虚拟语气,英语语法 37页

虚拟语气,英语语法篇一：高中英语语法-虚拟语气全总结虚拟语气用法总结大全一．虚拟语气在非真实条件句中二．虚拟语气在名词从句中1.在由suggest,demand,require,request,insist,order,command,propose等表示建议、请求、命令、愿望等动词或其同根词引出的名词从句中，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律——名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省去。（特别三．虚拟语气的其他用法 省一．虚拟语气在非真实条件句中1.—Ifthetraffichadntbeensoheavy,Icouldhavebeenbackby6oclock.—Whatapity!Tina______heretoseeyou.(2021湖南)A.isB.wasC.wouldbeD.hasbeen2.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI______inlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.(2021上海)A.wouldnthavefallenB.hadnotfallenC.shouldfallD.weretofall3.Hehesitated（犹豫）foramomentbeforekicking theball,otherwisehe______agoal.(2021上海春)A.hadscoredB.scoredC.wouldscoreD.wouldhavescored4.Youdidntletmedrive.Ifwe_____inturn,you_____sotired.(NMET96)A.drove;didntgetB.drove;wouldntgetC.weredriving;wouldntgetD.haddriven;wouldnthavegot5.Ididntseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe______,shewouldhavemetmybrother.(1994全国)A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome6.-----Ifhe__________,he__________thatfood.------Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.(MET93) A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;wouldnothavetakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken7.Ifit_____forthesnow,we_____themountainyesterday.(MET91)A.werenot;couldhaveclimbedB.werenot;couldclimbC.hadnotbeen;couldhaveclimbedD.hadnotbeen;couldclimb8.Withoutelectricityhumanlife____quitedifferenttoday.(MET91)A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe11.---Pityyoumissedthelectureonnuclear pollution.---Iit,butIwasbusypreparingforajobinterview.(福建34’)A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended12.I_______throughthatbitterperiodwithoutyourgeneroushelp.(陕西22’)A.couldn’thavegoneB.didn’tgoC.wouldn’tgoD.hadn’tgone13.I______soonerbutIdidn’tknowthattheywerewaitingforme.(天津15’)A.hadcomeB.wascomingC.wouldcomeD.wouldhavecome14.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIfullyoccupied thewholeoflastweek.A.wereB.hadbeenC.havebeenD.was（2021浙江）A.wouldhavebeensavedB.hadbeensavedC.willbesavedD.wassaved17.----Theweatherhasbeenveryhotanddry.----Yes.Ifithadrainedevenadrop,thingswouldbemuchbetternow!Andmy（2021北京）A.wouldn’tdieB.didn’tdieC.hadn’tdiedD.wouldn’thavedied18.Ifwetheotherroad,wemighthavearrived hereintimeforthemeeting.(2021湖南)A.followedB.shouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.wouldfollow20.Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit_______breakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.(09天津15)A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might21.------Didyougotohisweddingceremonyyesterday?-------No.ButIwouldifIhadbeenfree.(改错)二．虚拟语气在名词从句中1.—Wherearethechildren?Thedinner’sgoingtobecompletelyruined.—Iwishtheyalwayslate.（北京28’） A.weren’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeD.wouldn’thavebeen2.______intheregulationsthatyoushouldnottellotherpeoplethepasswordofyoure-mailaccount.(05上海)A.WhatisrequiredB.WhatrequiresC.ItisrequiredD.Itrequires3.——Dontyouthinkitnecessarythathe______toMiamibuttoNewYork?——Iagree,buttheproblemis______hehasrefusedto.(2021江苏)A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldnotbesent;whatD.shouldnotsend;what4.