatonly“grammaticalcategory,numberofsyllablesinthewordcontaining-ing,andsocialclass”(Taliamonte2006:6)canbetakenasthemainfactorswhile“grammaticalcategoryandphonologicalcontextarethemajorconstraintsonvariable(ng)”(BaiYong2013:7).1.1.4TheStudiesonnvguoyinAlthoughthestudyoflanguagevariationhasonlyahistoryofafewdecades,theresearchontherelationshipbetweensocietyandlanguagehasbeenthefocusforscholarsinChinaforalongtime.LiJinxiisthefirstonetostudythesoundvariationamongsomehighschool9 femalestudentsinBeijing.HefoundthatsomehighschoolfemalestudentsinBeijingshiftedtheirpronunciationfrom[tɕ],[tɕʰ],[ɕ]to[ts],[tsʰ],[s]whichwascallednvguoyin(Li1921:25).ThenChenSongcendeeplyinvestigatedthisphenomenonandproposedthatnvguoyinismainlyusedby15-40yearoldandeducatedfemale.NvguoyinisnotavariationtendencyforBeijingdialectbutonlyforfemalewhowereinfluencedbypsychologicalinclinationtopursuebeauty(ChenSongcen1999:79).1.1.5OtherResearchesonSoundVariationNumerousscholarshavemadecontributionstothedevelopmentofthestudyonsoundvariationandonlyafewarelistedbelow.XuDaming,theprofessorinNanjingUniversity,studiedthevariationofNasalsoundinnortherndialectofChineselanguage.HeinterviewedsamplingparticipantsinBaotoucitytocollectdata.Bythisresearch,XuDaming(2006:25)foundthatthevariationoflanguagewascloselyrelatedwithsocialfactorslikegenderandage.InXuDaming’sfollowingstudies,hefocusedonurbanlanguagestudieswhichhethoughtwouldbetheresearchpointofsociolingusticsinthefastdevelopingworld.YouRujie(2004:8)mentionedinACourseinSociolinguisticsthatthetwovariablesvenanduen(闻)shouldbedistinguishedinsociolinguists’viewandtheresearchresultshowedthatmaleweremorelikelytouseuenwhilefemalelikedven.BaiYongstudiedtheinitialvariationinQingjiandialect.Heinterviewed25Qingjiancitizensandaskedthemtoread79ChinesecharacterswhichincludealltheinitialsinQingjiandialect.BaiYongfoundthatthevariationisrelatedwithgender,ageandeducationbackground.ThenewpronunciationofinitialsinQingjiandialectismorepopularinyoungercitizenswithhighereducation.FemalecitizensadaptedmorevariationwhichhadbeengreatlyinfluencedbyMandarin(Bai2013:47).1.2PreviousResearchesonCangzhouDialectThereareonlyafewresearchesonCangzhoudialectforthelackofenough10 attentionandfocus.Inthefollowingpart,researchesfromgrammar,phoneticandvariationperspectiveswillbelistedtoanalyzethedevelopingsituationofCangzhoudialect.1.2.1ResearchesonCangzhouDialectZhangHaiyan,ateacherofCangzhouNormalCollege,publishedTheCharacteristicsofGrammarinCangzhouDialectontheJournalofCangzhouNormalCollegeinwhichshebrieflyintroducedthecharacteristicsofmorphology,partsofspeechandsyntaxinCangzhoudialect.ZhangHaiyan(2000:92)pointedoutthattherearethreekindsofwordformationsinCangzhoudialect:repetition,additionandcomposition.Somepronouns,prepositions,verbsandauxiliariesintheperspectiveofpartsofspeechandtheformationofpassivesentences,comparativesentences,interrogativesentencesintheperspectiveofsyntaxaredifferentfromthoseinMandarin.SomeresearchesonCangzhoudialectareaboutsoundsliketoneandinitials.LuYucai(2003:71),theteacherofCangzhouNormalCollege,pointedoutthatCangzhoucitizenscouldnotfigureoutthepronunciationofblade-alveolarsandblade-palatalssoheputforwardsomemethodstohelpCangzhoucitizenstogetridofthisconfusion.ComparedwithMandarin,thereareseveralproblemsofconsonantsinCangzhoudialect:“confusionoflevelandrisingsounds,theexistenceofsharpsounds,dentalsound,back-drawingofthetonguewith‘n’sound,thereplacementoftheconsonant‘r’bythevowel‘i’andtheadditionalvowelinthezerosyllable”(Lu2003:73).LuYucaidetailedanalyzedtheseproblemsinCangzhoudialectandhethoughtthatthefindingofrulesmayhelpcitizenstolearnMandarinmoreefficientlyandcorrectly.ThenLuYucaipublishedanotheressayonJournalofCangzhouNormalCollegetonotethesoundchangeintheprocessoflearningtospeakMandarinandproposedsomemethodstoavoidthesesoundchanges.LuYucaipointedoutthatcomparedwithtones,initialconsonantsandfinals,problemsaboutphoneticchangeisfewinquantitybutdifficulttocorrect:thelossof-ngsound,theremainoftheintonationinCangzhoudialectandtheoverlengthoroverslightofneutral11 tone(2007:34-35).LiuRuichanganalyzedtheDynamicToneofCangzhouDialect.Hestudiedthetonechangeindifferentsoundclusterstructures.ThisanalysishasbeenmadeonthedynamictoneinCangzhoudialectbasedonthestructuresofthetwo-characterclusters,three-characterclustersandfour-characterclusters(Liu2003:54).ZhengLiandCaoQinggaistudiedtheshort-voicedpronunciationinCangzhoudialectinwhichtheyfoundthattheshort-voicedsoundinCangzhouregionisdistinctiveinthreeaspects:thesecondtoneinfrontoftheshort-voicedsoundinitseasternregionisdividedintofirsttoneandthirdtone;thereexistsdifferenceforthepronunciationofthesecondtoneandthefourthtoneinthecombinationof“thesecondtone+short-voicedsound”and“thefourthtone+short-voicedsound”;forsomeshort-voicedsound,itspronunciationisaffectedbyitspriortone-“extensionfromitsfinishpoint”(2014:84).1.2.2VariationstudiesonCangzhouDialectLiuRuichang,teacherofCangzhouNormalCollege,studiedpronunciationchangesofCangzhouDialect.HebrieflypointedoutthedifferencesininitialsandfinalsbetweenCangzhoudialectandMandarin.Thenpronunciationchangeswereanalyzedintermsofweakening,assimilation,lossandalienation.LiuRuichangfoundthatthepronunciationvariationswerethemostcomplexinthevowels,followedbyconsonants,whichismainlycausedbyvoicelessness(2003:54).AlthoughsomeresearchesweredonetostudythepronunciationorsoundchangesinCangzhoudialect,theyarebriefintroductionswithoutempiricalstudiesandenoughdatatosupporttheirconclusions.1.3PreviousResearchesonBlade-alveolarsThereareplentyofresearchesaboutblade-alveolarsmostofwhichonlyanalyzedcurrentpronunciationsituationofacertaindialectandnolarge-scaledataareinvolvedtoanalyzethefactorsthatmayinfluencethevariationofdialect.12 1.3.1ResearchesonBlade-alveolarsofDialectsLuYucaiisthefirstscholartostudytheblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectspeciallyanddetailedly.HefoundthatcomparedwithMandarin,theconfusionofblade-alveolarsandblade-palatalsisoneofthemajorproblemsoftheconsonantsinCangzhoudialect.LuYucai(2003:71)pointedoutthatalthoughCangzhoucitizenscanpronouncecorrectlyblade-alveolarsandblade-palatals,mostofthemcannotfigureoutwhichwordsshouldbepronouncedasblade-alveolarsandwhichtobeblade-palatals.Therefore,hethoughtsomerulesshouldbeestablishedtosolvethisproblem.ButheonlyputforwardthisproblemtofindabetterwaytohelpCangzhoucitizenstolearnMandarin,andnovariationisinvolved.NieZhipinganalyzedthedistributionofHeilongjiangdialect.HeproposedthattheareadivisionofHeilongjiangdialectshouldlieinwhetherthereisoppositionofblade-alveolarsandblade-palatals.NieZhiping(2005:113)thoughtthattheruleofdivisionbyblade-alveolarsandblade-palatalssuitsfornativespeakers’articulatinghabits.LuZhaoyingstudiedthecharacteristicsofShunchangdialectinwhichblade-palatalisincluded.Accordingtothisresearch,LuZhaoying(2010:430)foundthatShunchangpeoplecanspeakbetterMandarinbydistinguishingtongue-tipsoundsfrommid-tonguesoundsandchangingthemid-tonguesoundsintotheretroflex.1.3.2VariationStudiesonBlade-alveolarsWangJunyandeeplystudiedthechangesofCangzhoudialectundertheinfluenceofMandarin.Bytheinvestigationof38CangzhoucitizenswhohavedifferentdegreesofcontactwithMandarin,shestudiedthecontact-inducedvariationsandchangesinCanghzoudialectintheperspectivesoftypicalsounds,lexicalitemsandsyntacticstructures.Finally,WangJunyan(2013:54)foundthatcontactwithMandarinhasbroughtchangesinallthethreelinguisticlevelsinCangzhoudialectespeciallyinphonetics.Thoughitisnotaresearchspeciallyinthefieldofblade-alveolars,itpavedthewayforthevariationstudyofCangzhoudialect.13 