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新编法律英语(姚骏华)第六课中英语对照翻译.doc

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CivilProcedureLawCivilProcedureI.SeparateCourtSystemsKeyDifferenceinCivilandCriminalLaw(1)PublicLaw.Thisincludescriminallaw,constitutionandadministrationlaw.Publiclawisconcernedwiththeinteractionbetweenanindividualandtherestofcommunity.(2)PrivateLaw.Thisincludestort,contractanddivorcelaw.Privatelawconcernstheinteractionbetweenindividualsinthecommunity,inasmuchastheydonotconcernthecommunityasawhole.Thus,criminallawisconcernedwithconductofwhichtheStatedisapprovesandwillpunishthewrongdoer,seekingtodeterothersfromsimilarbehavior.Civillawhasacomplementaryfunction.Whenadisputearisesbetweentwoindividuals,rulesofcivillawareappliedtodeterminewhichindividualisintheright.Thepartyinthewrongmustthencompensatetheotherforanylossordamage.Theobjectofthecriminallawis,therefore,punitive;theobjectofthecivillawistocompensatethepersonwronged.1、不同的法院系统民法与刑法的主要区别(1)公法:公法包括刑法,宪法,行政法。公法调整个人与社会之间的相互关系。(2)私法:私法包括侵权法,合同法,和婚姻法。私法调整社会中人与人之间的关系,因为他们不能作为整体关系到社会问题。因此,刑法调整国家不允许的行为并且惩罚犯罪者,以寻求阻止他人进行类似的行为。民法有辅助功能。当两个个体出现争议,适用民法条文确定谁是正确的。过错方必须赔偿另一方的损失。故,刑法的目的具有惩罚性,民法的目的是补偿受害方。II.ChoosingtheProperCourtSubject-MatterJurisdictionThefirstquestionthatmustbeaddressedwhendecidingwheretofilesuitiswhichcourtshavetherequisitepowerorcompetencetodecidethetypeofcontroversyinvolved.Thisrequirementtypicallyisstatedintermsofwhetherthecourthassubject-matterjurisdiction.(1)StateCourts.Orstatecourtstypicallythestatutesestablishingthedifferentcourtsinthestatewillseteachcourt’ssubject-matterjurisdictionboundaries.Thequestionisnotwhethertheplaintiffcanbringanactioninastatecourt,butwhichoftheexistingstatecourtsisauthorizedtohearthecase.(2)Federalcourts.Federalcourtsarecourtsofgeneraljurisdiction.Thatistosay,allfederaldistrictcourtsaretreatedastrialcourtsofequaljurisdictionalpower;thereisnodivisionamongthedistrictcourtmayentertainanactionbasedonalmostanyareaofthelaw.Theoneexceptiontothisprincipleistheexistenceofspecializedfederalcourtstohandlecertainmatters,suchastheTaxCourt,theClaimsCourtandtheBankruptcyCourt.However,eveninthosecasestheplaintiffmayhavetheoptionoffillingsuitinthespecializedfederalcourtorinthefederaldistrictcourt.(3)OriginalandappellateJurisdiction.Courtshavingoriginaljurisdictionarecourtsoffirstinstance-thatiswheretogotoobtainatrialofthecase.Courtshavingappellatejurisdictionfunctionasreviewingcourtsandthecasemaybebroughttothemonlyonappealfromanorderorjudgmentinalowercourt.Thus,anyinquiryintosubject-matterjurisdictionmustconsidernotonlywhetherthecourthasbeengiventhepowertohearacertaincontroversy,butalsowhetheritisatrialoranappellatetribunal.2、寻择适当的法院对事管辖权当决定提起诉讼时,哪家法院具有必不可少的权力来审理这类型的争诉变成首要问题。通常的必要条件是根据这家法院是否有对事管辖权。(1)州法院:通常对州法院来讲,法律在州内设立不同的法院,并设定各法院间的对事管辖权界限。对事管辖权不在于原告在那个州法院提起诉讼,而在于哪家现有法院被授权审理此案。 (2)联邦法院:联邦法院具有普通管辖权。就是说,所有联邦地方法院具有同等的对事管辖权;各联邦地方法院之间没有关于哪一类案件可以在哪一类法庭审理的划分。联邦地方法院可以根据几乎任何一个区域的法律受理诉讼。对一这一原则唯一的例外是,存在特殊联邦法院处理特别案件,如税务法院,索赔法院和破产法院。然而,即使这些案件,原告也可以依据自己的观点向联邦特别法院或联邦地方法院提起诉讼。(3)原始管辖和上诉管辖:首次审理案件的法院是拥有原始管辖权的法院。法院具有上诉管辖权起到审查法院的作用,根据判决或裁定向他们提起上诉的案件来自于下级法院。