①Thechairmansuggestedthatthemeeting_________________(putoff)untilthenextweek. ②Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathe____________(be)angrywithwhatyoudid.5.Thankyouforallyourhardworklastweek.Idon’tthinkwe（08山东）A.canmanageB.couldhavemanagedC.couldmanageD.canhavemanaged6.Thedoctorrecommendedthatyou____swimaftereatingalargemeal.A.wouldn’tB.couldn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t(09浙江13)7.①Themaninprisoninsistedthathe_________nothingwrongand_________setfree.A.haddone,shouldbeB.shoulddo,shouldbeC.haddone,hadbeenD.shoulddo,hadbeen ②Thepatientinsistedthathe_________illand_________tothehospital.A.wasn’t,wasn’tsentC.shouldn’tbe,wasn’tsentB.wasn’t,shouldn’tbesentD.shouldn’tbe,shouldn’tbesent8.Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages＿＿＿by20percent.A.raisedB.raiseC.shouldhavebeenraisedD.beraised9.Atthemeetingeverybodywasagainsthissuggestionthatanewbridge＿＿＿overtheriver.A.bebuiltB.mustbebuiltC.wastobebuiltD.hadtobebuilt10.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagerthatradios＿＿＿after11o’clockatnight. A.werenotplayedB.notbeplayedC.nottoplayD.didnotplay11.Itisessential(必要的，重要的)thatthebooksyouborrowedfromthelibrary＿＿＿backbeforethedeadline(截止日期).A.besentB.wouldbesentC.weresentD.mustbesent三．虚拟语气的其他用法1.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI＿＿＿youradvice.A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowed2.Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesunsheat, theearthatnight______,toocoldforustolive.(97上海)A.wouldbefreezingcoldB.willbefreezingcoldlyC.wouldbefrozencoldD.canfreezecoldly3.Itisnecessary＿＿＿thedictionaryimmediately.A.thathewillreturnB.thathereturnedC.thathereturnD.thathehastoreturn4.It’salreadyfiveo’clocknow.Doyouthinkit’sabouttime＿＿＿?A.wearegoinghomeB.wegohomeC.wewenthomeD.wecangohome5.It‘shightimeyou＿＿＿thatyouarenotthemostimportantpersonintheworldA.realizedB.haverealizedC.realizeD.shouldbe realizing6.Youdon’thavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldratheryou＿＿＿onbusinessfirst.A.wouldgoB.willgoC.wentD.havegone7.Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherheA.focusB.focusedC.wouldfocusD.hadfocused（2021江苏）8.Ihavewatchedthatmovie——it’llgivemehorribledreams.A.shouldn’tB.needn’tC.couldn’tD.mustn’t（2021山东）9.Butfortheirhelp,we___theprogramintime.(09安徽34) A.cannotfinishB.willnotfinishC.hadnotfinishedD.couldnothavefinished10.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,I____thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.A.wouldnotwinB.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwinD.wouldhavewon(09福建35)（08江西）A.needhavedoneB.musthavedoneC.canhavedoneD.mighthavedone12.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatshe_____sing,Iwouldinvitehertotheparty.(2021福建)A.couldn’tB.couldC.can’tD.mightnot13.______fired,yourhealthcareandotherbenefitswouldbeimmediatelycutoff.(2021湖北) A.WouldyoubeB.ShouldyoubeC.CouldyoubeD.Mightyoube14.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit______.(1995全国)A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken15.______forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmsoften.(1995上海)A.IfitisnotB.WereitnotC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot16.Whatwouldhavehappened_________,asfarastheriverbank?