SunWenfangmadeasociolinguisticstudyonphoneticandtonevariationofLan-YinmandarininnorthernXinjiangprovince.SheselectedaHanChinesefamilywhichhasbeenlivinginBarkolformorethansixgenerationsassamplingparticipants.TheresultshowsthatsomeinitialconsonantsliketonguetipaffricateinLan-Yinmandarinarebecominginitialconsonantsoftonguebladeandthisvariationisrelatedtogender(Sun2014:97).Thisresearchinvolvedtape-recordingdata,variationtheoryandresearchmethodofinstrumentalphonetics,whichservesasasamplefordialectvariationresearch.QiDandidaresearchonthepronunciationofblade-alveolarsandblade-palatalsinShenyangcity.Undertheguidanceoflanguagevariationtheoryinlinguistics,shehasimplementedsuchvariousmethodsasobservation,interviewingandquestionnairesurveytoinvestigatetheuseofflatandretroflexphoneticsamongShenyangcitizens.Theresultshowsthatageandeducationstatusmayinfluencetheaccuracyofpronunciationofblade-alveolarsandblade-palatalsinShenyangarea(Qi2014:47).1.4CommentsonPreviousResearchesThereareanumberofresearchesonlanguagevariation,buteverydialecthasitsowncharacteristicssotheresearchesondialectvariationstillhavealongwaytogo.Cangzhouisasmallcitywithacomplicatedbutunifieddialect.However,noempiricalresearchisconductedonblade-alveolars.AlthoughscholarslikeLuYucaihaveputforwardcharacteristicsofCangzhoudialectthattheCangzhoucitizenscannotfigureoutthepronunciationofblade-alveolarsandblade-palatals(2003:71),theyonlyanalyzedthecurrentsituationandwaystoavoidthisprobleminthepointofpromotingMandarin.Theproblemofblade-alveolarsismoretakenasanobstructionforCangzhoucitizenstolearnorspeakChinese,notapreciousanddynamicresearchdatainthesociolinguisticstudyfortheanalysisofsocialfactorsthatmayhaveanimportanteffectonthepronunciationvariation.Therefore,ResearchonCangzhoudialectisstillonitspreliminarystage.14 ChapterTwoTheoreticalIssuesSociolinguisticsisconcernedwiththecorrelationbetweenlanguageandsocietyandalsostudieshowlanguagevarietiesdifferamonggroupsdividedbycertainsocialvariableslikegender,ethnicity,religion,age,status,levelofeducation,etc.Variationtheoryhasgreatlypromotethestudiesonsociolinguistics.2.1VariationStudyLanguagevariationtheoryhasbeenformedin1960swithmanyrepresentativesandquantitativestudiesasWilliamLabov’sDepartmentStorestudyinNewYorkcityandPeterTrugill’sresearchinNorwich.WilliamLabovisgenerallyregardedastheoriginatorandleaderofvariationresearchfield.Hismaster’sthesisTheSocialHistoryofaSoundChangeontheIslandofMarthaVineyard,MassachusettsanddoctoraldissertationTheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCityareofgreatsignificanceandtakenasthemilestonesinthefieldofvariationstudy.TrudgillinvestigatedthespeechofresidentsinNorwich,Englandandwasinterestedinthepronunciationofparticularvariablesindifferentsocioeconomicstatusgroupsanddifferentspeechstyles.ThenMilroyappliedsocialnetworkstudytoresearchonthelanguagevariationinaspeechcommunitywhichmaysolvetheproblemofambiguityintheclassificationofsocialclass.Languagevariation,whichcanberoughlydividedintospatialvariationandsocialvariation,doesnothappenrandomlyandonthecontrary,itreflectssomespecialsocialfactors.Languagevariationmaybecausedmainlybytwokindsoffactors:linguisticfactorandextralinguisticfactors,theformerofwhichreferstothechangesinlanguageitselfandthelatteronesrefertosocialvariableslikegender,socialclass,religion,age,status,levelofeducation,socialnetwork,speechcommunityetc.15 2.2SocialVariablesofLanguageSocialvariablesoflanguagereferstothesesocialcategorieswhichinfluencetheuseoflanguage,suchaslanguageusers’gender,age,ethnicity,socialclass,socialnetwork,educationbackgroundetc.,amongwhich“theformerfourfactorsarefoundtobemostrelevanttolanguagevariation”(Labov2001:57).2.2.1SocialClassasaSocialVariableSocialclassistakentobeoneofthemostrelevantsocialvariablesforlanguagevariation.Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandsocialdivision,peopleinthesocietyareinevitablydividedintodifferentsocialclassesaccordingtoacertainstandard.Labov’sDepartmentStorestudyinNewYorkisoneofthefamousinvestigationswhichinvolvessocialstratificationasanimportantsocialvariable.Hechose264subjectsinthreedepartments:Saks’,Macy’sandS.Klein’swhicharetakenashigh,middleandlowclassrespectivelytostudytherelationshipbetweensocialvariablesandtheuseoflinguisticvariable/r/.Theresultshowedthatlinguisticvariable/r/wasanimportantsocialdifferentiatorinNewYorkCityandsocialstratificationplayedasignificantroleinthevariationphenomenon.InPeterTrudgill’sinvestigationonNorwichEnglish,“-ng”wastakenasalinguisticvariabletoinvestigatetherelationbetweentheuseof“-ng”andspeakers’socialclass.Inthisresearch,60subjectsweredividedinto5groupswhichweremarkedaslowmiddleclass(LMC),middleclass(MMC),andlowerworkingclass(LWC),middleworkingclass(MWC),upperworkingclass(UWC)respectivelyaccordingtofactorsastheiroccupation,income,housingandlocality,andfather’soccupation.Trudgillfoundthattheproportionof“-n”typeformswashigherinlowersocialclasses.Thefactcanbeshownfromtheseresearchesthatsocialclassisanimportantinfluentialfactorinthevariationstudy.16 2.2.2GenderasaSocialVariableGender,associalclass,isalsooneofthevitalsocialdemographiccategoriesintheresearchesonlanguagevariationandchange.WilliamLabov,theleaderofsociolingusticschool,firstlydiscoveredthesignificantroleofgenderinvariationstudy.HepointedoutthatwomenofallagesandclassesspeakmorestandardvariantsthantheirequivalentmeninhisfamousNewYorkstudy(Labov1972:132).AndinPeterTrudgill’sNorwichEnglishstudy,thenonstandard“-n”formsoccurredmuchmoreofteninmen"sspeechthanthatinwomen"sandWhenwomenwereaskedaboutwhattheythoughttheyweresaying,theytendedtosaytheyusedthestandard‘-ng’formsmoreoftenthantheyreallydid.However,whenitcomestomen,thesituationconversed.Lateron,theLabov’sfindingswasfurtherverifiedandsupportedbyotherscholarsintheaspectsofphonetics,syntaxandlexicon.RobinLakoff,anotherfamousscholarinthesociolinguisticfield,publishedabooknamedLanguageandWomen’sPlaceinwhichhepointedoutthatinfemale’sutterance,moretagquestionswereusedandfemalesalwaystendedtobepolite.InChina,ChenSongcen,CaoGengandHuMingyangdeeplyinvestigatednvguoyinwhichexistedespeciallyinBeijingfemalestudentsofacertainageperiod.Althoughgenderisalreadyidentifiedasasocialvariable,thereasonforitsinfluencevaries.WilliamLabovattributedthereasontowomen’sinclinationtooverreporttheiruseofstandardformswhichhethoughtwasrelatedtotheirsocialorientation.However,Chambers,anotherrepresentativesociolinguist,helddifferentopinionswithLabov.Heinsistedthatitwasthephysiologicaldifferencesbetweenfemaleandmalethatcausedlanguagevariation.Forfemale’sexcellentlanguageability,itmaybeeasierforthemtoacquireandmanagelanguage.ScholarslikeEckert,Trudgill,andChenSongcenhelddifferentopinions.Theythoughtthatsocialstatusoffemaleandmalewasthereasonforthegenderdifferenceinlanguageuse.Forinstance,mothersusuallyshouldermoreresponsibilitiesintheirkids’education,thereforetheytendtousethestandardformsmoreinordertohelptheirkidsacquire17 them(Trudgill1972:180).Atthesametime,beinginsecurewiththeirownposition,female“haveamuchgreaterneedtouselanguagetosignifytheirsocialstatusthanmendo”(Wardhaugh2000:197).Allinall,moresociolinguisticresearchesaboutgenderdifferencearerequiredtoprovideuswithmoredetailedandverifiedmethodologiesandmaterials.2.2.3AgeasaSocialVariableAgeisanothersocialvariablewhichmayhaveinfluenceonlanguagevariation.Age,asasocialvariable,canreflectchangeinthespeechofthecommunityasitmovesthroughtime(historicalchange),andchangeinthespeechoftheindividualasheorshemovesthroughlife(age-grading).AccordingtoLabov,therearetwobasicapproaches:synchronicapproachwith“apparenttime”anddiachronicapproachwith“realtime”.Bydiachronicapproachand“realtime”evidence,thesamematerialsshouldbeacquiredindifferenttimesoastogetthetraceofchange.However,althoughitseemstobereasonableandperfect,the“realtime”evidenceisnotalwaysreliablebecausewecan“onlycompareevidencefromanewstudytosomepre-existingdata,orre-surveyacommunityoragroupofinformantsafteraperiodoftime”(Bailey2004:325).Therefore,Labovputforwardtheideathat“thepasthelpstoexplainthepresentandthepresenthelpstoexplainthepast”(Wardhaugh2000:204)whichsuccessfullyavoidedtheprocessoftime-consumingdatacollectionforthe“realtime”evidence.Inotherword,Labovinsistedthatifstylisticandsocialfactorsarestatic,linguisticdifferencesamongdifferentgenerations(apparent-timedifferences)couldmanifesttheactualdiachronicdevelopmentsinthelanguage(real-timelinguisticchanges).Therefore,age,asoneofthemainsocialvariables,isabletoreflectanddescribetheprocessoflanguagevariationandchange.Ageisalwaysdividedintothreegroupswiththeirowncharacteristics:theold,themiddleandtheyoung.Thedialectoftheoldisoftensteadyandconservative;thedistinctcharacteristicoftheyoungest’speakingisthatitincludessomenewbornelementsindialect,includingphoneticelementsandsoundsystem,especiallyafewnewvocabularies(You2004:31-2).18 