因此,任何有关对事管辖权的了解,不仅要看是否法院有受理争诉的权限,也要看是否是原审法院还是上诉法院。VenueVenueisastatutoryrequirementdesignedtoregulatetheflowofjudicialbusinesswithinaparticularcourtsystemandtoidentifyaconvenientforumforthepartiestolitigatetheirdispute.Inthefederalcourtsystem,,venueprovisionssetoutthedistrictordistrictsinagivenstateinwhichsuitmaybebrought,assumingsubject-matterandpersonaljurisdictionrequirementsaremet.Instatecourtsystems,venuestatuestypicallyrefertothepropercountyinwhichtobringtheaction.Acommondistinctionthatisdrawninvenuestatuesisthedifferencebetweenalocalandatransitoryaction.Localactionsinvolvingownershipof,possessionof,orinjurytorealpropertycanbebroughtonlyincountyinwhichthelandissituated.Transitoryactionsencompassingallothersuitsarenotsorestricted.Today,inascertainingappropriatevenue,oneshouldfirstdeterminewhetherasuitiscoveredbythelocalactionrule.Ifitis,thenvenueisonlyproperwherethesubjectmatteroftheactionislocated.Infederalcourt,ifacaseisnotwithinthelocalactionrule,venueisproperinajudicialdistrict.Instatecourt,ifasuitisnotcoveredbythelocalactionrule,thenvenueisproperinacountywherethedefendantresidesormaybesummoned.审判地审判地是一个法定的必要条件,用来在一个特定的法院体系中规范司法业务的运行,并为诉讼争议的当事人确定一个合适的法院。在联邦法院体系中,如对事管辖权和对人管辖权符合要求,审判地的规定可决定诉讼将在一个特定州内某一个区内进行。在州法院体系中,审判地法律通常确定在适当的县提出诉讼。审判地法律规定的一个共同特点就是有当地诉讼和可选择审判地诉讼之分。当地诉讼涉及不动产的所有权、占有、侵占,只能在不动产所在县提起诉讼。可选择审判地的诉讼包括一切其他的诉讼案件并未如此限定。现在,确定合适的审判地,应该首先确定诉讼是否在当地诉讼范围内。如果是的话,那么审判地在诉讼发生地是唯一正确的。在联邦法院,如果诉讼不属于当地诉讼范围中,审判地则由有属地管辖权的州确定。在州法院,如果诉讼是不属于当地诉讼范围中,审判地是在被告所在的县或者是可以传唤的县是合适的。PersonalJurisdiction1.introductionThedoctrineofpersonaljurisdictionaddressesthequestionwhetheracourthasthepowertorenderabinding,enforceablejudgmentdefiningordeclaringtherightsanddutiesoftheparties.Powerisassumedtoexistbecauseeachstatehassovereigncontroloverallthingsandpersonswithinitsborders.Themajorjurisdictionalproblemsanddevelopmentshavecenteredontheissuewhetherandwhenacourtcanassertpersonaljurisdictionoveradefendantnotfoundwithinthestate.Toanswerthisquestionusuallyrequirestwosteps.First,youmustfindastatuteauthorizingtheassertionofpersonaljurisdictionoverpersonsoutsidetheforumstate’sbordersundercircumstancessimilartoyourcase.Second,youmustbeabletoconcludethattheapplicationofthestatutetothecaseathandmeetsconstitutionalstandards.Boththesestepsmustbesatisfiedforeachandeverydefendantinanaction,aswellasanyadditionalpartieswholatermaybejoined.InadditiontofittingyourcasewithinastatuteandmakingcertainthattheuseofthatstatuteisconsistentwiththeConstitution,proceduralaffectedbyanyjudgmentbegivenadequatenoticeandanopportunitytobeheared.Otherwise,anyjudgmentthatisenteredmaybeinvalid.对人的管辖权 1、介绍对人的管辖权要解决的问题是法院是否有权按人作出判决,强制执行判决或明确双方的权利和义务。这种权力是假定存在的,因为每个州在其管辖范围内对所有的物和人都有至高无上的管辖权。主要管辖权问题和进展都集中被告不在该州的情况下,法院什么时候以及怎样确定对人的管辖。要回答这个问题通常要分为两步。首先,你必须找到一个被告不在法庭所在州范围内的与你案子类似情况的对人管辖权的法令依据。其次,你必须比较确定手头案子的法律适用是否符合宪法规定。上述两步都必须要满足每一个被告的行为以及之后可能增加的任何一方的要求。除了你依据的与宪法相一致的法令要符合你的案子外,正当程序还要求权利的合理告知和审理途径。否则,相应的审判将可能是无效的。