(NMET2021上海)A.BobhadwalkedfartherB.ifBobshouldwalkfartherC.hadBobwalkedfartherC.ifBobwalkedfarther 篇二：英语语法之虚拟语气虚拟语气篇三：英语语法-虚拟语气高二英语语法讲义U7-8byAllanYoung11/29-12/18/2021虚拟语气（式）TheSubjunctiveMood一．语气的基本概念moodn.Grammar=Asetofverbformsorinflectionsusedtoindicatethespeakersattitudetowardthefactuality(实在性)orlikelihood(可能性)oftheactionorconditionexpressed.InEnglishtheindicativemood(=expressingafactoraction)isusedtomakefactualstatements,theimperativemoodtoexpressacommand,theinterrogativemoodtoexpressaquestion,andthesubjunctivemoodtoindicateadoubt,wishorunlikelihood.(--AHD LDOCE)陈述语气（Indicativemood）、疑问语气（Interrogativemood）、祈使语气（Imperativemood）和虚拟语气（Subjunctivemood）。1）陈述语气表示讲话人陈述一个事实或提出一个看法，有肯定、否定、感叹和疑问等形式。Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion．每个问题都有两个方面。Thegirlbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.2）疑问语气表示讲话人提出质疑或疑问。（可认为是从陈述语气中细分出来）Haveyoufinishedtheproject?Whatareyouworkingon?3）祈使语气表示讲话人对对方的请求、邀请、警告、劝告或命令等。Dontbelateforclass．上课不要迟到。Pleasecomeearliernexttime. 4）虚拟语气（theSubjunctiveMood）表示说话人所说的话不是事实而是一种假设、愿望等。subjunctiveadj.=Of,relatingto,orbeingamoodofaverbusedinsomelanguagestoexpressdoubt,wishesetc.orforcontingent(可能的)orhypothetical(假设的)action,actionviewedsubjectively,orgrammaticallysubordinatestatements.Forexample,in“ifIwereyou”,theverb“tobe”isinthesubjunctive.(--AHD)Iwere，Hebe，Shereturn等(时动词不再有人称、数和时态的相应变化，而是用规定的动词型表示特定的意念或情况)，用来表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是表示一种难实现主观愿望、建议、命令、要求、请求、猜测、可能、空想、懊悔、遗憾、委婉的批评或与事实相反的一点残余。只有在特定的语境才会出现，实际很简单，容易掌握，它在现代英语中已不是重要的语法范畴，但在实际运用可执行多种交际功能，表达上述诸多内容，故应用较广，实用性强，仍需理解掌握常见句型和词汇用法，如此即可。三．虚拟语气的应用（注：本讲义只讨论常见应用情况和各英语考试所涉及范畴） 一）虚拟语气的动词型(verbforms)虚拟语气中的谓语动词基本有两种类型:BE型和WERE型。BE型为动词原形，无论主语是第几人称，动词一律用原型，主要用于名词性从句和某些公式化语句中；WERE型无论主语是第几人称（在第一、三人称单数主语后也可用was代替），动词一律用were(did型也可包括在内)，主要用于if条件句中和固定句型中。虚拟语气在英语的简单句和复合句中都有应用。二）虚拟语气在简单句中(Insimplesentences)BE型虚拟语气一般表示祝愿、委婉、谦虚、礼貌、愿望、请求、劝告、建议、诅咒等。这时常用于一些固定句型中，为BE型虚拟语气。例：Wouldyoubekindenoughtohelpmewiththese problems?委婉Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuplate.建议Youhadbetterleavenow.劝告Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?Mayyoubehappyinthefuture！祝愿Godblessyou！一路平安（送别时用语）。Goddamnyou!该死！Heavenforbid!天理难容。Sobeit.就这样吧。/但愿如此。*Longliveourfriendship！??万岁!三）虚拟语气在复合句中(Incompoundsentences)虚拟语气在英语的复合句——名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句中都有应用。（一）．副词性从句AdverbialClause——状语从句1(ConditionalSentences)条件句可分两种，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句（或叫虚拟条件句）。1）真实条件句Realconditionalsentences 真实条件句中使用陈述语气，因为句子表达的想象或假想是真实存在的或有实现的可能性。时态变化为“主将从现”，句型：一般现在时将来时shall/will+动词原型例：IfIhavethirtydollars,Ishall/willbuyagooddictionary.Ifshecomes,shewillexplainherplanforthisproject.Ishallnotsucceedunless(=if…not…)Icountonyourhelp.表示不变的事实或真理时，主句谓语动词应同样使用一般现在时，不用将来时。例：Ifarectanglehasequalsides,itisasquare(不能说itwill/shallbeasquare).2）非真实条件句Uealconditionalsentences 如果从句假设的情况与事实相反，或是根本不可能发生或是发生的可能性很小，这就是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句的谓语动词的形式不同于真实条件句的谓语动词形式。虚拟条件句动词Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（表示愿望）Ifhecamehere,hemightbeabletohelpyou.如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（表示对他的良好印象）IfIwereyou,Ishoulddoit.如果我是你的话，我就要做这件事。（与现在事实相反，还如下面例句）IfIwereyou,Iwouldstudyhard.Ifitrained,Iwouldnotbe（2）与过去事实相反的假设的动词形式（从句和主句）例：Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeen invited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。