Exceptforsocialclass,genderandage,thereareothersocialvariablesasindividualattitudes,individualcharacteristics,socialnetworks,ethnic,educationlevelandsocialaspirations.Allthesesocialvariablesinfluenceatthesametimethelanguagevariationindifferentways.2.3VernacularSpeechinVariationStudyIntheperspectiveofsociolinguistics,vernacularwhichisalsocalledspontaneousspeech,isthemainfocusofsociolinguisticsforit’sregularity.However,thedefinitionofvernacularhasnotbeenidentifiedsofarandthetermhasbeenappliedtoseveralconcepts.VernacularisdefinedbyWikipediaas“thenativelanguageornativedialect(usuallycolloquialorinformal)ofaspecificpopulationwhichis“distinguishedfromaliterary,nationalorstandardvarietyofthelanguage.”Thereisanotherkindofdefinitionofvernacular:non-standardvarietieswhichisopposedtostandardlanguage.Boththestandardandthenon-standardlanguagehavedialects,butincontrasttothestandard,thenon-standardhave"sociallydisfavored"structures.Thestandardareprimarilywritten,butthenon-standardarespoken.Labov,theleaderofsociolinguisticschool,putforwardthatvernacularis“thevarietyacquiredinpre-adolescentyears”(Labov2001:29)“reallanguageinuse”(Milroy2001:66),and“thestyleinwhichtheminimumattentionisgiventothemonitoringofspeech”(Labov2001:208).Althoughthespontaneousdatafromdailylifewiththeminimumattentionisperfectforvariationresearch,“observer’sparadox”cannotbeavoided.Withtheirawarenessof“beingobserved”situation,subjects’attentionwillbearousedtotheirspeakingwhichwillleadtotheirpsychologicalchangeasnervousnessandeventuallyhaveabigeffectonthespontaneousdata.“Observer’sparadox”canbeminimizedbytransferringsubjects’attentiontothecontentoftheirspeaking.19 ChapterThreeResearchMethodologyThreemethodsareappliedinthisresearchtogetobjectiveandreliabledatainwhichtaperecordingplaysthemostimportantrolebecausethemaindatawerecollectedbyrecording60Cangzhoucitizens’pronunciationof100characterswhichinvolveblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.Researcher’sobservationisalsoanimportantwaytoobtainsubjects’naturalpronunciationwithouttheinfluenceofobserver’sparadox.Atthesametime,Cangzhoucitizens’attitudestowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofCangzhoudialectcanbepresentedbyaspeciallydesignedquestionnaire.3.1HypothesisAsweallknow,thepronunciationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisundergoingchangeswhichmayreflectsomekindofrulesrelatedtosociolinguistics,butasahypothesis,itstillneedstobeprovedbyareliableexperiment.Therefore,basedonpreviousresearchesonlanguagevariationandtheobservationofCangzhoucitizens’dailyspeaking,threehypothesesarelistedbelowtobeproved:1)Thevariationofblade-alveolarshasanoveralltendencytowardsChinesestandardMandarin.2)Variationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisinsomekindofrelationwithgender,age,occupationandeducationbackground.3)CangzhoucitizensholdanoverallpositiveattitudetowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolars.3.2SelectionofInformantsTherearealtogether60subjectsinthetaperecordingsurveyand110subjectsareinvolvedinthequestionnairesurveywhoarechosenfromresearcher’sfriends,neighbors,neighbors’friendsandrelativesalllivinginCagnzhoucity.Toget20 objectivedataandmaintainthereliabilityoftheresearch,onlytheoneswhoarebornandgrowupinCangzhoucityareincluded.Thisresearchmainlyfocusesontherelationbetweenblade-alveolars’variationandCangzhoucitizens’age,gender,occupationandeducationbackgroundrespectively.Therefore,whenselectingsubjects,theirage,gender,occupationandeducationbackgroundweretakenintoconsideration.Eventually,52groupsofvalidtape-recordingdataand100validquestionnairesarecollected.Sincesubjects’genderistakenintoconsideration,thenumberofmaleandfemaleis21and31respectivelywithmale’snumberaccountingfor40.4%andfemale59.6%.Table3.1GenderDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurveyGenderNumberPercentage(%)Male2140.4Female3159.6Tofigureouttherelationshipbetweensubjects’ageandthevariationofblade-alveolars,allthesubjects,agerangingfrom10to58yearsold,aredividedinto4groups:10-20yearsgroup,2-40yearsgroup,41-50yearsgroup,above50yearsgroupwiththeproportionof30.8%,38.4%,25%,and5.8%respectively.Table3.2AgeDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurveyAgeNumberPercentage(%)10-20yearsold1630.821-40yearsold2038.441-50yearsold1325Above50yearsold35.8Theeducationlevelofselectedsubjectsrangesfromprimaryschool,juniorschool,seniorschoolanduniversityorabove.Table3.3EducationLevelDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurveyEducationlevelNumberPercentage(%)Primaryschool815.4Continuedonthenextpage21 ContinuedJuniorSchool1426.9Seniorschool1834.6Universityorabove1223.128.9%ofthesubjectsarestudents,15.4%areworkers,11.5%aretheself-employedand9.6%areteachers.DetailedinformationofsubjectsislistedinTable3.4.Table3.4OccupationDistributionofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurveyOccupationNumberPercentage(%)Students1528.9Workers815.4Teachers59.6Theself-employed611.5Waitress47.7Unemployed47.7Others1019.2TheoverallinformationofsubjectsarelistedinFigure3.5.Figure3.5PersonalBackgroundofSubjectsinTape-recordingSurvey22 3.3SelectionofLinguisticVariablesInCangzhoudialect,thereareusuallymultiplechoicesforCangzhoucitizenstoexpressorsaythesamethingwhichprovestheexistenceoflinguisticvariables.Cangzhoudialecthasitsuniquefeatureasthepronunciationofblade-alveolarswhichisalwaysdifferentfromMandarin.Forexample,zhuzi(bamboo)ispronouncedaszuziinCangzhoudialect.However,nowadays,theblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectaremoreandmorepronouncedinitsso-calledrightwayinMandarinasZuinCangzhoudialectisspokenasZhuwhichisthesametoitspronunciationinMandarin.InordertostudythevariationratesofCangzhoucitizens,subjectsarerequiredtoread100blade-alveolarswhichareselectedrandomlyfromtheGeneralMandarinTablemadein2013.Inthesecharacters,somearepronouncedthesameasMandarinandsomearedifferentalthoughtheyareallblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.Forexample,zao(早)ispronouncedaszaoinbothCangzhoudialectandMandarin;butzhuispronouncedaszuinCangzhoudialectandzhuinMandarinTheblade-alveolarsareshowninTable3.6.Table3.6Blade-alveolarsfortheTape-recordingSurveyBlade-alveolarsinNumberSameasDifferentfromMandarinCangzhoudialectMandarinz(/ts/)35zi(子)zai(灾)zu(竹、祝、驻、住、筑)zao(早、澡、zuang(妆、撞、状、装、枣)zai(在、再)庄)za(炸、扎、诈)zuo(左)zai(宅、摘)zi(芝、纸、志、止、支)zeng(挣、争)zao(找)zui(椎、坠)zong(种)zuo(捉)23 ContinuedonthenextpageContinuedc(/tsʰ/)34cun(村、寸、存)cen(衬、趁)cai(柴、拆)cang(沧、苍)cong(崇)cao(炒)ca(查、插、茶、cong(葱、聪、匆、叉)can(馋、产)cuang(窗、创、从)cai(裁)cuo(错)床)cui(炊、吹、垂)ceng(撑)cou(仇)cu(出、处)cai(差)s(/s/)31sao(嫂)si(寺、丝)sou(瘦)sai(筛、晒)seng(甥、牲)san(三、伞)se(色)si(示、师、狮、柿)san(山、衫)su(术、淑、暑、束、树、数)suan(涮)suo(硕)sua(刷)sui(税、睡、水)suai(帅)suang(双)3.4DataCollectionThedataforthisresearcharecollectedbytaperecordingandquestionnairewhichhelpstoinvestigatesubjects’variationsituationofblade-alveolarsandtheirattitudestowardsCangzhoudialect.3.4.1Tape-recordingWordlistReadingTaperecordingisaveryimportantwaytorecordauthenticpronunciationoftheblade-alveolarsbysubjectsandarecordingdeviceplaysasignificantrolesavethevoicedata.Thankstofunctionofrecordingdevice,voicedatacanbecollectedandanalyzedafterrecording.Allthe100characterswiththeblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectareselectedfromtheGeneralMandarinTablemadein2013toensureitsfrequentappearanceinsubjects’dailylifeandnorarelyusedwordsareincluded.52subjectsarechosenfromresearcher’srelatives,neighbors,andfriendswhoarebornandgrownupinCangzhoucitytoguaranteethereliabilityoftheresearch.Subjectsarerequiredtoreadthedesignedwordlistaloneinaroomwithoutthe24 