2.standardforassertingpersonaljurisdictionThesupremecourtclearlyenunciatedtheprinciplethatthedefendantshouldhavesufficient“minimumcontract”withtheforumstatesothattraditionalnotionsof“fairplayandsubstantialjustice”wouldnotbeoffendedbytheassertionofjurisdiction.Additionalcontenthasbeengiventothemeaningof“minimumcontacts”bytheSupremeCourtthatthedefendant’scontactwiththeforummustbepurposeful-thecourtmustbeabletofindthatthedefendanthadpurposefullyavailedhimselfoftheprivilegeofconductingsomeactivityinthestate,therebyinvokingthebenifitsandprotectionsofstatelaw.2、对人管辖权生效的标准美国最高法院确立了关于对非本州被告行使对人管辖权的最低法律要求的原则。如果被告与诉讼州有足够的或实质性的联系,从而对该案的审理不违反传统的公平对待和实质公正的概念,则州法院对不在该州居住的被告有对人管辖权。美国最高法院又对“最低限度联系”作了补充,被告的有目的性的积极商业行为被认为是足够的联系,即法院应找出被告在该州的有目的行为与该州有足够的联系,从而通过州法律予以行使和保护。3.ServiceofProcess-theMeansofAssertingJurisdiction(1)Actualservice.Whenactualserviceisutilized,in-handdeliveryofthesummonsandcomplaintismade(2)Substitudedservice.Substitutedserviceembracesawidevarietyofmeansofnotifyingthedefendantoftheactionwithoutpersonaldeliveryofthesummonsandcomplaint,mainlybyregisteredmail.(3)Constructiveservice.Constructiveservicenowmaybepermittedonlywhenothermoredirectmeansofnoticearenotpossible.3、送达传票——明确管辖的形式送达传票是明确管辖的基本形式,通常有三种方式。(1)实质送达。实质送达就是直接送达传票和诉状。(2)代理送达。代理送达包括除了专人送达传票和诉状以外的广义的通知被告的形式,主要如挂号信。(3)推定送达。推定送达目前仅允许当其他直接送达方式都无法送达的情况下采用。ChallengetothePlaintiff’sSelection1.Becauseissuesofsubject-matterjurisdictionaddressthecourt’sconstitutionalorstatutorypoweertoentertainaparticularcontroversy,theyinvolvequestionsconcerningtheyverynatureofthecourtitselfandarenotmattersofpersonalright.Thus,anobjectiontosubject-matterjusrisdictioncanbemadeatanytimethroughouttheproceedings.Itevenmayberaisedforthefirsttimeonappeal.Therearenorealrestrictionsonraisingasubject-matterdefenseduringthecourseoftheproceedings.对原告选择的异议1、因为对事管辖权明确了法院受理特殊争诉的合宪或法定权力,它们涉及法院的本质,与私权无关。因此,对事管辖权异议可以在整个诉讼中提出,甚至可以在上诉时第一时间提出。在诉讼过程中,提出对事抗辩是没有任何限制的。2.Becauseissuesofpersonaljurisdictionaretiedtothepersonaldueprocessrightsofthedefendant,thedefendantcanobjecttothecourt’spoweroverhim.Consenttojurisdictionmayoccarpriortoanysuitbeingfiled.Ifthecourtfindsthatpersonaljurisdictiondoesnotexist,thesuitwillbedismissed.Nowthedefandentmayraisetheobjectioneitherinapretrialmotiontodismissorintheanswer. 2、由于对人管辖权与被告的个人正当权利紧密相关,被告可以就法院对他的管辖权提出异议。提起任何诉讼前,应当优先确认管辖权。如果法院发现不具有对人管辖权,那么诉讼将被驳回。现在被告既可以在审前请求也可以在书面答辩中提出对人管辖权异议。3.Objectiontothecourt’svenueorthemeansorformofserviceofprocessmustbemadeattheoutsetoftheactionortheywillbewaived.Sincevenuerestrictionsaredesignedprimarilytoidentifyaconvenlentforum,thefailureofthedefendanttoraisethelackofvenueeitherinapretrialmotiontodismissorintheanswerwillbedeemedacquiescence.3、对于法院审判地或传票送达方式的异议,一定要在诉讼一开始就提出,否则将被视为放弃异议权。由于审判地限制主要就是用于确定一个合适的法院,如果被告未能在审前请求或书面答辩中提出对审判地持有异议,则被告对法院审判地的确定将被视为默示同意。4.Therearecircumstancesinwhichalthoughtheforumchoosenbytheplaintiffmeetsvenuerequirements,abetter,moreconvenientforumexists.Inrecognitionofthisfact,thejudicialdoctrineofforumnonconveniensdeveloped,underwhichthedefendantmaymakeamotiontodismisstheaction,eventhoughtheplaintiff’schoiceofforummeetsallstatutoryandconsititionalrequirements.4、会发生这种特别情况:尽管被告选择了符合审判地要求的法院,但还存在更适合的法院。在认识到这一情况后,不方便审理法院的司法原则得到发展,基于该司法原则,即使原告选择了符合全部法定要求的法院,被告仍可以提出驳回诉讼请求。