Ifshehadntcalledme,Iwouldhaveoverslept今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hewouldhavemetme.（与过去事实相反）Ifthedoctorwouldhavesaved.IfIhadnotstudiedhard,Iwouldhavefailed（3）与将来事实相反的假设的动词形式（从句和主句）例：IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,Iwouldtakethecourseofcomputerscience.Ifyouweretocometomorrow,Ishouldaskyoutohelpmewithmywork.（与将来事实相反）IfIweretogotothemoononeday,Icouldseeitwithmyowneyes. Ifitshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.要是失败了，我会再试一次。Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.Ifyoumissedthefilmtonight,youwouldfeelsorry.?虚拟语气谓语动词的形式一般不受主语的人称和数的影响。但主语的人称对主句中should和would的使用还是有一定的影响。英国英语的第一人称常用should，其他人称用would，而美国英语即使第一人称也常用would。情态动词could，might等除了可以用于主句外，有时也可以用于从句。If条件句中绝对不可出现“would”。?If条件句的特殊结构：“Ifitwerenotfor…”或“Ifithadnotbeenfor…”，“Ifitwerenotfor…”或“Ifithadnotbeenfor…”相当于butfor或without（?见隐含条件句）。 Ifitwerentforyourhelp，hecouldnevergotocollege．?虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式表的灵活应用。应用虚拟条件句的谓语动词表可有一定的灵活性。A．用进行时替换相应的一般时，如用过去进行时代替一般过去时，表示与现在事实相反。B．用完成进行时替换相应的完成时，如用过去完成进行时替换过去完成时，仍表示与过去事实相反。Ifithadbeenrainingyesterday，Iwouldnothavecomehere．如果昨天还在下雨的话，我就不会到这里来。2）错综时间虚拟条件句 上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，在使用虚拟条件句时，由于语言环境的千差万别，各种时间关系交叉、混合使用是很常见的。有些条件状语从句和主句的时态关系需要根据具体时间，即句中的时间状语来变化，此时就会出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，而条件句也许是发生在过去的情况。如逻辑上讲得通，主句和从句的动词型可进行各种各样的搭配。此时主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整，要注意分析句子含义。情况如下：（1）过去时与现在时混合使用。即条件句为与过去事实相反的假设，而主句为与现在事实相反的说法。例：Ifhehadfollowedthedoctorsadvice,hewouldbeallrightnow.（主句与现在事实相反）（2）现在时与过去时混合使用。例：Ifhecouldpasstheexamnow,hewouldhavepasseditlasttime.他要是现在考试及格，那他上次就及格了。（从句与过去事实相反）Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.（3）现在时与将来时混合使用。 例：Theworkwouldbefinishednextweek.（主句与将来事实相反）Ifhewereherenow,hewastostartoffwithustomorrow.如果他现在在这，明天他会和我们一道出发。IfIhadabike(now),Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。(主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。)IamverysorryifIhaddoneanythingwrongtoyou,butIamsurethatitwasunintentional.如果我当时对你作错了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保证我不是故意的。3）隐含虚拟条件句 按照上表，主句和条件从句中的谓语动词形式是相互呼应的，有着固定的搭配关系。但是，有时假设的情况也可以并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。这些情况包括用动词不定式、比较级、介词without（或withno）,butfor(如果不是因为),butthat…(如果不是因为?),incaseof,undermorefavourablecondition，supposing,等等表示“如果没有”的介词或词组表示让步假设。例：Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。Withoutair,wewouldnotliveevenforfiveminutes.没有空气，我们连五分钟都活不了。Withoutyou,Iwouldneverknowhim.Butforairandwater，nothingcouldlive．要是没有空气和水，也就不能有生命。Butforyourcooperation,wewouldn’thavedonetheworksowell.Butthatshewasafraid(=Ifshehadnotbeen afraid),shewouldhavesaidno.4）省略虚拟条件句在条件句中会有省略情况出现。有如下几种：①省略if的虚拟条件句（也称“倒装虚拟句”）：如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were,wereto,had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，构成部分倒装（见“倒装”讲义）。例：Hadyounothelpedme，Ishouldhavefailed.Iwouldgo,shoulditbenecessary.Hadthedoctorcomelastnight,theboywouldhavesaved.WereJohnhereatpresent,Iwouldexplainthewholemattertoyouall.Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.Weretheytogoskiing,theywouldcallformeinadvance. WereItogotothemoononeday,Iwouldseeitwithmyowneyes.