disturbanceofothers.Naturalspeedisrequired.Nooneisinformedofthepurposeofthisactivitybeforeandintheresearchtoavoidsubjects’nervousnessandattentiontowardstheblade-alveolarsinthewordlist.giventhewordlist,subjectsmustbegintheirreadingimmediatelysoastoreducethetimeforpreparationandkeeptheauthenticeffect.Thetape-recordingforeachsubjectlastsforabout2.5minutes.Thecharacterswithblade-alveolarsarecapitalizedandthedesignedwordlistarelistedinTable3.7.Table3.7WordlistfortheTape-recordingSurvey(100)瘦弱筛选竹子化妆大嫂外甥祝福装修爆炸孙庄子村告示泰山技术宅老师淑女涮羊肉芝麻三寸沧州衬衫狮子牺牲晒太阳硕士柴火崇拜炒菜检查插秧趁着小馋猫儿撞车窗户炊烟吹牛生产挣扎找不着驻军脊椎寺庙丝绸撑把伞葱花儿灾区早上洗澡拆迁刷碗暑假逃税裁判错误报纸诈骗争论志向帅小伙儿状态种地捉虫子仇恨叉子聪明存在左边儿止住血建筑队出差创业垂柳摘一束花睡觉苍天匆忙枣树颜色水床无双处死支教坠子从来再一次树木耍赖数学柿子茶叶3.4.2LanguageAttitudeQuestionnaireLanguageattitudequestionnaireisanotherimportantwaytoobtaindataontheattitudesofCangzhoucitizenstowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.Therearethreepartsinthelanguageattitudequestionnaire(SeeAppendixA):thefirstpartisaboutsubjects’personalinformationsuchasage,gender,educationlevelandoccupation;thesecondpartisdesignedtogetsubjects’attitudeandrealuseofCangzhoudialectinwhichquestionsabouttheirfrequencyandoccasionsofusingCangzhoudialectareinvolved;thethirdpartisdesignedtoinvestigatesubjects’attitudestowardsblade-alveoalrs’variationinwhichquestionsabouttheirawarenessonthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectandtheirattitudestowardsitareoffered.Duringthesummervocationin2016,110questionnaireswerehandedouttosubjectswhoarebornandraisedinCangzhoucity.Beforefillingthequestionnaire,theyhadbeentoldthepurposeofthisinvestigationandthequestionnaireshouldbedoneaccordingtotheirrealfeelingtowardsCangzhoudialect.Inordertoeliminate25 thedistractionofotheremotions,promisewasmadetosubjectsthatalltheirinformationwillbesecret.Finally,100questionnaireswerecollectedandprovedvalidleaving10invalidforvariousreasons.26 ChapterFourResultsandDiscussionAftertheanalysisofdatabytape-recording,differentvariationsituationsareshownindifferentsocialgroupsbutsome“rules”canbesummarized.Atthesametime,withthehelpofquestionnaire,differentattitudestowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectarepresented.4.1OverallPatternofSoundVariationSociolinguisticvariationtheorypointedoutthattheremustbeavariationstagewhenthenewformcoexistswiththeoldform,beingusedalternativelyintheprocessofchange.(XuDaming2006:135)Inthisresearch,100blade-alveolarsareincludedandafterbasicdataarrangement,differentcharacterspresentvariedratesofvariation.Firstofall,mostoftheseblade-alveolarshavenewformsofpronunciationbutafewofthemstillremaintheiroldformswhichcanbepresentedfromTable4.1:Table4.1VariationSituationofCharactersCharacterswithBlade-alveolarsRateofVariationNumberPercentage子嫂三寸丝早澡在左苍0%～10%2525%枣色再村沧伞葱灾裁错存匆从聪寺涮柴庄拆睡筛甥40%～50%77%摘馋刷瘦晒插窗水炸崇50%～60%1919%吹税捉垂数少查差束妆炊种树撞诈叉茶装椎60%～70%1818%创床坠术宅帅状竹艺衫山找撑出争衬产纸70%～80%1212%筑双祝淑牲柿挣扎狮支80%～90%88%暑处示仇止师硕趁住志Above90%1111%驻AccordingtoTable4.1,75blade-alveolarsstayinhighvariationratefrom40%～100%and25stillremaintheiroldforms.Itisobviousthatblade-alveolarswithlowvariationratearethosewhoseoldformarepronouncedthesameasthe27 soundinMandarin.Atthesametime,mostblade-alveolarswithhighvariationratearethosewhoseoldformarepronounceddifferentlyfromMandarin.Inotherwords,thevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectshowsanobviousdirectiontowardsMandarin.InTable4.2,characterswithdifferentblade-alveolarsaresortedintothreegroups:ɕ/s,tɕ/ts,tɕʰ/tsʰandthenumbersofsubjectsareclassifiedandanalyzedaccordingtotheiragegroup:10-20year-oldgroup,21-30yearoldgroup,31-40year-oldgroup,41-50year-oldgroup,andabove50year-oldgroup.In3-7column,thecontrastoftwonumbersreferstothenumbersofnewformsandoldformsrespectively.Table4.2VariationSituationofCharactersineachAgeGroupCharactersVariants10-2021-3031-4041-50Above50（16）（9）（11）（13）（3）示15/19/011/011/22/1师15/19/010/112/13/0狮15/19/010/19/42/1柿16/09/09/27/62/1寺1/150/91/102/111/2丝0/160/90/110/130/3术15/18/17/45/80/3淑15/19/09/28/52/1暑14/29/010/112/12/1束13/38/15/64/91/2树15/17/27/42/111/2数15/16/36/52/111/2山15/19/07/46/72/1衫ɕ/s14/29/08/36/71/2三0/160/90/110/130/3伞0/160/90/110/131/2税13/37/26/53/101/2睡12/47/25/61/120/3水13/37/28/31/120/3筛14/27/24/71/120/3晒14/27/26/52/110/3甥13/37/25/61/120/3牲15/19/09/28/52/1刷12/47/26/53/100/3嫂0/160/90/110/130/3Continuedonthenextpage28 Continued涮10/67/23/83/101/2硕15/18/111/013/02/1帅13/37/29/25/81/2双15/18/19/27/62/1色0/160/90/110/130/3瘦15/18/14/71/120/3支14/29/011/010/31/2纸14/29/010/16/72/1志15/19/011/013/03/0止15/19/011/011/22/1芝15/19/08/36/70/3子0/160/90/110/130/3祝16/08/111/07/61/2住15/19/011/013/02/1筑14/28/110/19/40/3驻16/09/011/013/03/0竹15/18/19/23/101/2妆tɕ/ts13/37/28/34/90/3庄11/57/23/84/90/3撞15/18/17/42/111/2状14/28/18/34/91/2装15/17/27/44/91/2宅15/18/18/34/90/3摘12/47/26/52/110/3再0/160/90/110/130/3灾0/160/91/100/130/3在0/160/90/110/130/3找16/09/010/13/101/2早0/160/90/110/130/3枣0/160/90/110/130/3澡0/160/90/110/130/3诈14/27/27/44/91/2扎16/09/011/06/72/1炸13/37/27/43/100/3争14/29/09/26/72/1挣16/09/010/17/62/1坠14/27/29/23/101/2椎14/28/19/23/100/3捉12/47/28/32/111/2左0/160/90/110/130/3种13/37/28/33/101/2Continuedonthenextpage29 Continued茶14/27/27/45/80/3叉14/27/27/45/80/3查14/27/27/43/100/3插13/37/27/42/110/3崇13/37/27/43/100/3聪1/150/90/110/131/2从0/160/90/110/131/2葱0/160/90/110/131/2匆0/160/90/110/131/2存1/150/90/110/130/3村1/150/90/110/130/3寸0/160/90/110/130/3垂13/37/25/65/80/3炊15/17/26/54/90/3吹tɕʰ/tsʰ13/37/26/53/101/2柴11/57/24/72/110/3拆12/47/25/61/120/3差15/18/16/52/110/3裁1/150/90/110/130/3床15/17/28/34/90/3创14/27/27/46/70/3窗13/37/25/63/101/2出15/19/09/24/92/1处14/28/111/012/12/1产16/09/08/36/72/1馋12/47/26/52/111/2沧1/150/90/110/130/3苍0/160/90/110/130/3衬15/19/09/27/61/2趁15/19/011/011/23/0撑16/08/17/46/72/1错0/160/91/100/130/3仇14/29/011/011/23/0炒12/48/19/22/110/34.2StageFeatureandDirectionalAnalysisProfessorXuTongqiangandWangHongjunhaveputforwardthestageanalysisofvariationwhichcanbeclassifiedintothreestages:“literarypronunciationlessthancolloquialpronunciation,literarypronunciationequalstocolloquialpronunciationandliterarypronunciationmorethancolloquialpronunciation”(BaiYong2013:36).Inthis30 research,stagefeatureofblade-alveolarsvariationismainlyconcernedaboutthetheprocessfromcolloquialpronunciationtopronunciationinMandarin.Whenstagefeatureofblade-alveolarsvariationisconcerned,allblade-alveolarsinthewordlistwillbedividedinto3groups:ɕ/s,tɕ/ts,andtɕʰ/tsʰthenumberofwhichare31,35and34respectively.Aftertheclassificationandarrangementofdata,detailedmessagecanbelistedinTable4.3.Table4.3VariationfromColloquialPronunciationtoMandarinVariantsOldForms/NewFormsOld-to-NewFormRatioɕ/s713/8990.793tɕ/ts822/9980.824tɕʰ/tsʰ970/7981.216Figure4.4Old-to-NewFormRatioFromTable4.3andFigure4.4,wecanfindthatthevariationofthesethreekindsofblade-alveolarsareindifferentstages.Theold-to-newformratioof/ɕ/is0.793whichmeansthattheuseofthenewformismorethanthatoftheoldformanditspronunciationinMandarinhasexceededitsoriginalpronunciationinCangzhoudialect.Theratioof/ts/is0.842whichevidentlyshowsthatitisinthesamestagewith/s/-thethirdstage.1.216formedby/tsʰ/isthehighestratiointhesethreegroups.Number1.216provesthatvariationof/tsʰ/isstillinthepreliminarystageinwhichtheuseofoldformsexceedsthenewforms.However,intheprocessofanalysis,itcanbefoundthattwoformsofvariationinblade-alveolars/ts/,/s/,/tsʰ/appearrespectively.Tobedetailed,mostblade-alveolarswhicharepronouncedthesameasMandarinwillmaintaintheiroldformwhilemostblade-alveolarswhicharedifferentfromthepronunciationinMandarinhavedevelopednewforms.Forexample,forzi(子)whosepronunciationis31 alsoziinMandarin，nonewformisappliedwhichmeansthatallthe52subjectsuseitsoldform,butzi(纸)inCangzhoudialectwhichisreadaszhiinMandarinhaveitsnewformzhiand41outof52subjectsapplythepronunciationofzhi.Thesamephenomenonalsohappeninthevariationof/s/.Forexample,accordingtothedatafromtaperecording,thereisnonewformofsi(丝)whichisalsosiinMandarinbutsi(柿)hasthenewformshiwhichisthesameasMandarin.Theblade-alveolar/tsʰ/alsohastwokindsofdifferentvariationsituations.ThedetailedinformationaftertheclassificationofthistwokindsofvariationislistedinTable4.5.Table4.5VariationfromColloquialPronunciationtoMandarinafterClassificationVariantsRelationbetweenOriginalFormNumberofNumberofandMandarinOldFormsNewForms/ts/Same4671Different365987/s/Same3066Different435865/tsʰ/Same56210Different408788ThecontrastcanbepresentedmoreobviouslybyFigure4.6.Figure4.6VariationfromColloquialPronunciationtoMandarinafterClassificationItcanbeeasilyobservedthattheoverallvariationsoftheblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectwhoseoriginalpronunciationsarethesameasthoseinMandarinarefewbutthevariationsofthoseblade-alveolarswhoseoriginalpronunciationsare32 differentfromthoseinMandarinareabundant.Therefore,conclusioncanbemadethatpronunciationorvariationofblade-alveolarsareintheprocessofapproachingtoMandarin.WiththedevelopmentoftechnologyandthepromotionofMandarin,people’scontactswithMandarinarebecomingmoreandmorefrequentwhichhasmadeahugeinfluenceonthevariationofdialectasthevariationofblade-alveolarsinthisresearch.4.3SocialDistributionInfluencedbysocialfactorslikeagegroup,gender,educationbackgroundandoccupation,variationofblade-alveolarsmaypresentdifferentcharacteristicsandshowdifferentsocialdistributions.Therefore,therelationshipbetweenblade-alveolars’variationsituationandagegroup,gender,educationbackground,occupationwillbeanalyzedinthispart.4.3.1AgeandVariationItcanbeeasilyobservedindailylifethatvariationhappensfromtimetotimeandpeopleindifferentagegroupsholddifferentvariationrates.AccordingtoLabov,diachronicdevelopmentscanbemanifestedbythelinguisticdifferenceamongdifferentagegroupsandage,asoneofthemainsocialvariables,isabletoreflectanddescribetheprocessoflanguagevariationandchange.ThisresearchwasappliedinthesamewaywithWilliamLabov’sstudyonsoundvariationinMatha’sVineyard.Therefore,thevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectwillbepresentedinasynchronicperspectivebytheanalysisofvariationsituationofdifferentagegroups.Allthesubjectsforthetape-recordingdataaredividedinto4groups:10-20year-oldgroup,21-40year-oldgroup,41-50year-oldgroupandabove50year-oldgroup.InTable4.7,thetotalnumbersofnewformsineachagegrouparepresentedrespectivelyandinordertogetridoftheinfluenceofdifferentsubjectnumbersineachagegroup,averagenumberofnewformsforeachsubjectisprovidedatthesame33 time.Table4.7AgeandNewForm(n=100)AgeGroup10-2021-4041-50Above50NumberofNewForms106183139981AverageNumberofNewForms66.341.630.727PercentageofNewForms66.3%41.6%30.7%27%Itcanbeeasilyfoundthattheaveragenumberofnewformsforeachsubjectdeclineswiththegrowthoftheagegroup.Thehighestnumberexistsinthe10-20year-oldgroupandwiththegrowthofage,thenumberofnewformsgoesdown;thenintheabove50group,thelowestnumbercanbegot.ThistendencycanbeobviouslypresentedinFigure4.8.Figure4.8ContrastbetweentheAverageNumbersofNewFormsandOldFormsinDifferentAgeGroupsTeenagerstendtousemorenewformsintheirdailylifethanpeopleinotheragegroupsandoldpeopleinabove50year-oldgroupapplythemostoldforms.Therefore,theconclusioncanbedrawnthatwhenanalyzedsyn-chronically,theblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectareundergoingvariation.However,althoughthefigureabovecanshowthedeclinedtendencyofvariationinthesefourgroups,whethertheagedifferentiationalsohappenswithineachgroupstillneedstobeanalyzedbySPSS(StatisticPackageforSocialScience).Afterinputtingtheageofeachsubjectandtheircorrespondingnumberofnewforms,theresultofanalysiscomesoutasTable4.9.34 Table4.9CorrelationbetweenAgeandNumberofNewFormsAgeNumberofNewFormsAgePearsonCorrelation1-.671**Sig(2-tailed).000N5252NumberofNewPearsonCorrelation-.671**1FormsSig(2-tailed).000N5252**.Significantlycorrelatedat.01level(bilateral)AccordingtotheresultoftheSPSSanalysis,thecorrelationcoefficientbetweenageandnumberofnewformsis-.671whichmeanswiththegrowthofage,thenumberofnewformsdeclines.Atthesametime,itsP-valueis0.000whichislessthan0.01sotheconclusioncanbedrawnthatageandthenumberofnewformaresignificantlycorrelated.Allinall,theresultoftheanalysisontherelationbetweenageandthenumberofnewformsisaccordancewithLabov’sconclusioninhisresearchinMatha’sVineyard.Withthegrowthofage,thevariationrateofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialecthasthetendencyofdecliningandtheageofCangzhoucitizensissignificantlycorrelatedwiththeiruseofnewforms.4.3.2GenderandVariationGender,associalclass,isalsooneofthevitalsocialdemographiccategoriesintheresearchesonlanguagevariationandchange.WilliamLabovfirstlydiscoveredthesignificantroleofgenderinvariationstudy.Inhisseminalwork“TheSocialHistoryofaSoundontheIslandofMartha’sVineyard”andPh.Ddissertationentitled“TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity”,genderwastakenasanimportantandindependentsocialvariable.HisPh.Ddissertationwaseventakenasthestartingpointofthegender-specificstudy.LabovpointedoutthatwomenofallagesandclassesspeakmorestandardvariantsthantheirequivalentmeninhisfamousNewYorkstudy(Labov1972:132).Lateron,theLabov’sfindingswasfurtherverifiedandsupportedbyotherscholarsintheaspectsofphonetics,syntaxandlexicon.35 Inthisresearch,variationdistributionsofdifferentgendersaresupposedtobefiguredout.Inordertogetridoftheinfluenceofage,variationdistributionisdiscussedineachagegroup.Accordingtothedataoftape-recording,thedetaileddistributionofblade-alveolarsislistedinTable4.10.Table4.10GenderandNewForm(n=100)AgeNumberofNewAverageNumberofNewAverageGroupFormsofFemaleNumberFormsofMaleNumber10-2063570.642660.921-4087944.030460.841-5018330.521630.9Above504646.03517.5Total63570.642660.9FromTable4.10,itcanbeeasilyseenthattheaveragenumberofnewformsforfemaleis70.6whichismorethanmale’s60.9.Thatistosaythatonaverage,infemale’sdailyspeaking,70.6outof100blade-alveolarspresentsnewformsandformaleitis60.9.Onthewhole,thevariationoffemaleonblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisaheadofthatofmale.However,theaveragenumberofnewformsinthe21-40agegroupforfemaleisfarlessthanthatofmalewhichmaybetheresultofthelivingstyleinvillages.TakeSunZhuangzivillageinCangzhoucityforanexample.AtSunZhuangzivillage,mostyoungmaleadultswillgoouttoworkwhichincreasestheopportunitytogetintouchwithotherswhospeakMandarinwhilefemaleinthesameagewillchoosetoworkinthevillageorstayathomewhichgreatlyreducestheirtouchwithMandarinandkeepslowvariationrate.Forthesubjectsin41-50agegroup,femaleandmaleuserelativelythesamenewformsintheirdailylife.Atthesametime,thereisasharpgapbetweenoldgroupfemaleandtheirequivalentmaleandinthisgroup,femaletendtoapplymorenewforms.Inbrief,fromthedataabove,conclusioncanbemadethatonthewhole,femaleusesmorenewformsintheirlifethanmalewhichisrelativelyobviousinthe10-20andabove50group.However,thereareexceptionsfortheinfluenceofworkingpattern.Foryoungmale,frequentcontactwithMandarinstronglyaffectstheiruseofnewforms.Theaveragenumberofnewformsforeachgenderindifferentagegroupsis36 clearlyshowninFigure4.11.Figure4.11AverageNumberofEachGenderinDifferentAgeGroups4.3.3EducationLevelandVariationEducationBackgroundhasbeenhypothesizedtobecorrelatedwiththeactualuseofnewforms.Intheprocessofanalyzingthedataintaperecording,thereisaspecialphenomenononthenumberofnewformsusedbythesubjectswiththeeducationbackgroundofprimaryschool.Inthe8subjectswiththeeducationbackgroundofprimaryschool,thenumbersofnewformsare77,75,69,75,75,74,38and6withtheirage12,10,11,11,11,11,40and51respectively.Itisobviousthatthesubjectswithnumbersofnewforms77,75,69,75,75,and74areprimaryschoolstudentswhiletheothertwoareonlyadultswitheducationbackgroundofprimaryschool.Thediscrepancybetweentheprimaryschoolstudentsandtheadultswitheducationbackgroundofprimaryschoolistoogreattobeneglected.Thereforethesubjectswitheducationbackgroundofprimaryschoolarefurtherdividedintotwogroups:primaryschool(students)groupandprimaryschoolgroupwhichrefertoprimaryschoolstudentsandadultswitheducationbackgroundofprimaryschoolrespectively.Atlast,allsubjectsaredividedintofivegroupsaccordingtotheireducationbackground:primaryschool(students),primaryschool,juniorschool,seniorschoolandcollege.Afterthecollectionandclassificationofdata,thedetailedfigurecanbepresentedinTable4.12.37 Table4.12EducationBackgroundandNewForms(1)educationPrimarySchoolPrimaryJuniorSeniorCollegeBackground(Students)SchoolSchoolSchoolNumberof62141812InformantsNumberof44544563954718NewFormsAverageNumberof74.22240.25359.8NewFormsFigure4.13EducationBackgroundandNewForms(n=100)FromChart4.6andFigure4.7,conclusioncanbemadethatexceptforgroupofprimaryschool(students),thereisacleardistributiontendencyandsubjects’actualuseofnewformsisrelatedtotheireducationbackground.Subjectswithprimaryschoolbackgroundkeepmoreoldformsthansubjectsinothergroupsandcollegebackgroundsubjectsusethemostnewforms.Allinall,thehighereducationtheyget,morenewformstheywilladopt.Atthesametime,studentsinprimaryschooladoptthemostnewformswhichmayberelatedtotheirChineseclasstheyattendintheirschool.StudentswhoarelearningnewChinesecharactersorpinyinwillkeepalertoftheirpronunciationofChinesecharacters.Furthermore,studentsinprimaryschoolarerequiredtospeakMandarininschoolwhichgraduallypromotetheformationofhabitthenwithparents’encouragement,Mandarinbecomesthemainlanguageappliedindailylifewhichleadstothehighvariationratioofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.38 