●如果没有were，had和should则不能省略if，当然也不能倒装。●如果had不作助动词而是谓语动词，则不能倒装。IfIhadmoney,…;→HadImoney(×)●一般IfIwereyou…不能说WereIyou,….②条件从句的省略：Hecouldnotfly（ifhetried）．（即使他试的话）他无论如何不能飞。③条件主句的省略：IfonlyIhadmoremoney！要是我有更多的钱就好了！④suppose(that…)或supposing（=if）例：Whatifsupposingitwereso?（=Supposingitwereso,whatwouldhappen？）●suppose后也可用陈述语气。 Supposethatitrains,whatshallwedo?(supposethat=if,表示真实条件，用陈述语气。)Supposethatitrained,whatshouldwedo?(supposethat=if,表示非真实条件，对将来之假想。)5）跳层虚拟条件句有时条件概念通过跳过一层含义而含蓄表达出来，如用连词but,以及or,orelse,otherwise,onconditionthat等常暗含含蓄条件的连词或短语等手段来表示虚拟条件还可以根据内容的需要来应用虚拟语气。◆前一分句虚拟，but这部分句子动词不用虚拟语气，而是陈述事实；例：Atruefriendwouldhavelentahand.(Ifhedadbeenatruefriend,hewouldhavelentahand)Iwouldnothaveactedasyoudid.(IfIhadbeenyou,Iwould…)Iwouldbemostgladtohelpyou,butI’ambusy now.Iwouldhavecometothepartyyesterday,butIwasworking.Shewouldhavecomehere，butshewastoobusywithherhomework．◆or,otherwise之后用虚拟，主句陈述事实。Iambusynow,otherwiseIwoulddoyouthefavor!Heworkedveryhard;otherwisehemighthavefailed.他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。注意：*Seizethechance,otherwiseyouwillregretit.抓住机会，否则你要后悔的。（可实现的情况）2(clausesofmanner)由asif或as though引导的方式状语从句的谓语动词常常使用虚拟语气动词形式，但动词形式取决于说话人的意图，在某些语境中,如不表假设意义，则不必用过去式，尤其有迹象表明之时。其特点是：现在使用过去式；过去使用过去的过去；将来使用过去将来，不管主句谓语动词形式如何。asif所引导的从句可充当状语，也可以充当表语，常用于look和seem之后。asif常用作与事实相反的比喻。对它后面从句时态的理解与wish同理：即注意分析主句和从句发生的时间先后关系。例：Hespoke/speaksasifhewereaforeigner.（同时发生）Shelovesthechildrenasiftheywerehers.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasthoughitwerebroken.Hespoke/speaksasifhehaddonesomethingwrong.（“好像以前作错了事”——先于主句发生）AlantalkedaboutRomeasifhehadbeenthere.Theylookratherpuzzledasiftheydidntknowanythingaboutit.IfeelasifIwas/weregoingtofaint.(好像要…) IfeelasifIamgoingtofaint.(真的就要?)*Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Itseemsasifwewillhavetogohomeonfoot.3．虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的应用(concessionalsentences)1）以be开头的让步状语从句Betheproblemeasyordifficult,thismethodworks.不管问题容易还是难，这种方法都起作用。2）though,although,eventhough/if可用来引出虚拟让步句，把让步作为假设。Thoughhestudieshard,hecannotpassthetest.即使他学习用功，他考试还是不及格。(事实，他很用功)Thoughhestudyhard,hecannotpassthetest.（假设，事实是没有用功。）Thoughheblameme,yetIwilltrusthim. Evenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblematonce,either.●though后的句子也可用陈述句，这时可与although通用。有虚拟语气时，也可用although。3）otherwise，orelse或or否则，不然(参见上面隐含虚拟句)4(clausesofpurpose)由sothat/inorderthat（为了??）引导的从句中的谓语动词常常使用情态动词，如might/could/would/should等。还有表示消极目的的目的状语从句连词词组forfearthat（以免），lest（以免，免得，惟恐，正式书面用语），forfearthat（免得，），和incase（惟恐,以免万一）引导目的状语从句的谓语多用（should）＋动词原形。例：Hetriedhisbesttostudyinorderthathemightpasstheexams. 他尽力学习，以便考试及格。IgotthereearlierthanusualsothatIcouldbethefirstonetoenterthechurch.我比平时起得早，目的是我能够第一个进入教堂。He’sworkinghardforfearthatheshouldfailintheexam.他加紧学习唯恐考试不及格。Hestudiesveryhard，lesthefailintheexamination．他学习很刻苦，惟恐考试不及格。WedarenotplayjokesonMr.Wanglestheshouldbecomeangry.我们不敢跟王先生开玩笑，恐怕他生气。Hehurriedon,lestheshoulddropoutintheforcedmatch.他加紧步伐，生怕在急行军中掉队。Everyattentionmustbepaidtohimlesthe(should)feelthatheisinferiortomyotherguests.我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉到比我的其他客人低人一等。Hehidthereceiptssomewhereforfearthatitbe takenaway.You’dbetterleavethekeyathomeincaseoneofusthinkofcomingback.《虚拟语气,英语语法》