Inordertoverifythetendencyofthesefourgroups(primaryschool,juniorhighschool,seniorhighschoolandcollege),SPSSisappliedtoconfirmeducationbackgrounddifferentiation.Afterinputtingtheeducationbackgroundofeachsubjectandtheircorrespondingnumberofnewforms,theresultofanalysiscomesoutasTable4.14.Table4.14CorrelationbetweenEducationBackgroundandNumberofNewForms(n=100)NumberofeducationBackgroundNewFormseducationPearsonCorrelation1.397**BackgroundSig(2-tailed).006N4646NumberofPearsonCorrelation.397**1NewFormsSig(2-tailed).006N4646**.Significantlycorrelatedat.01level(bilateral)FromtheresultoftheSPSSanalysis,wecanfindthatthecorrelationcoefficientbetweeneducationbackgroundandnumberofnewformsis0.397whichmeanswithhighereducationbackground,subjectstendtoapplymorenewforms.Atthesametime,itsP-valueis0.006whichislessthan0.01sotheconclusioncanbedrawnthateducationbackgroundandthenumberofnewformsaresignificantlycorrelated.Inthemeanwhile,thereisanotherfeatureaboutthedistributionofnewforms.ItiswidelyknownthatinChinatherearehighschool,technicalsecondaryschool,three-yearcollegeandfour-yearcollege.Intheanalysisabove,technicalsecondaryschoolandthree-yearcollegeareincludedintohighschoolandfour-yearcollegerespectively.Thenumbersofnewformsappliedbysubjectswitheducationbackgroundoftechnicalsecondaryschool,highschool,three-yearcollegeandfour-yearcollegearedetailedlylistedinTable4.15.39 Table4.15EducationBackgroundandNewForm(2)EducationTechnicalHighThree-yearFour-yearBackgroundSecondarySchoolSchoolcollegecollegeNumberof71165InformantsNumberof348606270373NewFormsAverageNumberof49.755.14574.6NewFormsFromTable4.15,conclusioncanbemadethatalthoughincludedintoonegroup,subjectswitheducationbackgroundoftechnicalsecondaryschoolusefewernewformsthanthosewithbackgroundofhighschoolandthree-yearcollegefewerthanfour-yearcollege.Inbrief,exceptforprimaryschoolstudents,thehighereducationsubjectsget,morenewformstheywilladopt.Andcomparedwithothers,studentsatprimaryschoolusethemostnewforms.4.3.4OccupationandVariationUndertheinfluenceofoccupation,distributionofnewformsvaries.Inthisresearch,occupationsofsubjectsincludestudent,worker,teacher,theself-employed,waitress,theunemployed,driver,accountant,doctor,nurse,cook,barber,clerkandmanagerofsupermarketamongwhichstudent,worker,teacher,theself-employed,waitressandtheunemployedaretakenintodetailedconsideration.DetailedinformationcanbeshowninTable4.16andFigure4.17.Table4.16OccupationandNewFormsOccupationStudentWorkerTeacherSelf-WaitressUnemployothersemployededNumberof158564410InformantNumberof1049305294191243227420NewFormsAverageNumberof7038.158.831.860.856.842NewForms40 Figure4.17OccupationandNewFormsFromthemessagelistedabove,conclusioncanbemadethatsubjectswithdifferentoccupationshavedifferentlanguageperformance.Studentsatschoolusenewformsmostfrequentlywiththeaveragenumberof70whichishigherthanthatofwaitressamountingto60.8.ThehighfrequencyofnewformsamongstudentsmayresultfromtheirhighfrequencyofexposuretoMandarin.SincethereleaseofthepolicytopromoteMandarin,bothstudentsandteachersarerequiredtospeakMandarininatschool.Moreover,withtheirChineseclassatschoolastheexternalenvironmentandtheirgreatadaptabilityastheinternalpower,studentsarestronglyinfluencedbyMandarinandtherefore,mostnewformsareappliesbystudentsatschool.Forstudentsatprimaryschool,parents’encouragementandfriends’impacthavebecomethegreatestmotivationtouseMandarinbothatschoolandathome.Althoughwhensomestudentsstaywiththeirfamilies,Cangzhoudialectmaybeapplied,theirunoriginalCangzhoudialectwillincludenewformsconsciouslyorunconsciously.Theunemployed,waitressandteacherinthisresearchusenearlythesameamountofnewformswhichis56.8,60.8and58.8respectively.Atthesametime,themostunexpectedresultisteachers’relativelylowuseofnewforms.Whenthisstrangefactwasrealized,aninterviewwasconductedtoteachersubjectsforthereasonoftheirlowuseofnewformsindailylife.Theresultcanbesummarizedas:firstly,theyworkattheprimaryschoolinvillage,butMandarinisonlyusedwhentheyaregivingclassorcommunicatingwithstudents.Secondly,grownupinvillage,theyareusedtospeakCangzhoudialectwhentheyareoutofschoolandwiththeirfriends.41 Inaword,subjectswithdifferentoccupationsmayhavedifferentlanguageperformances.4.4LanguageAttitudesAttitudestowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolarscanbecompiledandanalyzedaccordingtothedatacollectedby100questionnaires.4.4.1AttitudestowardsCangzhouDialectCangzhoucitizenshavedifferentattitudestowardstheuseofCangzhoudialect.MostCangzhoucitizensholdapositiveattitudetowardsCangzhoudialect.WhenaskedthereasonofusingCangzhoudialect,82outof100subjectstakeitasahabitandtherest18holdstheattitudethatasaCangzhoucitizen,CangzhoudialectshouldofcoursebetheusuallanguageappliedbyCangzhoucitizenswhichshowstheirpositiveattitudetowardsCangzhoudialect.Amongthe100subjects,64thinkCangzhoudialectcanbetterexpresstheirfeelingsthanMandarin.Andwhenitconcernswiththeuseofdialectfortheirchildren,32peopleholdtheattitudethatitisgoodfortheirchildrentouseMandarinand50holdaneutralattitudealthough30subjectsdon’tthinkthatCangzhoudialectsoundsgood.Figure4.18AttitudestowardsChildren’sUsingofMandarin42 Figure4.19AttitudestowardstheSoundofCangzhouDialectAlthoughmostCangzhoucitizensholdanoverallpositiveattitudetowardstheirdialect,theydon’trefusetheuseofMandarinatthesametimeintheirdailylife.Whenafellow-villagerspeaksMandarinwiththem,48subjectsthinkitisgoodand34holdaneutralattitude.Atthesametime,whentalkingwithaMandarinspeaker,64subjectschoosetospeakMandarinintentionallyalthoughtheirdailylanguageisCangzhoudialect.Figure4.20OccupationsExpectedtoSpeakMandarinAllinall,mostCangzhoucitizensholdapositiveattitudetowardsCangzhoudialectbutalsoaccepttheuseofMandarin.4.4.2AttitudestowardsVariationofBlade-alveolarsCangzhoucitizens’attitudestowardsthevariationofblade-alveolarscanalsobeconcludedfromthequestionnaires.In100subjects,54agreethattheycannotfigureoutthecorrectpronunciationofblade-alveolarsand62subjectshavenoticedthevariationofblade-alveolars.However,thedegreeofacceptancetothisvariationvariesfrompeopletopeople.The43 detailednumbersabouttheacceptancetothevariationofblade-alveolarscanbeshowninFigure4.21.Figure4.21DegreeofAcceptancetoVariationofBlade-alveolarsMostsubjectsacceptthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectbutdifferentreasonsareconcernedwhentalkingaboutwhytheyacceptthisvariation.22subjectsattributethereasontosocialpsychologicalidentity;50peopleacceptthisphenomenonforbettercommunicationand14forfollowingthetrend.Whenrequiredtotalkfreelyabouttheirpointofviewstowardsblade-alveolarsvariationinCangzhoudialect,somepeoplethinkthatMandarinshouldbestronglypromotedforbettercommunicationandchildrenshouldberequiredtospeakMandarinfortheircorrectpronunciation.ThepeoplewithneutralattitudethinkthatpronunciationinCangzhoudialectrepresentsCangzhoucultureandMandarinistheminiatureofsocialculture,soasaCangzhoucitizen,bothstandardlanguageanddialectarerequiredtobegrasped.Thenforopponentforthevariation,theyholdtheviewthatblade-alveolarsbeforevariationisthespecialcharacteristicofCangzhoudialectwhichcanreallyexpresstherealcultureinCangzhouandwiththischaracteristicinCangzhoudialect,fellow-villagersmayfeelmorefriendly.Forthesocialdistributionofvariationofblade-alveolars,someoccupationsandagegroupsareconsideredtobeeasiertoacceptandusenewformsofblade-alveolars.44 Figure4.22OccupationsTendtoUseMoreNewFormsinSubjects’ViewFigure4.23AgeGroupsTendtoUseMoreNewFormsinSubjects’ViewAccordingtoFigures4.22and4.23,Cangzhoucitizensinthe10-20agegroupandteachersareconsideredtoapplymorenewformsofblade-alveolars.Allinall,CangzhoucitizensholdapositiveattitudetowardsCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolars.However,theyalsoaccepttheinvasionofMandarinintoCangzhoudialectbecause40subjectsthinkMandarincanfinallyinvadeCangzhoudialectwithonly18objectors.45 ChapterFiveAccountsfortheVariationandResearchImplicationsThevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialecthavecertainsocialdistributionswhichmaybeinfluencedbybothsubjectiveandobjectivefactors.Forsubjectivefactors,people’spsychologicalrealitymaybethemainconcernandforobjectivefactors,thecontactwithMandarinandmassmediaplayasignificantrole.Then,implicationsdrawnfromthisresearchcanbesummarized.5.1AccountsfortheVariationofBlade-alveolarsSocialpsychology,MandarinandMassMediaareallconsideredasthemajorfactorswhichmayhaveanimportantinfluenceonthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.5.1.2ImpactofSocialPsychologyPeople’sattitudestowardsCangzhoudialectandMandarinmayaffecttheiruseofnewformssignificantlyandsomelinguisticbehaviorsmaybethemirroroftheirpsychologicalactivity.MandarinistakenasthestandardlanguageandCangzhoudialectthenonstandardonebysomeCangzhoucitizensbecausesomepronunciationsinCangzhoudialectaredifferentfromthoseinMandarinwhichisrequiredtobespokeninschoolafteritspromotionpolicy.Forstudents,Chineseisarequiredcourseinwhichrightpronunciationisalsoaninevitablepartofexamination.Therefore,students,especiallychildreninprimarystudents,areencouragedtospeakMandarinbothatschoolandhome.Inthisway,studentsmayhaveahighergradeinChineseexaminationwithouttheinfluenceofwrongpronunciationsinCangzhoudialect.Gradually,MandarinisregardedasasymboltobeelegantandwelleducatedandparentsalsotrytospeakMandarininfrontoftheirchildrensoastocultivatetheir46 children’sgoodhabitofspeakingstandardlanguageinwhichwaytheythinktheirchildrenwillhavebetterdevelopment.However,someCangzhoucitizensrefusetoacceptthevariationinCangzhoudialectforseveralreasons.Intheirpointofview,CangzhoucitizensshoulddefinitelyspeakCangzhoudialectwhichistakenasthetreasurepasseddownbyancestors.Withastrongsenseofdialectpreservation,someCangzhoucitizensrefusethevariationinCangzhoudialectandtheythinktheuseofCangzhoudialectamongfellow-villagerswillheightenthesenseofcloseness.Therefore,theyareunwillingtochangetheirlanguagehabitwhichhasalreadybeencultivatedfromchildhoodoutofthesenseofdialectpreservation.Inaword,socialpsychologyisanimportantsubjectivefactorswhichmayinfluenceCangzhoucitizens’useofnewformsorvariationofdialect.ApositiveattitudetowardsthevariationinCangzhoudialectwillhelpthemtoapplymorenewformsandviseverse.5.1.3ImpactofMandarinandMassMediaWiththerapiddevelopmentofmassmedia,thepublicityofMandarinisgreatlypromoted.AndwithmoreandmoreintensivecontactwithMandarin,CangzhoudialectisdeeplyaffectedbyMandarinwhichcontributealottothevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect.Byobservation,Mandariniswidelyusedinpublicoccasionslikedepartmentstores,trainstationandbankstoovercomecommunicationbarriers.Thisphenomenonisespeciallyobviousatschools.Number1middleschoolofCangzhoucitycanbetakenasanexampleinwhichMandarinisusedbynearlyallstudentsalthoughsomeofthemspeakCangzhoudialectathome.Atthesametime,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,televisionsandcomputershavebecomeinevitabletoolsforentertainmentandworkwhichgreatlyacceleratethepublicityandspreadofMandarin.NearlyallTVplays,movies,newsandotherTVprogramsarepresentedwithMandarinsopeopleareunconsciouslyinfluencedgradually.Formtheperspectiveofvariationresult,thevariationofblade-alveolarsin47 CangzhoudialecthasanoveralldirectiontowardsMandarinwhichcanbeprovedbythesechangedblade-alveolarsthatpronounceddifferentlyfromMandarinandunchangedblade-alveolarsthatpronouncedthesameasMandarin.Therefore,theconclusioncanbemadethattheinfluenceofMandarinonCangzhoudialectisinestimable.5.2ResearchImplicationsFromtheresearchabovewecanconcludethatblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectareundergoingvariationtowardsMandarinwhichmayarousedeepthinkingaboutthedevelopmentofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectinfutureanddialectpreservation.5.2.1TendencyofBlade-alveolarsinCangzhouDialectTheresearchonthevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectcanimplythetendencyofthisvariationinfuture.Accordingtotheresearchresult,comparedwitholderpeople,theyoungusemorenewformsofblade-alveolars.Inotherwords,withthegrowthofage,fewernewformsareappliedwhichmeansthatthevariationofblade-alveolarsisundergoingvariationwithtimegoingon.Althoughthesethreekindsofblade-alveolars/ts/,/s/,/tsʰ/areindifferentdevelopingstages,theyareallvariatingtowardsMandarinbecauseblade-alveolarsdifferentfromMandarinareundergoingvariationbutthosesameasMandarinarestaysastheiroriginalforms.Therefore,theoverallvariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectwillstillonitswaytowardsMandarinundertheinfluenceofMandarinandMassmedia.5.2.2DialectPreservationWhenthevariationofalanguageordialectisconcerned,thepreservationofthisdialectmustbementionedbecauseundervariation,somecharacteristicsofthedialectaredisappearing.Thepreservationofdialectsareextremelyurgentfromculturalandacademicperspective.48 Fromtheacademicperspective,Cangzhoudialectisanessentialpartofdialectresearchandproviderichresourcesfordialectcorpus.Fromtheculturalperspective,CangzhoudialectisapartofCangzhouculture.Withthousandsofyearshistory,CangzhoucityhasaccumulatedcolorfulcultureheritagewhichmaybemirroredbyCangzhoudialect.Forexample,“yanbahuzi”is“bats”and“chehuliuzi”is“gecko”inCangzhoudialectwhichhavetotallylostinchildren’slanguageandmaydisappearindecadesofyears.NotonlythevocabularybutalsothesyntaxandmeaningofCangzhoudialectarefeaturedwithCangzhouculture.Therefore,itisurgenttopreservethevaluedCangzhoudialect.However,withpeople’spositiveattitudestowardsMandarinandundertheinfluenceofMassmedia,MandarinisconsideredtobeaconvenienttooltocommunicatewithothersleavingCangzhoudialectinadangerplace.CarriedbyCangzhoudialect,cultureofCangzhouisfacedwithanunprecedentedblow.Measuresmustbetakenurgentlytopreservedialects.Firstofall,weshoulddealwiththerelationbetweendialectsandMandarinproperly.ThehighlypraisedMandarinindeedhasitsadvantagesbutshortcomingscoexist.ComparedwithMandarin,dialectshavestrongerexpressiveforceundersomeculturalenvironment.IfMandarinrepresentsacity’sinteractionwithothersanditsdevelopment,dialectisthereflectionofregionalcohesivenessandlonghistory.Therefore,bothMandarinanddialectsshouldbetreatedequallytodeveloptheirownadvantages.Secondly,governmentsatalllevelsshouldpayenoughattentiontothepreservationofdialectsandorganizespecialiststodeeplystudylocaldialects.HightechnologylikeDVDcanbeappliedtorecorddialectsfromtheperspectiveofpronunciation,words,grammar,syntax,meaning,andlanguageuseforthecollectionoflanguagedata.Thirdly,propagandaworkshouldbestrengthenedtoimprovepublic’sawarenessofdialectpreservation.Nowadays,dialectsaregenerallyforbiddeninpublicmediawhichindirectlyconveystothepublicthemessageofdialects’lowposition.Fortheprotectionofdialects,wecandevelopsomeTVprogramstogivepublicitytodialectslikeChineseoperaswhichincludeabundantoriginaldialects.Finally,asbasicsocialgroups,schoolsandfamiliesshouldplayaneffectiverolein49 thepreservationofdialects.Withoutsystematicstudyofdialectsinschooldays,studentswilleventuallylosetheopportunityofthoroughlygraspingadialect.Atthesametime,familyeducationalsoplaysanimportantroleforchildren’smasteryofdialect.Parentsshouldatfirstsetupaproperattitudetowardsdialectsandunderstandtheculturalvaluecontainedbydialects.Then,childrenshouldbeencouragedtospeakdialectsandbetheinheritorandspreaderoflocalculture.Allinall,thepreservationofdialectsneedthecooperationofgovernmentandeverycitizen.50 ConclusionAccordingtothisresearch,thepronunciationsofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectsareshiftingtothoseinMandarinthoughthreesortsofblade-alveolars/ts/,/s/,/tsʰ/havedifferentstagefeatures.Thevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisrelatedtosocialfactorsasage,gender,educationbackgroundandoccupation.MajorFindingsBlade-alveolars/ts/,/s/,/tsʰ/havedifferentstagefeatures.Theold-to-newratioof/ɕ/and/ts/is0.793and0.842respectivelywhichmeansthattheyareinthethirdstageofdevelopmentwhile/tsʰ/withold-to-newratio1.216isinthebeginningstage.Althoughthedevelopmentofvariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialecthavedifferentstagefeatures,theyhaveanoveralldirectiontowardsMandarin.Inaword,influencedbyMandarin,theblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectaregraduallyreplacedbypronunciationsinMandarin.Thevariationofblade-alveolarsissignificantlyaffectedbysocialvariableslikeage,gender,occupationandeducationbackground.Thenewformsofblade-alveolarsappliedbyCangzhoucitizensdecreasewiththegrowthofage.Femaleusemorenewformsthanmalefromanoverallperspective.However,genderdifferenceintheuseofnewformsvariesindifferentagegroups.Exceptfortheprimarystudents,highereducationmeansmorenewformsofblade-alveolarswhileprimarystudentsapplythelargestnumberofnewforms.StudentsatschooltendtoemploymuchmorepronunciationsinMandarin.CangzhoucitizenshaveanoverallpositiveattitudetowardsbothCangzhoudialectandthevariationofblade-alveolars.TheinvasionofMandarinintoCangzhoudialectisexpectedforbettercommunicationandchildren’sdevelopmentbutafewCangzhoucitizenshaveastrongsenseofdialectpreservation.Inconclusion,variationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialectisinfluencedbysocialvariableslikeage,gender,educationbackgroundandoccupationsandatthe51 sametimehaveanoverallvariationdirectiontowardsMandarin.LimitationsandSuggestionsAlthoughthisexperimentiscarefullydesignedtostudythevariationofblade-alveolarsinCangzhoudialect,therearemanyshortcomings.Limitationsofthisstudyarelistedasfollows:Firstofall,subjectsarerequiredtoreadthedesignedwordlistforcollectingthedataofvariationstudy.However,attentionwouldbepaidtothepronunciationofblade-alveolarsmoreorlesswhensubjectsarereadingthewordlistwhichwillinfluenceauthenticityofdata.AmorenaturalandeffectivewayshouldbeexploredtogettheactualuseofCangzhoudialectandguaranteethereliabilityoftheresearch.Secondly,thenumberofinformantsislimitedforathoroughresearchonthevariationrelatedwithsocialvariablesbecausewhendividedintodifferentgroups,noenoughdataisprovidedfortheresearch.Therefore,alargernumberofinformantsareneededtokeepthereliabilityofvariationexperiment.Thirdly,thenumberofinformantsafterclassificationshouldbewellarrangedintheprocessofchoosinginformants.Socialvariablesoftheseinformantsareunevenlydistributedandoccupationsaretooscatteredforthedetailedlystudyonacertainoccupation.Lastbutnottheleast,furtherresearchshouldbeconductedtomakeuptheshortcomingsinthisresearchandmoredetailedfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsideration.StudiesonthevariationofCangzhoudialectareurgentlyneededwithmorematuretheories,moresophisticatedexperimentsandsuitabletools.52 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AcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,ImustexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorWenWeipingwhohasnotonlyplayedanirreplaceableroleintheprocessofaccomplishingthispaperbutalsohelpedmealotonmymywaytogetthebachelordegree.Ihavelearnedsomuchinherclassandfromherattitudetowardsacademicresearch.WithoutprofessorWen’ssupport,Iwouldnothaveconfidencetocontinueonthisresearchandwithoutherguidance,manydetailedproblemscouldnotbesolved.Specialthankstoprofessorsandteacherswhohavehelpedmeonmythree-year’slifeinXiangtanUniversity.Ihaveattainednotonlyprofessionalknowledgebutalsoscientificandrigorousattitudestowardslanguageresearch.Then,IwanttoexpressmygratitudetoprofessorLiSuqiong,WangWeiqing,ZengJiongweiandZengPuchuwhohavegivenmemuchvaluableadviceandinsightfulinstructionsonmystudyofdialect.Atthesametime,Imustexpressmygratitudetomyfriendandteacher,YangLiu,whohasurgedmetostudyhardandgavemeconcernsandguidancewhichwarmsmylifeinanunacquaintedcityfarfrommyhometown.Then,Iamgreatlyindebtedtomyrelatives,friendsandneighborswhohaveshowtheirgreatsupportbypracticalaction.Withouttheirhelpinthedatacollectionincludingtaperecordingandquestionnaires,theresearchcouldnotbedonesuccessfully.SpecialthankstoHanJingxinandauntYangwhohavehelpedmesomuchintheprocessofcollectingquestionnairesandtaperecording.Atlast,thegreatestandsincerestthanksshouldbegiventomyparentswhohaveshowntheirunconditionalloveandsupportthroughoutmywholelifewithoutwhichIwouldnothavethecouragetopursuemydream.56 Appendix1:QuestionnaireontheAttitudestowardsCangzhouDialectandVariationofBlade-alveolars.沧州方言语言态度调查问卷亲爱的朋友：您好！感谢您抽出时间参与本次调查。问卷采取匿名的方式，您的个人信息会被保护，且您所选的答案也无对错之分，请您根据自己的实际情况和想法如实填写。十分感谢您的支持与合作！一、您的个人基本情况:()性别：A.男B.女()年龄：A.10-20岁B.21-30岁C.31-40岁D.41-50E.50岁以上()教育水平：A.小学B.初中C.高中/中专D.大学及以上()职业：A.教师B.工人C.个体户D.公司职员E.服务业工作人员F.事业单位工作人员G.专业技术人员H.其他_____出生地：__________二、下面是对沧州方言语言态度调查。请您根据实际情况和想法作出选择。1.您平时使用较多的是方言还是普通话？A.方言B.普通话2.您使用方言的理由是？A.从小习惯B.对方言有感情C.感觉沧州人就应该说沧州话3.您使用普通话的理由是？A.工作学习需要B.觉得方言土C.父母培养D.从小习惯4.您在哪种场合使用方言最多？A.和家人相处时B.和朋友相处时C.工作时D.任何时候5.您在说话时，认为哪种语言更能贴切表达自己的想法和感受？A.普通话B.方言6.如果您的孩子将来不会讲方言，您会觉得？A.不好B.无所谓C.对他们有利57 7.如果您的老乡一直用普通话和您交谈，您会觉得？A.反感B.无所谓C.挺好的8.如果对方和您讲普通话，您会刻意去使用普通话吗？A.会B.不会9.如果对方和您讲沧州话，您会刻意去使用沧州话吗？A.会B.不会10.您认为从事从事下列哪些职业的人在工作的时候最不应该讲方言？A.教师B.公务员C.银行职员D.超市及商场导购员E.公司职员F.小商贩11.您觉得沧州方言好听吗？A.非常好听B.比较好听C.一般D.不太好听E.很不好听三、下面是有关沧州方言平舌音变异态度的调查。请您根据实际情况和想法作出选择。12.你是否赞同沧州人z、c、s和zh、ch、sh不分的说法？A.非常赞同B.比较赞同C.一般D.不太赞同E.完全不赞同13.你在平时生活中是否存在z、c、s和zh、ch、sh不分的现象？A.是B.否14.现在有些沧州人方言中的平舌音会发生变异，如将瘦（沧州方言为sou）读作shou，摘（沧州方言为zai）读作zhai，吹（沧州方言为cui）读作chui，你注意到这种变化了吗？A.注意到了B.没有注意到15.你接受这种变化吗？A.接受B.不接受C.无所谓D.不清楚16.你认为你接受这种变化的原因是什么？A.社会心理认同B.便于交流C.跟风D.其他_____17.你不接受这种变化的原因是什么？A.保护当地方言B.文化归属感C.方言中的读音更好听D.其他_____18.据你平时观察，你认为哪种职业的人更倾向使用变化后的语音？（即将瘦（沧州方言为sou）读作shou，摘（沧州方言为zai）读作zhai，吹（沧州方言为cui）读作chui）？58 A.教师B.公务员C.银行职员D.超市及商场导购员E.公司职员F.小商贩19.你认为哪个年龄阶段的人更加容易使用变化后的语音？A.10-20岁B.21-30岁C.31-40岁D.41-50E.50岁以上20.你看到他人使用变化后的语音，您认为他人的动机是什么？A.炫耀B.跟风C.寻求认同D.赶上社会发展E.其他_____21.您能够接受普通话进入方言吗？（）A.能够B.不能够C.无所谓D.不清楚四、请您完成下列问题。1.谈谈您对沧州方言中平舌音变异（即将瘦（沧州方言为sou）读作shou，摘（沧州方言为zai）读作zhai，吹（沧州方言为cui）读作chui）的看法。_____________________________________________________________________问卷调查到此全部结束，再一次感谢您在完成问卷过程中的支持与配合！59 Appendix2:ChineseCharacterswithBlade-alveolarsReadbySubjects.瘦弱筛选竹子化妆大嫂外甥祝福装修爆炸孙庄子村告示泰山技术宅老师淑女涮羊肉芝麻三寸沧州衬衫狮子牺牲晒太阳硕士柴火崇拜炒菜检查插秧趁着小馋猫儿撞车窗户炊烟吹牛生产挣扎找不着驻军脊椎寺庙丝绸撑把伞葱花儿灾区早上洗澡拆迁刷碗暑假逃税裁判错误报纸诈骗争论志向帅小伙儿状态种地捉虫子仇恨叉子聪明存在左边儿止住血建筑队出差创业垂柳摘一束花睡觉苍天匆忙枣树颜色水床无双处死支教坠子从来再一次手术耍赖数学柿子茶叶60 Appendix3:DetailedMessageofSubjects受试年龄性别职业教育背景变异个数110女学生小学77210男学生小学75311男学生小学69411女学生小学75511女学生小学75611男学生小学74713女学生小学74815男学生初中74917男学生高中721020男工人高中161120女服务员高中731218女学生大学731320女学生大专401419女服务员高中731520男学生大专461620女服务员高中751724女学生大学751822男学生大学751926女公司职员大学752026女学生硕士752126女教师大学752226女无业中专752328男司机中专342430女会计中专332530女保险业务员中专732632男工人高中732731女无业高中682833男工人初中622934男工人初中603035女教师中专743136女护士中专243236女超市店长大专753336女工人中专353440女教师初中603540女无业小学383640女医生大专243742男个体初中373842女教师大专10Continuedonthenextpage61 Continued3947女服务员初中224043女理发师初中294146男个体初中254246女个体初中144347男厨师初中154448女会计高中334550男个体初中284648男工人高中244748男个体初中204850男个体高中534946女教师大专755052男工人初中295154男工人小学65258女无业高中4662 InformativeAbstractinChinese中国幅员辽阔，民族众多，其语言具有地域及民族特色，为语言研究提供了丰富的语料。语言并非单独存在的，在内外双重影响下，语言变异应运而生。方言特征已发生变异，甚至消失，因此方言研究迫在眉睫。平翘舌音不分的情况已成为沧州方言的特色，但是随着与普通话的接触，沧州方言中的平舌音发生了变异。本研究以社会变异理论为指导，在方言研究背景下，运用社会语言学研究方法，调查了52位沧州市居民，通过让其朗读100个平舌音汉字的词汇并进行录音，从不同性别，年龄和教育程度及职业方面进行调查，并通过SPSS以及MicrosoftOfficeExcel2003对数据进行转写及数理分析，来探究性别，年龄，职业，教育水平对沧州方言中平舌音变异的影响。为了了解到沧州居民对沧州方言及平舌音变异的真实态度，本研究经采用调查问卷法来辅助调查语言态度。通过调查结果分析，沧州方言中平舌音变异现象明显，不同的平舌音变异程度有所不同，但都具有一定的方向性特征，即在普通话影响下，沧州方言中的平舌音正逐渐接近普通话发音。同时，沧州方言中平舌音的变异情况具有一定的社会分布特征，即与年龄，性别，教育背景及职业有一定关联。随着年龄的增长，新式发音的使用大大降低；女性新式发音的使用总体上多于男性，但因受生活习惯等因素的影响，在不同年龄段中，新式发音的性别差异有所不同；在教育背景方面，随着学历程度的增高，平舌音新式发音的使用也会增高；而学生是所有职业中最多采用新式发音的群体。对沧州方言中平舌音的调查研究有利于了解沧州方言的特色，而对其变异的研究则有助于引起对方言特色的关注，以此达到保护和记录地方方言的目的，同时丰富我国方言及语言变异方面的研究。本文主要分为以下六各部分：首先是引言部分。这一部分主要介绍了沧州市的地理位置，历史文化概况及其语言特色，同时分析了本研究的目的及意义。第一章是文献综述。本章主要列举了国内外在语言变异方面极具影响力的63 学者及其研究成果，之后对有关沧州方言及平舌音的研究进行了介绍，最后，对于前人的研究做出总结并引入本文研究。第二章是变异理论。此章节主要介绍了语言变异的定义，主要研究成果及语言变异中的主要社会变量，如年龄，性别和社会阶层等。第三章详细介绍了调查所采用的研究方法。本研究选取了52名沧州市居民作为受试，同时选定了100个常用平舌音汉字作为研究语料，之后通过受试朗读平舌音汉字，并进行录音得到语音数据。同时通过发放110份调查问卷对沧州市居民对沧州方言及平舌音变异的态度进行调查。最后借助MicrosoftOfficeExcel和SPSS对数据进行转写，整理及分析。第四章对录音转写的数据和调查问卷的结果进行了统计分析。研究主要从平舌音的总体变异情况，变异的阶段性特征和新式发音的社会分布三个方面进行分析。结果显示，沧州方言中平舌音变异现象明显，虽然/ts/,/s/,/tsʰ/三种平舌音处于不同的变异阶段，但总体向普通话发音靠近，这也表明沧州方言深受普通话影响。在年龄，性别，教育背景和职业四个社会维度上，新式发音的使用显示出了明显的社会分层。随着年龄的增大，新式平舌音数量线性减少，女性在新式读音的使用上总体高于男性，但在不同的年龄段中显示出不同特征，高学历受试及学生群体往往使用较多的新式发音。第五章分析了引起平舌音变异的原因，主要从社会心理动机和社会外部原因两个方面展开同时涉及了沧州方言中平舌音的发展及方言多样性等问题。通过以上分析研究，结论就此得出。最后一部分将指出此研究的不足之处及对之后的调查研究进行展望。由于本人精力及专业知识的有限性，此研究的结论还需进行进一步分析和发掘。64 RésuméandPublicationssinceEnteringtheProgramRésuméDateofBirth:May1st,1990.BachelorofArts,XiangtanUniversity,June,2017.PublicationssinceEnteringtheProgram韩青青.沧州方言平翘舌音发音影响因子的调查研究[J].当代教育理论与实践,2016(8):182.韩青青.浅析沧州方言平舌音变异的年龄差异[J].剑南文学，2016(9):70.65